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T T(x)

Range

'*(63&  'RPDLQ FRGRPDLQ DQGUDQJH RI T W Rn! Rm

7KHQHZ WHUPLQRORJ\LQWKLV VHFWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHDG\QDPLF YLHZ RI PDWUL[²YHFWRUPXOWLSOLFDWLRQLVWKHNH\WRXQGHUVWDQGLQJVHYHUDOLGHDVLQOLQHDUDOJHEUD DQGWREXLOGLQJPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOVRISK\VLFDOV\VWHPVWKDWHYROYHRYHUWLPH 6XFK G\QDPLFDOV\VWHPV ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQ6HFWLRQV  DQGDQGWKURXJKRXW

&KDSWHU 

在文檔中 /LQHDU(TXDWLRQVLQ /LQHDU$OJHEUD (頁 58-63)

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