炷ᶨ炸䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾䘬シ㵝ġ
Kenneth Craik㕤1943⸜㍸↢⽫㘢㧉⺷炷mental model炸ᶨ娆炻Ṿᷣ⻝ᾳ橼 㚫冒≽廱嬗⢾Ἦ䘬ḳẞㆸ䁢ℏ⛐䘬㧉⺷炻Ṏ⌛啱䓙䫎嘇堐⽝炷symbolic representation炸⮵ㅱℏ⛐⍲⢾⛐ᶾ䓴ẍ忚埴㍐䎮ˣ䓊䓇埴≽ 炷Johnson-Laird, 1989炸ˤ㬌⢾炻Bruner炷1964炸Ṏ⮯ᾳ橼⮯␐怕⢾⛐ḳ䈑廱㎃䁢ℏ⛐⽫䎮ḳ ẞ䘬忶䦳䧙䁢娵䞍堐⽝烊᷎㊯↢䳸㥳㗗䞍嬀㥳ㆸ䘬➢㛔㝞㥳炷⻝㗍冰炻2001炸ˤ
役㛇䘬䞼䨞娵䁢⽫㘢㧉⺷㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ≽ン䳸㥳˭炻Ⱄ㕤䈡⭂䞍灊瀂➇䘬ᶨ 䧖㝞㥳炻ℏ⏓㚱⎬䧖䚠斄堐⽝烊℞ἄ䓐㗗嬻ᾳ橼傥嗽瀲㕘妲〗炻忚侴㍐䎮ˣ 妋慳ˣ⇌㕟ㆾ枸㷔炷Vosniadou & Ortony, 1989烊Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991炸ˤ
Gentner (1983)㟡㒂ᶲ徘⽫㘢㧉⺷炷mental model炸㍸↢Ḯ䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾ˤ
⤡⮯栆㍐傥≃䘬䞼䨞倂䃎⛐Ἦ㸸⓷柴冯䚖㧁⓷柴ᷳ攻㗗⤪ỽ䓊䓇怠㑯冯忳 䓐ˤ⤡娵䁢ᾳ橼ⷠ忳䓐䞍䘬柀➇(domain)Ἦ栆㍐妋㰢⓷柴炻⯌℞㗗朊⮵潻 㸸䚖㧁⓷柴䘬濆䈑ẞᷳ攻℟㚱堐朊冯䳸㥳濆Ⰼ朊⎴⼊䘬⓷柴炷ismorphic problem炸㗪炻ᾳ橼㚫冒攟㛇姀ㅞᷕ㍸⍾栆㍐䫾䔍Ἦ妋㰢㕘⓷柴炻℟㚱⬠佺怟 䦣䘬㓰ㅱ炷㴪慹➪炻2001烊Gentner, 1983烊Gentner & Toupin, 1986炸ˤ
Gentner (1988)㍸↢䔞⸤䪍朊⮵栆㭼⓷柴㗪炻椾⃰㗗ὅ㒂堐朊䚠Ụ⿏ ⮵ ㅱ炻⼴Ἦㇵ㚫㟡㒂斄Ὢ䚠Ụ⿏ ⮵ㅱˤ⤡㚜忚ϕ㬍⮯柀➇䞍嬀堐⽝䁢烉䭨溆 炷nodes炸徘娆炷predicates炸䘬␥柴炷proposition炸䵚䴉炻᷎⮯徘娆⋨↮䁢 Ⱄ⿏炷attribution炸斄Ὢ炷relation炸炻Ⱄ⿏㗗㊯ᶨᾳ婾嫱炷agrument炸䘬徘 娆炷one-place predicate炸炻斄Ὢ⇯㗗⊭⏓ℑᾳㆾℑᾳẍᶲ婾嫱炷agrument炸 䘬徘娆烊ẍ柀➇ね⠫(situation)⯙⎗夾䁢䈑ẞ(object)ˣ䈑ẞⰔ⿏䈑ẞ攻 斄Ὢ䳬ㆸ䘬䲣䴙炷檀㵹剔ˣ恙伶嘡炻1998炸ˤ䇘㬌⇵㍸ᶳ炻Gentner ㍸↢
Ḯ䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾ˤ
炷Ḵ炸䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾䘬⿅侫㬟䦳婒㖶!
Gentner↿冱⚾2-2-5ˬ⣒春烉埴㗇烌⍇⫸烉暣⫸˭䁢ἳ炻忳䓐ṢᾹ䅇〱䘬 ˬ⣒春˭Ἦ婒㖶ˬ⍇⫸˭忁ᾳ㕘䘬㤪⾝⍲℞栆㍐⿅侫㬟䦳烉!
IJįġ 堐⽝䲣䴙䘬⚃䧖㤪⾝ġ
炷IJ炸䈑ẞ烉Ṏ⌛⮎橼炻ἳ⤪ˬ⣒春˭ˣˬ埴㗇˭ˣˬ⍇⫸˭ˣˬ暣⫸˭ˤ 炷2炸Ⱄ⿏烉䁢㍷徘䈑ẞ䘬䈡⽝炻⎒⊭⏓ᶨᾳ䈑ẞ䘬徘娆炻ἳ⤪ˬ⣒春 㗗湫刚䘬˭ˣˬ⣒春㗗䅙䘬˭ˤ
炷3炸斄Ὢ烉⊭⏓ℑᾳㆾℑᾳẍᶲ䈑ẞ䘬斄Ὢ婾嫱炻忂ⷠὪ㍷徘ˣ㭼庫 ㆾ䉨ンˤἳ⤪ᶱᾳỶⰌ斄Ὢˬ⣒春⏠⺽埴㗇˭ˬ⣒春岒慷㭼埴㗇⣏˭⍲ˬ埴 㗇丆叿⣒春㕳廱˭烊ᶨᾳ檀Ⰼ斄Ὢˬ⚈䁢⣒春岒慷㭼埴㗇⣏炻ẍ埴㗇塓⏠
⺽丆叿⣒春㕳廱˭ˤ
炷4炸䲣䴙⿏⍇⇯烉⮵ㅱᶨㆾ⣂ᾳ䈑ẞ⇘℞Ṿ䈑ẞᶲˬ⚈䁢⍇⫸㟠岒慷 㭼暣⫸⣏炻ẍ暣⫸塓⏠⺽丆叿⍇⫸㟠㕳廱˭ˤ
ijįġ 䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䘬栆㍐⿅侫㬟䦳ġ
炷IJ炸⮯Ἦ㸸柀➇䘬䞍嬀≈ẍ堐⽝ˤἳ⤪炻䈑ẞ䁢ˬ⣒春˭冯ˬ埴㗇˭ˤ 炷ij炸㲐シἮ㸸冯䚖㧁⓷柴攻䘬⮵ㅱ炻㈦⮳↢ℑ侭攻䘬ℙ⎴斄Ὢ炻⾥䔍 ℑ侭朆ℙ忂斄Ὢ䘬ℏ⭡Ⱄ⿏䈡⽝ˤἳ⤪炻㲐シἮ㸸⓷柴䘬ˬ⣒春˭⮵ㅱ䚖㧁 ˬ⍇⫸˭炻ˬ埴㗇˭⮵ㅱˬ暣⫸˭烊ˬ⣒春岒慷㭼埴㗇⣏˭ˣˬ⣒春⏠⺽埴 㗇˭炻侴⾥䔍⣒春䘤䅙ㆾ暣⫸ⷞ暣䘬䈡⿏ˤ
炷Ĵ炸㲐シἮ㸸⓷柴䘬䲣䴙⊾⍇⇯炷systematic principle炸炻㉥⍾ℙ⎴⿏
(extracting the commonalities)᷎⮯⬫ᾅ䔁ἄ䁢䳬攻斄Ὢˤἳ⤪ˬ⚈⚈䁢⣒春岒慷 㭼埴㗇⣏炻ẍ埴㗇塓⏠⺽丆叿⣒春㕳廱˭ˤġ
炷ĵ炸㚨⼴⮯Ἦ㸸⓷柴䘬䳬攻斄Ὢ⮵ㅱ⇘䚖㧁⓷柴ˬ⍇⫸冯暣⫸˭炻侴 ㆸ䁢ˬ⍇⫸㟠⏠⺽暣⫸丆埴˭䘬䳸婾ˤ
Gentner娵䁢ᾳ橼栆㍐䘬ㆸ≇冯⏎炻忂ⷠ⛐㕤妋柴侭㗗⏎㲐シ⇘䈑ẞ攻䘬
⮵ㅱ炻ㅱ娚㗗㍸⍾䈑ẞ攻斄Ὢ䘬⮵ㅱ侴㌐㡬Ⱄ⿏ℏ⭡䘬⮵ㅱ烊侴ᶼ䔞Ἦ㸸䈑
⍲䚖㧁䈑ᷳ攻⛐堐朊䚠Ụ⿏冯䳸㥳䚠Ụ⿏㚱檀⹎䚠斄㗪炻⇯㚜⭡㖻ἧ妋柴侭 㲐シ⇘栆㍐䘬斄Ὢ炻⮵ㅱḇ⯙グ⭡㖻㬋䡢炻⚈侴䓊䓇㬋䡢䘬怟䦣炻忁⯙㗗 Gentner炷1988炸㍸⇘䘬䲣䴙⿏⍇⇯炷transparency炸ˤ㬌Ὢ䌐∝ᷳ冱炻⚈䁢⛐
⤡ᷳ⇵炻ㆹᾹ᷎ᶵ㶭㤂栆㍐⮵ㅱ㗪⇘⸽㗗⛐⮵ㅱṨ湤炷㴪慹➪炻2001烊檀㵹 剔ˣ恙伶嘡炻1998烊湫⸠伶炻1994烊Gentner, 1983, 1988, 1989炸ˤ
⚾
⚾ġ ijĮijĮĶġ ⣒春䲣⍇⫸䳸㥳攻䘬⮵ㅱ⚾ġ 屯瀌潻㸸烉䞼䨞侭冒灖㔜瀲
炷ᶱ炸䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾䘬姽徘!
Gentner䫱Ṣ⛐⽫䎮⬠䞼䨞ᷕḇ䘤䎦Ḯᶨṃ㓗㊩SMT䘬嫱㒂炻ṾᾹ⛐嶐⸜
漉䘬䞼䨞ᷕ天㯪⍿娎侭娖慳栆㍐㬟䦳㗪炻䘤䎦⣏Ṣ⛐栆㍐⮵ㅱ忶䦳ᷕῷ⤥䲣 䴙⿏⍇⇯;䚠庫ᷳᶳ炻⸤䪍⌣㰺㚱忁ᾳ㕡朊䘬⎹炻Ữ晐叿⸜漉⡆攟炻㚫グἮ グῷ⎹䲣䴙⿏(Gentner, 1983, 1989烊Gentner & Toupin, 1986)ˤGentner炷1988炸 ℵ嬻⸤䪍冯⣏Ṣ妋慳ˬ暚⁷㴟䵧˭忁ᾳ⎍⫸䘬シ佑炻䳸㝄䘤䎦⸤䪍䘬妋慳忂
ⷠ㗗ˬℑ侭悥㗗䴐㮃䉨䘬˭炻侴⣏Ṣ䘬妋慳忂ⷠ䁢ˬℑ侭䘮⎗⏠㓞㯜↮˭炻
䓙㬌Gentner娵䁢⸜䲨⮷䘬䘬⬑⫸忂ⷠ⎒㲐シ堐朊斄Ὢ炻忁ḇ㗗⸤䪍栆㍐傥≃
傥≃庫ⶖ䘬⍇⚈炷㴪慹➪炻2001炸ˤ
㬌⢾炻Gentner冯Rattermann炷1993炸Ṏ㊯↢⸤䪍⛐䚠Ụ⿏㤪⾝䘬䘤⯽ᶲ炻 㗗⽆䈑ẞ攻堐朊攻䚠Ụ忚⯽⇘䈑ẞ攻斄Ὢ䘬䚠Ụ炻䪍䲬㕤8ˣ9㬚㗪ㇵ傥忚
⯽⇘ἧ䓐檀Ⰼ斄Ὢ䚠Ụ炷Gentner & Toupin, 1986;Gentner, 1988, 1989; Pierce &
Gholson, 1994炸ˤ侴忈ㆸ忁䧖㓡嬲䘬斄挝⛐㕤䪍柀➇䞍嬀䘬㒜⯽炻晐叿柀
➇䞍嬀䘬⡆≈炻⸤䪍⮵ㅱ斄Ὢ㍐䎮傥≃ḇ㚫㍸檀炷Gentner & Rattermann, 1991;
Goswami, 1991炸ˤ䔞䈑ẞ攻䘬堐朊䚠Ụ嶇斄Ὢ䚠Ụ㚱堅䨩㗪炻庫⸜⸤䘬䪍 ㆾ庫仢᷷䴻槿䘬ㆸṢ㚫ἄ↢䈑橼堐朊䚠Ụ䘬⍵ㅱ烊Ữ晐叿⸜漉䘬⡆攟ㆾ䴻槿 䘬㒜⯽炻䪍冯ㆸṢ䘬䈑橼堐朊䚠Ụ⍵ㅱ悥㚫㷃⮹炻侴斄Ὢ䚠Ụ䘬⍵ㅱ⇯㚫
⡆≈炷⻝渿剔炻2006炸ˤ
Gentner䘬䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾⻟婧烉䳸㥳斄Ὢ䘬⮵ㅱ㗗栆㍐ㆸ≇䘬斄挝⚈䳈炻 ẍ⮹㔠⸦ᾳ⍇⇯⯙妋慳↢墯暄䘬栆㍐⽫䎮㬟䦳烊㬌冱⛐Ṣⶍ㘢ㄏ⽫䎮⬠柀
➇ᷕ℟㚱ᶵ⎗㑤≽䘬⛘ỵ炻Holyoak冯Thagard(1989)ḇ㊯↢⛐姙⣂䘬䎮婾䘮㍉
䓐䳸㥳ᶨ农⿏(structural consistency)䘬奨溆ˤ
Ữ䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾㌺昌℞Ṿ⚈䳈侴⎒㲐慵䳸㥳⚈䳈炻ḇ朊冐Ḯ℞Ṿ䞼䨞侭 䘬㈡姽炷⤪HolyoakˣThagardˣKeane䫱炸炻岒䔹䳸㥳⮵ㅱ䎮婾⚈䁢忶㕤慵夾
⓷柴㛔幓䘬䳸㥳炻ẩ⚾ẍ䯉╖䘬⍇⇯妋慳墯暄䘬㍐瀲忶䦳炻⌣⾥濄瀈㍊妶ᾳ 橼㍸⍾冯⮵ㅱ䈑ẞ攻⎰怑䘬堐⽝ᷳ䎮䓙冯⍾䚠斄䞍灊䘬⚘暋炻ḇ⚈㬌⍿⇘㈡ 姽炷⻝濖剔炻1993炸ˤἳ⤪Vosniadou⯙岒䔹Gentner炷1988炸䘬ˬ暚⁷㴟䵧˭
⮎槿ἳ⫸炷娛ᶲ徘炸䘤䎦䳸婾烊娵䁢⸤䪍⎗傥㗗⚈⃰⁁䞍嬀ᶵ嵛农䃉㱽ㆸ≇
栆㍐炻Gentner㕟⭂⸤䪍䃉㱽㲐シ䳸㥳斄Ὢ㚱⣙♜嫡ˤ⚈㬌炻㬌仢⣙澳ㆸ䁢⼴
Ἦ➢㧉㬠䲵瀲澏䚳慵䘬⍇⇯炻Holyoak 䫱Ṣℵ㍸↢➢㧉㬠䲵䎮婾Ἦ妋嬨栆
㍐㬟䦳ˤ ġ