The present study has several limitations. First, the locative construction was defined as [zai…NP…li/nei/zhong]. It remains unclear whether the presence of the particle zai might also play a role in the distribution of the landmark NPs. Previous studies did not make a distinction with respect to the occurrence of zai (Deng, 2006; Liu & Zhang, 2008; Xing, 1996; Yang, 2008).
The reason for including zai as a necessary component for the space particle construction in this study was to ensure a common syntactic ground on which these particles were semantically compared. [NP li/nei/zhong] often occurs in more diverse syntactic positions, with both nominal and adverbial uses, which may introduce more confounding factors to the semantic analyses of these particles.
Another limitation is the potential influence of registers and genres. It should be noted that most of the texts in Sinica Corpus are written discourse. Our findings may need to be interpreted carefully as these observed distributional patterns may be subject to variations resulting from different registers (e.g., spoken disource) or genres (e.g., novels).
Finally, the third limitation is the limited scope of the space particle constructions. The present study only analyzed the space particle constructions and did not analyze the main predicate that was modified by those spatial particle constructions. In Chapter 5, we have
sampled a few concordance lines to discuss the possible enriched meanings arising from the metaphorical extension of the CONTAINMENT image schema to other abstract domains. Future studies may need to examine the propositions that co-occur with these space particles in order to provide a more comprehensive account of the semantic specificity in the metaphrocal extensions of these space particles.
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Appendix
Appendix 1 Type classification of attracted nouns over 5 overall frequency in the three spatial particle constructions
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 日子 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 4 0 51
心 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 248 0 126
時代 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 19 0 24
社會 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 163 0 49
記憶 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 35 0 21
年代 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 8 0 12
國度 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 1 0 8
戲 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 20 0 16
觀念 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 19 0 15
天地 3D-concrete duration non-process
noun 1 0 7
腦海 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 1 11
眼 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 210 0 51
夢 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 23 0 13
愛情 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 7
生命 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 30 0 14
日記 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 11 2 9
關係 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 36 0 14
冬季 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 1 0 4
虛空 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 1 0 4
回憶 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 7
黑夜 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 4 0 5
文章 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 47 0 15
季節 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 2 0 4
情節 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 2 0 4
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 深夜 non-concrete duration non-process
noun
2 0 4
潛意識 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 2 0 4
心靈 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
15 0 8
時間 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 15 150 34
氛圍 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 10 0 6
傳統 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 16 0 7
時空 non-concrete duration non-process noun
20 1 8
迷宮 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 2 0 3
印象 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
18 0 7
寒冬 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 6 0 4
行業 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
7 0 4
時刻 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 4 0 3
懷抱 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 8 0 4
場合 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 4
大自然 3D-concrete atemporal non-process noun
10 0 4
階段 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 10 0 4
家庭 organization atemporal non-process noun
20 1 6
雪地 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 3
暑假 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 6 0 3
亂世 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 3
想法 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
6 0 3
人生 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 11 0 4
語言 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
12 0 4
條文 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 1 3
氣氛 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 36 0 8
秩序 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 3 0 2
晚風 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 3 0 2
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li
條款 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
3 0 2
場(match) non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 3 0 2
組織 organization atemporal non-process noun
13 6 5
佛教 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 2
組合 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 2
聖經 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 2
電影 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
29 0 6
夜 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 5 0 2
科學 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 2
浪潮 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 2
家族 organization atemporal non-process noun
11 0 3
文本 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 2
情緒 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 12 0 3
新聞 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 12 0 3
教育 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
19 0 4
文化 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 41 0 7
生涯 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
27 0 5
大禧年 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 7 0 2
內心 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 2
眼光 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 2
感覺 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
7 0 2
藝術 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 2
黑暗 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
35 0 6
耳 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 0 2
門診 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 8 0 2
傳說 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 0 2
意識 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 0 2
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li
環境 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
173 1 23
網路 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 2 2
世紀 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
8 1 2
影片 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 2
歌聲 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 17 0 3
時期 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 4 6 2
創作 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
10 0 2
畫 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 10 0 2
歷史 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
41 0 6
架構 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 3 2
手 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
11 0 2
情境 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 11 0 2
婚姻 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 19 0 3
歲月 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 19 0 3
情勢 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
3 1 1
行(之行) non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 4 0 1
事業 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
4 0 1
社團 organization atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
苦難 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
軍隊 organization atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
音樂會 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
4 0 1
書籍 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
格局 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
4 0 1
單位 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
散文 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
群體 organization atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
歌詞 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 管道 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
4 0 1
機會 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
戲劇 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
4 0 1
觀點 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 0 1
作品 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 103 0 13
決賽 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 12 0 2
課程 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
27 2 4
報導 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 21 0 3
文學 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
13 0 2
任期 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 2 3 1
季 non-concrete time unit non-process noun
4 1 1
視野 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 4 1 1
分類 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
心目 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
方法 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 1
忙碌 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 1
局 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 1
沙漠 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
信仰 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
致詞 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 1
動作 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 1
接觸 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 1
陰影 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 1
期待 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 1
戰亂 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
職場 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
雜誌 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 1
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 議程 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 1
企業 organization atemporal non-process
noun 17 5 3
內容 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
6 0 1
序言 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 1
資料庫 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 1
錄影帶 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 6 0 1
辯論 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
6 0 1
情況 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 15 0 2
旅途 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
16 0 2
政府 organization atemporal non-process
noun 6 1 1
文告 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
7 0 1
夜色 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 1
相對論 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 1
哲學 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 1
專欄 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
7 0 1
電腦 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 0 1
機構 organization atemporal non-process noun
7 0 1
範疇 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 7 1 1
文獻 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 0 1
成長 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 8 0 1
章 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
8 0 1
聲浪 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 8 0 1
分析 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
9 0 1
句 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 1
訓練 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 9 0 1
教科書 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 1
寒風 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 9 0 1
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 程式 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
9 0 1
論述 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 9 0 1
脈絡 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
10 0 1
假期 non-concrete duration non-process
noun 10 0 1
進程 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 10 0 1
愛 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 10 0 1
變化 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
10 0 1
團體 organization atemporal non-process
noun 18 0 2
一生 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
26 0 3
劇 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 26 0 3
危機 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
11 0 1
制度 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 11 0 1
思想 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 11 0 1
風 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 11 0 1
教學 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
11 0 1
實踐 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 11 0 1
聚會 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
11 0 1
掌握 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 12 0 1
照片 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 12 0 1
電話 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 45 0 5
人口 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
人海 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
大戰 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
5 0 0
大躍進 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 5 0 0
中常會 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 5 0 0
公聽會 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 5 0 0
幻想 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li
文件 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 0
史 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
交往 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
5 0 0
交談 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
光線 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
忙 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
序文 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 0
改善 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
其 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
命盤 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
服務 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
5 0 0
治療 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
法令 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
物理 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
知識 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
宣言 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
思考 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
5 0 0
思維 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
科學家 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
紀錄 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
背景 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
革命 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
頁 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
風雨 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
病 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
動物 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
婦女 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
collexeme CONCRETENESS TIME -RELATEDNESS
DYNAMICITY zai...zhong zai...nei zai...li 排行榜 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 0
推動 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
措施 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
晚宴 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal
process noun 5 0 0
條例 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
規定 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
設備 3D-concrete atemporal non-process
noun
5 0 0
貧困 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
程序 non-concrete atemporal non-process noun
5 0 0
結果 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
評鑑 non-concrete atemporal verbal process noun
5 0 0
意外 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
會晤 non-concrete atemporal verbal process
noun 5 0 0
群 non-concrete atemporal non-process
noun 5 0 0
落成禮 non-concrete atemporal nonverbal process noun
5 0 0
詩作 2D-concrete atemporal non-process
詩作 2D-concrete atemporal non-process