Family PHYTOSEIIDAE Berlese, 1916 植綏蟎科
Phytoseiini Berlese, 1916: 3.
Phytoseiinae.—Vitzthum, 1941: 768.
Phytoseiidae.—Baker & Wharton, 1952: 87.
Diagnosis - Free living; dorsal shield entire (except Macroseius biscutatus), idiosomal setae 38 or fewer pairs; dorsal shield with 23 or fewer setae (including r-R series);
ventral idiosoma with 10 or fewer pairs of setae; peritremal shield fused anteriorly with dorsal shield (except tribe Indoseiulini); st5 always inserted on genital shield; genital shield truncate posteriorly; most female with ventrianl shield, few species with separate ventral and anal shield, or only anal shield; spermatheca variable, with calyx, atrium, major duct and minor duct; male with similar setal pattern with female, and with sternogenital shield and ventrianal shields separate.
Key to the subfamilies in the family Phytoseiidae
1. Setae z3 and s6 absent ... AmbIyseiinae Muma
－Setae z3 and s6 never both absent ... 2 2. Setae Zl, S2, S4 and S5 absent ... Phytoseiinae Berlese
－Setae Z1, S2, S4 or S5 at least present one seta ... Typhlodrominae Wainstein
Subfamily AMBLYSEIINAE Muma, 1961 鈍綏蟎亞科
Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) Chant, 1957b: 292.
Amblyseiinae Muma, 1961: 273.
Amblyseiini.—Schuster & Pritchard, 1963: 225.
Macroseiinae Chant et al., 1959: 808.
Type genus - Amblyseius Berlese, 1914: 143
Amblyseiinae is distinguished from other 2 subfamilies (Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae) by the absence of setae z3 and s6, and also the absence of ventral setae JV3 (except Macrocaudus multisetatus). Chant & McMurtry (2006b) comprised them to 9 tribes, including Indoseiulini, Macroseiini, Afroseiulini, Euseiini, Kampimodromini, Phytoseiulini, Amblyseiini, Neoseiulini, Typhlodromipsini.
Key to the tribe in the subfamily Amblyseiinae
1. Peritremal shield not fused with anterior dorsal shield ...
... tribe Indoseiulini Ehara & Amano
－Peritremal shield fused with anterior dorsal shield ... 2 2. Posterior margin of sternal shield with median projection, deutosternal groove wider
(>5μm), most species with preanal setae migration ...
... tribe Euseiini Chant & McMurtry
－Posterior margin of sternal shield usually not with median projection, deutosternal groove narrower (<5μm), most species with preanal setae migration ... 3
3. Seta S4 absent ... tribe Kampimodromini Kolodochka
－Seta S4 present ... 4 4. Ratio seta s4:Z1 > 3.0:1.0 ... tribe Amblyseiini Muma
－Ratio seta s4:Z1 < 3.0:1.0 ... 5 5. Ge II and Ge III raraly with a macroseta; fixed digit usually with fewer than 6 teeth,
rarely multidentate; never with these 2 character together ...
... tribe Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry
－Ge II and Ge III rarely without a macroseta; fixed digit usually with more than 6 teeth;
most species with these 2 characters together ...
... tribe Typhlodromipsini Chant & McMurtry
Tribe INDOSEIULINI Ehara & Amano, 1998 印小綏蟎族
Indoseiulini Ehara & Amano, 1998: 48.
Type genus - Gynaeseius Wainstein 1962 (= Indoseiulus Ehara, 1982: 42).
This tribe is characterized by the peritremal shield not fused with anterior dorsal shield. One genus belongs to this tribe.
Genus Gynaeseius Wainstein, 1962 寬腹綏蟎屬
Amblyseius (Kampimodromus) section Gynaeseius Wainstein, 1962b: 14.
Indoseius Ghai & Menon, 1969: 347. Type species - Indoseius ricini Ghai & Menon, 1969: 347. (Preoccupied by Indoseius Evans, 1955).
Amblyseius (Indoseiulus) Ehara, 1982: 42. Type species - Indoseius ricini Ghai &
Menon, 1969: 347. (Synonymy according to Chant & McMurtry 2006a) Indoseiulus－Denmark & Kolodochka, 1993: 249.
Macmurtryseius [sic] Kolodochka & Denmark, 1995: 20. Type species - Amblyseius (Indoseiulus) hebridensis McMurtry & Moraes, 1984: 29. (Synonymy according to Chant & McMurtry 2006a).
irregularis group Chant, 1959b: 70.
Type species - Typhlodromus irregularis Evans, 1953: 463.
There are 11 valid species in this genus. Chant & McMurtry (2006) reported that
the circumstance of presence/absence of setae S2 and S4. Eight species are seta S4 absent and seta S2 present. However, three species cannot make sure these 2 setae absent. It could be setae S4 absent and S2 occupied a position far behind its normal position, or setae S2 absent and S4 occupied a position far forward of tis normal position.
Diagnosis – Idiosomal pattern uncertain. Dorsal shield weakly sclerotized, broad, posterior margin truncate. Dorsal setae usually smooth, short, Z5 never elongate, Sternal shield weakly sclerotized, posterior margin without medium projection. Genital shield truncate posteriorly, wider than ventrianal shield, never reticulated. Female ventrianal shield reduced, weakly sclerotized, vase-shaped, or ovoid, never triangular or rentagonal, with 3 pair of preanal setae, gv3 conspicuous, JV1 usually migrate from usual position Peritreme variable, not fused with anterior dorsal shield. Spermatheca variable.
Chelicera variable size and shaped, with variable dentition. Leg IV with 3 macrosetae, Ge II with 7 setae.
Key to species in the genus Gynaeseius from Taiwan
1. Movable digits of chelicera with one tooth; calyx of spermatheca cup-shaped ... santosoi (Ehara 2005)
－Movable digits of chelicera with three teeth; calyx of spermatheca tubular ...
... liturivorus (Ehara 1982)
Gynaeseius liturivorus (Ehara, 1982)
斜紋寬腹綏蟎 (Figures 9–10)
Amblyseius (Indoseiulus) liturivorus Ehara, 1982: 43.
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) liturivorus.—Tseng, 1983: 54.
Gynaeseius armellae (Schicha & Gutierrez, 1985) (Synonymy according to Denmark &
Kolodochka 1993) Female (n=4)
A lightly sclerotized mite. Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:8C/JV-3:ZV.
Dorsum. Dorsal shield smooth, 368 371 (348–386) long (j1–J5 level) and 226 222 (195–251) wide at level of j6, 192 190 (175–205) wide at level of S4; seven pairs of setae Z4, Z5 never longer than other.
Peritreme. Peritreme extending beyond seta z2; peritremal shield not being fused with dorsal shield anteriorly, with one pair of solenostomes (gd3), one pair of lyrifissures (id3).
Venter. Sternal shield weakly sclerotized, smooth, posterior margin invisible, 89 82 (71–89) long, 98 102 (92–112) wide, with three pairs of setae st1 28 34 (28–37), st2 29 31 (29–36), st3 21 29 (21–35), and two pairs of lyrifissures (pst1, pst2). Exopodal shield
at coxae II–IV. Metasternal platelets tear-shaped, with one pair metasternal setae, st4 17 29 (17–35), with one pair of lyrifissuress (pst3). Genital shield smooth, broadly posteriorly truncated, with one pair of genital setae st5 24 32 (24–37), 97 92 (87–97) wide at level of genital setae. Distances between st1-st1 67 68 (65–73), st2-st2 70 70 (68–76), st3-st3 84 82 (77–85), st1-st3 76 74 (69–76), st5-st5 92 87 (82–92). Ventrianal shield reduced, weakly sclerotized, anterior and lateral margin invisible, 63 57 (53–63) wide at level of anus; with three pairs of pre-anal setae, JV1 20 26 (20–33), JV2 22 28 (22–33), ZV2 15 23 (15–34), solenostomes gv3 crescentic; Pa 16 16 (13–19), Pst 14 16 (14–18) on shield. Setae JV4 19 20 (19–21), JV5 18 20 (18–23), ZV1 21 22 (19–26), ZV3 14 19 (14–23) on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth. Two pairs of metapodal plates ? 23 (22–25) long, ? 6 (5–6) wide, ? 10 (9–12) long, ? 2 (1–3) wide.
Chelicera. Movable digit 29 30 (28–33) long, with three teeth; fixed digit 30 29 (26–34) long, anterior half with two teeth, posterior half with nine teeth, with pilus dentilis.
Spermatheca. Calyx elongated, slender, flaring distally, ? 42 (38–50) long, ? 2 (2–4) wide, atrium swollen, incorporated without neck, with a thin major duct, minor duct prominent.
Legs. Coxal formula 2-2-2-1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/1-2/2-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/1-2/1-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1;
leg III, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge III (ad2) ? 27 (24–31), Sti III (ad) ? 32 (30–32), St III (d) ? 29 (28–29), Sge IV (ad2) ? 41 (40–43), Sti IV (ad) ? 50 (45–56) and St IV (d) ? 47 (44–51).
Specimens examined. JAPAN: Green house, Kisigaiwa, Wakayama Pref, one holotype female and one paratype female (AC-13291) from Glycine max (Fabaceae),
5.x.1980, S. Yano (NSMT); Green house, Kisigaiwa, Wakayama Pref, three paratype females (ZIHU3654, 3655, 3656) from Glycine max (Fabaceae), 5.x.1980, S. Yano (HUM); Ienoko, Togane, Chiba Pref., one female (AC-13514) from Pyrus sp.
(Rosaceae), 18.x.1989, H. Amano (NSMT).
TAWAN: Dashu Dist., Kaohsiung City, one female from Carica papaya (Caricaceae), 8.xii.1992, C. C. Ho (TARI); Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Ji’an Township, Hualien County, three females (no. 2432–2, 3, 4) from Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), 21.xii.2018, J. R. Liao (NTU).
Distribution. Asia: Japan (Ehara 1982), Philippines (Corpuz-Raros 2005), Sri Lanka (Moraes et al. 2004b), Taiwan (Tseng 1983).
Remarks. Ehara (1982) reported this species have 3 teeth on movable digit, multidentate (10 on drawing) on fixed digit; Tseng (1983) reported 2 teeth on movable digit, 11 teeth on fixed digit; and present study reported 3 teeth on movable digit, 11 teeth on fixed digit. Other characters are congruent with previous studies.
This species was reported associated with Tetranychus spider mites on soybean in greenhouse. Although only few collection data from Taiwan, we still found this species associated with Tetranychus spp. Further observation is still needed for feeding habit and lifestyle of this species.
FIGURE 9. Gynaseius liturivorus (Ehara, 2005), Female, A. dorsal shield, B. ventral idiosoma, C. chelicera, D. spermatheca.
FIGURE 10. Gynaseius liturivorus (Ehara, 2005), Female, A. leg I anterior view, B. leg II dorsal view, C. leg III dorsal view, D. leg IV anterior view.
Gynaseius santosoi (Ehara, 2005)
桑氏寬腹綏蟎 (Figures 11–12)
Indoseiulus santosoi Ehara 2005: 36.
Female (n=3)
A lightly sclerotized mite. Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:8C/JV-3:ZV.
Dorsum. Dorsal shield smooth; 382 (358–406) long (j1–J5 level) and 251 (247–255) wide at level of j6, 230 (230–231) wide at level of S4; seven pairs of solenostomes on dorsal shield, (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), thirteen pairs of lyrifissures (id1, id2, id4, idm2, idm3, idm4, idm5, idm6, idx, is1, idl2, idl3, idl4);
muscle-marks (sigilla) visible on podosoma; length of setae: j1 28 (27–30), j3 15 (15–15), j4 7 (7–8), j5 7 (6–8), j6 7 (6–8), J2 9 (8–10), J5 6 (6–7), z2 10 (9–11), z4 8 (6–9), z5 7 (4–11), Z1 9 (7–11), Z4 15 (10–18), Z5 17 (16–19), s4 13 (13–14), S2 12 (11–13), S5 7 (5–9), r3 9 (6–11), R1 8 (7–9). All setae smooth.
Peritreme. Peritreme extending beyond seta j3; peritremal shield not being fused with dorsal shield anteriorly, with one pair of solenostomes (gd3), one pair of lyrifissures (id3).
Venter. Sternal shield smooth, posterior margin slightly concave, much wider than long, 80 (75–86) long, 97 (90–106) wide, with three pairs of setae st1 34 (31–36), st2 31 (28–33), st3 28 (21–33), and two pairs of lyrifissures (pst1, pst2). Exopodal shield at coxae II–IV. Metasternal platelets tear-shaped, with one pair metasternal setae, st4 26 (23–29), with one pair of lyrifissuress (pst3). Genital shield smooth, with one pair of genital setae st5 33 (28–35), 98 (95–101) wide at level of genital setae. Distances between st1-st1 64 (56–72), st2-st2 67 (59–75), st3-st3 76 (66–82), st1-st3 70 (58–81), st5-st5 86 (77–90). Ventrianal shield margin invisible; with three pairs of pre-anal setae,
JV1 25 (22–28), JV2 24 (22–26), ZV2 21 (21–23), solenostomes gv3 crescentic; Pa 12 (11–14), Pst 18 (17–20) on shield. Setae JV4 19 (16–20), JV5 44 (40–46), ZV1 24 (20–27), ZV3 19 (19–20) on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth. One pair of metapodal plates 21 (20–22) long, 5 (4–6) wide.
Chelicera. Movable digit 31 (30–33) long, with one tooth; fixed digit 28 (25–30) long, anterior half with three teeth, with pilus dentilis.
Spermatheca. Calyx cup-shaped, 4 (3–5) long, 8 (7–10) wide, atrium incorporated without neck, with a thin major duct, minor duct visible.
Legs. Coxal formula 2-2-2-1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/1-2/2-2, 2-2/1-1/2-2, 2-2/1-2/2-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/1-2/1-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1;
leg III, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge I (pd1) 28 (27–31), Sge II (pd2) 32 (30–35), Sge III (ad2) 41 (40–43), Sti III (ad) 35 (33–37), St III (d) 23 (21–27), Sge IV (ad2) 59 (55–62), Sti IV (ad) 44 (42–49) and St IV (d) 54 (51–55).
Specimens examined. TAIWAN: Lanyu Island, Taitung County (22°00.881' N, 121°33.970' E, 39m), one female (no. 462–1) from Morus alba (Moraceae), 4.iv.2010, J.
R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Lanyu Island, Taitung County (22°03.846' N, 121°30.655' E, 21m), one female (no. 1646–2) from Morus alba (Moraceae), 14.iv.2016, H. Y. Lin (NCHU); Cihou Fort, Qijin District, Kaohsiung City (22°36.933' N, 120°15.917' E, 13m), one female (no. 2016–2) from Macaranga tanarius (Euphorbiaceae), 22.i.2017, J.
R. Liao & H. C. Lee (NMNS).
Distribution. Asia: Indonesia (Java (Ehara, 2005), Taiwan (Kaohsiung, Lanyu Island (present study)).
Remarks. Gynaseius santosoi (Ehara) is reported for the first time for Taiwanese fauna. Ehara (2005) described this species based on a single female specimen from a
fabaceous climbing plant from Indonesia. The present study found several differences with the original description: leg III with three macrosetae (two in Ehara (2005)), one macroseta on Ge I (two macrosetae in Ehara (2005)), posterior margin of sternal shield concave (indented in Ehara (2005)).
The Lanyu specimens were collected from the habitat plants when Neoseiulus longispinosus and Eotetranychus suginamensis occured. However, futher observation is still needed for feeding habit and lifestyle of this species.
FIGURE 11. Gynaseius santosoi (Ehara, 2005), Female, A. dorsal shield, B. ventral idiosoma, C. chelicera, D. spermatheca.
FIGURE 12. Gynaseius santosoi (Ehara, 2005), Female, A. leg I anterior view, B. leg II posterior view, C. leg III posterior view, D. leg IV posterior view.
Tribe EUSEIINI Chant & McMurtry, 2005b 真綏蟎族
Euseiini Chant & McMurtry, 2005b: 191.
Type genus - Amblyseius (Amblyseius) section Euseius Wainstein, 1962b: 15.
The tribe Euseiini is characterized by strong posterior projection of sternal shield.
The tribe Euseiini comprised three subtribes, Euseiina, Ricoseiina, Typhlodromalina.
Dos Santos & Tixier (2018) reported the evolutionary history of this tribe based on molecular data, and also the relationship of plant.
Subtribe Euseiina Chant & McMurtry, 2005b 真綏蟎亞族 Euseiina Chant & McMurtry, 2005b: 209.
Type genus - Amblyseius (Amblyseius) section Euseius Wainstein, 1962: 15.
This subtribe is characterized by seta r5 absent, chelicera reduced in size, peritreme not extend beyond to seta j3 level. All species have dorsal setal pattern 10A:9B, but Moraeseius papayana has 10A:8A (seta Z1 absent). This subtribe comprised 3 genera, Iphiseius Berlese, Euseius Wainstein, Moraeseius Chant & McMurtry. There is only the genus Euseius recorded in Taiwan.
Genus Euseius Wainstein, 1962 真綏蟎屬
finlandicus group Athias-Henriot, 1957: 23,
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) section Euseius Wainstein, 1962: 15.
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) section Afrodromus Wainstein, 1962: 17. Type species - Typhlodromus africanus Evans, 1954: 527.
Amblyseius (Euseius).—De Leon, 1965: 121.
Euseius Wainstein.—De Leon, 1967: 86.
victoriensis group Schicha, 1987: 24.
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) finlandicus group Ueckermann & Loots, 1988: 61.
Type species - Seius finlandicus Oudemans, 1915: 183. (Senior synonym of Typhlodromus pruni Oudemans, 1929).
Diagnosis – Idiosomal pattern 10A:9B/JV-3:ZV. Dorsal shield usually anterolateral reticulated, but sometimes strongly reticulated, posteriorly broader, posterior margin truncate, with strong waist. Dorsal setae usually short or medium, never elongate, Sternal shield posterior margin with medium projection, sometimes weakly sclertized Genital shield truncated posteriorly, wider than ventrianal shield, never reticulated.
Female ventrianal shield reduced, vase-shaped, or ovoid, never triangular or rentagonal, with 3 pair of preanal setae, gv3 conspicuous, JV1 usually migrate from usual position Peritreme short, not extending over j3 level. Spermatheca variable. Chelicera reduced, stubby, fixed digit usually with few small teeth, movable digit strongly recurved, with one tooth. Male ventrianal shield triangular, preanal setae migrate to a row.
Key to species in the genus Euseius from Taiwan
1. Dorsal shield length relatively smaller, c.a. 250 μm; JV1 and JV2 on normal position;
only leg IV with macrosetae... 2
－Dorsal shield length relatively larger, c.a. 350 μm; JV1 and JV2 arranged in tangential row; leg III and leg IV with macrosetae ... 3 2. Calyx of spermatheca long and narrow funnel-shaped, atrium sac-shaped with thick
walls ... circellatus (Wu & Li, 1983)
－Calyx of spermatheca horn-shaped, atrium c-shaped with a pair of petal-shaped structure ... macaranga Liao & Ho, 2017a 3. Dorsal setae j1 and Z5 conspicuously longer, others minute; calyx of spermatheca
tubular... 4
－Dorsal setae j1 and Z5 not conspicuously longer, remaining setae not minute; calyx of spermatheca funnel or cup-shaped ... 5 4. Dorsal shield reticulated anterolaterally ... ovalis (Evans, 1953)
－Dorsal shield strongly reticulated except for central podosoma ...
... paraovalis Liao & Ho, 2017a 5. Calyx of spermatheca short cup-shaped ... oolong Liao & Ho, 2018
－Calyx of spermatheca relative longer, funnel shaped, flaring distally ... 6 6. Dorsal shield most surface reticulated ... 7
－Dorsal shield mostly smooth except reticulated in anterolateral region ... 8 7. St IV longer than 60 μm ... nicholsi (Ehara & Lee, 1971)
－St IV c.a. 50 μm ... sojaensis (Ehara, 1964) 8. Dorsal shield with six pairs of solenostomes ...
... aizawai (Ehara & Bhandhufalck, 1977)
－Dorsal shield with five pairs of solenostomes ... daluensis Liao & Ho, 2017a
Euseius aizawai (Ehara & Bhandhufalck, 1977)
愛澤真綏蟎 (Figures 13–16)
Amblyseius (Amblyseius) aizawai Ehara & Bhandhufalck, 1977: 59.
Amblyseius aizawai.—Liang & Ke, 1983: 163.
Amblyseius (Euseius) aizawai.—Ehara, 2002b: 36.
Euseius aizawai.—Moraes et al., 1986: 36.
Female (n=10)
A lightly sclerotized mite. Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:9B/JV-3:ZV.
Dorsum. Dorsal shield smooth, with lateral reticulation, 334 (288–359) [325] long (j1-J5 level) and 236 (206–265) [206] wide at level of j6, 214 (168–238) [211] wide at level of S4; with six pairs of solenostomes (gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), ten pairs of lyrifissures (id1, id1a, id2, id4, idm5, idm6, is1, idl2, idl3, idl4); length of dorsal setae:
setae j1 30 (27–34) [27], j3 29 (24–40) [23], j4 9 (6–10) [6], j5 8 (4–11) [4], j6 10 (7–12) [4], J2 11 (9–14) [6], J5 6 (5–7) [2], z2 18 (12–22) [12], z4 17 (12–22) [12], z5 9 (8–11) [6], Z1 12 (9–14) [8], Z4 12 (10–14) [8], Z5 52 (54–59) [53], s4 26 (22–31) [23], S2 17 (15–20) [13], S4 21 (18–20) [16], S5 21 (17–28) [14], r3 14 (10–17) [9], R1 13 (11–14) [10]. All setae smooth, except Z5 slightly serrated.
Peritreme. Peritreme extending to z2, peritremal shield smooth, lightly sclerotized, with one pair of solenostomes (gd3), one pair of lyrifissures (id3).
Venter. Sternal shield smooth, with projection of posterior margin, wider than long, 66 (57–77) [63] long, 87 (81–92) [82] wide at level of st3, with three pairs of setae st1 28 (20–32) [32], st2 24 (16–30) [23], st3 23 (18–27) [18], and two pairs of lyrifissures (pst1, pst2). Exopodal shield at coxae I–IV. Metasternal platelets tear-shaped, with one pair metasternal setae, st4 20 (16–22) [18], and one pair of lyrifissures (pst3). Genital
shield smooth, 82 (75–89) [77] wide at level of genital setae, with one pair of genital setae st5 24 (20–29) [20]. Distances between st1-st1 52 (47–60) [51], st2-st2 61 (57–68) [58], st3-st3 66 (59–72) [67], st1-st3 54 (49–59) [49], st5-st5 68 (60–76) [64].
Ventrianal shield smooth, vase-shaped, 95 (88–102) [93] long, 51 (45–59) [53] wide at level of ZV2, 72 (64–79) [74] wide at level of anus; with three pairs of pre-anal setae, JV1 migrate next to JV2, JV1 26 (21–30) [22], JV2 22 (18–28) [19], ZV2 17 (14–20) [12], solenostomes gv3 crescentic; Pa 12 (10–15) [10], Pst 12 (8–15) [7] on shield.
Setae JV4 9 (6–11) [4], JV5 32 (24–39) [30], ZV1 18 (12–20) [17], ZV3 9 (7–10) [5] on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth. Two pairs of metapodal platelets 18 (15–21) [16] long, 6 (5–7) [4] wide, 11 (8–15) [9] long, 2 (2–3) [1] wide.
Chelicera. Movable digit 21 (19–23) [20] long, with one tooth; fixed digit 23 (21–24) [21] long, anterior half with three teeth, with pilus dentilis.
Spermatheca. Calyx funnel-shaped, 13 (10–16) [14] long, 8 (6–10) [8] wide, atrium with neck, indistinguible embolus, with a thin major duct.
Legs. Coxal formula 2-2-2-1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/2-2/2-1, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/1-2/1-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1;
leg III, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-0, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge III (ad1) 30 (27–36) [22], Sti III (ad) 25 (23–28) [25], St III (d) 30 (27–37) [21]; Sge IV (ad2) 37 (32–40) [32], Sti IV (ad) 35 (31–38) [32]
and St IV (d) 58 (48–66) [65].
Male (n=5)
A lightly sclerotized mite. Idiosomal setal pattern: 10A:9B/JV-3, 4:ZV-1, 3.
Dorsum. Dorsal shield lightly sclerotized, smooth, with lateral reticulation, 238 (230–248) long (j1-J5 level) and 192 (181–197) wide at level of j6, 162 (157–167) wide at level of S4; with six pairs of solenostomes (gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8, gd9), ten pairs of
lyrifissures (id1, id1a, id2, id4, idm5, idm6, is1, idl2, idl3, idl4); length of dorsal setae:
setae j1 23 (21–24), j3 22 (20–23), j4 5 (4–6), j5 5 (4–6), j6 7 (5–10), J2 8 (6–11), J5 3 (3–4), z2 10 (7–15), z4 11 (9–14), z5 6 (5–6), Z1 7 (6–7), Z4 8 (6–10), Z5 43 (40–44), s4 20 (19–23), S2 13 (12–15), S4 17 (15–21), S5 19 (17–21), r3 10 (9–10), R1 10 (8–12).
All setae smooth, except Z5 slightly serrated. Setae r3 and Rl inserted on dorsal shield.
Peritreme. Peritreme extending beyond to r3, peritremal shield smooth, lightly sclerotized.
Venter. Sternogenital shield smooth, posterior margin almost straight, longer than wide, 115 (104–122) long, 67 (60–74) wide at level of st5, with five pairs of setae st1 21 (19–23), st2 17 (14–20), st3 18 (15–21), st4 14 (12–17), st5 15 (13–18) and three pairs of lyrifissures (pst1, pst2, pst3). Exopodal shield at coxae I–IV. Distances between st1-st1 47 (44–53), st2-st2 53 (48–56), st3-st3 49 (46–51), st4-st4 44 (39–47), st5-st5 34 (30–39), st1-st5 99 (95–101). Ventrianal shield subtriangular, slightly reticulated, 95 (91–100) long and 143 (140–147) wide at level of anterior corner, 48 (44-53) wide at level of anus, fused with peritremal shield cingulum; with three pairs of pre-anal setae, arranged in tangential row, JV1 15 (14–18), JV2 15 (12–17), ZV2 10 (6–13), solenostomes gv3 crescentic; Pa 7 (7–7), Pst 12 (9–15) on shield. Setae JV5 19 (16–23) on interscutal membrane. All ventral setae smooth.
Chelicera. Movable digit 18 (17–20) long, with one tooth; fixed digit 22 (20–24) long, anterior half with two teeth, with pilus dentilis. Spermatodactyl U-shaped, shaft 22 (21–23) long, heel rounded, foot 10 (8–13) long, with expanded toe and lateral thorn-like projection.
Legs. Coxal formula 2-2-2-1. Chaetotaxy (femur to basitarsus): leg I, 2-3/2-2/2-1, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 2-2/1-2/1-2, 1-1/1-1; leg II, 2-3/1-2/1-1, 2-2/0-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1;
leg III, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1, 1-1/1-2/1-1, 1-1/1-1; leg IV, 1-2/1-1/0-1, 1-2/1-2/0-1,
1-1/1-2/1-0, 1-1/1-1. Macrosetae: Sge III (ad2) 19 (15–23), Sti III (ad) 18 (15–19), St III (d) 20 (17–23), Sge IV (ad2) 29 (27–31), Sti IV (ad) 28 (25–31), St IV (d) 44 (43–44).
Specimens examined. CHINA: Bawangling National Forest Park, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province, one female from fern, ?.v.1987, W. N. Wu (GIABR).
TAIWAN: Wuling Farm, Heping District, Taichung City (24°22.667' N, 121°18.494' E, 1774m), eight females from Prunus campanulata (Rosaceae), 19.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C.
C. Ho (NTU); Zhiliang, Heping District, Taichung City (24°20.144' N, 121°18.756' E, 1924m), two females two males from Prunus campanulata (Rosaceae), 19.x.2009, J. R.
Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Zhiliang, Heping District, Taichung City (24°20.539' N, 121°18.486' E, 2334m), one female one male from Prunus campanulata (Rosaceae), 19.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Lishan, Heping District, Taichung City (24°15.263' N, 121°15.057' E, 1989m), two females one male from Morus alba (Moraceae), 20.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Huanshan, Heping District, Taichung City (24°18.493' N, 121°17.422' E, 1704m), one female from Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae), 20.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Huanshan, Heping District, Taichung City (24°19.119' N, 121°17.151' E, 1583m), four females one male from Tetradium glabrifolium (Rutaceae), 20.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Huanshan, Heping District, Taichung City (24°19.119' N, 121°17.151' E, 1583m), one female from Tabebuia chrysantha (Bignoniaceae), 21.x.2009, J. R. Liao & C. C. Ho (NTU); Dalu Forest Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°32.470' N, 121°06.733' E, 1279m), five females two male from Morus alba (Moraceae), 20.i.2010, Y. H. Chiang
& J. R. Liao (NTU); Dalu Forest Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°32.061' N, 121°07.110' E, 1570m), three females from Debregeasia orientalis (Urticaceae), 20.i.2010, Y. H. Chiang & J. R. Liao (NTU); Daoxiang Rd., Beitou District, Taipei City
(25°08.818' N, 121°28.960' E, 213m), two females one male from Michelia compressa (Magnoliaceae), 9.ii.2010, J. R. Liao & S. W. Kong (NPUST); Taizhi Temple Park, Xinying District, Tainan City (23°17.652' N, 120°16.432' E, 9m), one female from Bischofia javanica (Euphorbiaceae), 20.ii.2010, J. R. Liao (NTU); Chaishan, Gushan District, Kaohsiung City (22°39.034' N, 120°16.481' E, 101m), one female from unknown plant, 11.iii.2010, J. R. Liao & S. W. Kong (NTU); Chaishan, Gushan District, Kaohsiung City (22°39.034' N, 120°16.481' E, 101m), one female from Macaranga tanarius (Euphorbiaceae), 11.iii.2010, J. R. Liao & S. W. Kong (NTU); Shitou Mountain, Xindian District, New Taipei City (24°57.671' N, 121°32.481' E, 123m), one female from unknown plant, 17.iv.2010, J. R. Liao (NCHU); Shitou Mountain, Xindian District, New Taipei City (24°57.568' N, 121°32.564' E, 155m), nine females one male from Prunus campanulata (Rosaceae), 17.iv.2010, J. R. Liao (NMNS); Nanzhuang Township, Miaoli County (24°38.365' N, 120°57.342' E, 94m), one male from Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae), 19.iv.2010, J. R. Liao (NCHU); Nanzhuang Township, Miaoli County (24°32.212' N, 120°57.190 E, 772m), one female from Debregeasia edulis (Urticaceae), 19.iv.2010, J. R. Liao (NTU); Qingshi Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°33.789' N, 121°06.772' E, 924m), one female from Morus alba (Moraceae), 3.v.2010, J. R. Liao & Y. H. Chiang (NTU); Qingshi Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°33.789' N, 121°06.774' E, 926m), one female from Turpinia formosana (Staphyleaceae), 3.v.2010, J. R. Liao & Y. H. Chiang (NTU);
Jinping Road, Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County (24°41.164' N, 121°13.581' E, 447m), three females from Cinnamomum osmophloeum (Lauraceae), 17.v.2010, J. R. Liao & Y.
H. Chiang (NTU); Maokong, Wenshan District, Taipei City (24°20.539' N, 121°18.486' E, 2334m), one female three males from Ficus sp. (Moraceae), 9.vi.2010, J. R. Liao &
A. K. Dubey (NTU); Maokong, Wenshan District, Taipei City (24°58.062' N,
121°35.332' E, 313m), one female from Cinnamomum osmophloeum (Lauraceae), 9.vi.2010, J. R. Liao & A. K. Dubey (NTU); Maokong, Wenshan District, Taipei City (24°58.062' N, 121°35.332' E, 313m), seven females from unknown plant, 9.vi.2010, J.
R. Liao & A. K. Dubey (NTU); Maokong, Wenshan District, Taipei City (24°58.062' N, 121°35.332' E, 313m), two females from Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae), 9.vi.2010, J. R.
Liao & A. K. Dubey (NTU); Dalu Forest Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°32.165' N, 121°06.852' E, 1334m), four females one male from Morus alba (Moraceae), 13.viii.2010, C. T. Chen & J. R. Liao (TARL); Dalu Forest Road, Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (24°32.165' N, 121°06.852' E, 1334m), one female from Debregeasia orientalis (Urticaceae), 13.viii.2010, C. T. Chen & J. R. Liao (NTU);
Jiaoban Mountain, Fuxing District, Taoyuan City (24°49.138' N, 121°21.195' E, 441m), one female from Quercus glauca (Fagaceae), 24.viii.2010, Y. J. Tsao & J. R. Liao (NTU); Baling, Fuxing District, Taoyuan City (24°40.515' N, 121°24.001' E, 881m), one female from Morus alba (Moraceae), 28.viii.2010, J. R. Liao & C. T. Chen (NTU);
Baling, Fuxing District, Taoyuan City (24°40.515' N, 121°24.001' E, 881m), one female from Quercus glauca (Fagaceae), 28.viii.2010, J. R. Liao & C. T. Chen (NTU); LaLa mountain, Fuxing District, Taoyuan City (24°41.463' N, 121°34.717' E, 1207m), one female from Debregeasia orientalis (Urticaceae), 28.viii.2010, J. R. Liao & C. T. Chen (NTU); Jiali Mountain, Nanzhuang Township, Miaoli County (24°31.651' N, 121°01.599' E, 1326m), two females from Diospyros sp. (Ebenaceae), 13.x.2010, J. R.
Liao (NTU); Jiali Mountain, Nanzhuang Township, Miaoli County (24°31.651' N, 121°01.599' E, 1326m), three females three males (MZLQ 7598 to MZLQ 7603) from Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), 13.x.2010, J. R. Liao (ESALQ-USP); Lunbei Township, Yunlin County (23°46.480' N, 120°21.713' E, 15m), one female from Morus alba (Moraceae), 24.x.2010, J. F. Hsieh & C. T. Chen (NTU); Simaxian, Tai'an Township, Miaoli County
(24°24.679' N, 120°56.725' E, 852m), one female from Phoebe formosana (Lauraceae), 31.x.2010, J. R. Liao & W. C. Yang (NTU); Sandimen Township, Pingtung County (22°43.866' N, 120°40.059' E, 487m), one female from unknown plant, 20.xi.2010, J. R.
Liao (NTU); Laonong, Liugui District, Kaohsiung City (22°55.785' N, 120°39.148' E, 224m), one female from Bauhinia variegata (Fabaceae), 20.xi.2010, J. R. Liao (NTU);
Guanziling, Baihe District, Tainan City (23°19.301' N, 120°29.014' E, 451m), three females from Bauhinia blakeana (Fabaceae), 11.i.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Guanziling, Baihe District, Tainan City (23°19.301' N, 120°29.014' E, 451m), one female from Colocasia esculenta (Araceae), 11.i.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Guanziling, Baihe District, Tainan City (23°19.301' N, 120°29.014' E, 451m), three females from Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), 11.i.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Jinfeng Township, Taitung County (22°35.779' N, 120°57.244' E, 132m), one male from Macaranga tanarius (Euphorbiaceae), 23.i.2011, J. R. Liao & J. F. Hsieh (NTU); Paomagudao, Jiaoxi Township, Yilan County (24°50.276' N, 121°46.346' E, 147m), one female from Carica papaya (Caricaceae), 9.ii.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Caopingtou, Xinyi Township, Nantou County (23°33.447' N, 120°52.575' E, 1119m), two females from Prunus campanulata (Rosaceae), 24.iv.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Caopingtou, Xinyi Township, Nantou County (23°33.447' N, 120°52.575' E, 1119m), one female from Machilus zuihensis (Lauraceae), 24.iv.2011, J. R. Liao (NTU); Nanqing Highway, Zhudong Township, Hsinchu County (24°40.634' N, 121°05.987' E, 203m), two females one male from Dendrocalamus latiforus (Poaceae), 30.vi.2014, J. R. Liao (NTU); Jinshuiying Historic Trail, Chunri Township, Pingtung County (22°24.766' N, 120°43.628' E, 1078m), one female from Turpinia formosana (Staphyleaceae), 24.vi.2014, J. R. Liao (NTU);
Shenshan, Wutai Township, Pingtung County (22°44.986 N, 120°43.640' E, 740m), one female from Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae), 25.vi.2014, J. R. Liao (NTU); Shimen
Reservoir, Longtan District, Taoyuan City (24°49.221 N, 121°12.473' E, 286m), two females from Morus alba (Moraceae), 30.v.2010, J. R. Liao (NTU); Shimen Reservoir, Longtan District, Taoyuan City (24°49.221 N, 121°12.473' E, 286m), one female from Schefflera octophylla (Araliaceae), 30.v.2010, J. R. Liao (NTU).
THAILAND: Chiang Dao, one paratype female (ZIHU-3608) from Carica papaya (Caricaceae), 4.xi.1970, S. Ehara (HUM).
Distribution. Asia: China (Guangdong (Liang & Ke, 1983), Guangxi (Moreas et al., 1989), Hainan (Chen et al., 1980), Yunnan (Liang & Ke, 1983)), Malaysia (Ehara, 2002b), Taiwan (present study), Thailand (Ehara & Bhandhufalck, 1977).
Remarks. The females of this species resemble those of E. ovalis (Evans, 1953), but differ from the reticulation of the anterolateral margin on dorsal shield, seta j1 is slightly longer than j3 (j1 is apparently longer than j3 in E. ovalis), and calyx of spermatheca funnel-shaped (tubular in E. ovalis). Furthermore, the females of this species are also similar to those of E. nicholsi (Ehara & Lee, 1971) but differ in the dorsal shield being lightly sclerotized (strongly sclerotized in E. nicholsi). Taiwanese female specimens that differed with other Taiwanese specimens (dorsal shield with lateral reticulation) only in dorsal shield with strong reticulation except for central part of podosoma, with no other observable differences between them. Liao et al. (2017a) reported these situation probably is an intraspecific variation, but Liao et al. (2017) identified three different species among these specimens, including E. aizawai, E.
nicholsi, and E. sojaensis. We also observed one undetermined male specimen in the paratype slide (ZIHU-3608), that belong to the genus Amblyseius.
Li et al. (2006) reported that E. aizawai is a natural enemy can control citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) on citrus leaves in central Guizhou. They fed E. aizawai with 19 different pollens to rear in the laboratory. They considered the pollens could be
alternative foods for mass-rearing in the laboratory; also can help the E. aizawai live in
alternative foods for mass-rearing in the laboratory; also can help the E. aizawai live in