The contribution of the study lies in assessing the interrelations among knowledge sharing culture, knowledge transfer, difficulties of knowledge sharing perspectives and their influence on survival and competitiveness of non-profit organizations in Taiwan. However, different research participants, and different research questions and methods would produce a varying pattern of engagements that may add or deviate from the results in this study. Despite the many research and searches on knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer, there is little research focusing on the perspective of non-profit organizations. As a result if researchers are interested in pursuing an even stronger understanding of knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer in other regions. Researchers may want to investigate scopes of non-profit organizations, use other methods, or discuss other issues.
In conclusion, we strongly recommend research with other qualitative research to compare and contrast with other findings of quantitative studies. Further research should be conducted in the study organization to investigate whether the findings of this study are supported by a wider staff, and to investigate the relative impact of various factors on knowledge sharing and transfer on the survival and competitiveness of TaiwanICDF. In this study two cultural issues have been intertwined: overseas missionaries and domestic employee’s organizational culture at TaiwanICDF. Further studies should be conducted in both context, in order to disaggregate
In summarizing, this chapter outlined the theoretical and practical implications of the research findings. It also showed how this KST Structural Model build by Shih and Augustine, (2012) can be used to assess the Knowledge Management system of TaiwanICDF.
REFERENCE
Adler, P. S. (2002). Market, hierarchy, and trust. The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge, 23(1), 21-54.
Al-Alawi, A. I. (2005). The practice and challenge of knowledge management in financial sectors in Bahrain. Asian Journal of Information System, 4(11), 101-7.
Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Marzooqi, N. Y., & Mohammed, Y. F. (2007). Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: Critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 101-107. doi:10.1108/1363270710738898
Alam, S. S., Abdullah, Z., Ishak, N. A., & Zain, Z. M. (2009). Assessing knowledge sharing behavior among employees in SMEs: An empirical study. International Business Research, 2(2), 115-122.
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Knowledge management and knowledge systems. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136.
Al-Hakim, L. A., & Hassm, S. (2007). The role of managers in knowledge management improve organization performance. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from www.wbiconpro.com: www.wbiconpro.com/430-Latin.pdf
Al-Hawandeh, S. (2003). Knowledge management cultivating knowledge professionals.
United Kingdom: Oxford. Retrieved from http://ptarpp2.uitm.edu.my/silibus/knwMgtCult.pdf
Allee, V. (2000). Reconfiguring the value network. Journal of Business Strategy, 21(4), 36-39.
Al-Mudimigh, A. S., Zairi, M., & Ahmed, A. M. (2004). Extending the concept of chain: The effective management of value chains. International Journal of Production Economics, 87(1), 309-320.
Alvesson , M. (2000). Social identity and the problem of loyalty in knowledge-intensive companies. Journal of Mangement Studies, 37(8), 1101-1123.
Amar, A. D. (2002). Managing knowledge workers: Unleashing innovation and productivity . London: Quorum Books.
Amartunga, D., & Baldry, D. (2003). A conceptual framework to measure facilities management performance. Property Management , 21(2), 171-189.
Amindon, D. M. (2004). Knowledge cities: The answer to the needs of knowledge-based development. VINE, 36(1), 67-84.
Andrews, R., Boyne, G. A., & Walker, R. M. (2006). Strategy content and organizational performance: An empirical analysis. Public Administration Review, 66(1), 52–63.
Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organiational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 82(1), 150-169.
Argote, L., Ingram, P., Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (2000). Knowledge transfer in organizations: Learning from the experience of others. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 82(1), 1-8.
Argyris, C. (1964). Intergrating the individual and the organization. New York: Wiley.
Awad, E. M., & Ghaziri, H. M. (2004). Knowledge management. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Badaracco, J. L. (1991). The knowledge link- How firms compete through strategic alliance.
Boston: Harvard Business School.
Baker, M. J. (2003). Data collection-questionnaire design. The Marketing Review, 3(1), 343-370.
Bakker, M., Leenders, R., Gabbay, S., Kratzer, J., & Engelen, J. M. (2006). Is trust really social capital? Knowledge sharing in product development projects. The Learning Organization, 13(6), 594-605. doi:10.1108/09696470610705479
Bank, A. P., & Millward, L. J. (2000). Running shared mental models as a distributed cognitive process. British Journal of Psychology, 91(4), 513-523.
Barney, P. (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Manageemnt Executive, 9(4), 49-60.
Barrett, P. (2006). Structural equation modeling: adjusting model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(2007), 815-824. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
Bartol, K., & Srivastava, A. (2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: the role of organizational reward. Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, 9(1), 64-76.
Bhatt, G. D. (2001). Knowledge management in organizations: Examining the interaction between technologies, techniques, and people. Journal of Knowledge Management , 5(1), 68-75.
Birkinshaw, J., Morrison, A. J., & Hulland, J. (1995). Structural and competitive determinants of a global integration strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 16(8), 637-655.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers.
Bock, G. W., & Kim, Y. G. (2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: An exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal , 15(2), 14-21.
Bock, G. W., Zikmund, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, socio-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-111.
Bollinger, A. S., & Smith, R. D. (2001). Managing organizational knowledge as a strategic asset . Journal of Knowledge Management , 5(1), 8-18.
Bontis, F. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision , 36(2), 63-76.
Borga, F., Savoldeli, A., & Vignolo, L. (2001). Lensis-leveraging non-profit sector towards information society. In B. S. Smith & E. R. Choizza (Eds.), E-works and e-commerce:Novel solutions and practices for a global networ economy (pp. 35-55).
Brache, A. P. (2002). How organizations work. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bradach, J. L. (2003). Going to scales the challenge of replicating social programs. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 1(1) 9-25. Retrieved September 02, 2012, from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/sw560.articles/files/bradach_article.pdf
Bratic, D. (2011). Achieving a competitive advantage by SCM. IBIMA Business Review, 1(1) 106-111. doi:10.5171/2011.957583
Brown, R. B., & Woodland, M. J. (1999). Managing knowledge wisely: A case study in organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Management Studies, 8(2), 175-198.
Burgess, D. (2005). What motivates employees to transfer knowledge outside their work unit?
Journal of Business Communication, 42(4), 324-348. doi:10.1177/0021943605279485 Burcharth, A., & Fosturi, A. (2012). Not-invested-here: How cohesive socialization practices affect the formation of negative attitude towards external knowledge. DRUID Society,
1 (1), 1-36. Retrieved September 02, 2012, from
http://druid8.sit.aau.dk/acc_papers/0his3hsjvyiosv0soxobvt62ykab.pdf
Cabrera, A., & Cabrera, E. F. (2002). Knowledge sharing dilemmas. Organization Studies, 23(5), 687-710.
Cabrera, E. F., & Cabrera, A. (2005). Fostering knowledge sharing through people management practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(5), 720-35.
Cady, S. H., & Fand, P. M. (2001). Managing impressions with information: A field study of organizational realities. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 37(1), 180-204.
Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S., & Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning orientation, firm innovation, capability, and firm performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(1), 515-524.
Cameron, P. D. (2002). Managing knowledge assets: the cure for an ailing structure. CMA Management, 76(3), 20-23.
Cappetta, R., Jensen, R. J., & Szulanski, G. (2004). When and how trustworthiness matters:
knowledge transfer and the moderating effect of causal ambiguity. Organization Science, 15(5), 600–13.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Casalo, L., Flavian, C., & Guinaliu, M. (2008). The role of perceived usability, reputation, satisfaction and consumer familiarity on the website loyalty formation process.
Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 325-345.
Casimir, G., Lee, K., & Loon, M. (2012). Knowledge sharing: influences of trust, commitment and cost. Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(5), 740–753.
Cassiman, B., & Veugelers, R. (2006). In search of complementarity in innovation strategy:
Internal R&D and external knowledge acquisition. Management Science , 52(1), 68-82.
Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research:
Qualitative and quantitative methods. Queensland: John Wiley & Sons.
Chantelin, Y. M., Vinzi, V. E., & Tenenhaus, M. (2002). State-of-art on PLS path modeling through the available software. HEC School of Business and Management , 1(1),764-2002.
Childhouse, P., & Towill, D. (2003). Simplified material flow hold the key to supply chain intergration. Omega, 31(1), 17-27.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G.
A. Marcoulides (Eds.), Pastial least square (pp. 21-53).
Chinda, T., & Mohamed, S. (2008). Structural equation model of construction safety culture.
Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 15(2), 114-131.
Cho, V. (2007). A study of the impact of organizational learning on information system effectiveness. International Journal of Business and Information, 2(1), 127-158.
Choi, B., & Lee, H. (2002). Knowledge management strategy and its link to knowledge creation process. Expert System with Applications, 23(3), 173–187.
Choi, C., Poon, S. K., & Davis, J. G. (2008). Effects of knowledge management strategy on organizational performance: A complementarity theory-based approach. Omega, 36(3), 235-251.
Chou, H. F. (2012). The effects of intellectual capital on Taiwan banking institutions' business. (Unpublished master's thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Christensen, H. P. (2007). Knowledge sharing: moving away from the obsession with best practices. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(1), 36-47.
Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.
Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.
Claycomb, C., Droge, C., & Germain, R. (1999). The effect of just-in-time with customers on organizational design and performance. International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(1), 37-58.
Connely, E., & Kelloway, K. E. (2003). Predictors of employees’ perception of knowledge sharing culture. Leadership & Organizational Journal, 24(5), 194-301.
Cook, J. D., Hepworth, S. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B. (1989). The experience of work, a compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. London: Academic Press.
Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psycholog, 53(1), 39-52.
Corcoles, O. L., & Foss, N. (2012). Revisiting the link between cooperative climate and knowledge sharing behavior: the role of job autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
Institiute of Innnocation and Knowledge Management, 1(1), 1-36. Retrieved from http://druid8.sit.aau.dk/acc_papers/4gqo6afvtiad6vyggaqkgxcpt59q.pdf
Cornelia, S., & Kugel, J. (2004). http://www.gurteen.com/. Retrieved from Gurteen:
http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/0/9EB4E931B2F3C2B080256ED60034 FC4C
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(1), 297-334.
Darroch, J. (2003). Developing a measure of knowledge management behaviors and practices.
Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(5), 41-54.
Devanport, T. H., & Prusak, L. (1998 ). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
De Long, W., & Fathy, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management.
The Academy of Management Executive, 14(1), 113-127.
De Vellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development. Theory and applications. London: Sage Publications.
Debowski, S. (2006). Knowledge management. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). The undermining effect is a reality after all:
Extrinsic rewards, task interest and self-determination. DOI: Psychol. Bull, 125(1), 692-700. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.692
Deepen, J. (2007). Logistics outsourcing relationships: Measurement, antecedents and effects of logistics outsourcing performance. Heidelberg: Physica–Verlag.
Den, H. J., & Huizenga, E. (2000). The knowledge enterprise: Implementing intelligent business strategies. London: Imperial College Press.
DePaulo, B., & Fisher, J. (1980). The cost of asking for help. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1(1), 23- 35.
Dirks, K. T. (2000). Trust in leadership and team performance: evidence from NCAA basketball. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 611–28.
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2001). Trust in organisational settings. Organization Science, 12(1), 450-467.
Dobrai, K., & Farkas, F. (2008). Knowledge-based organizations: Examining knowledge processes in public-serving nonprofit organizations. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 8(2), 9-22.
Doney, P., & Cannon, J. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in the buyer-seller relationship. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35-51.
Donnellon, A. (1996). Cross-functional teams in product development: Accommodating the structure to the process. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 10(1), 377–392.
Du, R., Ai, S., & Ren, Y. (2007). Relationship between knowledge sharing and performance:
A survey in Xi’an China. Expert Systems with Applications , 32(1), 38-46.
Earl, M. (2001). Knowledge management strategies: toward a taxonomy. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 215-233.
Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. M. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of international team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 26–49.
Egbu, C. O., Hari, S., & Renukappa, S. H. (2005 ). Knowledge management for sustainable competitiveness in small and medium surveying practices. Structural Survey, 23(1),
7-21. Retrieved September 02, 2012, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articl
Ellonen, R., Blomqvist, K., & Puumalainen, K. (2008). The role of trust in organisational innovativeness. Journal of Innovation Management, 11(2), 160-181.
Feldman, M., & Müller, S. (2003). An incentive scheme or true information providing in supply chains. Omega, 31(2), 63–73.
Field, A. (2002). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. London: SAGE Publications.
Flanagan, D. P., McGrew, K. S., & Ortiz, S. O. (2000). The wechsler intelligence scales and Gf-Gc theory: A contemporary approach to interpretation. Needham Heights, MA:
Pearson Education.
Ford, D. P., & Staples, S. (2010). Are full and partial knowledge sharing the same? Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(13), 394-409).
Fornell, C., & Cha, J. (1994). Partial least squares. In R. P. Bagozzi (Eds.), Advanced methods of marketing research (pp. 52-78).
Fornell, C., & Larker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobserable variables and measurement errors. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(1), 39-50.
Fortune, M. F., Shifflett, B., & Sibley, R. E. (2006). A comparison of online (high tech) and traditional (high tech) learning in business communication courses in Silicon Valley . Journal of Education for Business,1(1), 210-214.
Foss, N. J. (2007). The emerging knowledge governance approach: challenges and the characteristics. Organization, 1(1), 29-52.
Foss, N. J., & Pedersen, T. (2002). Transferring knowledge in MNC: the role of source of subsidiary knowledge and organizational context. Journal of Management, 8(1), 49-67. Retrieved from http://www.google.com.tw/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&sour Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues & the creation of prosperity. New York: The
Free Press.
Fulmer, R. M., Gibbs, P., & Key, J. B. (1998). The second generation learning organizations:
new tools for sustaining competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 27(2), 6–
20.
Gangstad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal.
Psychologica Bulletin, 1(1), 530-555.
Garavan, T., Gubbins, N. C., Hogan, C., & Woodlock, M. (2007). Transitioning to a
Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 78–
91.
Gefen, D., Arinze, B., & Ridings, C. M. (2002). Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 11(1), 271-95.
Geyskens, I., Steenkamp, J., & Scheer, L. K. (1996). The effects of trust and interdependence on relationship commitment: A trans-atlantic study. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(1), 303-17.
Ghobadi, S., & D’Ambra, J. (2011). Competitive knowledge sharing: An analytical review of literature. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(4), 307-317.
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (1996). What Holds The Modern Company Together? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 133-148. doi:10.1225/96605.
Goh, S. C. (2002). Managing effective knowledge transfer: An integrative framework and some practice implications. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6 (1), 23-30.
Grace, T. P. (2009). Wikis as a knowledge management tool. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(4), 64–74. doi:10.1108/13673270910971833
Grant, R. (1997). The knowledge-based view of the firm: implications for management practice. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 450-454.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance:
positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327-347.
Gruenfeld, D. H., Mannix, E. A., Williams, K. Y., & Neale, M. A. (1996). Group composition and decision making: How members familiarity and information distribution affect process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(1), 1-15.
Gundlach, G. T., & Murphy, P. E. (1993). Ethical and legal foundations of relational marketing exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 57(4), 35-46.
Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge management’s social dimension:
Lessons from Nucor Steel. Sloan Management Review, 42(1), 71-80.
Guzzo, R. A., & Dickson, M. W. (1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47(1), 307-338.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hall, H. (2001 ). Input-friendliness: motivating knowledge sharing across intranets. Journal of Information and Science, 27(1), 139-146.
Hall, R. (2003). Knowledge management in the new business environment, A report prepared for the Australian Business Foundation. University of Sydney. Austrilia: ACCIRT.
Hasan, H. (2008). Back to the future for KM: The case for sensible organisation. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 1(1), 26-30.
Helmig, B., Jegers, M., & Lapsley, I. (2004). Challenges in managing nonprofit organizations:
A research overview. voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15(2), 101-116.
Hemmelgarn, A. L., Glisson, C., & James, L. R. (2006). Organizational culture and climate:
Implications for service and interventions research, clinical psychology. Science and Practice, 13(1), 73-89.
Hesketh, B., & Neal, A. (1999). Technology and performance. In D. R. IIggen & E.
D.Pulakos (Eds). The changing nature of performance: Implications for staff, motivation and development (pp-21-55).
Hickson, D., Hinings, C. R., Lee, C. A., Schenck, R. E., & Pennings, J. M. (1971). A strategic contingencies’ theory of intraorganizational power. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16(1), 216-229.
Hlupic, V., Pouloudi, A., & Rzevski, G. (2002). Towards an integrated approach to knowledge management: hard, soft, and abstract issue. Knowledge and Process Management, 1(1), 90-102.
Hofstede, G. H., & Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Holsappie, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2001). Organizational knowledge resources. Decision Support Systems, 31(1), 39-54.
Holste, J. S., & Fields, D. (2010). Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and use. Journal of Knowledge Management, 14 (1), 128-140.
Hopper, M. D. (1990). Rattling SABRE-new ways to compete on information. Harvard Business Review, 68(1), 118-125.
Hsieh, J. H. (2007). Organizational characteristics, knowledge management strategy, enablers, and process capability: Knowledge management performance in US software companies (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Lynn University, Florida.
Hu, C. H., Chung, G. C., Chiang, H. M., & Tseng, C. Y. (2012). A study of internet experimential marketing on repurchasing intentions for travel service website in Taiwan: perspective of consumer relationship benefit. Business and Information,
Hu, M. L., Horng, J. S., & Sun, Y. H. (2009). Hospitality teams: Knowledge sharing and service innovation performance. Tourism Management, 30(1), 41-50.
doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.009
Huang, J. C., & Wang, S. F. (n.d.). Knowledge conversion ability and knowledge creation and innovation: A new perspective on team composition. Soochow University. Taipei:
Department of Business Adminstration. Retrieved September 02, 2012, from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archive/oklc3/id200.pdf
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-248.
Hume, C., Pope, N., & Hume, M. (n.d.). KM 100: Introductory knowledge management for not-for-profit organizations. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 17(2), 56-71.
Hurley, T. A., & Green, C. W. (2005). Knowledge management and the nonprofit industry: A within and between approach. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 1(1) 1-4.
Retrieved September 02, 2012, from http://www.tlainc.com/articl79.htm
Hussinger, K., & Wastyn, A. (2011). In search for the not-invented-here syndrome: The role of knowledge sources and firms success. Belgium, Belgium, Germany. Retrieved September 02, 2012, from http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp11048.pdf
Hwie-Seo, P., & Byung-Choon, I. (2003). A Study on the knowledge sharing Behavior of Local Public Servants in Korea: A Structural Equation Analysis. (pp. 50-63). Korea:
2003 PROCEEDINGS - Joint Conference of the Tenth International Conference on Advances in Managerment Korean Association for Public Administration, & Korea Institute of Public Administration.
Ichijo, K., Krogh, G., & Nonaka, I. (1998). Knowledge enablers in companies. In G. Krogh, J.
Roos, & D. Kleine (Eds.), In Companies (pp. 23-43).
Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 337-359.
Iske, P., & Boersma, W. (2005). Connected brains question and answer system for knowledge sharing: Concepts, implementation and return on investment. Knowledge Management, 9(1), 126-45.
Ismail, M. B., & Yusof, Z. (2010). The impact of individual factors on knowledge sharing quality. Journal of Organizational Knowledge Management, 2(1), 16-32.
doi:10.5171/2010.327569
Jackson, S. (1992). Team composition in organizational settings: Issues in managing and increasing diverse force group. In S. Jackson, S. Worchel, W. Wood, & J. Simpson (Eds.), Group Processes and Productivity (pp. 24-36). Newbury Park: Sage.
Jahani, S., Ramyah, T., & Effendi, A. A. (2011). Is reward systems and leadership important in knowledge sharing among Academics? American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3 (1), 87-94.
Jang, J., & Lee, H. (1998). Knowledge architecture for knowledge creating organizational memory. 1st Knowledge Management Symposium, 1(1), 211-235.
Janz, B. D., & Prasarnphanich, P. (2003). Understanding the antecedents of effective knowledge management: The importance of a knowledge-centered culture. Decision Sciences, 34(2), 351-384. doi:10.1111/1540-5915.02328
Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Staples, D. S. (2000). The use of collaborative electronic media for information sharing: an exploratory study of determinants. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2-3), 129-154.
Jehn, K. A. (1994). Enhancing effectiveness: An investigation of advantages and disadvantages of value-based intragroup conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 5(1), 223-238.
Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 531-546.
Jung, Y. (2009). An approach to organizational intelligence management: A framework for analyzing organizational intelligence within the construction process. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blackburg, Virginia.
Kalling, T. (2003). Knowledge management and the occasional links with performance.
Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(1), 67–81. doi:10.1108/13673270310485631 Kankanhalli, A., Tan, B. C., & Kee, K. K. (n.d.). Understanding seeking from electronic
knowledge repositories: an empirical study. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Special Issue on: Knowledge Management in Asia, 1(1), 32-46.
Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Innovation for productivity in the American corporation. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Karlsen, J. T., & Gottschalk, P. (2004). Factors affecting knowledge transfer in IT projects.
Engineering Management Journal, 6(1), 3-10.
Ke, W., & Wei, K. K. (2005). Critical factors affecting the firm to share knowledge with trading partners: a comparative exploratory case study. Proceedings of the 7th international conference of Electronic Commerce, 117-183.
King, R. (2007). Knowledge management, a system perspective. International Journal of Business Systems and Research, 1(1), 5-28 .
Kinney, T. (1998). Knowledge management. Intellectual Capital and Adult Learning , 2(1), 2-5.
Knapp, E. M. (1998). Knowledge management. Business and Economic Review, 44(4), 3-6.
Konno, N., & Nonaka, I. (1998). The concept of Ba: Building foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 40(3), 40-54.
Krizman, A. (2009). Involvement, knowledge sharing and proactive improvement as antecedents of logistics outsourcing performance. Economic and Business Review, 11 (3), 233-256.
Kugel. J, & Schostek. C. (2004). Knowledge Sharing: Rewards for knowledge sharing.
[online], Available: http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/rewards-k-sharing, [21 November 2012].
Kumar, N., Scheer, L., & Steenkamp, J. (1995). The effects of supplier fairness on vulnerable resellers . Journal of Marketing Research, 32(1), 42-53.
Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J. (1999). Organizational social capital and employment practices. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 538-555.
Leavitt, H. J. (1965). Applying organizational change in industry: Structural, technological, and humanistic approaches. In G. James (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations (pp. 70-71). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Lee, C., & Yang, J. (2000). Knowledge value chain. The Journal of Management Development, 19(1), 783-94.
Lee, H., & Choi, B. (2003). Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical study. Journal Of Management Information Systems, 20(1), 16-32.
Lee, P. P. (2012). Managing nonprofit organization. Taipei: ICDF.
Lee, Y. C., & Lee, S. K. (2007). Capabilities, processes, and performance of knowledge management: a structural approach. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 17(1), 21-41. doi:10.1002/hfm.20065
Leiter, J. (2005). Structural isomorphism in Australian non-profit organizations.
doi:http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00004460/01/4460.pdf
doi:http://eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00004460/01/4460.pdf