Results and Discussion for Antifungal Tests of Ag@Chitosan Particles

Chapter 6 Supporting Information

6.2 Results and Discussion for Antifungal Tests of Ag@Chitosan Particles

Before finding the optimum way for evaluating the antifungal effect of Ag@chitosan particles (15 mM), we have tried four different methods to approach. Two fungal strains were used to execute the antifungal effect, including Cordyceps militaris (Cm, BCRC 32219) and Antrodia cinnamomea (Ac, BCRC 35716).

In Method-1, 5x5 cm² of Cm or Ac was inoculated in the center of each petri dish, and 10 Ag@chitosan particles (15 mM) were placed around the fungi. Then, these dishes were observed for 15 days. It appeared that both chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles had the ability to inhibit the growth of Ac. On the contrary, neither chitosan nor Ag@chitosan particles inhibited the growth of Cm. Both results are shown in Figure 6.1. The results were contradictory to other results from different methods, so we consulted C.T. Lee who has been majored in microbiology and immunology. He pointed out that the experimental design was not the traditional one to evaluate the antimicrobial effect. The optimum experimental design would be described as follows:

1. Spread the microbe on the agar plate.

2. Put the antimicrobial sample on the plate.

3. Incubate the plate with suitable temperature and time.

4. Observe the antimicrobial effect.

According to the above suggestion, we doubted that Method-1 was not a proper experiment, and thus its results would not be acceptable.

Fig. 6.1 Antifungal evaluation (I) of chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles against Cordyceps militaris and Antrodia cinnamomea.

Ag@chitosan concentration = 15 mM. Top side: Antrodia cinnamomea. Bottom side: Cordyceps militaris.

In the Method-2 antifungal experiment, we put 10 Ag@chitosan particles into each petri dish which Ac has grown all over it. There appeared several hollow zones in those dishes with chitosan or Ag@chitosan microspheres after 6 days. Those results indicated that both of chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles possessed the ability to inhibit the growth of Ac, as shown in Figure 6.2. However, these results were still doubtful. We considered

that Method-2 did not follow the proper experimental design as we described above, and thus its results would not be admissible either.

Fig. 6.2 Antifungal evaluation (II) of chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles against Antrodia cinnamomea.

Ag@chitosan concentration = 15 mM.

In the Method-3 experiment, we inoculated 1x1 cm²of Ac or Cm in 10 mL BCRC liquid media, followed by shaking for 1 minute. After standing for 2~3 hours, we spread 0.5 mL broth evenly into each petri dish. Then, the chitosan or Ag@chitosan particles (15 mM) with about one dollar size were placed in the middle of each dish. After growth for 15 days, for the Ac group, we observed that both chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles could inhibit the Ac growth. However, for the Cm group, it was observed that just only Ag@chitosan particles inhibited the Cm growth, but no effect seen by chitosan particles, as shown in Figure 6.3. We deemed that the result of Ac was doubtful because it was nearly impossible with no fungal growth in plates. We suspected that Ac had been omitted to spread on those dishes of chitosan and Ag@chitosan groups, and thus induced incorrect results.

Fig. 6.3 Antifungal evaluation (III) of chitosan and Ag@chitosan against Antrodia cinnamomea and Cordyceps militaris

Ag@chitosan concentration = 15 mM. Top side: Antrodia cinnamomea. Bottom side: Cordyceps militaris.

In the Method-4 experiment, we spread the fungi around each petri dish, and then put 10 chitosan or Ag@chitosan particles (15 mM) in the middle of each dish. After 15 days growth, only Ag@chitosan particles inhibited the Ac growth, and there was no antifungal effect by the chitosan particles. For the Cm group, neither chitosan nor

Ag@chitosan could inhibit the growth of Cm. Both results are shown in Figure 6.4. Since these results were based on the improper experimental procedure in evaluating the antimicrobial effect, they were definitely not acceptable.

Fig. 6.4 Antifungal evaluation (IV) of chitosan and Ag@chitosan against Antrodia cinnamomea and Cordyceps militaris

Ag@chitosan concentration = 15 mM. Top side: Antrodia cinnamomea. Bottom side: Cordyceps militaris.

In summary, we have tried several methods to observe the antifungal effect of Ag@chitosan, but most of the results are not acceptable due to improper experimental procedures. The optimum antifungal method we adopted finally to evaluate the antifungal effect accurately is shown in Figure 4.8. The promising results we observed were that both the chitosan and Ag@chitosan particles could inhibit Cm, but not Ac, and the Ag@chitosan particles possessed better antifungal ability against Cm than the chitosan particles did.

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