Chapter 4 High Front-to-Back Ratio Quasi-Yagi Antenna
4.5 Simulation and Measurement Results for Enhance Type High F/B Ratio
Fig. 4.11 shows that the measurement and the simulation return loss of the enhance type antenna. There are some discrepancies between the simulated results and the measured results, which may occur due to the effect the SMA connector and fabrication imperfections. Both the simulation and the measurements show that the antenna operates over the range which extends from 3.7 GHz to 6.5 GHz with the impedance bandwidth of approximately 55%.
The simulated and the measured radiation patterns at 5.5 GHz are shown in Fig.
4.12. The measured peak antenna gain is about 8.2 dBi. From the Fig. 4.12, we can see that the radiation pattern is the end-fire.
Fig. 4.13 shows the measurement frequency dependence of the F/B ratio, which exceeds 30dB even 40dB in the middle operating band.
3 4 5 6 7
Fig. 4.11 Computed and measured return loss of the antenna
0
Fig. 4.12 Simulated and measured XY-plane radiation pattern at 5.5 GHz
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Frequrncy(GHz)
10 20 30 40 50
Front-to-Back Ratio(dB)
Fig. 4.13 Measured front-to-back ratio versus frequency
4.6 Conclusion
Here, a high F/B ratio quasi-Yagi antenna is designed and tested. This structure provides 41% impedance bandwidth (from 3.9 GHz to 5.9 GHz) which is better than the conventional symmetric position quasi-Yagi antenna. Meanwhile, it shows good radiation characteristics and can provide the average value of the antenna gain about 4 dBi. In the operating band, the F/B ratio always exceeds the level of 20 dB which achieves the purpose that is improving the unidirectional radiation pattern.
For the enhance type, the bandwidth is about 55% (from 3.7 GHz to 6.5 GHz).
And its peak antenna gain can reach about 8.2 dBi. In the middle of operating band, the F/B ratio exceeds the level of 30 dB even 40dB which achieves the purpose that is improving the unidirectional radiation pattern better.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Study
5.1 Conclusion and Summary
Here, we will summarize the conclusions of these two different topics. The first topic, on-chip antenna, has been integrated in the MMIC or the RFIC. It can provide the antenna radiation characteristics such as return loss, antenna gain, and radiation pattern. Moreover, because of the feed structure which is the CPW structure, it needs not the back metal process. So the implement has become more easily. In this design, it also shows the dual-band characteristics.
Then, the second topic, a novel structure antenna for end-fire antenna, we have demonstrated that the radiation pattern is the end-fire. Also, it has wide impedance bandwidth. And there is shown that the F/B ratio will increase while the operating frequency is increasing.
For the third topic, high F/B ratio quasi-Yagi antenna, we have shown that it can provide wide bandwidth and good radiation performance. And it always exceeds the level of 20 dB for the F/B ratio, which improves the unidirectional radiation characteristics. Here, in our design, the antenna can provide the gain about 4 dBi and the average F/B ratio is about 26 dB. And the enhance type, it also can provide wide bandwidth and good radiation performance which improves the unidirectional radiation characteristics better. The F/B ratio can exceed 30dB even 40dB in the middle of the operating band. The peak antenna gain can provide about 8.2 dBi.
5.2 Future Study
In the Future, there still have some topics we can research. For the on-chip antenna, how to increase the antenna gain, radiation efficiency, and how to design the antenna structure that can satisfy the IC design rule while the radiation pattern is we expected such topics are good researches. Another topic is that how to decrease the operating frequency band under the limit of the IC size condition.
Mentioning to the second topic, how to reduce the total size is one of the challenge need to be solved. And how to improve the bandwidth, antenna gain are also good researches.
For the quasi-Yagi antenna, how to improve the radiation performance is a good further research. Besides, enlarging the bandwidth, enhancing the antenna gain or increasing the directivity are also worthy to be studied.
REFERENCE
[1] C.-C. Lin, S.-S. Hsu, C.-Y. Hsu, and H.-R. Chuang, “A 60-GHz Millimeter-wave CMOS RFIC-on-Chip Triangular Monopole Antenna for WPAN Applications,” IEEE Antennas Propag. International Symposium, pp. 2522-2525, 9-15 Jun. 2007.
[2] S.-S. Hsu, K.-C. Wei, C.-Y. Hsu, and H.-R Chuang, “A 60-GHz Millimeter-Wave CPW-Fed Yagi Antenna Fabricated by Using 0.18-μm CMOS Technology,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., Vol. 29, Iss. 6, pp. 625-627, Jun.
2008.
[3] Federal Communications Commission, “Amendment of Parts 2, 15 and 97 of the Commission’s Rules to Permit Use of Radio Frequencies Above 40 GHz for New Radio Applications”, FCC 95-499, ET Docket No. 94-124, RM-8308, 15 Dec., 1995.
[4] A. Shamim, L. Roy, N. Fong, and N. G. Tarr, “24 GHz On-Chip Antennas and Balun on Bulk Si for Air Transmission,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2008.
[5] C. Cao, Y. Ding, X. Yang, J.-J. Lin, H.-T. Wu, A. K. Verma, J. Lin, F. Martin, K.
O. Kenneth, “A 24-GHz Transmitter With On-Chip Dipole Antenna in 0.13-μm CMOS,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, Issue 6, pp.1394-1402, Jun. 2008.
[6] C. H. Doan, S. Emami, A. M. Niknejad, and R. W. Brodersen, “Design of CMOS for 60 GHz applications,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Conf. Proc., pp. 440-449, 2004.
[7] Y. P. Zhang, M. Sun, and L. H. Guo, “On-chip antennas for 60-GHz radios in
silicon technology,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices., vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1664-1668, Jul. 2005.
[8] M. Rahman, M. A. Stuchly, and M. Okoniewski, “Dual-band strip-sleeve monopole for handheld telephone,” Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 79-82, Apr. 1999.
[9] Y. P. Zhang, L. H. Guo, and M. Sun, “High transmission gain inverted-F antenna on low-resistivity Si for wireless interconnect,” IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 374–376, May 2006.
[10] G.-W. Yao Z.-H. Xue, Z.-K. Liu, W.-M. Li, W. Nan, R. Wu, S.-M. Yang,
“Design of high-directivity end-fire antenna array,” ICMMT International Conf.
Proc., vol. 1, pp. 424-427, 21-24 Apr. 2008.
[11] S. Lim, “Design of a Multidirectional, High-Gain Compact Yagi Antenna,”
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 418-320, 2009
[12] S. Lim and M. F. Iskander, “Design of a Dual-Band, Compact Yagi Antenna Over an EBG Ground Plane,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 88-91, 2009
[13] T. T. Thai, G. R. DeJean and M. M. Tentzeris, “Design and Development of a Novel Compact Soft-Surface Structure for the Front-to-Back Ratio Improvement and Size Reduction of a Microstrip Yagi Array Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 369-373, 2008
[14] S. E. Melais and T. M. Weller, “A Quasi Yagi Antenna Backed by a Metal Reflector,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 3868–3872, Dec.
2008
[15] G. R. DeJean, “A new steerable Yagi antenna array for indoor applications,”
Proc. IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., pp. 1-4, 5-11 Jul. 2008
[16] X.-S. Yang, B.-Z. Wang, W. Wu and S. Xiao, “Yagi Patch Antenna With
Dual-Band and Pattern Reconfigurable Characteristics,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 168-171, 2007
[17] G. R. DeJean and M. M. Tentzeris, “A New High-Gain Microstrip Yagi Array Antenna With a High Front-to-Back (F/B) Ratio for WLAN and Millimeter-Wave Applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 298–304, Feb. 2007
[18] S.-Y. Chen and P. Hsu, “Broadband Microstrip-Fed Modified Quasi-Yagi
Antenna,” IEEE/ACES International Conf., pp. 208-211, 3-7 Apr. 2005
[19] G. Zheng, A.A. Kishk, A.W. Glisson and A.B. Yakovlev, “Simplified feed for modified printed Yagi antenna,” IEEE Electronics Lett., vol. 40, Iss. 8, pp. 464–466, Apr. 2004.
[20] C. P. Wen, “Coplanar waveguide: a surface strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1087-1090, Dec. 1969
[21] J. L. B. Walker, “A Survey of European Activity on Coplanar Waveguide,”
IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., Vol. 2, pp. 693-696, Atlanta, Georgia, 14-18 Jun. 1993
[22] A. K. Sharma and T. Itoh (Editors), Special Issue on Modeling and Design of Coplanar Monolithic Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits, IEEE Trans. Microwave T heory Tech., vol. 41, no. 9, Sep. 1993.
[23] T. Sporkmann, “The Evolution of Coplanar MMICs over the past 30 Years,”
Microwave J., vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 96-111, Jul. 1998.
[24] T. Sporkmann, “The Current State of the Art in Coplanar MMICs,” Microwave J., vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 60-74, Aug. 1998.
[25] J. Browne, “Broadband Amps Sport Coplanar Waveguide,” Microwaves RF,
vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 131-134, Feb. 1987.
[26] J. Browne, “Coplanar MIC Amplifier Bridges 0.5 To 18.0 GHz,” Microwaves RF, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 194-195, Jun. 1987.
[27] R. E. Stegens and D. N. Alliss, “Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuit for Integrated Subsystems,” Microwave Sys. News Comm. Tech., vol. 17, no. 11, pp.
84-96, Oct. 1987.
[28] R. N. Simons, Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems, 1st ed.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
[29] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1998
[30] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[31] J. D. Kraus, Antennas for all applications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002
[32] H.-R. Chuang and L.-C. Kuo, “ 3-D FDTD design analysis of a 2.4 GHz
polarization-diversity printed dipole-antenna with integrated balun and polarization-switching circuit for WLAN and wireless communication applications, ” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 374–381, Feb. 2003.
[33] L.-C. Kuo and H.-R. Chuang, “A study of printed dipole antennas for wireless communication applications,” J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 21, no. 5, pp.
637–652, Jan. 2007.
[34] D. Bhattacharya, “Characteristic Impedance of Coplanar Waveguide,”
Electronics Lett., vol. 21, Iss. 13, pp. 557, Jun. 1985.
[35] N. Gokalp and O. A. Civi, “Beam steerable traveling wave meander line antenna using varactor diode for X-band applications,” Proc. IEEE AP-S Int.
Symp., pp. 1-4, 5-11 Jul. 2008
[36] I. Hertl and M. Strycek, “Tapered slot antenna with reduced backward
radiation,” Micow., Radar and Wireless Communications Conf. pp. 1-4, 19-21 May, 2008
[37] S. K. Podilchak, A. P. Freundrofer and Y. M. M. Antar, “Planar antenna for directive beam steering at end-fire using an array of surface-wave launchers,”
IEE Electron Lett., vol. 45 no. 9, pp. 444-445, Apr. 2009
[38] G.-W. Yao, Z.-H. Xue, Z.-K. Liu, W.-M. Li, W. Nan, R. Wu, S.-M. Yang,
“Design of high-directivity end-fire antenna array,” ICMMT International Conf.
Proc., vol. 1, pp. 424-427, 21-24 Apr. 2008.
[39] A. A. Oliner and K. S. Lee, “Microstrip leaky wave strip antennas,” IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Dig., Philadelphia, PA, June 1986, pp. 443–446
[40] Y. Li, Q. Xue, E. K.-N. Yung and Y. L. Long, “Radiation patterns of microstrip leaky‐wave antenna with parasitic elements,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol.
50, no. 6, pp. 1565-1567, Jun. 2008
[41] Y. Li, Q. Xue, E. K.-N. Yung and Y. Long, “A Fixed-Frequency Beam-Scanning Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna Array,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag.
Lett., vol. 6, pp. 616-618, 2007
[42] Y. Li, Q. Xue, E. K.-N. Yung and Y. Long, “Fixed-Frequency Dual-Beam
Scanning Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 444-446, 2007
[43] http://www.jedsoft.org/fun/antennas/yagi.html
[44] http://hf-ssb-transceiver.at-communication.com/en/hf_ssb_antennas_stationary.h tml
[45] http://www.analyzemath.com/antenna_tutorials/antenna_arrays.html
[46] H. Yagi. “Beam Transmission of Ultra-short Waves,” Proc. IRE, vol. 16, p. 715, 1928
[47] HFSS: High Frequency Structure Simulator Based on the Finite Element
Method. Ansoft