溫度對異角釉小蜂 (膜翅目：釉小蜂科) 族群增長與致死寄主能力之影響

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(1)ं‫ـ‬ൢ֙ έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪ 24: 91-105 (2004) Formosan Entomol. 24: 91-105 (2004). ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈ (ቯਂϫĈ࿏ཻ̈ࡊ) ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ ᏿ഀ২*! ૺ୿࢐! Җ߆ੰྺຽ؎ࣶົྺຽྏរٙᑕϡજ‫ۏ‬௡! Ο↳‫઼ !܍‬ϲҋ൒ࡊጯ౾‫ۏ‬ᐡજ‫ۏ‬ጯ௡! ᄂ̚ξᐡ݈ྮ 2 ཱི!. ᄂ៉ᄂ̚Ꭹᙳपฏ̚ϒྮ 29: ཱི!. ၡ! ! ࢋ ! ! ‫ ٺ‬10ă15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35ƨ˭ซҖ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈ (Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)) ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩĄ଀ۢྍཻ൴ֈዋ໢૲ࠎ 15 Ҍ 35ƨĂ‫׎‬มӉҌјᖪഇ̝х߿தᄃ൴ֈ͟ᇴЧࠎ 90.9Ƃ96.3% ᄃ 7.0Ƃ54.0 ͟Ă ҃ 10ƨॡཻӉ̝ြ̼தࠎ 0ĄӉҌјᖪഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ࠎ 11.97ƨĄӉăρᖪă݈ ུăུ̈́ӉҌјᖪഇ̝൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Чࠎ 16ă46ă9ă81 ̈́ 152 ͟‫ޘ‬Ą‫ ٺ‬15Ƃ35ƨ ‫ؠ‬໢˭Տֻ͟ᑕ 40Ƃ50 ੸‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀௐˬ᛬ρᖪॡĂྍཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴᄃ໢ ‫ޘ‬Ӕ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼĂ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 25.4ƨॡ̝ 372 ੸ćҭд 25ƨ˭ᓄത̝ள֎࿏̈ ཻொҌ 30 ᄃ 35ƨॡĂྍཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹̝၁ീࣃౣЧ੼྿ 611 ᄃ 651 ੸Ąᅬཻ˘Ϡ ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴּ̝ͧᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼĂ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 24.9 ƨॡ̝ 0.72:1Ą̄΃ᅬّͧᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ϺӔ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼĂ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 23.8ƨॡ̝ 0.71Ąд 25ƨॡĂᅬཻՏ̰͟дᆧതத (r) ࠎ 0.2337Ăஐᆧതத (R0) ࠎ 121 ੸ᅬ ཻƝᅬཻĂπӮ͵΃ॡม (T ) ࠎ 20.52 ͟Ą‫ ٺ‬15Ƃ35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢ăՏ่͟ͽϏංᛖཻᄘ ᔼࢴă൑૙͹ֻᑕॡĂᅬăฯཻု‫׻‬Ӯᐌ໢‫҃̿˯̝ޘ‬ᒺൺĂ‫׌‬۰มӔۡቢਫ਼ᕩᙯܼĂ ‫׎‬౵̂ҤࣃЧࠎ 15ƨॡ̝ 38 ᄃ 36 ͟ćҭՏ͟ͽϏංᛖཻᄘᔼࢴăͷѣ૙͹ֻᑕॡĂ ᅬăฯཻု‫׻‬ᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ม‫݋‬ӮӔ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼĂ‫׎‬౵̂ҤࣃЧࠎ 22.6ƨॡ̝ 19 ͟ᄃ 23.7 ƨॡ̝ 13 ͟Ą ᜰᗤຠȈள֎࿏ཻ̈ă‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀă໢‫ޘ‬ă୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ă࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧. ࠉ! ! ِ. ඈг (Kerrich, 1968; Minkenberg and van Lenteren, 1986; Boucek, 1988; Lin and. ! ! ள֎࿏ཻ̈ (Hemiptarsenus varicornis. Wang, 1992; Murphy and LaSalle, 1999;. (Girault)) ᇃ‫̶ھ‬ο‫ڌٺ‬Η஧̝ሤ૲ᄃື૲г. Zeng et al., 1999)Ą૙͹ቑಛΒ߁ᗕਂϫሕᙀ. ડ઼࡚̈́ăआ‫ރ‬лăᖠᇝֲăᄂ៉ă઼̂̚ౙ. ࡊ 5 ჌Ăӈ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ (Liriomyza trifolii. *ኢ͛ᓑᘭˠ e-mail: [email protected]. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 91.

(2) (Burgess)) ă ൫ ࡵ ೹ ሕ ᙀ (L. bryoniae. ཻ̝̈ᖪ໚ᄃᓄത͞‫ڱ‬Ă‫݋‬т Chien and Ku. (Kaltenbach)) ă ቸ ෉ ೹ ሕ ᙀ (L. sativae. (2001a, b) ٙࢗĄӈͽ૲ѣௐˬ᛬‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕ. (Blanchard)) ă ඘ ࡿ ೹ ሕ ᙀ (L. pusilla. ᙀρᖪሕࢴ̝ឫ೧෉֑ࡺĂᓄതள֎࿏ཻ̈Ą. Meigen) ̈́ ෉ ֑ ఏ ሕ ᙀ. (Ophiomyia. phaseoli (Tryon)) (Kerrich, 1968; Boucek,. Πȃசҡြசҡमԫசкᇄ‫ॵڥ‬मԫசкϞୢ. 1988; Del, 1989; Lee, 1990; Lin and. Ϸ. Wang, 1992)Ąдᄂ៉̚ొ‫߷ܧ‬ළ๩̰Ăྍཻ. ώྏរ̚ડ̶૙͹ρᖪజள֎࿏ཻ̈૙. ࠎ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ώг჌ᐹ๕૙Ϡཻ (Chien. Ϡٕ‫࡭̝ޢࢴפ‬Ѫᇈ‫ې‬Ăֶܼ Chien and Ku. and Ku, 1998)Ą૙Ϡ͞ёᛳρᖪಏࣶγ૙Ϡ. (2001b) ٙࢗĂజ૙Ϡ۰Ӕஎ‫ޘ‬౫༑‫ې‬ăវเ. (solitary ectoparasitism) (Lin and Wang,. Ғăវቲᗫ࿺ă֗វٛ‫ܜ‬ăវ࿸႕ăঐ̼გ̰. 1992; Chien and Ku, 2001a, b)Ą࡭Ѫ૙͹. ൑ຳქҒ̝̰ट‫ۏ‬ćజ‫ࢴפ‬۰Ѫ˸ăវเነ. ͞ёѣ૙Ϡᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹‫׌‬჌Ă‫׌‬۰ּ̝ͧ되. Ғăγԛҩ‫ܜ‬ăវ޴ͷ෇ᒺăঐ̼გ̰̪ണѣ. ཻ૜‫ޘ‬൑ᙯĂ༊ᅬཻᇴᄃ૙͹ᇴࠎ 10Ƃ30 ੸. ຳქҒ̝̰ट‫ۏ‬ă๋˾఍঻ѣ઀ஃ̝វ୵Ą. ᄃ 300 ੸ॡĂ‫׌‬۰ּ̝ͧࠎ 0.6Ƃ0.8:1 (Chien and Ku, 2002)ĄᅬཻயӉᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ॡĂӮ. έȃྣ࡙ᄇ႐ωြี‫ى‬Ϟኇ៪. ઐр‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀௐˬ᛬ρᖪ (Chien and. Ӏϡд 25ƨ˭Ăᅬཻ 2 ̈ॡᄃ 24 ̈ॡ̰. Ku, 2001a)Ą‫ ٺ‬25ƨ˭Ăᅬཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹. ٙய˭̝Т᛬ཻӉĂซҖ̱჌̙Т໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎. ᇴ੼྿ 497 ੸Ă૙͹ρᖪజயӉٕ‫ޢࢴפ‬ĂЧ. ࿏ཻ̈൴ֈ̝ᇆᜩĄࢵАણ໰ Chien and Ku. ‫ ٺ‬4 ٕ 0 ̶ᛗ̰ӈ̙Г߿જă‫( ࢴפ‬Chien and. (2001a) ̝͞‫ڱ‬Ăͽ૲ѣௐˬ᛬૙͹ρᖪሕࢴ. Ku, 2001b)Ą൒ள֎࿏ཻ̈ᄃ໢‫࠹̝ޘ‬ᙯྤफ़. ̝ឫ೧෉֑ࡺĂֻᅬཻயӉ 2 ̈ॡٕ 24 ̈ॡĂ. ѣ ࢨ Ă ༊ ྍ ཻ ૙ Ϡ ‫( ֑ ෉ ٺ‬pole bean,. ൒‫ޢ‬૟ѩ૲ѣ 25Ƃ42 ௕‫׌‬჌Т᛬ཻӉ̝ឫ೧. Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ˯‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀॡĂ. ෉֑ࡺĂЧ‫ٸ‬ˢ 10ă15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35. ‫΃˘׎‬൴ֈഇд 20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35ƨ˭Чࠎ. ƨ̝‫ؠ‬໢ቐ̰ĄᅬཻயӉ 2 ̈ॡ̝఍ந௡ĂՏ. 16.5ă11.5ă8.5 ̈́ 6.5 ͟ (Vercambre and. ͟៍၅໢‫ޘ‬၆ྍཻЧᖪഇ̝х߿தᄃ൴ֈ͟. Thiery, 1983)Ąࠎஎˢᒢྋ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈. ᇴ̝ᇆᜩĂ֭д‫ܕ‬Чᖪഇٕ᛬ഇེϩ̝ᅫĂՏ. ̝൴ֈă᛬ҾϠ‫ܑ׻‬ă࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̈́ု‫׻‬ඈ. ̈ॡ੃ᐂྍཻ̝൴ֈଐԛĄᅬཻயӉ 24 ̈ॡ. ̝ᇆᜩĂ˜ซҖώྏរĂጔਕ೩ֻྍཻᓄതԫ. ̝఍ந௡Ă‫៍݋‬၅д̙Т໢‫ޘ‬఍ந˭Ă‫΃˘׎‬. ఙᄃᑕϡ̝ણ҂Ą. ̝൴ֈ͟ᇴᄃх߿தĄ‫̚׎‬х߿தྏរՏ఍ந ៍၅ 25Ƃ35 ௕ӉĂЧઇ 3Ƃ5 ࢦኑĂ൴ֈഇྏ. ؅ਟᇄП‫ݲ‬. រЧ៍၅ 17Ƃ42 ੸̙ඈĄֶ֭ Campbell et al. (1974) ̝͞‫ڱ‬ĂҤზྍཻ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢. Ιȃசкේ‫ސ‬ȃசк݀ᙫЅசҡြϞႷ‫ى‬. ᄃ൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Ą. ώྏរٙϡ̝‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀᖪ໚ă૙͹ങ ‫( ֑෉ۏ‬Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis. Ѳȃۡྣᄇ႐ωြमԫசк૖Ψᇄυфር‫ܒ‬Ш. Aeschers) ࡺ̈́૙͹‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ᓄത͞. Ϟኇ៪. ‫ڱ‬Ăт Chien and Ku (1996) ٙࢗĄள֎࿏. д‫ؠ‬໢˭ീྏ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈࡭Ѫ૙. 92. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ.

(3) ͹ਕ˧ᄃ̄΃ᅬّ̝ͧᇆᜩĂ‫ܼڱ͞׎‬ӀϡՄ. increase, λ)ăஐᆧതத (net reproductive. फ़ᄃ͞‫ڱ‬ௐˬี̚ள֎࿏ཻ̈Ӊд 15ă20ă. rate, Ro)̈́πӮ͵΃ॡม (mean generation. 25ă30 ̈́ 35ƨ̣჌̙Т‫ؠ‬໢˭൴ֈăϒ૱Ҁ. time, T) ඈĄՏ఍நЧซҖ 5Ƃ12 ࢦኑĄ. ̼̝ௐ˘͟᛬јཻĂЧ‫ פ‬1 ၆͔ˢ 21 x 12 cm ̝ࠟሬඌĂ൒‫ޢ‬Г‫ٸ‬ˢЧࣧѣ̣჌̙Т໢‫ޘ‬఍. Μȃྣ࡙ᇄॵ‫ސ‬ᄇԙြჰ‫ڼ‬Ϟኇ៪. ந̝‫ؠ‬໢ቐ̰ĄՏ͟ѝ˯ 7 ᕇĂЧ఍நੵͽ௟. ྏរ̶‫׌‬჌͞ёซҖĂӈд൑૙͹ٕѣ૙. ͨඊ૟Ϗංᛖཻᄘ๮‫ࠟٺ‬ሬඌ̰ጨγĂ‫ֻإ‬ᑕ. ͹ֻᑕ˭Ăീྏдࢴ‫ۏ‬хдᄃӎ˭໢‫ޘ‬၆јཻ. 1 ঀ̰ѣ 40Ƃ50 ੸ௐˬ᛬૙͹ρᖪሕࢴ̝ឫ. ု‫̝׻‬ᇆᜩĄ൑૙͹఍ந௡̝ྏរ͞‫ڱ‬ĂܼА. ೧෉֑ࡺĂۡҌᅬཻѪ˸ࠎͤĄྏរഇมĂՏ. ૟‫ ٺ‬25ƨ˭‫ܐ‬Ҁ̼̝ 10 ၆јཻ͔ˢ 7 x 1.5. ͟૟Ч఍நٙՀೱ˭̰ѣజ૙Ϡ૙͹̝෉֑. cm ̝޽ԛგĂ൒‫ޢ‬д൑૙͹ֻᑕ˭ĂՏ͟ͽ. ࡺொҌ 25ƨ˭࿶ֈۡҌ̄΃јཻҀ̼γĂϺ. ௟ͨඊ๮൪‫ࠟٺ‬ሬგ̰ጨ̝͞ёĂ̶Ҿ૟Ϗං. ֶ Chien and Ku (2001a) ̝͞‫ڱ‬Ă‫ٺ‬ତཻ‫ޢ‬. ᛖཻ̝ᄘăͪᔼࢴ̝ĂΩన˘̙ᔼࢴЇңࢴ‫ۏ‬. Ѩ୐ĂАӀϡ౅Ѝ‫ࢍڱ‬ᇴᅬཻ၆૙͹ρᖪ̝࡭. ̝၆໰௡Ą‫̚׎‬ᔼࢴཻᄘ̝఍ந௡Ăܼ૟̰ѣ. Ѫᓁᇴ (૙Ϡ࡭Ѫᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫᇴ)Ă6 ͟‫ޢ‬Ă. јཻ̝޽ԛგЧ‫ٸ‬ˢ 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35. Г̶Ҿ੃ᐂᅬཻ၆૙͹ρᖪ̝૙Ϡᇴ (૙Ϡཻ. ƨඈ̙Т໢‫ؠ̝ޘ‬໢ቐĂ҃ᔼࢴͪăٕ̙ᔼࢴ. ུᇴ) ᄃ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴ (࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴů૙Ϡཻ. Їңࢴ‫̝ۏ‬၆໰௡Ă‫݋‬૟̰ѣјཻ̝޽ԛგ‫ٸ‬. ུᇴ)ć‫ޞ‬૙ϠཻҀ̼‫ޢ‬Г੃ᐂᅬཻᄃฯཻᇴ̈́. ˢ 25ƨ‫ؠ‬໢ቐĂՏ͟៍၅јཻ̝ု‫׻‬ĂЧઇ 5. ᅬّͧ (♀/(♀+♂))ĄՏ఍நЧซҖ 5Ƃ12 ࢦ. ࢦኑĄ҃ѣ૙͹ֻᑕ఍ந௡̝ྏរ͞‫ڱ‬Ă‫ܼ݋‬. ኑĄ. ӀϡՄफ़ᄃ͞‫ڱ‬ௐαีྏរ̝ඕ‫ڍ‬Ăӈјཻд 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35ƨඈ̙Т໢‫˭ޘ‬ĂՏ͟. Ϥȃଽྣᄇ 36ʨήᖅ෥Ϟ႐ωြमԫசк૖Ψ ᇄυфር‫ܒ‬ШϞኇ៪!. ֻᑕ૙͹ͷᔼࢴϏංᛖཻ̝ᄘॡĂീྏ໢‫ޘ‬၆ ‫̝׻ု׎‬ᇆᜩĄЧซҖ 5Ƃ12 ࢦኑĄ. ૟д 25ƨ˭ᓄത̝ௐ˘͟᛬ј̶ཻҾொ Ҍ 30 ᄃ 35ƨ˭Ă൒‫ޢ‬ീྏ੼໢၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈. ΤȃಛॎϷ‫ݙ‬. ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧ᄃ̄΃ᅬّ̝ͧᇆᜩĂ‫׎‬มֻྏ. Чีྏរྤफ़ੵӀϡ SPSS (Statistical. ૙͹ᄃᑭෛྏរඕ‫ڱ̝͞ڍ‬ᄃ͛̚Մफ़ᄃ͞. Products and Services Solutions) హវАซ. ‫ڱ‬ௐαี࠹ТĄՏ఍நЧซҖ 5Ƃ10 ࢦኑĄ. Җត̶͞‫ژ‬ĂГͽ౵̈ព඾म (LSD) ‫ڱ‬ᑭ ീĂ֭ଳ 5% ព඾ͪ໤ͧྵ఍நม̝मளّ. ϲȃ႐ωြϞឭտҡ‫ߒڼ‬ ӀϡՄफ़ᄃ͞‫ڱ‬ௐˬีᄃௐαีྏរĂ. γĂ‫إ‬Ӏϡਫ਼ᕩ̶‫ڱژ‬ពϯ૙Ϡཻ̝Чീྏี. Ч଀̝ 24 ̈ॡ̰Т᛬ཻӉд̙Т໢‫ޘ‬఍ந̚. ‫׻‬ăᅬཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴăᅬཻ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁ. ̝˘΃൴ֈഇᄃх߿தྤफ़Ă̈́ᅬཻЧ͟᛬ᓄ. ᇴăᅬཻ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴăᅬཻ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙. ത ̝ ̄ ཻ ᇴ ᄃ ᅬ ّ ͧ ඈ ྤ फ़ Ă ΃ ˢ Birch. ͹ᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴ̝ͧࣃ̈́ᅬّͧඈᄃ. (1948) ̝̳ёĂͽҤზྍཻдЧ̙Т‫ؠ‬໢˭. ໢‫( ޘ‬x) ̝ᙯܼĄ༊ y^ = b0 + b1x + b2x2 ॡĂ. ̝୉ཏ̬ณĂт̰дᆧതத (intrinsic rate of. y^ ౵̂ࣃ̝Ր‫ڱ‬Ăܼ༊ x = -b1/2b2 ॡ΃ˢ݈. increase, r) Ă ௣ ໂ ᆧ ത த (finite rate of. ี̳ёӈΞ. ϫ (y^ )ĂтЧᖪഇ൴ֈిதăᅬཻᄃฯཻ̝ု. (Neter and Wasserman,. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 93.

(4) 1974)Ą. ШϞኇ៪ ྏរඕ‫ڍ‬Ϥဦ˘ᄃܑα଀ۢĂд 15Ƃ35. ๖! ! ‫ݎ‬. ƨ‫ؠ‬໢ăՏֻ͟ᑕ 40Ƃ50 ੸૙͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪ ॡĂள֎࿏ཻ̈˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕ˟ Ѩ ਫ਼ ᕩ ᙯ ܼ (y^ = −3.2425x2 + 164.54x −. Ιȃྣ࡙ᄇ႐ωြี‫ى‬Ϟኇ៪ д 10Ƃ35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢˭Ă10ƨॡள֎࿏ཻ̈. 1715.7, R2 = 0.5141)Ăтд 15ă20ă25ă30. Ӊ̝ြ̼தࠎ 0%ć15Ƃ35ƨॡӉ൴ֈҌјᖪ. ̈́ 35ƨॡĂྍཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴ̝၁ീࣃ. ̝х߿த‫੼݋‬྿ 90.9Ƃ96.3% (ܑ˘)ĄӉăρ. Чࠎ 39ă154ă497ă160 ̈́ 40 ੸Ă౵̂Ҥ. ᖪăུ݈ăུ̈́ӉҌјᖪඈᖪഇ̝൴ֈ͟ᇴӮ. ീࣃࠎ 25.4ƨॡ̝ 372 ੸Ą‫׎‬มྍཻ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ. ᐌ໢‫҃੼̝̿ޘ‬ᒺൺ (ܑ˟)Ąள֎࿏ཻ̈ЧϠ. ૙͹ᇴٕ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ӮӔ˟Ѩਫ਼. ‫ܜ‬ഇ̝൴ֈిதᐌ‫׎‬൴ֈዋ໢ቑಛ̰໢‫̝ޘ‬. ᕩᙯܼ (݈۰ࠎ y^ = − 1.5224x2 + 75.749x −. ̿੼҃ᆧԣĂ‫׌‬۰มӔۡቢਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (ܑˬ)Ą. 792.03, R2 = 0.5791ć‫ޢ‬۰ࠎ y^ = − 2.0952x2 +. Ӊăρᖪăུ݈ăུ̈́ӉҌјᖪඈᖪഇ̝൴ֈ. 104.27x − 1072, R2 = 0.6208)Ăтд 15ă. ᓜࠧҲ໢Чࠎ 11.61ă12.67ă11.64ă11.56. 20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35ƨॡĂ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴ̝. ̈́ 11.97℃ć൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Чࠎ 16ă46ă9ă. ၁ീࣃЧࠎ 9ă56ă210ă57 ̈́ 10 ੸Ă౵̂. 81 ̈́ 152 ͟‫)ˬܑ( ޘ‬Ą. Ҥീࣃࠎ 24.9ƨॡ̝ 150 ੸ć‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴ ̝၁ീࣃЧࠎ 30ă99ă287ă103 ̈́ 30 ੸Ă. Πȃྣ࡙ᄇ႐ωြमԫசк૖Ψᇄ‫ڏ‬υфር‫ܒ‬. ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 24.9ƨॡ̝ 225 ੸Ąᅬཻ˘Ϡ૙. ߒΙ! Ϛӣۡྣή౴ُ႐ωြҐԙዣ෈ϞԆࣀ౥ Table 1.! Rate of survival of immature stages of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various constant temperatures Temp. (ƨ). Egg 10 0 15 98.9 ± 1.1 20 97.3 ± 1.4 25 100 30 100 35 95.9 ± 0.5 With 25-35 eggs per treatment,. 1). Percent survival ( x ± SE)1) Pupa Larva Prepupa 100 100 91.9 ± 4.2 98.6 ± 1.4 100 100 100 100 96.0 ± 0.5 99.1 ± 0.9 100 97.1 ± 1.1 100 100 100 three-five replicates.. Egg-adult 0 90.9 ± 5.0 95.9 ± 2.3 96.0 ± 0.5 96.3 ± 2.3 95.9 ± 0.5. ߒΠ! Ϛӣۡྣή౴ُ႐ωြҐԙዣ෈Ϟี‫ى‬Рኵ Table 2.! Duration days of immature stages of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various constant temperatures Temp. Ğƨğ 15 20 25 30 35. 94. n 33 20 42 39 21. Egg x ± SE 4.6 ± 0.1 2.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ. n 31 20 40 39 21. Larva x ± SE 15.2 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.1 4.1 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.0 2.1 ± 0.0. n 31 17 37 39 20. Prepupa x ± SE 2.5 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.0. n 30 17 37 39 20. Pupa x ± SE 32.7 ± 0.6 10.5 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.1 4.1 ± 0.0 3.8 ± 0.1. n 30 17 37 36 20. Egg-adult x ± SE 54.0 ± 0.3 20.6 ± 0.2 11.1 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.1 7.0 ± 0.1.

(5) ߒέ! ౴ُ႐ωြҐԙዣ෈Ϟี‫ى‬ᖝࣨճྣᇄี‫ى‬Ԥਝᑖྣ Table 3.! Lower developmental thresholds (ʨ) and degree-day requirements (ʨ-days) for immature stages of Hemiptarsenus varicornis Stage. Linear regression. a b R2 Egg - 0.739 0.0638 0.9856 Larva - 0.28 0.022 0.9727 Prepupa - 1.347 0.1158 0.9439 Pupa - 0.136 0.012 0.9544 Egg to Adult - 0.074 0.0064 0.9734 1) Estimated according to Campbell et al. (1974).. Low developmental threshold1) ( x ± SE). Degree-days1) ( x ± SE). ± ± ± ± ±. 16 ± 1 46 ± 4 9±1 81 ± 10 152 ± 13. 11.61 12.67 11.64 11.56 11.97. 0.52 0.62 1.63 0.92 0.61. Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴּ̝ͧᄃ໢. ͹ᓁᇴăٕ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴมѣព඾मளĂᄃ. ‫ ޘ‬Ϻ Ӕ ˟ Ѩ ਫ਼ ᕩ ᙯ ܼ (y= − 0.004x +. 15ă20ă30 ̈́ 35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢˭ᅬཻ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹. 0.1989x − 1.7514, R = 0.4873)Ăтд 15 ᄃ. ᇴมѣព඾मளĂ̈́ᄃ 15 ٕ 35℃‫ؠ‬໢˭ᅬཻ. 35ƨٕ 20Ƃ30ƨॡĂ‫׎‬၁ീּͧЧࠎ 0.3:1. ˘Ϡ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴ̝ͧ. ٕ 0.6Ƃ0.7:1Ă౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 24.9℃ॡ̝. ּăٕ̄΃ᅬّͧมӮѣព඾मள (ܑα)Ą. ^. 2. 2. 0.72:1Ą̄΃ᅬّͧᄃ໢‫ޘ‬Ӕ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (y^ = −0.0053x2 + 0.2527x − 2.2995, R2 =. Ѳȃྣ࡙ᄇ႐ωြРசҡ࠮ԒᇄР‫࠮ॵڥ‬ԒϞ. 0.7937)Ăтд 15ă20Ƃ30 ̈́ 35ƨॡĂྍཻ. ኇ៪. ၁ീ̝̄΃ᅬّͧЧࠎ 0.44ă0.62Ƃ0.64 ̈́. Ϥဦ˟ٙϯள֎࿏ཻ̈͟૙Ϡ‫ݭ‬ё̚Ă଀. 0Ă౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 23.8ƨॡ̝ 0.71Ą. ۢд̙Т໢‫ཻྍ˭ޘ‬Ҁ̼༊ٕ͟Ѩ͟ӈΞய ӉĂពϯྍཻ൑‫ځ‬ព۞யӉ݈ഇćҭྍཻ̝ய. έȃଽྣᄇ 36ʨήᖅ෥Ϟ႐ωြमԫசк૖Ψ ᇄυфር‫ܒ‬ШϞኇ៪!. Ӊ‫ޢ‬ഇ‫ݒ‬ᄃ໢‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĂтд 15 ᄃ 20Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬ ໢˭ĂֻྏᅬཻдѪ˸݈ 9 ᄃ 3Ƃ5 ͟ӈ൑ய. ள֎࿏ཻ̈д 25ƨ˭ᓄത̝ௐ˘͟᛬ј. Ӊਕ˧Ă҃ 25℃˭൴ֈ̝ௐ˘͟᛬јཻĂ̶. ཻĂࡶொҌ 30 ᄃ 35ƨ੼໢˭ăՏֻ͟ᑕ 40. ҾொҌ 30 ᄃ 35℃˭Ăᅬཻ̝யӉ‫ޢ‬ഇ่ 1Ƃ2. Ƃ50 ੸૙͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪॡĂᅬཻု‫׻‬Чࠎ 21. ͟ĄΩள֎࿏ཻ̈͟૙Ϡ‫ݭ‬ёϺֶ໢‫҃ޘ‬ளĄ. ᄃ 20 ͟Ăฯཻု‫׻‬Ӯࠎ 12 ͟ćᅬཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ. тд 15ă20ă25 ̈́ 30℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡௐ˘͟᛬ᅬཻ. ૙͹ᓁᇴЧࠎ 611 ᄃ 651 ੸Ă‫̚׎‬૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙. ̝૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴᔵ่Ч 0.2ă1.4ă3.5 ̈́ 0.1 ੸Ă. ͹ᇴЧࠎ 234 ᄃ 245 ੸Ă‫࡭ࢴפ‬Ѫ૙͹ᇴЧࠎ. ҭҌௐ˟͟᛬ٕௐˬ͟᛬‫ޢ‬ӈ‫ځ‬ពᆧΐĂ‫̚׎‬. 376 ᄃ 406 ੸ćᅬཻ˘Ϡ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ‫פ‬. 25℃఍ந۰̝૙Ϡ੼पഇΞჯ޺ 18 ͟Ăഇม. ࢴ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴּ̝ͧЧࠎ 0.6:1 ᄃ 0.7:1ć̄΃. ̰Տ͟૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴࠎ 7.9Ƃ14.2 ੸ć҃ 15ă20. ᅬّͧЧࠎ 0.58 ᄃ 0.63 (ܑα)Ą˯ࢗЧีീ. ̈́ 30℃఍ந۰̝૙Ϡ੼पഇ่̙Чᒺൺࠎ. ྏࣃд‫׌‬఍நมᔵ൑ព඾मளĂҭᄃ˯ีྏរ. 7ă9 ̈́ 5 ͟ĂТॡഇม̰Տ͟૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴϺ. ඕ‫ྵͧڍ‬ॡĂពϯྍ‫׌‬఍நᄃ 35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢˭ᅬ. Чഴ͌ࠎ 0.6Ƃ1.8ă3.8Ƃ5.8 ̈́ 5.9Ƃ9.1 ੸Ą. ཻု‫׻‬ăٕ 15ă30 ̈́ 35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢˭ฯཻု‫׻‬ม. Ҍ‫ ٺ‬25℃˭൴ֈ̝ௐ˘͟᛬јཻĂ̶ҾொҌ. ѣព඾मளĂᄃ 15Ƃ35ƨ‫ؠ‬໢˭ᅬཻ࡭Ѫ૙. 30 ᄃ 35℃˭Ă‫׎‬ௐ˘͟᛬̝૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴЧࠎ. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 95.

(6) ყΙ! ྣ࡙ᇄ౴ُ႐ωြमԫசкኵЅ‫ڏ‬υфር‫ܒ‬ШϞᜰ߽Ȅ Fig. 1.! Relationship between temperature and number of hosts killed by Hemiptarsenus varicornis and its female progeny ratio.. 2.3 ᄃ 10.8 ੸Ăੵ݈۰ᄃ 25℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡ‫ܕ‬ҬγĂ. 18.3 ᄃ 8.5Ƃ24.8 ੸ĂϺྵ 15Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡ. ‫׌‬۰Ӯྵ 15Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡࠎкćΩ‫׌‬۰Чҋ. ࠎкĄ. ௐαᄃௐ˟͟᛬‫ޢ‬Чჯ޺‫ܜ‬྿ 21 ᄃ 16 ̝͟૙. Ϥဦ˟ٙϯள֎࿏ཻ̈͟‫ࢴפ‬૙͹‫ݭ‬ё. Ϡ੼पഇĂഇม̰Տ͟૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴЧࠎ 7.6Ƃ. ̚Ă଀ۢд 15 ٕ 20Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢˭ྍཻҋҀ̼. 96. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ.

(7) ߒѲ! Ϛӣྣ࡙ή౴ُ႐ωြϞჰ‫ڼ‬ȃमԫசк૖ΨЅυфር‫ܒ‬Ш 1,2) Table 4.! Longevity, host-killing capability, and female progeny ratio of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various 1,2) temperatures No. hosts killed/♀ Female progeny Parasitized Host- feeding ratio (♀/(♀ + ♂)) Female Male Total A/B (A) (B) 15 5 15 ± 2c 9 ± 1b 9 ± 1bc 30 ± 7de 39 ± 7de 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.44 ± 0.03b 20 5 17 ± 3bc 11 ± 1ab 56 ± 10bc 99 ± 18cd 154 ± 27cd 0.6 ± 0.1a 0.64 ± 0.02a 25 11 22 ± 2a 14 ± 1a 210 ± 19a 287 ± 21b 497 ± 38b 0.7 ± 0.0a 0.62 ± 0.02a 30 12 13 ± 1c 9 ± 1b 57 ± 7b 103 ± 14c 160 ± 19c 0.6 ± 0.1a 0.64 ± 0.04a 35 12 8 ± 1d 7 ± 1c 10 ± 3c 30 ± 4e 40 ± 7e 0.3 ± 0.1b 0.00 ± 0.00c 25-303) 10 21 ± 2ab 12 ± 1a 235 ± 26a 376 ± 36a 611 ± 58a 0.6 ± 0.1a 0.58 ± 0.04a 25-353) 5 20 ± 1abc 13 ± 1a 245 ± 39a 406 ± 16a 651 ± 35a 0.7 ± 0.1a 0.63 ± 0.01a 1) One pair of adults was provided with 40-50 third-instar larvae of Liriomyza trifolii daily and reared at a given temperature with photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) and 65-85% RH. 2) Means ( x ± SE) in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD. 3) Reared and emerged at 25ƨ, then transferred to 30 or 35ƨ for the parasitism and feeding tests. Temp. (ƨ). n. Longevity (d). ҌѪ˸݈ 4 ٕ 1Ƃ2 ͟Ă̙ҭՏ͟Ӯѣ‫ࢴפ‬૙. ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏ̝ᆧ‫ܜ‬Ăд 15Ƃ30℃‫ؠ‬. ͹̝ҖࠎĂͷ‫ࢴפ׎‬૙͹ᇴ̂‫ٺ‬૙Ϡ૙͹ᇴĄ. ໢ॡܼᐌ໢‫҃̿˯̝ޘ‬ᆧΐĂт‫׎‬Տ̰͟дᆧ. Ҍ‫ٺ‬ᅬཻ͟‫ࢴפ‬૙͹‫ݭ‬ёֶ໢‫҃ޘ‬ளĄтд. തதд 15ă20ă25 ̈́ 30℃ॡĂЧࠎ 0.0212ă. 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35℃ॡĂௐ˘ٕௐ˟͟᛬. 0.1287ă0.2337 ̈́ 0.2733 (ܑ̣)Ăពϯ 30. ᅬཻ̝‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴᔵ่Ч 1.6ă2.6ă8.5ă1.3. ℃ࠎྍཻ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬౵ԣ̝໢‫ޘ‬ĄҭϤྍཻஐᆧ. ̈́ 1.7 ੸ĂҭҌௐ˟ٕௐˬ͟᛬‫ޢ‬ӈ‫ځ‬ពᆧ. തࣃ៍̝Ăд 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35℃ॡĂЧ. ΐĂ‫ ̚׎‬20ă25 ̈́ 30℃఍ந۰ΞЧჯ޺ 19ă. ࠎ 4ă34ă121ă30 ̈́ 0 ੸ᅬཻƝᅬཻ (ܑ̣)Ă. 20 ̈́ 17 ̝͟‫੼ࢴפ‬पഇĂഇมՏ͟Ч‫ࢴפ‬૙. ពϯ 25℃ࠎྍཻ୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬౵ዋ̝໢‫ޘ‬Ă҃ 35. ͹ 3.0Ƃ9.8ă8.8Ƃ18.2 ̈́ 5.5Ƃ13.6 ੸Ă҃. ℃ॡ૟ጱ࡭ྍཻ୉ཏ૪ሚ൑хĄྍཻ̝᛬Ҿ௣. 15 ᄃ 35℃۰̝‫੼ࢴפ‬पഇ่̙Чᒺൺࠎ 7 ᄃ. ໂᆧതதă᛬Ҿஐᆧതத̈́᛬Ҿх߿தඈᔵᄃ. 6 ͟ĂТॡഇม̰Տ͟Ч‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴϺഴ͌ࠎ. ໢‫ޘ‬ѣᙯĂҭಶ‫ك‬ඈ̝ѡቢ‫ݭ‬ё҃֏Ă݈‫׌‬۰. 2.6Ƃ5.8 ᄃ 3.3Ƃ8.4 ੸ĄҌ‫ ٺ‬25℃˭൴ֈ̝. ̝‫ݭ‬ёд 20Ƃ30℃Ч఍நมӮ࠹ҬĂ҃ᄃд. ௐ˘͟᛬јཻĂ̶ҾொҌ 30 ᄃ 35℃˭Ă‫׎‬ௐ. 15℃఍நม̙˘ćҌ‫ٺ‬᛬Ҿх߿த̝ѡቢ‫ݭ‬. ˘͟᛬̝‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴЧࠎ 7.8 ᄃ 10.5 ੸Ăੵ݈. ёĂ15Ƃ30℃Ч఍நมӮ࠹Ҭ (ဦˬ)Ą. ۰ᄃ 25℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡ‫ܕ‬ҬγĂ‫׌‬۰Ӯྵ 15Ƃ35℃ ‫ؠ‬໢ॡࠎкć‫׌‬۰ҋௐ˟͟᛬‫่̙ޢ‬Чჯ޺‫ܜ‬. ϲȃྣ࡙ᇄॵ‫ސ‬ᄇԙြჰ‫ڼ‬Ϟኇ៪. ྿ 24 ᄃ 17 ̝͟‫੼ࢴפ‬पഇĂТॡഇม̰Տ͟. ள֎࿏ཻ̈д 15Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢ă൑૙͹ֻ. ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹ᇴЧࠎ 12.0Ƃ26.9 ᄃ 13.0Ƃ28.8. ᑕă่҃ͽϏංᛖཻᄘᔼࢴॡĂᅬăฯཻု‫׻‬. ੸ĂϺྵ 15Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡࠎкĄ. Ӯᐌ໢‫҃̿˯̝ޘ‬ᒺൺĂӔۡቢਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (ᅬ ۰ࠎ y^ = −1.9983x + 68.183, R2 = 0.8807ć. Ϥȃྣ࡙ᄇ႐ωြឭտҡ‫ߒڼ‬Ϟኇ៪. ฯ۰ࠎ y^ = −1.9168x + 64.707, R2 = 0.866). ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 97.

(8) ყΠ! Ϛӣྣ࡙ή౴ُ႐ωြϞРசҡᇄР‫ॵڥ‬சк࠮ԒȄ Fig. 2.! Daily parasitization and host feeding patterns of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various temperatures (25-30ʨ and 25-35ʨ is wasps reared at 25ʨ during the immature stage and then transferred to 30 or 35ʨ for the parasitism and feeding tests).. (ဦα)Ă‫׻ု̚׎‬౵‫ܜ‬۰ࠎ 15℃ॡĂᅬăฯཻ. ᅬăฯཻု‫׻‬ᄃ໢‫ޘ‬มӮӔ˟Ѩਫ਼ᕩᙯܼ (ᅬ. ု‫̝׻‬၁ീࣃЧࠎ 44.7 ᄃ 42.3 ͟ĂҤീࣃ. ཻု‫ ࠎ׻‬y^ = − 0.0801x2 + 3.6201x − 21.57,. Чࠎ 38.2 ᄃ 36.0 ͟ćု‫׻‬౵ൺ۰ࠎ 35℃ॡĂ. R2 = 0.5002ćฯཻု‫ ࠎ׻‬y^ = − 0.0498x2 +. ᅬăฯཻု‫̝׻‬၁ീࣃᔵЧࠎ 1.6 ᄃ 1.5 ͟Ă. 2.3561x − 15.162, R2 = 0.4901) (ဦα)Ąт. ҭд 34℃ॡᅬăฯཻု‫̝׻‬Ҥീࣃ‫ݒ‬Ӯࠎ 0. д 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35℃‫ؠ‬໢ॡĂᅬཻု‫׻‬. ͟Ąд 15Ƃ35℃‫ؠ‬໢ăՏֻ͟ᑕ 40Ƃ50 ੸૙. ̝၁ീࣃЧࠎ 15ă17ă22ă13 ̈́ 8 ͟ (ܑα)Ă. ͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪᄃϏංᛖཻᄘॡĂள֎࿏ཻ̈. ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 22.6℃ॡ̝ 19.3 ͟ćฯཻု‫׻‬. 98. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ.

(9) ߒϤ! Ϛӣۡྣή౴ُ႐ωြϞఊတϭ໔ Table 5.! Population parameters of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various constant temperatures λ1) Temp. (ƨ) r1) 15 0.0212 1.0214 20 0.1287 1.1374 25 0.2337 1.2633 30 0.2733 1.3142 35 1) r, intrinsic rate of increase (d-1); λ, finite rate of increase (d-1); Ro, net mean generation time (d).. Τ1) Ro1) 4 59.45 34 27.49 121 20.52 30 12.47 0 reproduction rate (female wasps /♀); T,. ̝၁ീࣃЧࠎ 9ă11ă14ă9 ̈́ 7 ͟ (ܑα)Ă. ៉гડ௣ѐ൴ϠĂͷ‫׌‬۰ม̝Т‫ّޠ‬Ϻ̙‫צ‬༊. ౵̂Ҥീࣃࠎ 23.7℃ॡ̝ 12.6 ͟ĄΩд 25℃. г໢‫̝ޘ‬ᇆᜩĄ. ‫ؠ‬໢ă̙ᔼࢴ่ٕᔼࢴͪॡĂᅬཻု‫ ࠎ׻‬2.0 Ƃ3.0 ͟Ăฯཻု‫ ࠎ׻‬1.8Ƃ2.5 ͟Ą. Πȃྣ࡙ᄇ౴ُ႐ωြमԫசк૖ΨϞኇ៪ ώྏរͧྵள֎࿏ཻ̈д 15ă20ă25ă. ଆ፣ᇄ๖ᆯ. 30 ̈́ 35℃̣჌̙Т‫ؠ‬໢˭൴ֈăϠതĂٕ Ад 25℃൴ֈăГொҌ 30 ᄃ 35℃੼໢˭. Ιȃྣ࡙ᄇ౴ُ႐ωြีҡϞኇ៪. ϠതĂ‫׌‬۰၆࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝मளĄඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬. Campbell et al. (1974) അಶ਼ᖪᄃ‫׎‬૙. д‫ؠ‬໢ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă21Ƃ30℃ࠎள֎࿏ཻ̈࡭Ѫ. Ϡཻ‫׌‬۰̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ΐͽͧྵĂᄮࠎ૙Ϡ. ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ዋ໢ቑಛĂ༊Տֻ͟ᑕ 40Ƃ. ཻࠎዋᑕϠхĂ‫׎‬൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ྵ૙͹੼Ăҭ. 50 ੸૙͹ௐˬ᛬ρᖪॡĂྍཻ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴ. ఺჌ன෪Ϻᇆᜩ૙Ϡཻᄃ૙͹̝Т‫ّޠ‬Ą. ̝Ҥീࣃࠎ 303Ƃ372 ੸Ă‫׎‬ม 25.4℃ࠎ‫׎‬. Chien and Ku (1996) ಡጱ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀӉ. ౵ዋ໢‫ޘ‬Ă࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧੼྿ 372 ੸ć҃ 15. Ҍјᖪഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ᄃ൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Ч. ᄃ 35℃‫̙݋‬Ӏྍཻ၆૙͹̝࡭Ѫਕ˧Ă̙ኢ. ࠎ 8.7℃ᄃ 294 ͟‫ޘ‬Ăྍᙀ൴ֈ̝ዋ໢૲ࠎ. Ҥീٕ၁ീ̝࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴӮЧዟഴࠎ 22Ƃ. 20Ƃ35℃Ą҃ώྏរඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬Ăள֎࿏ཻ̈Ӊ. 71 ٕ 39Ƃ40 ੸Ąҭд‫ؠܧ‬໢ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă૟ 25. Ҍјᖪഇ̝൴ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ᄃ൴ֈѣड़᎕໢Ч. ℃‫ؠ‬໢˭൴ֈ̝јཻĂ̶ҾொҌ 30 ᄃ 35. ࠎ 11.97℃ᄃ 152 ͟‫ޘ‬Ă൴ֈዋ໢૲ࠎ 15. ℃Ăྍཻ˘Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᓁᇴ̝၁ീࣃౣ੼྿. Ƃ35℃Ą࠹ྵ̝˭ள֎࿏ཻ̈ӉҌјᖪഇ̝൴. 611 ᄃ 651 ੸Ąពϯ‫ ̝ؠ׽‬15℃Ҳ໢ٕ 35. ֈᓜࠧҲ໢ᔵྵ૙͹੼ 3.27℃Ăҭ‫׎‬൴ֈѣ. ℃੼໢Ӯ̙ዋள֎࿏ཻ̈၆૙͹̝࡭Ѫ˧Ăҭ. ड़᎕໢‫ࠎ่ݒ‬૙͹̝ 51.7%ĂТॡ‫׎‬൴ֈዋ໢. ࡶд 25℃˭ᓄത̝ள֎࿏ཻ̈ொҌ 30 ٕ. ૲Ϻྵ૙͹ࠎᆵĄΩણ໰̚δঈ෪Ԋ 1897Ƃ. 35℃ॡĂྍཻ̙ҭΞ൴೭‫׎‬૙Ϡ૙͹̝੼࡭Ѫ. 1997 ѐม൴οᄂΔăາѻ̈́ᄂ̚гડ 12 Ҍ. ˧ĂࠤҌЯ໢‫҃੼̝̿ޘ‬ព඾ᆧΐ‫࡭ࢴפ׎‬Ѫ. 2 ͡΋‫̝͡؞‬πӮ౵Ҳ໢ࠎ 11.7Ƃ14.3℃Ă. ૙͹̝ሕਕĄ‫׎‬ม̝मளٕΞଯኢ 30 ᄃ 35. ᄂ‫ݑ‬ᄃ੼ฯ 6 Ҍ 8 ͡आ‫̝͡؞‬πӮ౵੼໢. ℃੼໢၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩĂ֭. Чࠎ 32.0Ƃ32.6℃ᄃ 31.3Ƃ37.6℃ĂЯ҃ព. ‫ܧ‬дᅬཻ‫׎‬૙Ϡٕ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹̝ҖࠎĂҭߏӎᇆ. ֍‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀᄃள֎࿏ཻ̙̈ҭӮΞдᄂ. ᜩྍཻϏјሢഇӉ૰̝൴ֈĂ‫ޞإ‬ซ˘Վྏ. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 99.

(10) ყέ! Ϛӣۡྣή౴ُ႐ωြϞᖅ෥౥ (mx)ȃ౑ቨ෥঄ (vx= lxmx) ЅឭտԆࣀ౥ (lx)Ȅ Fig. 3.! Age-specific fecundity rate (mx), distribution of net maternity value (vx = lxmx), and survival rate (lx) of Hemiptarsenus varicornis at various constant temperatures.. រĄ̙࿅ѩีপኳ၆‫ٺ‬ள֎࿏ཻ̈д໢ăშ‫ވ‬. έȃྣ࡙ᄇ౴ُ႐ωြఊတቨߝᇄ‫ڙ׻‬சкఊ. ੼໢˭ĂͽϠ‫ۏ‬ᘽ጗ᛖ‫͞ٸ‬ё֨‫߷ܧڼ‬ළ೹ሕ. တ૖ΨϞኇ៪. ᙀॡ̪ѣӀϡ̝఍ĄҌ‫ٺ‬൪؆ត໢၆ள֎࿏̈. ˘ਠϠ‫ڼ֨ۏ‬ॡ૙Ϡཻ̝̰дᆧതத૱. ཻ߿જăϠത̈́࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩĂ̪‫៍ޞ‬. జࢋՐᅮྵ૙͹੼ٕ࠹༊ĄΞߏ༊૙Ϡཻ̝̰. ၅Ą. дᆧതதᔵྵ૙͹ҲĂҭ‫׎‬Ω‫ࢴפ׍‬૙͹ٕണ. 100. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ.

(11) ყѲ! ‫ټ‬ᔖြᇙ‫ܖ‬ြᇙёசк҂ᙫਢ౴ُ႐ωြჰ‫ڼ‬ᇄྣ࡙Ϟᜰ߽Ȅ Fig. 4.! Relationship between temperature and longevity of Hemiptarsenus varicornis provided with either honey or honey plus larvae of Liriomyza trifolii.. च૙͹ (host mutilation) ̝ਕ˧ॡĂ̪Ξෛ. ͹ਕ˧Ăтᅬཻ˘Ϡ૙Ϡ࡭Ѫ૙͹ᇴᄃ‫࡭ࢴפ‬. ࠎ р ۞ Ϡ ‫ ڼ ֨ ۏ‬Я ̄ (Huffaker et al.,. Ѫ૙͹ᇴ̝၁ീּͧĂд 15Ƃ30℃ॡࠎ 0.3. 1977)ĄChien and Ku (1996) ಡጱ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹. Ƃ0.7:1ĄЯ̙҃ኢҋचᖪᄃ૙Ϡཻม̝୉ཏ. ሕᙀ୉ཏ̝ᆧ‫ܜ‬д 12Ƃ35℃時ܼᐌ໢‫̝ޘ‬. ᆧ‫ٕܜ‬૙ϠཻԺ‫ט‬૙͹ਕ˧ĂӮពϯள֎࿏̈. ˯̿҃ᆧΐĂ‫׎‬ᅬᙀՏ̰͟дᆧതதд 12ă. ཻд 15Ƃ30℃ॡ၆૙͹୉ཏቁѣૻ๕̝Ժ. 15ă20ă25ă30 ̈́ 35℃ॡĂЧࠎ −0.0088ă. ‫˧ט‬Ăࠎ‫߷ܧ‬ළ೹ሕᙀ̝ѣड़૙Ϡཻć่д 34. −0.0004 ă 0.1562 ă 0.2183 ă 0.2529 ̈́. Ƃ35℃ॡĂϤ‫΃̄׎ٺ‬ᅬّ̝ͧҤീࣃࠎ. 0.3053Ąώྏរඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬Ăள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏ̝. 0.16Ƃ0.05Ăѩன෪̙ҭ̙Ӏள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏ. ᆧ ‫ ܜ‬д 15 Ƃ 30 ℃ ॡ ܼ ᐌ ໢ ‫ ҃ ̿ ˯ ̝ ޘ‬ᆧ. ̝ᆧ‫ܜ‬ĂࠤҌ༊ྍཻࢬᓜ‫ ܕ‬35℃޺ᜈ੼໢. ΐĂ‫׎‬ᅬཻՏ̰͟дᆧതதд 15ă20ă25 ̈́. ॡĂ૟ౄј‫׎‬୉ཏ̝૪ྋĂซ҃ഴऴٕϞྋྍ. 30℃ॡĂЧࠎ 0.0212ă0.1287ă0.2337 ̈́. ཻ၆૙͹୉ཏ̝Ժ‫˧ט‬Ą. 0.2733Ăᄃ૙͹ᅬᙀ̝Տ̰͟дᆧതத࠹ྵĂ ‫ ੵࣃ׎‬20℃ॡர̈‫ٺ‬૙͹γĂд‫׎‬ዶ໢‫˭ޘ‬. Ѳȃྣ࡙ᇄॵ‫ސ‬ᄇԙြჰ‫ڼ‬Ϟኇ៪. Ӯྵ૙͹ࠎ੼ĄΩγಶள֎࿏ཻ̈Ժ‫ט‬૙͹ሕ. ૙Ϡّቯਂϫјཻ̝ࢴ‫ۏ‬Ξ̶૙͹ّࢴ. ਕ͞ࢬĂϤ‫࡭ཻྍٺ‬Ѫ૙͹͞ёѣ૙Ϡᄃ‫ࢴפ‬. ‫( ۏ‬host food) ᄃ‫ܧ‬૙͹ّࢴ‫( ۏ‬non-host. ૙͹‫ี׌‬Ă‫ࢴפ׎̚׎‬૙͹ਕ˧Հࠤ‫ٺ‬૙Ϡ૙. food) ‫ᙷ̂׌‬Ă݈۰͹ࢋܼ૙͹វ୵Ăࠎ૙Ϡ. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 101.

(12) ཻӉԛјॡٙυᅮ̝ᒉዳć҃‫ޢ‬۰‫݋‬кᛳᔝᙷ. 38 ͟ĂҌ‫ཻྍٺ‬౵ዋ̝෬хᖪഇă໢‫ޘ‬ăഇ. ࢴ ‫ۏ‬Ă ࠎ૙Ϡ ཻ߿જ ăჯ Ϡٙυ ᅮ̝ ዳ̶. ࢨ̈́ྍཻд෬хॡߏӎ‫׍‬ѣଠ‫ט‬Ӊ૰൴ֈ̝. (Chien and Ku, 1994)Ąώྏរඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬Ă. ፟‫ט‬ඈĂ̪‫ޞ‬ଣ੅Ą. ள֎࿏ཻ̈ု‫צੵ׻‬໢‫ޘ‬ᇆᜩγĂϺ‫׎צ‬૙͹ វ୵ᄃཻᄘ̝ᇆᜩĄд 25℃‫ؠ‬໢ă̙ᔼࢴٕ. ᇬ! ! ᗂ. ᔼͪॡĂᅬăฯཻု‫ࠤ׻‬ൺĂӮ่ 2Ƃ3 ͟ć ࡶՏ่͟ͽϏංᛖཻᄘᔼࢴٕТॡֻᑕϏං. ώ ࡁ տ ٚ Җ ߆ ੰ ྺ ຽ ؎ ࣶ ົ 82 ࡊ ԫ. ᛖཻᄘᄃ૙͹Ăд 15Ƃ20℃ॡ‫׌‬۰ᅬཻု‫׻‬. -1.3-ᖏ-23(7) ࢍ൪ྃӄొ̶གྷ෱Ăྏរഇม. Ч྿ 28.2Ƃ38.2 ᄃ 14.7Ƃ18.8 ͟Ăฯཻု. ٚՂָᐖ̈ؓ‫ם‬ӄ࿶ᖪĂᖰѩ˘‫࡭׀‬ᔁĄ. ‫׻‬Ч྿ 26.4Ƃ36.0 ᄃ 9.0Ƃ12.0 ͟Ă҃д 30Ƃ33℃ॡ‫׌‬۰ᅬཻု‫׻‬Ч྿ 2.2Ƃ8.2 ٕ. ЕҢМᝦ. 10.7Ƃ15.0 ͟Ăฯཻု‫׻‬Ч྿ 1.5Ƃ7.2 ٕ 8.4Ƃ10.7 ͟Ąពϯள֎࿏ཻ̈д 15Ƃ20℃. Birch, L. C. 1948. The intrinsic rate of. Ҳ໢ॡĂቁΞЯϏංᛖཻᄘֻ̝ࢴᄃ൑யӉ߿. natural increase of an insect popu-. જ̝ঐਈĂֹ଀ᅬăฯཻု‫ྵ׻‬ѣ૙͹хдॡ. lation. J. Anim. Ecol. 17: 15-26.. Ч‫ ܜؼ‬1.5Ƃ2.6 ᄃ 2.2Ƃ4.0 ࢺĂҭд 30. Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalci-. Ƃ33ƨ੼໢ॡĂள֎࿏ཻ̈‫ݒ‬ΞϤ‫ࢴפ‬૙͹វ. doidea (Hymenoptera). C.A.B. Inter-. ୵ᒔ଀̝ᒉዳĂֹ଀ᅬăฯཻု‫ྵ׻‬൑૙͹х. national, London. 832 pp.. дॡЧ‫ ܜؼ‬1.8Ƃ4.9 ᄃ 1.5Ƃ5.6 ࢺĄЯѩ. Campbell, A., B. D. Frazer, N. Gilbert, A. P.. ‫ޙ‬ᛉ༊ள֎࿏ཻ̈јཻ෬хăᓄത̈́ϣมᑕϡ. Gutierrez, and M. Mackauer. 1974.. ॡĂӮΞ҂ᇋͽ৷ཻᄘֻࢴĂੵΞۡତ‫ܜؼ‬ј. Temperature requirements of some. ཻု‫׻‬γĂมତϺܳซ‫׎‬୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹. aphids and their parasites. J. Appl.. ਕ˧̝ᆧૻĄ. Ecol. 11: 431-438. Chien, C. C., Y. I. Chu, and S. C. Ku. 1994.. Ϥȃ౴ُ႐ωြσ໔ᖅ෥ਢϞనӇ. Influence of food on longevity, egg. ซҖचᖪϠ‫ڼ֨ۏ‬ॡĂࠎ೩ֻዋॡዋณ̝. production and population increase of. ૙ϠཻĂЯ҃૙Ϡཻ̝̂ณᓄതᄃ෬хԫఙӈ. the eulophid wasp, Tamarixia radiate.. јࠎचᖪϠ‫̚ڼ֨ۏ‬υ౯̝୧ІĄѣᙯள֎࿏. Plant Prot. Bull. 36:. ཻ̝̈ତཻ͞‫ڱ‬ă૙͹ങ‫ۏ‬ă၆૙͹᛬ഇઐр. Chinese with English summary).. ّăϠ߿Ϋăତཻ۩ม̈́૙Ϡཻᄃ૙͹̝ዋ༊. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 1996.. ᓄ ത ͧ ּ ඈ ̏ ѣ ಡ ጱ (Chien and Ku,. Morphology, life history and repro-. 2001a, b, 2002)Ą̫Ϥώྏរඕ‫ۢ଀ڍ‬Ă30. ductive ability of Liriomyza trifolii. J.. ℃ᔵࠎள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫̝ܜ‬౵ԣ໢‫ޘ‬Ăҭ. Agric.. 25℃‫ཻྍࠎݒ‬ᓄത̝౵ዋ໢‫ޘ‬ĄҌ‫ٺ‬ள֎࿏̈. Chinese with English summary).. ཻ෬хԫఙ̝ฟ൴Ăώྏរ‫ܐ‬Վඕ‫่ۢڍ‬ᅬཻ. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 1998. The. д 15℃˭ᔼࢴ৷ཻᄘĂ‫׻ု׎‬Ξព඾‫ܜؼ‬྿. occurrence of Liriomyza trifolii and. 102. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ. Res.. China. 45:. 97-105. 69-88. (in. (in.

(13) its parasitoids on fields of Gerbera. Eulophid. jamesonii. Chinese J. Entomol. 18:. Chalcidoidea), mostly of coffee leaf-. 187-197 (in Chinese with English. miners in Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res.. summary).. 59: 195-228.. parasites. (Hymenoptera:. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2001a. Instar. Lee, H. S. 1990. Differences in injury of. preference of five species of parasi-. Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt) on crops. toids of Liriomyza trifolii (Hyme-. and the influence of host plants to. noptera:. Braconidae).. the parasitoids. Chinese J. Entomol.. Formosan Entomol. 21: 89-97 (in. 10: 409-418 (in Chinese with English. Chinese with English summary).. summary).. Eulophidae,. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2001b. Appearance. and. life. history. Lin, F. C., and C. L. Wang. 1992. The. of. occurrence of parasitoids of Liriomyza. Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Hymeno-. trifolii (Burgess) in Taiwan. Chinese. ptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Ento-. J. Entomol. 12: 247-257 (in Chinese. mol. 21: 247-255 (in Chinese with. with English summary).. English summary).. Minkenberg, O. P. J. M., and J. C. van. Chien, C. C., and S. C. Ku. 2002. Intraspecific. The. leafminers. Liriomyza bryoniae and L. trifolii. species of parasitoids (Hymenoptera:. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), their para-. Eulophidae). trifolii. sites and host plants: a review. Agric.. Formosan. Univ. Wageningen Papers 86-2. 50. of. of. 1986.. two. (Diptera:. competition. Lenteren.. Liriomyza. Agromyzidae).. Entomol. 22: 279-290 (in Chinese with English summary).. pp. Murphy, S. T., and J. LaSalle. 1999.. Del, B. G. 1989. Natural enemies of. Balancing biological control strate-. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Chro-. gies in the IPM of New World. matomyia horticola (Goureau) and. invasive. Chromatomyia. syngenesiae. Hardy. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Tuscany. Redia 72: 529-544.. field. Liriomyza. vegetable. leafminers. crops.. in. Biocontrol. News Info. 20: 91-104. Neter, J., and W. Wasserman. 1974.. Huffaker, C. B., R. F. Luck, and P. S.. Applied linear statistical models. Vol.. 1977.. I. Regression: 291-292. Richard, D.. Messenger. basis. of. The. biological. ecological. control.. pp.. Irwin, London.. th. Vercambre, B., and A. Thiery. 1983.. International Congress of Entomo-. Donnees bio-ecologiques sur Lirio-. logy. Washington. 1976.. myza trifolii Burgess (Dipt., Agro-. 560-586.. Proceedings. of. the. 15. Kerrich, G. J. 1968. Systematic studies on. myzidae) et de son principal parasite. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 103.

(14) Hemiptarsenus semialbiclava Girault. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Guang-. (Hym., Eulophidae). 9th Africa Hort.. dong. Nat. Enemies Insects 21(3):. Symp., Les Seychelles.. 113-116.. Zeng, L., W. Zhang, and J. Wu. 1999.. 104. Preliminary studies on the parasi-. ԝӇР෈Ȉ2004 ԑ 1 Т 16 Р. toids of Lirionmyza sativae Blanchard. ௥‫ڧ‬Р෈Ȉ2004 ԑ 3 Т 20 Р. έ៉‫ٿ‬ᖪௐ˟˩α‫ס‬ௐ˟ഇ.

(15) Influence of Temperature on Both Population Increase and Host-killing Capability of Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Ching-Chin Chien* and Shu-Chen Chang!. Department of Applied Zoology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan. Shiu-Chih Ku!. Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 404, Taiwan. ABSTRACT The ifluence of temperature on both population increase and host-killing capability of Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) was studied at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35ƨ. H. varicornis completed their development between 15 and 35 ƨ. In this temperature range, its survival rate and development period from egg to adult was 90.9-96.3% and 7.0-54.0 days, respectively. But its hatch rate was 0% at 10ƨ. A lower developmental threshold was estimated to be 11.97ƨ for development from egg to adult. H. varicornis required 16, 46, 9, 81, and 152ƨ-days, respectively, to complete the egg, larval, prepupal, pupal, and egg to adult stages. When 40-50 third-instar larvae of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were provided daily for a pair of H. varicornis between 15-35 ƨ at 5 ƨ intervals, the relationship between temperature and the total number of hosts killed formed a quadratic regression. Accordingly, the maximum number of hosts killed was estimated to be 372 at 25.4ƨ; However, when wasps reared at 25ƨ during the immature stages were then transferred to 30 or 35ƨ after emergence, the parasitism and feeding tests showed total numbers of hosts killed of 611 and 651 larvae, respectively. The relationship between temperature and the ratio of number of lifetime host parasitized over lifetime host feeding fitted to a quadratic regression, as was the relationship between temperature and the female progeny ratio. The estimated maximum values of the former ratio and the latter one were 0.72:1 at 24.9ƨ and 0.71 at 23.8ƨ , respectively. At 25ƨ , the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (Ro), and mean generation time (T) were 0.2337/day, 121 female wasps/female, and 20.52 days, respectively. When adults were fed daily with pure honey only between 15 and 35 ƨ , the relationship between temperature and longevity of females or males showed a linear regression and the estimated maximum longevity of females and males was 38 and 36 days at 15ƨ , respectively. For those fed pure honey and provided with hosts, the relationship between temperature and longevity of females or males formed a quadratic regression, and the estimated maximum longevity of females and males was 19 days at 22.6ƨ and 13 days at 23.7ƨ, respectively. Key words: Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Liriomyza trifolii, temperature, population increase, host-killing capability. ໢‫ޘ‬၆ள֎࿏ཻ̈୉ཏᆧ‫ܜ‬ᄃ࡭Ѫ૙͹ਕ˧̝ᇆᜩ. 105.

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