• 沒有找到結果。

Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 2011; 16(3): 425-439

在文檔中 醫療科技評估報告摘要 (頁 30-41)

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Infectious Disease 2012; 55(SUPPL.2): S116-S120.

21. Nerandzic M. M., Mullane K., Miller M. A, et al. Reduced acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Candida species in patients treated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection. Clinical Infectious Disease 2012; SUPPL.2(S121-126).

22. Figueroa I., Johnson S., Sambol S. P, et al. Relapse versus reinfection:

Recurrent clostidium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin. Clinical Infectious Disease 2012; SUPPL.2: s104-109.

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Infectious Disease 2012; SUPPL.2: S154-161.

24. Chen L. F, and Anderson D. J. Efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin compared with oral vancomycin for the treatment of adults with Clostridium

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附錄

附錄一 Definitions of the strength of recommendations and the quality of the evidence supporting them [3]

Category and grade Definition Strength of recommendation

A Good evidence to support a recommendation for or against use

B Moderate evidence to support a recommendation for or against use

C Poor evidence to support a recommendation Quality of evidence

Ⅰ Evidence from at least 1 properly randomized, controlled trial

Ⅱ Evidence from at least 1 well-designed clinical trial without randomization, from cohort or case-controlled analytic studies (preferably from more than 1 center), from multiple time-series, or from dramatic results from uncontrolled experiments

Ⅲ Evidence from opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees

附錄二

Fidaxomicin (Dificid) 樞紐試驗 (101.1.C.003 & 101.1.C.004) [4]

根據歐洲藥品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA)所公布的評估報告,2011 年 9 月 22 日,fidaxomicin 獲得於歐盟國家的上市許可,適應症內容為「Dificlir indicated in adults for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) also known as C. Difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD).」,核准的用法用量為,針對成 年人以及年齡大於等於 65 歲以上的患者,每天服用 2 次 200mg fidaxomicin (間 隔 12 小時服用 1 次),持續使用 10 天。*

*美國 FDA 於 2011 年 5 月 27 日核准 fidaxomicin 上市,核准的適應症內容為

「Dificid is a macrolide antibacterial drug indicated in adults (≧18 years of age) for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.」,核准的用法用量與歐洲藥 品管理局所核准者相同。

1. 試驗目的:

執行 101.1.C.003 以及 101.1.C.004 兩項試驗主要用以證明,與 vancomycin (500mg/day)相比,fidaxomicin(400mg/day)在治療困難梭狀桿菌感染病人的療 效和安全性表現。

2. 試驗設計:

101.1.C.003 以及 101.1.C.004 兩項試驗的試驗設計相同,皆為第三期、隨機 分派、雙盲、平行組、不劣性(non-inferiority)試驗。004 試驗的試驗中心來自 於歐洲和北美(亞裔族群占 1.8%),而 003 試驗的試驗中心則分布在美國和加 拿大(亞裔族群占 0.6%)。

各個試驗中心內,將病人隨機分為兩組,ㄧ組為病人在過往 3 個月內曾有過 一次困難梭狀桿菌感染,另一組為病人在過往 3 個月內沒有過困難梭狀桿菌 感染。

3. 受試者主要納入/排除標準:

納入標準:

患有困難梭狀桿菌感染之成年男女病患(包括門診與住院病人)。困難梭狀桿 菌感染的定義為:

 腹瀉:在試驗隨機分派前 24 小時內,出現排便習慣改變,並伴隨大於 3 次

的未成形排便(unformed bowel movements, UBMs),或者是,排出大於 200 毫升的未成形糞便(在有直腸收集裝置《rectal collection device》的情況 下);和

 在試驗隨機分派前 48 小時內,糞便內出現困難梭狀桿菌毒素 A、B 或 C(metronidazole 治療失敗者*);或者是,在試驗隨機分派前 96 小時內,

曾接受 CDI 治療不滿 24 小時者。

*指病人在接受過完整 3 天以上的 metronidazole 治療,但是沒有任何顯著 臨床症狀上的改善(且糞便檢驗仍呈現細菌毒素陽性反應),並符合納入本 試驗條件者。

困難梭狀桿菌感染病情嚴重度分級標準:

輕度 CDI:4-5 UBMs or WBC < 12000/mm3

中度 CDI:6-9 UBMs or WBC > 12001 - 15000/mm3 重度 CDI:10+ UBMs or WBC > 15001/mm3

只要病人的症狀符合上述分級標準中,單一等級中之一項條件,即可將 該病人歸入該等級,但是,當症狀同時符合兩個等級的標準時,選擇以 較嚴重的等級分類。

排除標準:

病人屬猛爆型(fulminant CDI)或者是危及生命的困難梭狀桿菌感染者,抑或 是,罹患中毒性巨結腸症(toxic megacolon)的病人,都被排除於試驗之外。另 一方面,病人出現多次困難梭狀桿菌感染者(定義為在過去 3 個月內,出現超 過 1 次以上的困難梭狀桿菌感染者),以及罹患克隆氏症(Crohn’s disease)的病 人,也都會被排除於試驗之外。

4. 試驗藥物與治療方式:

試驗組:fidaxomicin 200mg 一天 2 次 (另外 2 次給予安慰劑) 對照組:vancomycin 125mg 一天 4 次

5. 療效指標:

主要療效指標:

 展現病人在接受過 fidaxomicin 治療後的治癒率(cure rate),不劣於 (non-inferior) vancomycin。

 評估困難梭狀桿菌感染病人對於 fidaxomicin 耐受性以及藥物安全性方面 的表現。

次要療效指標:

 與 vancomycin 相比,fidaxomicin 在病人復發率以及整體治癒率方面的表 現。

6. 試驗結果:

在試驗 003,共納入 629 位受試者,其中,有 623 位受試者接受試驗(323 位屬 vancomycin 組,300 位屬 fidaxomicin 組),54 位受試者退出試驗(32 位[9.8%]

屬 vancomycin 組,22 位[7.3%]屬 fidaxomicin 組,其中,因藥物副作用退出者,

vancomycin 組佔 4.6%,fidaxomicin 組佔 4.0%)。

在試驗 004,共納入 535 位受試者,其中,有 524 位受試者接受試驗(260 位屬 vancomycin 組,264 位屬 fidaxomicin 組),79 位受試者退出試驗(34 位[12.8%]

屬 vancomycin 組,45 位[16.7%]屬 fidaxomicin 組,其中,因藥物副作用退出 者,vancomycin 組佔 6.0%,fidaxomicin 組佔 5.6%)。

兩個試驗受試者的基礎資料大致相近,主要差異之處在於,試驗 004 的受試者 有較多屬於住院病人,且其疾病嚴重程度屬嚴重困難梭狀桿菌感染者較多,

另一方面,試驗 004 的受試者,進入試驗前曾經使用過抗生素治療的人數為 試驗 003 的 2 倍。所有受試者進入試驗時的基礎資料請參考下表:(部分內容)

101.1.C.003 101.1.C.004

Fidaxomicin (N=287)

Vancomycin (N=309)

All patients (N=596)

Fidaxomicin (N=252)

Vancomycin (N=257)

All patients (N=509) Pts status,n,%

Inpatient

No prior episode Single prior episode

239(83.3) Baseline disease

severity, n, %

除了上述資料之外,廠商被要求提供受試者當中罹患偽膜性結腸炎的人數。據 廠商提供的補充資料,共有 8 位受試者罹患偽膜性結腸炎(3 位在 vancomycin 組,5 位在 fidaxomicin 組)。另一方面,送審資料中也沒有提供受試者因感染 需要住進加護病房(ICU)治療之人數。因為較嚴重病人的資料非常有限,所以,

這一部分的病人將透過上市後的風險管理計劃(Risk Management Plan)監控。

試驗結果在主要療效指標部份(治癒率),試驗 003 與 004 的調整後意向分析 (modified intention-to-treatment analysis) 以 及 實 際 治 療 分 析 (per-protocol analysis)結果相近,95%信賴區間的下限值(lower limit)大於不劣性的邊界 (non-inferiority margin) -10%,即 fidaxomicin 療效不劣於 vancomycin。

試驗結果在次要療效指標部份(復發率),fidaxomicin 組的復發率在兩個試驗都 顯著低於 vancomycin 組,95%信賴區間未包含零,即在復發風險方面,

fidaxomicin 的表現優於(superiority) vancomycin。對於受試者復發時間的分 析,結果顯示 fidaxomicin 組的病人復發時間較晚,即預估 10%服用 vancomycin 的病人,在服藥後(post-dose)8 天再次復發,而服用 fidaxomicin 的病人則在服 用後 20 天才再復發(p=0.003)。詳細試驗結果如下表:

與上述結果相似,在另外一項次要指標「整體治癒率」部分,fidaxomicin 組 的表現優於 vancomycin 組(據統計顯著),詳細試驗結果如下表:

101.1.C.003 101.1.C.004 Pooled 003 & 004

Fidaxoicin

101.1.C.003 101.1.C.004 Pooled 003 & 004

Fidaxoicin

101.1.C.003 101.1.C.004 Pooled 003 & 004

Fidaxoicin

Fidaxomicin 對於降低病人感染復發的能力,主要在治療停止的最初兩周, 即 7.4%ㄧ開始接受 fidaxomicin 的病人出現復發的情況, 19.3%ㄧ開始接受 vancomycin 的病人出現復發的情況(p<0.001)。在隨後的兩周,兩組病人的復 發率相近,即 6.6%ㄧ開始接受 fidaxomicin 的病人出現復發的情況,8.1%ㄧ開 始接受 vancomycin 的病人出現復發的情況(p=0.402)。綜合前述結果我們瞭解 到,fidaxomicin 可以降低病人早期的復發(治療結束後兩周)。

次族群分析指出有ㄧ些參數與治癒率相關,例如年齡(年長者癒後較差)、疾病 標,非嚴重感染者的表現較佳(無論是使用 fidaxomicin 抑或是使用 vancomycin 治療);在復發率方面,fidaxomicin 組無論疾病嚴重與否,復發率相近,而 vancomycin 組則嚴重感染的病人較有可能復發。

Fidaxomicin Vancomycin 95% CI

N n (%) N n (%)

Clinical Cure Rates Overall

Severe CDI Non-severe CDI

539 Recurrence Rates

Overall Severe CDI Non-severe CDI

474 Global Cure Rates

Overall Severe CDI Non-severe CDI

539 Characteristics, SmPC)內予以描述。此外,目前也沒有任何資料說明重複使用 fidaxomicin 的臨床療效如何。

附錄表一 全民健康保險醫療常用第一線抗微生物製劑品名表 [9]

口 服 注 射 Amoxicillin Amphotericin B Ampicillin Ampicillin

Bacampicillin Benzathine penicillin

Cefadroxil Cefazolin

Cephalexin Cephalexin(87/7/1)

Cephradine Cephaloridine Clindamycin Cephalothin Cloxacillin Cephapirin

Colistin Cephradine

Dicloxacillin Clindamycin Doxycyclin Cloxacillin Ethambutol(EMB) Doxycycline Griseofulvin Gentamicin Hetacillin Hetacillin Isoniazid(INH) Kanamycin

Ketoconazole Lincomycin(限用 10ml 包裝)

Methacycline Metronidazole Metronidazole Oxacillin Minocycline Oxytetracycline Mycostatin Penicillin

Nalidixicacid Rifamycin sv inj (限用於結核菌感染症) Neomycin Rolitetracycline

Nitrofurantoin Streptomycin

Nitroxoline Flucloxacillin(94/3/1)

Oxytetracycline Penicillin

Pyrazinamide(PZA)

Rifampicin (限用於結核菌感染症) Tetracycline

Trimethoprime/ sulfamethoxazole Cefatrizine(97/9/1)

附錄表二 療效評估部份文獻搜尋記錄

資料庫 查詢日期 關鍵字 篇數

EMBASE

2009-2013

20121113 'fidaxomicin'/exp AND ([cochrane review]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim) AND [english]/lim AND [2009-2013]/py

6

EMBASE

2009-2013

20121113 'fidaxomicin'/exp AND ([controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim) AND [english]/lim AND [2009-2013]/py

13

Cochrane Library 1800-2012

20121113 "fidaxomicin" 1

Cochrane Library 1800-2012

20121113 "Clostridium difficile infection" 9

Cochrane Library 1800-2012

20121113 "Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea" 5

附錄表三 EMBASE/Cochrane Library 文獻搜尋資料彙整 [16, 34, 39]

1.Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments – A systematic review

資料來源 MEDLINE, AMED, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases

搜尋年代 Inception through August 2011

納入篇數/人數 11 trials that included 1463 participants 比較藥品 metronidazole vs. vancomycin (3 trials)

metronidazole or vancomycin vs. other agents* (8 trials)

*other agents included bacitracin, nitazoxanide, fidaxomicin, (metronidazole, rifampin)

研究結果 No study comparing 2 antimicrobial agents demonstrated a statistically significant difference for initial cure; all comparisons were of low to moderate strength of evidence. Moderate strength evidence from 1 study demonstrated that recurrence was decreased with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Subgroup analysis of a single study comparing metronidazole with vancomycin for patients who have severe CDI showed no difference by intention-to-treat analysis; this was rated as insufficient-strength evidence. Harms, when reported, did not differ between treatments in any study.

研究資金來源 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

在文檔中 醫療科技評估報告摘要 (頁 30-41)

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