CHAPTER 5 ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN INTEGRATED PHOTONIC
6.2 Suggestion for Future Work
An ideal optical buffer device in the optical communication network should possess the properties of low loss, zero dispersion, large delay time, and broad bandwidth for launched light waves. In this dissertation, photonic crystal waveguides were shown to
have great ability to slow down the light waves. Also, a small propagation loss of (2~3dB/mm) was reported. However, these are not good enough for the application to industry because of large dispersion and loss of the band-edge guided modes.
Therefore, for industrial purposes, how to manage pulse dispersion and diminish propagation loss should be the main issues.
Photonic crystal coupled waveguide is one of the solutions, as it makes possible for light waves to propagate at very slow speed and small velocity dispersion due to the unique S-shaped band structure. But the constant of formulated delay-bandwidth product leads to another trade-off problem: the larger the delay time, the smaller the bandwidth. As can be seen in Chapter 5, the observed inflection-point slow light modes correspond to a narrow bandwidth of only 2nm. This would limit the practicability in the development of photonic integrated circuits. One of the most suggested approaches is to employ the chirped refractive index on the photonic crystal waveguides [52, 61]. But this is merely theoretical proposal and may not be easy to carry out by the existing fabrication technology. So, more efforts still have to be made to achieve small group velocity and broad bandwidth for propagation waves in the photonic couple waveguides.
As for the electrically-driven integrated photonic crystal nanocavity lasers, quantum dots as an active medium should be recommended for the enhancement of the coupling probability between cavity modes and lasing modes because of its broadening emission spectrum. To achieve very high Q value (i.e. Q>10,000), the structure of the fabricated slab and the pattern of the nanocavities should be optimized.
The design rules can be referred to the published results on nanocavities, which have demonstrated Q value exceeding hundred thousands under optical pumping or coupling operation [18-19, 64]. Furthermore, the integrated nanocavites can be replaced by (or combined with) photonic crystal waveguides to become
multi-function photonic integrated circuits. These circuits would no longer need a passive waveguide and an external light source. Instead, the integrated electrical pumping edge-emitting laser diode directly provides essential optical waves. Once the laser is driven by injection current, each component of the photonic circuit would start to work accordingly. This image would be very similar to an electronic chip, and can be named “photonic chips”. To realize this, experiments on the integrated W1 type photonic crystal waveguides should be expected.
Reference:
1. E. Yablonovitch, “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid–state physics and electrics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987).
2. S. John, “Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486 (1987).
3. K. M. Ho, C. T. Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Existence of a photonic gap in periodic dielectric structures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990).
4. E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Gmitter, and K. M. Leng, “Photonic band structure: The face-center-cubic case employing nonspherical atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2295 (1991).
5. S. Y. Lin, J. G. Fleming, D. L. Hetherington, B. K. Smith, R. Biswas, K. M. Ho, M.
M. Sigalas, W. Zubrzycki, S. R. Kurtz, and Jim Bur, “A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths,” Nature 394, 251 (1998).
6. S. Noda, N. Yamamota, H. Kobayashi, M. Okano, and K. Tomoda, “Optical properties of three-dimensional photonic crystals based on III–V semiconductors at infrared to near-infrared wavelengths,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 75, 905 (1999).
7. R. D. Meade, K. D. Brommer, A. M. Rappe, and J. D. Johnnopoulos, “Existence of a photonic band gap in two dimensions,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 61, 495 (1992).
8. T. F. Krauss, Y. P. Song, S. Thoms, C. D. W. Wilkinson, and R. M. DeLaRue,
“Fabrication of 2-D photonic bandgap structures in GaAs/AlGaAs,” Electron. Lett.
30, 1444 (1994).
9. T. F. Krauss, R. M. De La Rue, and S. Brand, “Two-dimensional photonic-bandgap structures operating at near-infrared wavelengths,” Nature 383, 699 (1996).
10. O. Painter, R. K. Lee, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, J. D. O'Brien, P. D. Dapkus, and I. Kim,
“Two-dimensional photonic band-gap defect mode laser,” Science 284, 1819 (1999).
11. S. Noda, M. Yokoyama, M. Imada, A. Chutinan, and M. Mochizuki, “Polarization mode control of two-dimensional photonic crystal laser by unit cell structure design,” Science 293, 1123 (2001).
12. R. F. Cregan, B. J. Mangan, J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, P. J. Roberts, and D. C. Allan, “Single-mode photonic band gap guidance of light in air,”
Science 285, 1537 (1999).
13. M. Notomi, “Theoryof light propagation in strongly modulated photonic crystals:
refraction-like behavior in the vicinity of the photonic band gap,” Phys. Rev. B. 62, 10696 (2000).
14. T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O. B. Shchekin, and D. G. Deppe, “Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity,” Nature 432, 200 (2004).
15. H. Gersen, T. J. Karle, R. J. P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J. P. Korterik, N. F. van Hulst, T. F. Krauss, and L. Kuipers, “Real-space observation of ultraslow light on photonic crystal waveguides,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073903 (2005).
16. M. F. Yanik and S. Fan, “Stopping light all-optically”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 083901 (2004).
17. M. Notomi, K. Yamada, A. Shinya, J. Takahashi, C. Takahashi, and I.
Yokohama, ”Extremely large group velocity dispersion of line-defect waveguides in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 253902 (2001).
18. H. Y. Ryu, H. G. Park, and Y. H. Lee, “Two-dimensional photonic crystal semiconductor lasers: Computational design, fabrication, and characterization,”
IEEE Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 8, 891 (2002).
19. B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nature Materials 4, 207 (2005).
20. E. Kuramochi, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, T. Tanabe, and T. Watanabe,
“Ultrahigh-Q photonic crystal nanocavities realized by the local width modulation of a line defect,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 88, 041112 (2006).
21. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley& Sons Publisher (1962).
22. D. K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics 2nd
Edition, Addison Wesley
Publishers (1989).23. J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals: Modeling
the Flow of Light, Princeton Publishers (1995).
24. K. Sakoda, Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals, Springer Publishers (2001).
25. N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, Thomson Pulishers(1976) 26. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics 7th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons
Publishers (1996).
27. K. M. Leung and Y. F. Liu, “
Full vector wave calculation of photonic band structures in face-centered-cubic dielectric media,
” Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2646 (1990).28. S. Noda and T. Baba, Roadmap on Photonic Crystals, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2003).
29. A. J. Danner, “An introduction to the plane wave expansion method for calculating photonic crystal band diagrams,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana (2005).
30. A. Tavlove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time Domain
Method, Artech House Publishers (1995).
31. K. Yee, “Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media,” IEEE Trans. on Antennas and
Propagation 14, 302 (1966).
32. J. P. Berenger, “Three-dimensional perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves,” J. Comput. Phys. 127, 363 (1996).
33. Software package, Bandsolve v1.3 and Fullwave v.3.0.1, Rsoft Design Group, Inc.
(2003).
34.
W. M. Robertson, G. Arjavalingham, R. D. Meade, K. D. Brommer, A. M. Rappe, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Measurement of photonic band structure in a two-dimensional periodic dielectric array,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2023 (1992).
35.
K. Sakoda, “Measurement of photonic band structure in a two-dimensional periodic dielectric array,” Phys. Rev. B 51, 4672 (1995).
36. E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Gmitter, and K. M. Leung, “Donor and acceptor modes in photonic band structure,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3380 (1991).
37. O. J. Painter, A. Husain, A. Sherer, J. D. O’Brien, I. Kim, and P. D. Dapkus,
“Room temperature photonic crystal defect lasers at near-infrared wavelengths in InGaAsP,” J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 2082 (1999).
38. J. K. Hwang, H. Y. Ryu, D. S. Song, I. Y. Han, H. W. Song, H. K. Park, and Y. H.
Lee, “Room temperature triangular-lattice two dimensional photonic band gap lasers operating at 1.54 µm,＂ Appl. Phy. Lett. 76, 2982 (2000).
39. K. Inoue and K. Ohtaka, Photonic crystals, Springer Publishers (2004).
40. M. Campbell, D. N. Sharp, M. T. Harrison, R. G. Denning, and A. J. Turberfield,
“Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography,” Nature 404, 53 (2000).
41. E. Chow, S. Y. Lin, S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Johannopulos, J. R.
Wendt, G. A. Vawter, W. Zubrzycki, H. Hou, A. Alleman, “Three-dimensional control of light in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab,” Nature 407, 983 (2000).
42. A. Shinya, M. Notomi, I. Yokohama, C. Takahashi, J. Takahashi, and T. Tamamura,
“Two-dimensional Si photonic crystals on oxide using SOI,” Opt. Quantum
Electron. 34, 113 (2002).
43. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley and Sons Pulishers (1981).
44. M. Lončar, D. Nedeljković, T. Doll, J. Vučković, A. Sherer, and T. P. Pearsall,
“Waveguiding in planar photonic crystals,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 77, 1937 (2000).
45. S. Boscolo, M. Midrio, and T. F. Krauss, “Y junctions in photonic crystal channel waveguides: high transmission and impedance matching,” Opt. Lett. 27, 1001 (2002).
46. H. Takano, Y. Akahane, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “In-plane-type channel drop filter in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2226 (2004).
47. M. F. Yanik, S. Fan, and M. Soljacic, “High-contrast all-optical bistable switching in photonic crystal microcavities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2739 (2003).
48. M. Qiu, “effective index method for heterostructure-slab-waveguide-based two-dimensional photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1163 (2002).
49. Kuramochi, 8p-H-3, JSAP autumn meeting (2005).
50. Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438, 65 (2005).
51. R. S. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, L. H. Frandsen, C. Peucheret, B. Zsigri, G.
Moulin, J. Fage-Pedersen, and P. I. Borel, “Direct experimental and numerical determination of extremely high group indices in photonic crystal waveguides,”
Opt. Express 13, 7861 (2005).
52. D. Mori and T. Baba, “Dispersion-controlled optical group delay device by chirped photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1101 (2004).
53. M. L. Povinelli, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos, “Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays,” Optics Express 13, 7145 (2005).
54. A. Yariv, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Sherer, “Coupled-resonator optical waveguide:
a proposal and analysis,” Opt. Lett. 24, 711 (1999).
55. T. J. Karle, D. H. Brown, R. Wilson, M. Steer, and T. F. Krauss, “Planar photonic crystal coupled cavity waveguides,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 8, 909 (2002).
56. M. F. Yanik, W. Suh, Z. Wang, and S. Fan, “Stopping light in a waveguide with an all-optical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phy. Rev. Lett. 93, 233903 (2004).
57. A. Y. Petrov and M. Eich, “Zero dispersion at small group velocities in photonic crystal waveguides,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 85, 4866 (2004).
58. J. Huang, C. M. Reinke, A. Jafarpour, B. Momeni, M. Soltani, and Ali Adibi,
“Observation of large parity change-induced dispersion in triangular-lattice photonic crystal waveguides using phase sensitive techniques,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
88, 071111 (2006).
59. T. Asano, K. Kiyota, D. Kumamoto, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Time-Domain measurement of pico-second light propagation in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab waveguide,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4690 (2004).
60. R. J. P. Engelen, Y. Sugimoto, Y. Watanabe, J. P. Korterik, N. Ikeda, N. F. van Hulst, K. Asakawa, and L. Kuipers, “The effect of high-order dispersion on slow light propagation in photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 14, 1658 (2006).
61. D. Mori and T. Baba, “Wideband and low dispersion slow light by chirped photonic crystal coupled waveguide,” Opt. Express 13, 9398 (2005).
62. N. Yamamoto, T. Ogawa, and K. Komori, “Photonic crystal directional coupler switch with small switching length and wide band width,” Opt. Express 14, 1223 (2006).
63. Y. A. Vlasov and S. J. McNab, “Coupling into the slow light mode in slab-type photonic crystal waveguides,” Optics Letters 31, 50 (2006).
64. Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425, 944 (2003).
65. T. Tanabe, M. Notomi, E. Kuramochi, A. Shinya, and H. Taniyama, “Trapping and delaying photons for one nanosecond in an ultrasmall high-Q photonic crystal nanocavity,” Nature Photonics 1, 49 (2007).
66. E. M. Purcell, “Spontaneous emission propabilites at radio frequencies,” Phys.
Rev. 69, 681 (1946).
67. J. Vučković, M. Lončar, H. Mabuchi, and A. Sherer, “Design of photonic crystal microcavities for cavity QED,” Phy. Rev. E 65, 016608 (2001).
68. H. Mabuchi and A.C. Doherty, “Cavity quantum electrodynamics: coherence in context,” Science 298, 1372 (2002).
69. J. Vučković and Y. Yamamoto, “Photonic crystal microcavities for cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single quantum dot,” Appl. Phy. Lett. 82, 2374 (2003).
70. T. Tanabe, M. Notomi, S. Mitsugi, A. Shinya, and E. Kuramochi, ”Fast bistable all-optical switch and memory on a silicon photonic crystal on-chip,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2575 (2005).
71.
S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. J. Khan, C. Manolatou, and H. A. Haus
, “Theoretical analysis of channel drop tunneling processes,” Phy.
Rev. B 59, 15882 (1999).
72. S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and H. A. Haus, “Channel drop tunneling through localized states,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 960 (1998).
73. A. Badolato, K. Hennessy, M. Atatüre, J. Dreiser, E. Hu, P. M. Petroff, and A.
Imamoğlu, “Deterministic coupling of single quantum dots to single nanocavity modes,” Science 308, 1158 (2005).
74. D. Englund, D. Fattal, E. Waks, G. Solomon, B. Zhang, T. Nakaoka, Y. Arakawa, Y.
Yamamoto, and J. Vučković, “Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Phy. Rev. Lett. 95, 013904 (2005).
75. W. H. Chang, W. Y. Chen, H. S. Chang, T. P. Hsieh, J. I. Chy, and T. M. Hsu,
“Efficient single-photon sources based on low-density quantum dots in photonic crystal nanocavities,” Phy. Rev. Lett. 96, 117401 (2006).
76. H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yangatu, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, “Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser,” Science 305, 1444 (2004).
77. T. D. Happ, M. Kamp, and A. Forchel, “Integration of 2D photonic crystals with ridge waveguide lasers,” Opt. Quantum Electron. 34, 91 (2004).
78. G. Lin, “Studies on semiconductor quantum structure lasers,” Ph. D. dissertation, National Chaio Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (2001).
Vita
Name：Shih-Chieh Huang (黃世傑) Date of birth：June 27, 1978
Place of birth: Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Sex: Male Education：
National Chiao Tung University Ph. D. September, 2002 — June, 2007 Institute of Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung University M. S. September, 2000 — June, 2002 Institute of Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung University B. S. September, 1996 — June, 2000 Department of Electronics Engineering
Internship:
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
Basic Research Laboratories February, 2005 — September, 2006 (Group Leader: Dr. Masaya Notomi)
Title of Ph. D. Dissertation:
Study on Slow Light in Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Integrated Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Coupled Surface Emitting Lasers
Publication List
[1] S. C. Huang, T. H. Yang, C. P. Lee, and S. D. Lin, “Electrically driven integrated photonic crystal nanocavity coupled surface emitter laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 151121 (2007).
[2] S. C. Huang, M. Kato, E. Kuramochi, C. P. Lee, and M. Notomi, “Time-domain and spectral-domain investigation of inflection-point slow light modes in photonic crystal coupled waveguides,” Opt. Express 15, 3543 (2007).
[3] S. C. Huang, T. H, Yang, C. P. Lee, and S. D. Lin, “Single mode operation of integrated photonic crystal nanocavity coupled surface emitting lasers,” JMB6, CLEO/QELS’07, Baltimore, U. S. A. (2007).
[4] S. C. Huang, M. Kato, E. Kuramochi, C. P. Lee, and M. Notomi, “Experimental observation of inflection-point slow light modes in photonic crystal coupled waveguides,” CMV6, CLEO/QELS’07, Baltimore, U. S. A. (2007).
[5] Y. H. Zhang, T. Tawara, N. Cade, D. Ding, T. Tanabe, E. Kuramochi, S. R.
Johnson, S. C. Huang, and M. Notomi, “GaAs based InAs Quantum Dot Photonic Crystal Lasers,” SPIE Photonics West, San Jose CA , U. S. A.(2007).
[6] M. Kato, S. C. Huang, E. Kuramochi, and M. Notomi, “Time-domain measurement of slow light in photonic crystal coupled waveguide,” JSAP Spring Meeting, Japan (2007).
[7] K. W. Sun, S. C. Huang, A. Kechiantz, and C. P. Lee, “Subwavelength gratings fabricated on semiconductor substrates via E-beam lithography and lift-off method,”
Optical and Quantum Electronics 37, 425 (2005).
[8] S. C. Huang, E. Kuramochi, T. Watanabe, C. P. Lee, and M. Notomi, “Group delay analysis of low-loss Si photonic crystal waveguides,” JSAP Autumn Meeting, Japan (2005).
[9] H. M. Lee, E. Y. Chang, S. Chen, and S. C. Huang, “50-nm-T-gate fabricated by thermally reflowed resist technique”, SPIE Microlithography, Santa Clara, California U. S. A. (2003).