5.3 Numerical Reconstructions
5.3.3 Extreme-Ultraviolet Digital Holographic Microscopy
We finally turn our attention to EUV Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM), which uses Ni-like Krypton laser at 32.8 nm for holographic recording within an experiment layout depicted in Figure 5.7 (a).
The generation mechanism of the light source has been elucidated in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. Some characteristic parameters of the EUV laser
Figure 5.7: (a) Experiment layout. CM: EUV concave mirror, FZP: Fresnel zone plate, OSA: order-sorting aperture, OBJ: object. (b) P: distance of object from the focus of the EUV laser beam, Q: distance of CCD camera from the focus of the EUV laser beam.
adopted in this subsection are that its output reached 8 × 1010 photons per shot with a beam divergence as small as 5.6 mrad in full width at half maxi-mum (FWHM), and that the spatial coherence length was measured to be 95 µm a distance of 25 cm from the laser [45]. The EUV holographic microscope consists of a Mo/B4C/Si multilayer concave mirror with a reflectivity of 19%
at 32.8 nm, an imaging Fresnel zone plate, an order-sorting aperture and a 16-bit back-illuminated x-ray CCD camera with a 1024×1024 array of 13-µm pixels. A 0.25-µm-thick aluminum filter was inserted at the output of the EUV laser to block the copropagating pump pulse, preventing the remaining unabsorbed pump wave from impinging on the x-ray CCD. An EUV concave mirror of 30-cm focal length served as a condenser for the imaging optics
5.3. Numerical Reconstructions
downstream, and simultaneously played an important role of sieving out the desired 32.8-nm photons. A freestanding 100-nm-thick Si3N4 Fresnel zone plate for imaging is fabricated with electron beam lithography by NanoX Laboratory of Institute of Physics in Academia Sinica, which has a diameter of 550 µm and comprises 1,350 zones of progressively narrowing zonal width down to 102 nm outermost. Plenty of 80-nm-wide struts are fabricated as well during the manufacturing process for mechanically connecting each zone and supporting the whole piece. The physical structure of the Fresnel zone plate is inspected with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), whose SEM images under different magnifications are shown in Figure 5.8. With respect to 32.8-nm coherent EUV source, the Fresnel zone plate has a numerical aperture NA= 0.16, corresponding to a focal length of 1.7 mm. The distance between the imaging zone plate and CCD camera was approximately 52 mm.
One of the two objects selected as the test samples is a Fresnel zone plate that is identical to the imaging zone plate but with a local fractured struc-ture, and the other one is a two-dimensional 20-nm-thick carbon-foil square mesh array of 7 µm × 7 µm holes with 2-µm bars in between. The objects were mounted on a motorized translation stage capable of moving parallel to the direction of EUV laser beam propagation.
Figure 5.8: Nanostructures of the imaging Fresnel zone plate observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope under magnifications of (a) M = 402 and (b) M = 1912. (Courtesy of NanoX Lab., Academia Sinica, Taiwan)
High-contrast holographic images with single picosecond EUV exposures were obtained through focusing the EUV laser beam on the test object and subsequently gathering the strong scattering signal. The action of focusing was implemented with a Fresnel zone plate followed by an order-sorting
aper-Figure 5.9: (a) Digital EUV hologram of the zone plate zonal structure with a magnification of 174, and the inset is the SEM object image of the corre-sponding region. Patterns located by dashed ellipses are diffraction signals with weak reference illumination. (b) Reconstruction from the conventional DHM algorithm. (c) Reconstruction from the SHIP algorithm.
ture for blocking the zeroth and other higher-order radiations, which is shown in Figure 5.7 (a). The tight focusing point was viewed as the point source for the configuration of Fourier holography illustrated in Figure 3.5 (a). Both the object and reference waves were diverging spherical waves with almost the same curvature perceived by the CCD camera. As illustrated in Fig-ure 5.7 (b), the imaging zone plate produces a magnified diffraction pattern on the CCD camera with a geometric magnification M = Q/P . Moving the test object toward the focusing point of the incoming EUV beam leads to an even larger magnified image at the cost of a smaller field of view.
Several holograms corresponding to different magnifications were thus pre-pared for subsequent numerical reconstructions. In the following discussion, we apply both the conventional reconstruction method and SHIP algorithm to all these holograms for qualitative and quantitative comparisons of their respective algorithmic performances.
Figure 5.9 (a) shows the single-shot EUV hologram of the zone plate’s in-ner zonal structure recorded by an x-ray CCD camera with a magnification of 174. The mechanism for EUV lasing by virtue of the optically-preformed plasma waveguide technique entails formation of speckles whose sizes depend on the source size [5], leading to the spatial nonuniformity in the hologram other than the granular background thermal noise. The inset in Figure 5.9 (a)
5.3. Numerical Reconstructions
Figure 5.10: Magnification M = 73. Comparison of the reconstruction results from the conventional and SHIP methods. The inset at the corner of the hologram pattern is the SEM image of a carbon-foil mesh.
is the SEM image of the original object, showing some interzonal struts with 80-nm width. With a proper choice of the reconstruction distance, two inten-sity images of the local zonal structure of the zone plate sample are derived and shown in Figure 5.9 (b)(c), which correspond to the reconstructions from the conventional DHM algorithm and SHIP algorithm respectively. It is evi-dent from Figure 5.9 (b) that the existence of the twin image seriously mars the reconstruction quality, while the reconstruction in Figure 5.9 (c) is nearly free from the twin disturbance.
Another test sample, a carbon-foil mesh, was studied as well under the same experimental setup. A series of EUV holograms with different magni-fications were recorded, two of them are picked out here for demonstrating and letting us appreciate the superiority of the SHIP algorithm over the con-ventional method. Figure 5.10 shows the case under magnification M = 73, the center of which is the hologram with an inset of the object’s SEM image at the corner. The left column from top to bottom are the reconstructed intensity and phase patterns derived from the conventional method, while the right column are their counterparts from the SHIP method. As to image fidelity, the intensity pattern from the SHIP method apparently outranks the result from its rival. Besides, the phase retrieved from the SHIP algo-rithm appears uniform and smoother within each mesh, as it should be in the real object. Other than the phase uniformity, something really exciting catches our eye. Comparing those two phase maps, we find the upper right
Figure 5.11: Magnification M = 363. Comparison of the reconstruction results from the conventional and SHIP methods. The inset at the corner of the hologram pattern is the 10/90 edge response of the SHIP intensity reconstruction.
region to be retrieved successful in the SHIP case, but totally failed by the conventional method, which confirms the prediction suggested by the afore-mentioned Proof-of-Concept Simulations and Experiments that the SHIP algorithm is capable of recovering the diffraction phases of low-intensity sig-nals. Both the reconstructed phase maps share the same grey-scale bar as attached in the figures.
We then pushed our imaging system to its limit, a magnification of M = 363 was pursued. Figure 5.11 shows the case under magnification M = 363 and likewise, the reconstructions from the two method are separately put on the two sides of the central hologram. Under such magnification, characterization of image fidelity is examined quantitatively. The inset at the corner of the hologram reveals the 10/90 edge response of the reconstructed intensity image from the SHIP method, where the edge response is derived from the logistic fitting of the five sets of transverse intensity measurements along a sharp edge. The best spatial resolution of this SHIP reconstruction is measured to be around 215 nm, while that of the reconstruction from the conventional method is nearly 297 nm. The NA of the system in this measurement was estimated to be 0.13, corresponding to a theoretical spatial resolution of around 150 nm. Incidentally from the phase map retrieved by the SHIP algorithm, the thickness of the carbon film is deduced to be 28 ∼38 nm, corresponding to the phase delays of 1.2∼1.6 rad. According to
5.3. Numerical Reconstructions
the specification of such commercial product, the canonical thickness of the carbon films lies between 20 ∼30 nm.
Again, as we have already learned from the previous experience, the demonstration of our twin-free digital holographic microscopy does prove its core SHIP algorithm to perform better than the conventional DHM method.
Spatial resolvability of our technique can be further improved by adopting imaging systems with even larger numerical aperture, cameras possessing the ability for achieving higher signal-to-noise ratios, and illuminations with shorter-wavelength sources. The superiority of high-resolution holographic imaging based on the SHIP algorithm can be arguably attributed to the elim-ination of twin image and the contribution of high-spatial-frequency signals with the correct diffraction phases.
Chapter 6
Conclusion and Perspective
High-brightness OFI collisional-excitation EUV lasing of Ni-like krypton at 32.8 nm pumped by the 100-TW laser system is demonstrated. An aver-age output of 1012 photons per pulse for 32.8-nm laser at a pump energy of less than 1 J is achieved with an optically preformed plasma waveguide fabricated by using the axicon-ignitor-heater scheme, and the corresponding energy conversion efficiency reaches an unprecedentedly high level of around 10−5. The far-field patten of the laser changes with increasing pump energies from a single peak to an annular profile due to over-ionization of krypton ions at the center of the plasma channel. Running at a 10-Hz repetition rate, the EUV laser is capable of supporting applications that require high repetition rate. Its large photon number per pulse is also an advantage for coherent flash imaging.
With a well-developed and stable EUV coherent source in hand, oppor-tunities for improving the imaging performance of holographic microscopy in this spectral regime are exploited. A novel phase retrieval method for solving the twin image problem in digital Fourier holography is developed and demonstrated numerically and experimentally. The information required in the iterative algorithm is simply one recorded hologram. The proposed method not only can be applied to the coherent imaging with lensless Ga-bor holography and Fourier holography but also can be adapted for holo-graphic microscopy with imaging lenses. For a hologram recorded in high signal-to-noise ratio, the spatial resolution of the reconstructed image may be enhanced dramatically as the phases of the signals at low intensity and large diffraction angles can be retrieved accurately. Although the spatial resolution demonstrated with the SHIP algorithm cannot be as high as that obtained by coherent diffractive imaging, the most attractive features of this technique are that the image reconstruction process is simple and efficient and can easily be applied to achieve volume holographic imaging especially
for the twin image located very close to the reconstructed object in x-ray or gamma-ray holography [78, 79].
We are just beginning to get the picture of the SHIP algorithm. Although quite promising it looks so far, yet, a full performance characterization still needs to be examined. In modern biophysical experiments, microscopy is of-ten employed to visualize the microstructure of biological samples. Objects of this kind almost carry complex phase footprints. For that very reason, reconstructions of those highly complex but practical objects via the SHIP method are worth studying much more thoroughly before claiming its uni-versal applicability.
Bibliography
[1] D. Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007).
[2] M. C. Chou, “Experimental study of optical-field-ionization collisional-excitation soft x-ray lasers,” Ph.D. Thesis - National Chung Cheng Uni-versity (2007).
[3] H. H. Chu, “Construction of a 10-tw laser of high coherence and stability and its application in laser-cluster interaction and x-ray lasers,” Ph.D.
Thesis - National Taiwan University (2005).
[4] M.-C. Chou, P.-H. Lin, C.-A. Lin, J.-Y. Lin, J. Wang, and S.-Y. Chen,
“Dramatic enhancement of optical-field-ionization collisional-excitation x-ray lasing by an optically preformed plasma waveguide,” Phys. Rev.
Lett. 99, 063,904 (2007).
[5] B. K. Chen, Y. C. Ho, T. S. Hung, Y. L. Chang, M. C. Chou, S. Y.
Chen, H. H. Chu, S. L. Huang, P. H. Lin, J. Wang, and J. Y. Lin,
“High-brightness optical-field-ionization collisional-excitation extreme-ultraviolet lasing pumped by a 100-TW laser system in an optically preformed plasma waveguide,” Appl. Phys. B 106, 817–822 (2012).
[6] R. C. Elton, X-ray lasers (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990).
[7] J. J. Rocca, “Table-top soft x-ray lasers,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 3799–
3827 (1999).
[8] A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, 55D Gate Five Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA, 1986).
[9] A. G. Molchanov, “Lasers in the vacuum ultraviolet and in the x-ray regions of the spectrum,” Sov. Phys. Usp. 15, 124–129 (1972).
[10] R. C. Elton, “Extension of 3p → 3s ion lasers into the vacuum ultraviolet region,” Appl. Opt. 14, 97–101 (1975).
[11] A. V. Vinogradov and I. I. Silverman, “On the possibility of lasers in the uv and x-ray ranges,” Sov. Phys. JETP 36, 1115 (1973).
[12] D. L. Matthews, P. L. Hagelstein, M. D. Rosen, M. J. Eckart, N. M.
Ceglio, A. U. Hazi, H. Medecki, B. J. MacGowan, J. E. Trebes, B. L.
Whitten, E. M. Campbell, C. W. Hatcher, A. M. Hawryluk, R. L. Kauff-man, L. D. Pleasance, G. Rambach, J. H. Scofield, G. Stone, and T. A.
Weaver, “Demonstration of a soft x-ray amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 110–113 (1985).
[13] A. Prag, A. Glinz, J. Balmer, Y. Li, and E. Fill, “Prepulse dependence of J=0-1 lasing at 32.6 nm in neon-like titanium,” Appl. Phys. B 63, 113–116 (1996).
[14] H. Daido, K. Murai, R. Kodama, G. Yuan, M. Schulz, M. Takagi, Y. Kato, D. Neely, A. MacPhee, and C. Lewis, “Collisional exitation soft X-ray laser at 23.6 nm in a laser-produced cylindrical target,” Appl.
Phys. B 62, 129–133 (1996).
[15] F. G. Tomasel, J. J. Rocca, V. N. Shlyaptsev, and C. D. Macchietto,
“Lasing at 60.8 nm in ne-like sulfur ions in ablated material excited by a capillary discharge,” Phys. Rev. A 55, 1437–1440 (1997).
[16] B. R. Benware, C. D. Macchietto, C. H. Moreno, and J. J. Rocca,
“Demonstration of a high average power tabletop soft x-ray laser,” Phys.
Rev. Lett. 81, 5804–5807 (1998).
[17] Y. V. Afanas’ev and V. N. Shlyaptsev, “Formation of a population inver-sion of transitions in Ne-like ions in steady-state and transient plasmas,”
Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 19, 1606–1612 (1989).
[18] P. V. Nickles, V. N. Shlyaptsev, M. Kalachnikov, M. Schn¨urer, I. Will, and W. Sandner, “Short pulse x-ray laser at 32.6 nm based on transient gain in ne-like titanium,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2748–2751 (1997).
[19] J. Dunn, A. L. Osterheld, R. Shepherd, W. E. White, V. N. Shlyapt-sev, and R. E. Stewart, “Demonstration of x-ray amplification in tran-sient gain nickel-like palladium scheme,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2825–2828 (1998).
[20] N. H. Burnett and P. B. Corkum, “Cold-plasma production for recom-bination extreme-ultraviolet lasers by optical-field-induced ionization,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1195–1199 (1989).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[21] L. V. Keldysh, “Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave,”
Sov. Phys. JETP 20, 1307–1314 (1965).
[22] B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachain, Physics of Atoms and Molecules (Prentice Hall, 2nd ed., 2002).
[23] E. Goulielmakis, Complete Characterization of Light Waves using At-tosecond Pulses (Ph.D. Thesis - Ludwig Maximilians Universit¨at, 2005).
[24] M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov, “Tunnel ionization of complex atoms and atomic ions in an alternating electromagnetic field,”
Sov. Phys. JETP 64, 1191–1196 (1986).
[25] A. Scrinzi, M. Geissler, and T. Brabec, “Ionization above the coulomb barrier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 706–709 (1999).
[26] P. B. Corkum, N. H. Burnett, and F. Brunel, “Above-threshold ion-ization in the long wavelength limit,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1259–1262 (1989).
[27] R. R. Freeman, P. H. Bucksbaum, H. Milchberg, S. Darack, D. Schu-macher, and M. E. Geusic, “Above-threshold ionization with subpicosec-ond laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1092–1095 (1987).
[28] S. Sebban, R. Haroutunian, P. Balcou, G. Grillon, A. Rousse, S. Kaza-mias, T. Marin, J. P. Rousseau, L. Notebaert, M. Pittman, J. P. Cham-baret, A. Antonetti, D. Hulin, D. Ros, A. Klisnick, A. Carillon, P. Jaegl´e, G. Jamelot, and J. F. Wyart, “Saturated amplification of a collisionally pumped optical-field-ionization soft x-ray laser at 41.8 nm,” Phys. Rev.
Lett. 86, 3004–3007 (2001).
[29] A. Butler, A. J. Gonsalves, C. M. McKenna, D. J. Spence, S. M. Hooker, S. Sebban, T. Mocek, I. Bettaibi, and B. Cros, “Demonstration of a collisionally excited optical-field-ionization xuv laser driven in a plasma waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 205,001 (2003).
[30] T. Mocek, C. M. McKenna, B. Cros, S. Sebban, D. J. Spence, G. May-nard, I. Bettaibi, V. Vorontsov, A. J. Gonsavles, and S. M. Hooker,
“Dramatic enhancement of xuv laser output using a multimode gas-filled capillary waveguide,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 013,804 (2005).
[31] B. Cros, T. Mocek, I. Bettaibi, G. Vieux, M. Farinet, J. Dubau, S. Seb-ban, and G. Maynard, “Characterization of the collisionally pumped optical-field-ionized soft-x-ray laser at 41.8nm driven in capillary tubes,”
Phys. Rev. A 73, 033,801 (2006).
[32] P. H. Lin, “Development of multi-line and seeded waveguide-based soft x-ray lasers,” Ph.D. Thesis - National Taiwan University (2010).
[33] V. V. Korobkin, L. Y. Polonskii, V. P. Poponin, and L. N. Pyatnitskii,
“Focusing of Gaussian and super-Gaussian laser beams by axicons to obtain continuous laser sparks,” Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 16, 178–182 (1986).
[34] A. G. Sedukhin, “Beam-preshaping axicon focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.
A 15, 3057–3066 (1998).
[35] W. L. Kruer, The physics of laser plasma interactions (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1988).
[36] M. Moll, T. Bornath, M. Schlanges, and V. P. Krainov, “Inverse bremsstrahlung heating rate in atomic clusters irradiated by femtosec-ond laser pulses,” Phy. Plasma 19 (2012).
[37] C. G. Durfee III, J. Lynch, and H. M. Milchberg, “Development of plasma waveguide for high-intensity laser pulses,” Phys. Rev. E 51, 2368–2389 (1995).
[38] T.-S. Hung, C.-H. Yang, J. Wang, S.-Y. Chen, J.-Y. Lin, and H.-H.
Chu, “A 110-TW multiple-beam laser system with a 5-TW wavelength-tunable auxiliary beam for versatile control of laser-plasma interaction,”
Appl. Phys. B 117, 1189–1200 (2014).
[39] T. Kita, T. Harada, N. Nakano, and H. Kuroda, “Mechanically ruled aberration-corrected concave gratings for a flat-field grazing-incidence spectrograph,” Appl. Opt. 22, 512–513 (1983).
[40] Y.-F. Xiao, H.-H. Chu, H.-E. Tsai, C.-H. Lee, J.-Y. Lin, J. Wang, and S.-Y. Chen, “Efficient generation of extended plasma waveguides with the axicon ignitor-heater scheme,” Phys. Plasmas 11, L21–L24 (2004).
[41] S. C. Wilks, J. M. Dawson, W. B. Mori, T. Katsouleas, and M. E. Jones,
“Photon Accelerator,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2600–2603 (1989).
[42] C. H. Moreno, M. C. Marconi, V. N. Shlyaptsev, B. R. Benware, C. D.
Macchietto, J. L. A. Chilla, J. J. Rocca, and A. L. Osterheld, “Two-dimensional near-field and far-field imaging of a ne-like ar capillary dis-charge table-top soft-x-ray laser,” Phys. Rev. A 58, 1509–1514 (1998).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[43] P.-H. Lin, M.-C. Chou, M.-J. Jiang, P.-C. Tseng, H.-H. Chu, J.-Y. Lin, J. Wang, and S.-Y. Chen, “Seeding of a soft-x-ray laser in a plasma waveguide by high harmonic generation,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3562–3564 (2009).
[44] H. Ghasem, G. H. Luo, and A. Mohammadzadeh, “Utilization of trans-verse deflecting RF cavities in the designed QBA lattice of 3 GeV Taiwan Photon Source,” J. Instrum. 5 (2010).
[45] P.-H. Lin, M.-C. Chou, C.-A. Lin, H.-H. Chu, J.-Y. Lin, J. Wang, and S.-Y. Chen, “Optical-field-ionization collisional-excitation x-ray lasers with an optically preformed plasma waveguide,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 053,817 (2007).
[46] http://www.aps.anl.gov/epics/meetings/2011-06/sys/data/85/
TLS_TPS-status_2011_0214_1.pdf.
[47] A. Rundquist, C. Durfee, Z. Chang, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. Murnane, and H. Kapteyn, “Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays,”
Science 280, 1412–1415 (1998).
[48] M. Berrill, Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, B. M. Luther, V. N. Shlyaptsev, and J. J. Rocca, “Pump pulse-width dependence of grazing-incidence pumped transient collisional soft-x-ray lasers,” Phys. Rev. A 75 (2007).
[49] D. H. Martz, D. Alessi, B. M. Luther, Y. Wang, D. Kemp, M. Berrill, and J. J. Rocca, “High-energy 13.9 nm table-top soft-x-ray laser at 2.5 Hz repetition rate excited by a slab-pumped Ti:sapphire laser,” Opt.
Lett. 35, 1632–1634 (2010).
[50] T. Ditmire, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. Dasilva, and M. D. Perry,
“Energy-yield and conversion-efficiency measurements of high-order har-monic radiation,” Phys. Rev. A 51, R902–R905 (1995).
[51] C. G. Wahlstrom, J. Larsson, A. Persson, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, P. Salieres, P. Balcou, and A. Lhuillier, “High-order harmonic-generation in rare-gases with an intense short-pulse laser,” Phys. Rev. A 48, 4709–
4720 (1993).
[52] K. Kondo, N. Sarukura, K. Sajiki, and S. Watanabe, “High-order harmonic-generation by ultrashort krf and tisapphire lasers,” Phys. Rev.
A 47, R2480–R2483 (1993).
[53] G. Sommerer, E. Mevel, J. Hollandt, D. Schulze, P. V. Nickles, G. Ulm, and W. Sandner, “Absolute photon number measurement of high-order harmonics in the extreme UV,” Opt. Commun. 146, 347–355 (1998).
[54] M. Schnurer, Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kalman, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, “Absorption-limited generation of coherent ultrashort soft-X-ray pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 722–725 (1999).
[55] D. Gabor, “A New Microscopic Principle,” Nature 161, 777–778 (1948).
[56] J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (Roberts & Company Publishers, 2005), 3rd ed.
[57] P. Hariharan, Optical Holography: Principles, Techniques and Applica-tions (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
[58] U. Schnars and W. Jueptner, Digital Holography: Digital Holo-gram Recording, Numerical Reconstruction, and Related Techniques (Springer, 2005).
[59] D. Gabor and W. P. Goss, “Interference microscope with total wavefront reconstruction,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 849–858 (1966).
[60] C. Knox, “Holographic microscopy as a technique for recording dynamic microscopic subjects,” Science 153, 989–990 (1966).
[61] R. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications (McGraw-Hill, 2000).
[62] B. Osgood, Lecture Notes for EE 261 - The Fourier Transform and its Applications (Stanford University, 2007).
[63] H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics (Prentice-Hall, 1983).
[64] E. N. Leith and J. Upatniek, “Wavefront Reconstruction With Continuous-Tone Objects,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1377–1381 (1963).
[65] O. Bryngdah and A. Lohmann, “Single-Sideband Holography,” J. Opt.
Soc. Am. 58, 620–624 (1968).
[66] T. Mishina, F. Okano, and I. Yuyama, “Time-alternating method based on single-sideband holography with half-zone-plate processing for the enlargement of viewing zones,” Appl. Opt. 38, 3703–3713 (1999).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[67] C. Ramirez, A. Lizana, C. Iemmi, and J. Campos, “Inline digital
[67] C. Ramirez, A. Lizana, C. Iemmi, and J. Campos, “Inline digital