An Empirical Example for Integrating the Coastal Area in Hsinchu City

(1) Total area of coastal region

In the research field, the sum of every land area should be equal to total area of coastal region. So, total area of coastal region is considered as a restraint condition.

(2) The upper limit of total allowable development area

In order to prevent over-development, total allowable development area should be restrained (such as residential land, industrial land, recreational land, agricultural land, transport land etc.). The upper limit of total allowable development area is obtained by subtracting the restrained development area (the environmental sensitive area) from total area of coastal area.

(3) The upper limit, lower limit of every land use area

Total area of every land use zone in coastal area should has the constrain of upper limit and lower limit according to its current development situation, regional characteristics and future policy requirement and direction. This restraint condition not only can comply with the actual development requirement, but also can avoid the infinite large or small objective function.

III. An Empirical Example for Integrating the Coastal Area

addition, the pollutants from city area are increased suddenly and violently, which eventually diffuse to the coastal area. The problems such as the declination of feeding sector, environmental pollution, resources competition, and incompatible land use continue to occur, showing the defect and careless omission in environmental resources management of coastal area in Hsinchu City. How to get the best balance point and space distribution model of coastal land use under natural ecological environment and social economic efficacy will be an important issue when making the decision for the future coastal planning in Hsinchu City.

This research will take the coastal area of Hsinchu City as an example, which will conduct the study on the integrated model of coastal ecological environment and land use. Both ocean and land-based region overlap with the coastal area, so the geographical range seems quite ambiguous and complicated, and its width can even change over time; in other words, it is comparatively difficult to get the boundary of the scope. This research refers to the definition of relevant coastal scope, and the environment with significant changes is used as the boundary line. The land scope is drawn by “the highway or obvious places like administrative boundary line and booked property line”, while for the sea scope, “a certain depth of water” is used as the boundary line. So, the scope for coastal area of Hsinchu City is determined from the estuary of Toechin River in the north, the border of Hsinchu County and Miaoli County in the south, No. 61 Provincial Highway (Siebin Highway) and No. 1 Provincial Highway in the east, to the isobaths line of 30 meters of sea area in the west (as shown in Fig. 1). The area of research scope is about 1,534 hectares, which covers part of the city plan area of “Special District Planning of Hsinchu Port” and

“Master Plan of Hsinchu City”. The area of urban land is about 300 hectares, which accounts for 19.58% of the total area. That of non-urban land is about 1,234 hectares, which accounts for 80.42% of the total area, wherein most land remains as Hsiang-Shan wetland.

According to the investigation result for present situation of coastal land use in Hsinchu City by this research, and the reference of domestic and foreign standards for the classification of coastal land, this research divides the coastal land use type of Hsinchu City into six categories, including residential land, industrial land, recreational land, agricultural land, conservation area, and transport land. The area and the content of use are shown in Table 2. There are 512.6 hectares of vacant land and wasteland, which have not been listed in the wetland of conservation area, so it is divided into the unused land.

2. Setting-up of the objective functions

As for current situation and characteristics of coastal area in Hisn-Chu City, the coefficients of every objective function are derived, and the objective functions of maximum ecological conservation function, minimum water pollution degree, maximum landscape perception preference, and maximum economic function value are established (where x1 represents the area of residential land, x2 represents the area of industrial land, x3

represents the area of recreational land, x

represents the area of conservation area, and x

(1) Maximum ecological conservation function

If the mean patch size is larger, the environmental impact will be smaller, the conservation ability will be higher, and the regional extinction is not easy to occur.

This research considers a patch (see Fig. 2) as an area enclosed by obvious boundary

lines (such as road, developing zone border, water area) in accordance with current investigation of land use and aerial photo (Aerial Survey Office, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, 2003-2004).

According to the number of patches, the mean patch sizes of coastal developing patch (development area with high activity, including the land used for house, industry, recreation, and transport) and non-developing patch (the land with low degree of use, such as land used for agriculture and conservation area) are obtained. The sum is the area of mean patch sizes. The objective function is shown in Table 3 (Eq. (1)).

(2) Minimum water pollution degree

The BOD per unit area of every development item is used as the coefficient for every land use item in the objective function of minimum water pollution degree, according to the investigation and inspection results. Among them, the building land covers the residential land, industrial land, and transport land, so the output of pollution amount per unit area of building land includes all three coefficients. The conservation area x5 is a non-developing area, where no pollution is detected, so the BOD is taken as zero. Its objective function is shown in Table 3 (Eq. (2)).

(3) Maximum landscape perception preference

As for the humanity value, this research adopts the SBE to assess the landscape perception preference. The scenario simulation diagram of developed coastal area is used to investigate the landscape perception of general people. As for the investigation method, the photos of present coastal situation at the same place are used as base diagrams, and they are firstly combined to form six kinds of land use scenarios, and then divided into four kinds of development degrees. It is shown in widespread photo in order to let the people select scenic beauty preference. After the result is obtained, the SBE is used to get the value Z of scenario simulation.

According to the mean value of Z, the interpolation method is used to estimate the perception score under different proportion of area for every land use item. Finally, the regression analysis is conducted for the parameter of this partiality and area ratio in order to obtain the landscape perception preference function for every land use area.

It can be used as the coefficient of every land use area in the objective function. The objective function is shown in Table 3 (Eq. (3)).

(4) Maximum economic function value

The value of external function for every land use in coastal area is the value of objective cost for every land use. So, it can be obtained by sharing the total development cost of coastal land according to the importance degree of the objective function. This research employs the fuzzy AHP method to evaluate the importance degree of objective functions. 24 experts and scholars (coastal engineering, ecological landscape, and environmental management) are invited to score the importance degree of external functions. The geometric method is used to get the mean value, Wj.

Multiply it by the total cost of land development to get the evaluation value of the external function for every land use. Finally, the coefficient of function value per unit area of every land use can be obtained from the ratio of real cost of the coastal land development.

The information provided by relevant government authorities and units helps summarize the statistical data for the development and maintenance cost of every land use. The average unit price for the development of various lands in coastal area is then extracted from the data, and used as the real cost C_j for the development of every land.

Due to the maximum characteristics of economic function value, the optimistic evaluation value wj is selected from Wj to calculate the objective weight of external function assessment value Fj. As for every land use, the external function assessment value is determined by Fj=wj*G, where G is total (mean) cost of land development (＝79,428,266). The ratio of Fj and real cost of land development Cj is the coefficient for the function value per unit area of every land use.

The following objective function can be obtained by multiplying the coefficient of function value per unit area of every land use and the area parameter of every land use xj in Table 3 (Eq. (4)).

3. Establishment of constraints

There are four kinds of constraints in this research. The following constraint functions are established in accordance with the contents of constraints:

(1) Total area of coastal region

The total area of this research scope is 1534.2 hectares, so the constraint function for total area in the coastal region is shown in Table 3 (Eq. (5)).

(2) The upper limit of total allowable development area

According to the “Comprehensive Development Plan of Hsinchu City” (National Chung Hsing University, 1997), the area of development constrained area (the environmental sensitive area) is 367.3 hectares. The development constrained area is subtracted from the total area to get the total allowable development area of 1166.9 hectares. This constraint function is formed by five different categories; residential land, industrial land, recreational land, agricultural land, and transport land, which are shown in Table 3 (Eq. (6)).

(3) The upper limit of every land use area

According to the “Comprehensive Development Plan of Hsinchu City”, the optimal development area for land use in Hsinchu City shall be dissected into 100 hectares of recreational land, 603 hectares of residential land, and 288 hectares of industrial land. These three land use classifications will be used as the upper limit of every land use area.

In order to react to future development, the agricultural land and transport land in the coastal area of Taiwan will be less in area than the current situation according to present characteristics and trend of development. Especially after the Siebin Highway is finished, it does not contribute to a high use rate but a great hazard to the environment. So, this research regards the current situation of these two kinds of land use as the upper limit of development. As for the conservation area, along with the trend of development constrains on the coastal area, it should embrace the adjacent environmental sensitive area. As a result, 510.7 hectares of present conservation area are added to 367.3 hectares of the environmental sensitive area to get 878 hectares of total area, which will be used as the upper limit for the area of conservation area.

Every constraint function is shown in Table 3 (Eqs. (7)-(12)).

(4) The lower limit of every land use area

According to the characteristics and trend of development, the future development area of residential land (x1), industrial land (x2), recreational land (x3), and conservation area (x₅) will be larger than the existing area. So, this research regards current situation of these four kinds of land use as the lower limit of

development.

As for the agricultural land (x4), this research regards the food demand (self satisfaction) of farmers in the coastal area of Hsinchu City as the lower limit of development. According to the “Outline of Statistics in Hsinchu City” (Hsinchu City Government, 2004), the average consumption of rice per person is 87.9 (kg/year), the average output of rice per hectare is 3768.5 kg, and the population of farmers in the coastal area is about 3,751, so the minimum agricultural area demand is 3,751*87.9/3,768.5 =87.49 hectares.

As for the transport land (x5), the average density of road land is used as lower limit in Hsinchu City. According to the “Urban and Regional Development Statistics”

(Economic Construction Committee, Taiwan, 2004), the average density of road land in Hsinchu City is 18,057.7 (m²/km²), and the total area of coastal region in Hsinchu City is 1534.2 hectares, so the minimum demand of transport land is 1,534.2*0.0180577=27.7 hectares.

Every constraint function is shown in Table 3 (Eqs. (13)-(18)).

4. Integrated analysis of space planning

The integrated model for ecological environment and land use on coastal planning established by this research contains 4 objective functions (where 3 linear functions, 1 nonlinear function), 8 constraint functions and 6 parameters. The

“LINGO” software and personal computer are use to solve the above-mentioned multi-objective model to get the compromise solution that satisfies the objective and constraints.

As for determining the objective value and the distance measurement method for efficiency extreme solution, this research adopts a minimum distance measurement way that measures the difference between the objective value and ideal solution (Zeleny, 1973; Yu and Zeleny, 1975). It is expressed in Table 4 (Eq. (19))

By solving every objective function, the optimal solution Zk* (under MAX condition) can be found. Under the assumption that both p and wj are 1, the optimal solution of shortest distance (Lp) can be calculated (as Eq. (20) in Table 4) (Tseng et al., 1998). This solution will be the optimal solution which satisfies the objectives of maximum ecological conservation function, minimum water pollution degree, maximum landscape perception preference, and maximum economic function value as well as every constraint condition. It will be the optimal development alternative for land use of coastal area. The solutions are tabulated in Table 5.

Present agricultural land and transport land have already reached the optimal scale under the condition that every objective function is satisfied; there is no need for any further expansion of the two lands. Also, though the residential land and industrial land that are highly active are still expandable, they should be restrained to proper scale since the allowable scope is limited. Only the recreational land and conservation area have larger development flexibility. The promotion of relevant policy and development plan in the future should lean towards ecological tour and sightseeing activity that are mainly non-long residence type and low active in order to satisfy the conditions of various objectives.

General coastal development only considers the economic efficacy and the degree of water pollution, which is why this research concerns more about the objectives of ecological conservation and landscape value, in order to get the optimal solution. From the aforementioned results, it is found that when the ecological conservation is paid more attention, the variation for the area of land use will be larger.

It shows that the influence on land use area is greater for the ecological conservation

objective, so the policymaker must notice and account for it. As for the landscape value, although the change is relatively small, in recent years Hsinchu City Government has been greatly promoting the coastal sightseeing and recreation that are going to attract a lot of tourists. So, the perception of tourists on the coast in Hsinchu City will become an important index for the coastal sightseeing and recreation quality in the landscape view aspect. Summarized from the above-mentioned analysis, this research considers the optimal solution for the coastal land use in Hsinchu City as the balance among four objectives proposed by this research. Its result and change of present situation are described as follows: The residential land can be increased from 78.6 hectares to 97.6 hectares for the best situation; 28.9 hectares to 58.1 hectares for the industrial land; 2.9 hectares to 100 hectares for the recreational land; no change for the agricultural land; and 510.7 hectares to 878 hectares for the conservation area, while the transport land can remain the same situation.

As for the planning result, though there is an increasing space for the residential land and industrial land, most of their land can be absorbed by undeveloped urban land at present. It will not influence the quality and quantity of the environmental sensitive area. On the contrary, it will be favorable for the land to be used sufficiently, avoiding the waste of unused land. However, one must pay special attention to the category control of land use upon developing. As for the coastal area, the industry land should be mainly used by low polluting industry without influencing the neighbors; examples like the specialized light industrial district and logistics center must be managed centrally and be conducted through the environmental impact assessment in order to reduce the load of the land and environment.