俄羅斯的憲政發展問題探討
23
0
0
全文
(2) ~~.J. '~mM®~~~~~~~~mmft~~~~.,~~*x~~§®o. ~~.~.«~~.~tl.~.~.Q.~n$&~~.~ ma~~.~. ~~. •• '*~R~~.. •• m~:~~.~~.·~~.~·~ ••~o@w~~. ••. m••. ' ~:jtiili~1~B'!'!lUlf*, ~?&~m~~~.mlJij: , f§IUl~*tl(]~Jexft . ~g·tl ••• ·a~ •• A.AA.M.'~~~ID.ffi~•• ~@'.~.~. ~~~o*x.~&~B.~ •• t+~~~.ili'~§W~mM.n'~ •• _~ ••• ~~~~IUl~ •• '~M~~~.~*.~~WA'~T.~~.~Wm ~~~Wf§1Ul. 0. *.. MEiiit ~~ ~.. •• Jt&. ~~.. ~~~M~.m,~~m~~mM®.~~.m~o. &.IJij:~~~.~T'.~&~.~®~.~fi~.~~=.MoW~$46~. •• ~$'.Wm~~m~fi~•• ~~.~~'~ ••• ~M·~.~ •• ~ ••~~~~.~.®~mo.~.~ •• ~· •• ~M~·~•••&. .~.~~ ~,. *~.~*~~6~~~.*Uo~~mM~-nn~~~~~~fi~*®~~~.W ,.~.~. •• ~~*~.~~tt.~~m~oa*~~.~~.~•• ·~ ••. ~~~.nli.~o~.~®~.~.~~~~.*'.~~~fi~.n'ili~~~. •• ~ •• &.®~~; •• ~M~®~~~~~~ ••• ' ••• ~~~.;R •••••• ~M~~~'~-~&.~®~.~~.~.~W®~M ~g*~~~.~.,~.m.* ••• o®m.~* •• ~~~ •• ~'fi.~~ ~.~~~IUl~. ~Je. 1!t. ' f:. ~~~ W~. .®~.~~~-'~~~~'~~.~.~~.$~~.~.~~.nli.'~~. illLE. .~~.f'F.~. 1t;~tl. •• $~~~. 0. ~Jlta*~· 6~~~.*,1.{,\.~. ~~~.~.~~m,Jlt~~T~. 111-. ••. 1L~.~. ••m•• -~~o 111=. III'=:. n-/. =fl9li M· ,~ .Illi~ ~~~. iir~l! ~.J. =-~pj !I!~J:i. •• ~~~.M ••• ~A&.~.~·~~-~&.a.&~~ff~o W~~~R(~~M.g)~~.~ffO.~·~.~A&~W'~M.~~ ••1L ~mM. ~.r'~.J!wJ!~. , .J,!)~i't~~I1~*.~••~~~.r' , ~~.r'R.:(£tb.. fi~.~~~.r'~~.. · ~~.~~fi'W;~ ••W~~.rljztL;G , :if'fm"JVt~jf. ilt@ Arend lijpart, "Introduction,' in Arend lijpart, ed., Parliamentary versus Presidential Government. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). p. 2. ilt@. Ei1!:.""«. 31 Maurice Duverger ift;ft: , Maurice Duverger•• A New Political System Model-5emi Presidential Government, • European Journal ofPoUtical Research. Vol. 8, No.2 (1980), pp. 165- 187..
(3) flUI Wi R9. if;!( ~ I.iirJjliH~1I1. 39. ~~z-~om~~~B& •• ~.z~fi'.~~~~~fi**,.n.~B.' ~~. :I!. ••~~~.*~* •• '~~~~.~.~B~Rm~o •• tt.WtL~.MfiB .~.~ffi.,~~n.-.,~n~~ ••• ~.ffiZ,~.-offij ••• *~W ~.~ •• tL$.Mq'B.~* ••••• ~'~ •• fitt.~~.ffiZ,~q. .~B&~z~~8.8m.ffiZ'W~qB&~tL~.M •• ~.~,m~r •• .'&JU~,~.=o&Z'.~tL$.MfiBW~.~ •••• 'BW~~ •••. :pj. fitL~.M'B&~tL~.M~Z.afiam'~~~Q. ~.. i~. .jg. *X~~pj~~.~.B~~~M~~~~.~~BM~~-M~@.'.~ • M~.B~.M.'~*M~h=~~. ••• '&~.$.fi~M.W~fipj~o. Z. '& ffij ~. t\ ,. ~ Il"lf ~jEt ~~ !it -hOli~+F.:I+tB. '. t:P~tetllli:-t!t (Nicholas. n ) 1¥J'iii. '1U1§t7~~.. tL. B~'~~~F.:I. ~. ~'~~~*~~*~*~B*~~~~~~~~~~la~M.~~.~.~.~. -B.~.7~~~~~~-. •• $o@.q~aB~~.m*. M. I¥J~B~.'~-.~$B.±~~~~~~~~~WtL,m~fi~jg~.B~~~. tt. W~'W~~*~A.W.$¥~tt~A~~~X~,~~m~~~~- •• $~~. ~. i!!tL~A~~IH.~.1t-ttf.li. i&. ~~m~M.'B~~.ttf.li'B&M~~~.~~~IffQ@. 0. <ID1IfE~ • • $flU~B&I¥J*~i1t. -h-t~~~*~*Ii!!tL7t!t~~~-. ' ttf.li1tf,@l:iI '. •••m•• B~~1t±.~.,. h-A~tF.:l+B~.7r~m~ •• *~~~1t±.~W~J~~-.~$Q-h. •• *~fr±.~W~~M.$J m*~, ~~a~m~, a~m M'.~.·~.~ •• ~~Mzi1t~ •• ' •• $a*~~~.-h-A~.$~ _rz:g~.~1}:ffl,r. ~m.~fr±.~*m~,~~r~~.~M.~.~.~~Z~~I~~~.~W. ~~~~~W~Mzm~UoJ o-h=~~.~X~:ffl~~$I~mr~~~.~J. '. ~~jg.tt~~I.~fr±.~.'B.~.~m •• B'~~.~~~fr±.~~' ~~I~~~~.~.~~m~~~.m~~Q~. •• $~~~~-hrz:gt~-hli. =~m~~Ko r~~~~$J~.~~~.~Bzi1t'$~~~Wm~~'$~~ ~~~mmttIU1M~~'$~. •• ~~~ •• ~~~.~zMo®-htt~+F.:I'. tt@. -nO~~~~=+=8.fi·. ltJ:®. ;N;m;;\fIQ,.J!iF"J%,H:;IlJM~. r *IUii;*JfffftiiJ J (Semi-constitutional and semi-responsible). 4. See Robert. B. Ahdieh, Russia's Constitutional Revolution (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press,. 1997), p. 14.. it® Gianmaria Ajani, -The Rise and Fall of the Law-Based State in the Experience of Russian Legal. tt®. Scholarship," in Donald D. Barry, ed., Toward the Rule of Law in Russia? Political and Legal Reform in the Transition Period (N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. 1992), p. 12. S. S. A1ekseev, - Theory of Law,' in W. E. Butler, ed., Russian Legal Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 461..
(4) D.~.n~~~. •••. *fiiBrilJ::tt~~.~.. r~£H~~~~J '.~D.8.~- • • ~.~.~.'. 0. -iLJ\Ii~_f3 j(;B~~. OOI~1H!!~HiI(~~ • .m:~ml¥J. , ;s~1'~fi~~ , D.~~ Jm.Jtr~:H~~Z~ ~!i3t'l*~~ , -iLJ\I\~D~=+-!:::;* ' j(;~lE~mIiJ01J¥HI::; , ~ ~fl::;.~ -iLJ\-!:::;~~*fii;tmliJjf!Jil..iHt1iI¥J~~~lIilHI::;~5i ' 1Ji~~~f!f:vJimjijj JUiSv&WA~zrl3'fJmf*,l¥Jfrp~~ , :Mz1E:!ilJm.~tU1I::;W~~*.JtQ* ' 1::Et±.~.~~e • JtrilJ~~m.~~,.~&~~JtrilJ~~e.$rilJ,.~~~fii;t~T.~~J:o® -iLAA~+-f3'D • • • • ~'~iHt~~A~~.*.'~~~jf!.~b~. 1'~~,. ~,~. ~&mi. fB~. ,. (M. S. Gorbachev) J: tlf~ ,. j(;~~fiJU~.~.I¥J1:.~~lIilJ~.:p:8%~~11::; 0. ~f&:. 0. A~.~IiJjf!.D~~,~~~iHt~~'~~~~~~fJm'~~M.~~~. ~~.o~D.~~,. • • fii;t~D~.~I¥J$'~~ • • z~'&fii;t~T.~~~Z o -iLJ\iL~=f3-+I\B • • f~$fil¥J~~A~.~$' IffUiIJD.~.~$ ~~ , ~ ~ , fl~~$1¥J5t:d7lJ' § 1¥J&~~IfD~z*1t~ ~Il'tu.~ r:p , ~lIilHI::; 1¥J.1ff~~I!II!l.~r:pjf!a-rk::}'jf!~I¥J-:tjl ff!~j(;~ffij ~ , @.m.fl§l¥J~lIilHI::;.1ff ' 1)] 0. 0. mRU~:Mz~F~Og§$Il'~I¥J~~. ( rule by law). 0. -iLiLO. (rule of law). ,ffij~. j(;~iI~I¥J-.~~*1t~. 1:.f~. ,.. jI-l.lt,. ij'=1¥J 0'. :IJ[)M~j. States,. *.1WH. ®. t$. f3D.~m~~~I\~~~D.~~.-.~~~~I¥J~X~·~. iIl!I~-5. @T~ • • ~I¥J~~~om~ • •-. • • •W~• • • D~I¥J.~~b·j(;B~~. ~gD.jf!jijjD~~~R·m~.*1tI¥JD~~e.~'~R-.R~.~~.'~ • • ~~JIH~b1'1::EiL' OOf.fB~~fl::;l¥J~~~~~fB~ , j(;B~~.JJ!@'.R~P¥i~~. r. r:p~. :ffiil'flll. 0. Q]'P)~~ : -~1:&If~5M!~.r:p::k:.~rni.1j~~, ~'I'~I¥J~~mBf4~ (Nikolai. Ryzhkov) rilJ~.~1j.JHE ; ~-if,.t~~Jfl~~~Ii~~l¥Jm:it ' lill~.I¥J~lb£ ~~~~.Iff&~.z~'~5M!~~& • • • • *~~~~oj(;B~~~.T~-. ~'~~~~~&~~*I¥JA~.'n*~.~o~~~~~'-iLiLO. f3jf!.. D~~~5M!j(;B~~m~I¥J~*1t.~o®. :Jt1~ffUiUJ11f;fB;jJ\~ ~~.. ' mJE ~~Wf1f;~ ~,.~~ii Wf .~iI&tljf!. fiil&1i. .'ff.li~'~0~.~.1:.' :v:~.r~Z~. ••••ff-*·~~m.~~~'~~~fi••. , Jil.~:V:'li.Wjf!jijj'li.. 0. -iLiL-~~~~.x (B.. N. Yeltsin ) :Mzf!n'l'~~. &~.~.~~~~*1to-iLiL-~~@D.fie~'~&M.~~~X~~N.no. ~~. (-). ~t±.. ~F~5$1,1. tt@ Avgust Mishin, • Constitutional Reform in the USSR,' in Donald D. Barry, ed., Toward the Rule of Law in Russia? Political and Legal Reform in the Transition Period (N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992),. pp.363-366.. tt® ~Jltffii~'. ffUIWi(fJjnl~~~.&T-1iiJ ' ~iiIll!;~. • j1fj/.J~~~DHarold J. Bermanr.tJlt.& • illRobert B. Ahdieh T-lI:!liiJ • i!i1S1~flUIWiEllW:!UllE~fi';).i&:±~WXflfitJJt • 100 A\f€ $ j(;a...t. tsWMs • rot£ lUJi&T • T-fJF~Berman.& ' 7!.,I~:JtliflUIWi!i{UlIUI~fi';).i&WAftlifitJJt See Robert B. Ahdieh. 0. Russia's Constitutional Revolution (Pennsylvania State University Press. 1997). pp. 19-20.. tt®. ~~~~'R::Ui'i' fiUllIli (a~t. : 1I:i'Li&#;*~II~nf~liff~t:p'G' • ~1I83 £p 6 1]) • Ja77. 0. <=). ~lIilJ.~. W~ 10~. ~1:.TI5~.
(5) ffUlwrl¥J~i&~jir,,~m~~. fl'. IDI¥J. 41. ~*-nn=~m~~~~:$~~~-~mM~~~~'~fi~~n_M,~~m M~~A~~.*~,~mM~~. •••• ~&~mM~~ •••• o~~MWm$ •• ~n_~JA~~~r~~~~.~fi. ~~.-~mM~~~~~~~~r~*. ~fR. ~j§~J. ,~. ••• m.~.A± ••• ~,e.~~~~ ~.~~.~A~, •• m~~~~~~~@ •• o.~•• mWl¥JrA~.#J. ~1i ' A~±.tll~ifff~octM~~ , ili~fit~~..t&~1¥J ' tBtlp¥gg1i A±]!$I-~9~. li!:~. '-'II. tJ_ :ID. •••• I¥J~.o. -nn-~A~+n8,~a.~. 0. ~-~~*~.~~I¥J~.'~&~.'~~ifff~AoctMfi~'tMM~~~tt~~~ ~~.~'~*~.~~'ilitB~A~. •• ret~*,j§~ •• A~n •• ~~~'~. i}~. ~tB• • *.tM.~~~~.mo rA~.#J~~.m.tMMA~.~.~~+m. ~~. ••A•• ~'~.~A~.a~~m.'~ •• ~.flo -nn-~+=~A8a~a.~ ••• ~.5'~mM,e~mM'.~~~ :lJnMA~o~~ff!J ' ~I¥:lM~~~~~~~Iil?J*Iil?Jt&b ( Commonwealth of Independent States, CIS) .~.i<:.~ ili~~~~a.~~nm.I¥J~M1~f-J-~fiPrr. * *~M.f-J~ •• -nn-~=~+t8~a.~.W'.~~~~m~.I¥J~MM ~r*~.%~3A~~J~;Mi • ..t'@.ili=~1i~~~w~~~m~~'R*~ N~-~'H~~A~.#M.~~ •• fio+=~- li8~~~*~B*'. jU it. , fJJ. ffret ,~. t~. ~I¥JD.'T~. ,. 0. ~~.'.~III~.flo. ~m U~. JJ;.. ". Dlai. iL -=-1f. '*U ~. J;Mi ::.f~ t~. rj§. cw. Wx. r. 0. ~uJe. *"11. ~~MfitmMn=~~.~~~M,%m~~.a~~.I¥J~.,-~a~l¥Jtl. fr~iI. ' -.fi.~*.*lf.r.,~m!. 0. -'u~.~. ••• ±~Tl¥JfitmM,~tlfr*lf.~iI±~~T~ •• ME: ~)ti.~~.~ • • :~~• • ~~retm.".I¥J •• T'W.*.~tl~± ~tlfr-flftl¥Jt±fr*lf.;ffiJt~ , fitmMt±frl¥J*lf.~ft?fft..I¥J.~:lJn,,* ' ~H§im ~Fm 5$i!-Il¥J~:fI~'11. 0. )2),. -nn= ~i!PJ.a~ , M20%.~~~ft!l~$J&AI¥J 43% ' iffffllilJl¥J 20%;::Ht!l 7% ' M10%. lert. W.10%.~J&A~~.+-M'ili.*~n-~.~m*,n=~AM,®-aA. E. ~~mfHIli~5l0ff£M. (=) ti.M'I'~·Hi~1'~. : Jt~j¥;jffi~~tL* '. wm~i£~~ftl¥J.m. 0. 0. .eh,. il1® F. Sogrin, The Political History of Contemporary Russian 1985 -1994 (Moscow: Progress-Academy,. 1994), p. 175.. '..
(6) 88. Sf 8 Fl. iliBM±1t'IliJlWlJl : f~UiWT.1imElEtrm~MiH1!\'~*~;fOf~1iftil&jft · ~~?jIJf1¥J. (=). q:t~f(iU~:~iT~~ ,,@. (~)~m~~~m • • :ft~n~~M'~~~TI¥J~W~~~~·~m~1im. ilIt-f*1it ; i*~mIH£ · ~~~TI¥J~tJ!\'~mltk15C.~ft · ~~:ttM:IT*1'tzlJjw ffi)ti1t'E~.~~~*:~.q:tI¥J-~r~ttM.J. ·X~~.~. 0. @. ••WhM. .1¥J~~'~.~~Mlli1'~"-nn-~~~=~~~~~~~·~-nn=~~ lli~~~-,~~-nAA~I¥J=ffl*,~q:t*.fi~.~"@. ~mWT~-nn-~~.~lli~w~~~~~·m.~$~.~~x~fi~~' .*.~ilIt~l¥J~mWT.~o~mWT~~.~~~I¥J~nil&. •• ~fiil&~.'~OO.. ~q:t~m~A~.~~~.~I¥J.h~H·~~iI&~~~~.$~~~~~.~.1'. •••• ~~~~ •• I¥J.h~H·a1i5~r •• ~M.J 1¥J~~;OO~mAA.~~~nil&m •• fiil&~.~ar~~.J~~·lliilltfiil&.R :lI~~fla~'~~~~~ · ~ El1i~~:lII¥J~~tt (legitimacy) ~ , 1TiI&~IR:lI~m~ mli~:lI·1'm~.'.iI& •• ~ •• ~M~~.~~.~~~.oOO ••••ff. ~o.~~·A~.R. ~~·ft.1im~~I¥J~.~.m1imI¥J.Wq:t'1'lli*.~~A~.I¥J~M'&OO~~ A~.I¥J. •• · ••••• hl¥J~:lI.~o~mAAiI&ffl.~ftM.~.5~T'.~. *.&~E~iI&.I¥J~~oo.m~I¥J*~~~'~.fiil&.R:lI~m~Mfi~.~.. ••• ~-nn=~~~~"*A~.I¥JM.Aq:t a: rmfi.~BRA~l¥Jm.~m~~'~~H~~n~fi~ ••moo.~,a~ ~·~.~.OO~El~R~,,~~. ~~~~~m~~.~$~~xl¥J~~B~.~ToJ@m~~~~~llil¥J,~.m. ••• I¥J~~.~.*iJ~I¥JM.ttffj~ ~tzD~~IfI~ (Robert Sharlet) m.:~mM~n~~:lI~~·- •• n=~~?jIJf.~a.~,mh~.fi~1i•• ~1i=OO.~:.~ •• ~I¥JM.ttffj~·5~.~*~8.~~mMRiI&ffl •• ~ ~~~" q:tX~.~ •• ~I¥JM.ttffj~~.o@ h~*lj. tl:@. 0. ffTJlI¥.! ffl!IUIT <P ~ II\1ifllt ' .lit!. ~~ ~ F§ 151!U'f.ffim1¥.!:fE1± 111 II\1i JI.t.ffT Wi: 7J-1:IHI~ I¥.! <P ~ II\1i f& ' ilii ~ 11ij:t£~ r.s .t. .~ftm.~~.t. •• ~*l¥.!r.ffl!m.AJ • ••• 15I¥.!.H*~.t§2+.A.~1¥.!8Am~. ~2Ei1i+j[;·. tt@. ft~.7J-~~.<PI¥.!~~,~~~tt,~~,~{t,.~~,m~~*:fE~15ool¥.!~A~&'~~~~. flI!r'»/jBt~.&. ' 111 AJI!t: Allklt JiI. Ludmila Ruvinsky, • As Prestige and Funding Wane, Siberian 0. Scientist Struggle to Survive,' Transition, Vol. 3, No.5 (1997), pp. 11 - 3.. tl:® Izvestia, Dec. 7, 1993, p. 6. tl:@ Rossiiskaya gazeta, Apr. 22, 1992, p. 1.. iI±® Robert Sharlet, • Russian Constitutional Crisis: Law and Politics Under Yeltsin's,· Post-Saviet Affairs, Vol. 9, No.4 (1993) pp. 316- 319..
(7) ffUIWTI¥J.i&f1HirJ}Im~t-t. B9 ff3 #f ~. 43. =, ffig_*m .m~*.. ~~.W.,-ftft-~.~. (Ruslan Khasbulatov) ~f:E~ • • ~-~. 0. •••. ,~~. ~~*M~~ffi~. f!UiM~.~-ftftO~~.:i'z::M[~W.. •• ~~.~.~.~@'~~.~.M~~.~o.7'i~ft. ~.~ff~ff~ft'*~ff~~ff~ °mjj!~:i'z:=~'-AK~W.~ ••• 'M. 7'i~ft.'~~.· ~t,g.iHi~~. ( Oleg. Rumyantsev). f~~. 0. , ;fEl&"t.f:UIL~fjj~1'IIfB9~W:l ~W:lm%.~.~.7'i.~I.M~i: r.*.~~'fi •• *~~.~~.~' .7'i•• m~~**B9.~.~~A'~.~.~~Z~'1'~~~~ •• WZ~~ -ftftO~-ftft-=:~jj!f!UiMjfilJ.j@fj~. •. l' J. ~. jj!. {(I. it. 7'i ~. ~. 1M. *I ). iI. '1*. 0. .~H.ttoJ®.=~~.~-ftftO~+-~·-ftft-~+~·-ftft=~=. •• 7'i%~~~lli~s~*o.7'i~ft.*~~~ftjj!~+~ ~.~~.~ , ~.~ID1lt~;fI3&"~r.u ' Mf£~) • •ftjU$nlf* ' mjj!wftl~flU~ ••f'tb ' ~-=:*mw.7'i~~'. fi.m~W:l~*ff3~.o~~.M.7'i~A1'm.~1'.,~g~.~R~~a'. ~~~.~~~~A±m1'#~.7'io~~.7'i~ft.§A~.~~'~. ••. ••• m~. •••• *.~ ~M~n~ ••• n'~:i'z:~~AB9 •• ftjU'~~. .~*I~.~.~•• ~B9.fi;~*M~~~~~~~N~ •• ~,~ •• ~{(I. *In'~:i'z::i'z:7'i*l~~B9~.~M~,~~.~~~~n-.r.~ftB9.7'iJ o@ •• ~.n*~B9~.* •• W.fjj~' •• 7'i~ft.X.~OOA.n.*~,~~ .~B9.*.7'i~ft.~ft~~*M~~ffi~.~B9 .j@~~B9~*~~o.m~~~~~.*. .~.~A~~'~~.~*.~~z0~~~:i'z:~o .~M.U~.B9~~~*.~ooma:. m-ooma~.jj!~-ftft=~~~m~*A~.~-ftft-=:~~~B9u~~~. •• om=Ma~-ftft-=:~~~B90~~~~+=~ m.7'i0~.~,maW:l~ •• ~~~.~' •• -~~ ••j@m.7'i° ~m-Ma~'A~.*~~~~ •• ~~~~.'mm.~.z.~~~.~. .~,m-~W:ljj!A~.~~. a,:M[~~~.~.~M~~~.~M~o.-ftft-~~~~8m~*A~.B~ ~,w~~m~*.7'i~~o~~m~~~~z.7'i~. fL i~. tfi5l (Anatoly Sobchak). ImF*. (Sergei Shakhrai). Z.:f~~. .. .~·~~~~m~~~. (Sergei Alekseev) fo • Mm-fB:lfl (Yuri Slobodkin). !i:!n5liiMJfB~. ~~Z • • I~/J\fJ3.~. ~~Z~~~~~o~mm®~*.-~~.~~~'~.1'~'.m~X1'~~ :~. an. rs,. liE® Robert Sharlet, • Citizen and State Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin,· Developments in Russian and Post-Soviet Politics, (Durham. N. Carolina: Duke University Press, 1994). p. 109.. liE@ Vera Tolz, • Problem in Building Democratic Institutions in Russia.· RFE/RL Research Report, VoL 3, No.9 (Mar. 4, 1994), p. 2.. liE@. ~iI1' Alexander. Blankenagel, • Toward Constitutionalism in Russia.' East European Constitutional. Review, 1992, No.3 (Summer), pp. 25-28..
(8) ~~. ~~*~~.'~. ... ... ... •••. ~~.~~dM. •••• ~ ~M~ •• I ••• ~~¥m.J (OnMe~. ffl~ft=~=R+=a.A~AR.aR7r~~. ~~. •• ~.b'~M~~~~ •• Ji:.t::XAR.r:raRI¥J r ~~flJi:ffUmWT.~*uJ.l J (On the Stabilization of the Russian Federation's Constitutional system) 1¥J~~mt~ , .EltE.t::XAR.r:rfBt'lf ~~+.~ M.~~~'~M~M-g.m •• §.BffW.~~ ••• ~~~ ••• ~._~~~~.I¥J~~.'~~~~~~ •• ~.b' •• ~M •• .~~.~~ToOO.~.m.~~' •••• ~~.'~.~M~~R=+Ea. m~~~~o?&~AR.ill~~ffi~.&,~m@ •• ~.h~~~~m~o@••. ~rJj. ~~.*.~. ~~~~. .~. @~~~~.?&~~ • • ~.x. ures to Implement Constitutional Reform). 0. ~.~.~,mB~.~~.7. ~tE~R-+a~~'~R.m.~~~~WTA~.~7-.~Mr~~~WT~~.J 1¥J.~'.~ • • • ~WTA~R~*.,m.~~. .~'.~. •• ·~UA~m~'m•• ~1¥J. •• ~ ••• '~~R~.*¥~R_+Ea~~~~~M.hr.~.. 1tl J (Special Rule). 0. =::. a '~~~JE•••. r ~~~WT~~.. J I¥J.~••. EI~. A~. Shak. a.f~J. $fii.. arati( =::. fiB!. @. Jit••~~I\1C~~~R. I¥J.. @. ~m1l. ~tE.~~I\1C~~.*~W~~'~.~*~WTW~~~~tE8~(AR.*~).. ..~. 0. •• ~~.m.~~~~ •• '~.~W ••• _I¥J•• ~¥~ ••h •• ~~~~~M.~~~~'~R~~M~::XB~AR •••• ~o~~ •• ~. •• d.~ •• ~A~.'fi•• ~.M~'U,.~~-ftft~~-R.B.~•• . ' f:fiPEl2I¥JA~d~.~I{'F/J\*.El.~1j!.~ ~.xMftE~~~~~M' ~~R -=:: a ~W7 -{)j~. §' ,~.1*I {'Ftl\*.El.~1j!~~.~1j!~m~ , @~litE~ ~~~R~~~'.MA~~M~I¥J.1*1j!~oJit ••• B~~{t'.~ ••• ~A •• ~~'.1*dM~~~~'*~ •• 1*~~~~#.~fBt~~7° •• §~.~ 1j!~I¥J~.~51H~*l:irEJ!tE~~~ , ~M~:\:~ , ~tA2J! 'ff'I'I*~~~~*{~J[" , fi~«.,m. 0. ••. 0. tEA~~§r:r'~.~B~~.bM.l¥Jg-.Iao@. •••••• w~~~~.*:~~~WTA+E ••• 1£#1!!rM~1\-=f;§tA~.~~ , ~~$f'J 64.6% ~~.*§ 58.05%I¥JA{~f:f •• ~ ; 52.88%I¥JA~M •• ~~ •• ~¥ ; 67.36%I¥JA1Zfim!f-•••• ; § WA%~A.dm!f-~.~.'@m.*fi •• ~~~~.*.~.o ~R=+ta~~WTr:r*. 0. iff® Izvestia, Mar. 14, 1993, pp. 1-2. iff@ Nezavisimaya gazeta, Mar. 16, 1993, p. 1.. Jil'tn. ~. ~,:;. ~WT1. ~l!f ~. 0. i. Jit.~ ~§j. r:r ' ~ *ft, .1\1C' jVJ*~. mA{ n Mt~~. iff@ Rossiiskiye vesti, Mar. 23, 1993, pp. 1- 2.. *I~jf. iff@ Rossiiskaya gazeta, Mar. 24, 1993, p. 3.. 'li~j. iff@ Izvestia, Apr. 24, 1993 , p. 1. iff@ This is a political struggle, and the Constitution is merely a tool in this struggle-Georgy Satarov,. former Yeltsin adviser, see Alexei K. Pushkov, • Constitutional Reform as a Struggle for Power,'. East European Constitutional Review, No.4 (Fall 1998), p. 78. iff@ Izvestia, Apr. 28, 1993, p. 2.
(9) fJUiOUil¥J f!~:i& ~ )j! F,,'Jmrfi1M o. 45. ~.~.~T~~~A~(fJ~~W~~,m"T§n=~*~~~~~~~hM. f the. •• ;~~~.~ •• ~~~ •• ff~.~(fJ~no~[g"El=+~BE~ff (fJ•• ~.nr~~~ •• A~~J~'~.~T~M~ ••• n.~~B.~.~ (fJ~~,.~&~~~ •• mw.(fJ~.~¥.'.*.~~li"El=+B.mW.~ (fJ.~,~~:tE~"ElliB(fJ~.~~~.W •• (fJ~~'&~~~~SSmWM.3. fBifj. §±~.*o:tE~~.~(fJ;f;Jl~T'~:ffA~~:ff~~.,~.~~(fJB~~~~~. leas. :JfUx. :fJ!;f;Jl !i!~ ~gc. B!i! ~.. .(fJ~~. •• ,.m••• ~o~.~~[g"El=+nB0~ ~.~~~ •• *(& Shakhrai ) 3A¥}{~lE(fJ~.~¥. ' itk:5C~&.n±.(fJft*~ffifij , ~gIH*¥J!P~ Aft~(fJ. B.mm(fJr~gc~.¥J~r~.~~.¥J. ~.~~-nn=~li"El. 0. B.~r~~B~~.~~itk~~~.~.n.~. itJ. ~fi I. 1M(fJ. aration of a Draft Constitution for the Russian Federation). l1~gc. ~~~"El. o@ )!i! 3&ff. ~. t!~. ~~. [g"El :tE0. b[]A .~. {,'. ,. 1'F J (On Convening a Constitutional Conference and Completing the Prep. (fJ$45- ' '§~Ifi}~-nn. Be~m.#g!i!ff~.~~.~~o@WAft~±.~M~~~~~&. .B~~.~~,~a.~A~~.gc·~~~&~.-. •• ¥~.W-.'~.¥}. *~~ff.~~~~A~~~0~~~*B.~.t!°~W~~.~~~~~$.~ ¥.~.gc~~.~B~~.~.itk*B~~.,~tt~"ElliB~.~.*.:tE.gc ¥nOO(fJ.VilfT~;fJTo. ~.~. ••• ~.~:tE~.~.§ZT'~:ff •• ~~.(fJ •• ,~~.mA~. ,*~~~.~.~,.~~~~*.~,~ttfBi~~ar.~-3&(fJ~~~.J. ~~~~~~*~+Wft*.W~.,itkM~.~~~-r~~Z~.J o~. 0. ••ft. ••• -."El(fJ~~~.,:tE~"ElWmW .o*~~.~H.'~:ff_~z=~~.n±n(m~· .~ •. ~~ )m~ tt.~' ••• 0~.ff,~tt:tE.n±n(fJ§±~nOO~m.*om~ •• ~., *~MZar~~~*J o@~.~. ~:ffli.~~~.~,~~~a~~~,±~~*~~±n(fJ~.~.~:tE~~~f. ••• *~~n=~.n.~m~m(fJ~~(fJ§±~om~.hT$'# 1.k;{1:; , ~.~j(~~/f~. .m'~j(fIJm± • • mA~~1f;~g~ , @lBJD~.1f:lilfljm ~~(~.~) '~~~~~.'~M •• ±n0~.ff,m~~~~~~.o •• ~*~~'~.~~W~~•• M~'~~~.A~,m0~n~,mA~(fJh.*. mAft~·.m~n'.~~.~.0~itk&:ff+~re~,m~tt~.B~~ •• o@ ~'&±. ~~ ~.. ;:ff. 0. W~-nOO'A~~~~~~.~~~~ ~(fJ.~¥.(W. •• ~~. ~,m~lfi}n-~.~*Aft.. .E¥~.~~.~~)~A"El. -BlE~m. ••• ~. •• ~o~&.~¥.W~.~(fJ.¥(fJ~~ ~.± •• :tE~.gcW~~(fJ.~~&~~~~~~ •• ~.~o ~~B.'~VilfW~.~~~-~.~. :arov,. er. ". tt@ Izvestia. May 22. 1993. p. 1. tt@ Robert B. Ahdieh. Russia's Constitutional Revolution. pp. 58-59. ttCllli Robert B. Ahdieh. Russia's Constitutional Revolution. pp. 64-65.. ~.
(10) !!l"~.1j[. *lNift:~.1j[. !!l~H1:.. (- iL iL .=. '¥1m J=I) Ii';:E ' 1*7fl ' :}F*~ , "'1'~!!l*. i}Ii';&il&7flUUIJ. ~~!!l~A.~N~!!l~1*-~Mm~ ~~~H~~1*.~~1*-~m~m~. (-iLiL-'¥1m )'l ~A*A ~ ..) :E.'1*7fl'Ii';:E,~n,tl .. ~*. ~jUIfi~DJ1jiJlIJ. m$'1i~DJjj{ ~IJ. .1J7}11.. h il& ' 11.1* ' 'ii] 1.t: -= *17}11.. h il& ' 11.1* ' 'ii] 1.t: -= ~17}11.. *lNift:mllR. ~*~§&m~fiil&§*;.=..Nift:*;. ~*~§&m~fiil&§*;ti~ti~~. AIi';~~ffMli'¥;~!!l. .. m~il&~:E. ~](1i. U. lEO. ~~a~~n;AIi';~~ffMli'¥;m. 1T~. ~~. .(.~M*l.) '~*.fi*l~'m .il&~fi~'~m •• ~.~~Tff •. •. ' .1*1*1!1G '. f!fl~1*Il%~1*-g. A. il&~:E.(~~M*l.)&a~RfI§. ~'~!!l"~~~ff.;ffiil&~~~. *;~m.fi~fI~.i}Ii';~.;~m. &3RR*~~~~~"~~.fiff. •. M~~*. ; ~~illrHH'~. ;~.~~M*l~;~*.fi~"~. .0Ii';m.;.~!!l. .. ;~~~.Nift:7fl. ®~. Si. .~;~~iI.1f.Ii5lJ~o. the. ii1J*lNift:. ~~ii1J*lNift:. il&~. ~~il&~il&~&fi~~:E~nM;~.I~*ltffm~T~fi~~&~il&·~~~. .*ltff~.~~.h. 1iift. ~fio. il&~i!r·~1f.Iim •• fl£.M~o. ~'i. ~nfl~m"'nm~~~.N;~1l%. ~a~~nm. , xit ' !!l1lfj&1*t$. •• ~_;~Il%~:~n. ~:"'nll%&!!l*~~;~.~~n~ 1l%&!!l*~~;~.~~n~n1*t$; n1*t$;ti~. •• ~~M~ •• ~.m. ti~tff.~~M*l ••M•• ~.m&. &~~ff.m;~.~~.tff7fl.5lJ~ ffmm;.~~ff.m;~5lJ~*lNift:,. *lNift:o. ~*l.&a~-g.;*lNift:~~~1*. ••. ~ •• o~*il&~~il&~i!r;~~~fI ~.;~:m~*.~m~. ~ *~:E1IU'H*. ~fI. il&~~Rr'; ~~~miW1.~.~fi~. ffl.'Mil&' !!lflmllR. ~~. O•. 0. :E.1*t$~~:I.!&IIH.1'~1*t$. ••. ~o. *11. J=j-j. $~. -t. 1~J. flU J. :E••~n*~~.1J;:E.~~~n .1T~:l§"~. ll*l*iMi : Stephen White, • Russia: Yeltsin's Kingdom or Parliament's Playground? • Current History, Vol.. 0'. 92, No. 576 (Oct. 1993). p. 311.. ~~~m~W~~~~$~~~~'~D®~~~AA~~~~~*~~~U'~~ ~AA~.~~M~'~A~A$ff~m'm~~~~fi~~~~'0~~~'~~~ ~m'&~~H~~mz. •••• a*D~~~~:~~.~ ••• ~.;~.~.;. ~~*.~~~A~~~~~~M~.;.*.fi~~~.0~~~;~m~~~.; ffi~~W~~Wfl~W~~~~mwm~~~mD~~~:m~~m~.~~;~~ .m.fi~~~.·0~~~,m~~~.'Mm~. ~~~~.~~;~. •• mh.~~~;.fi.~~. •• ~m~~~~ff~.fi~~&~AA$*.*;~W~*~~.
(11) f:IUIJl1iog~i&~~rR'M~lM'. 47. •••• o~.n3~ft~~.~· ••• ~3~.~~.Z.~ ~~*.*o~~~.m~.~Mfi$·.M~ •• ~.·.7~.M~*~~ •• • ~~~~~*~·.~m~.3~m~~.~~~~*o m~~~.~7.~~~~~am$#' *~7~*~~~~m~o •• ~~ft~-B ,~~~~affl· • • • ~.ma~'R~ ••• ~M. (A. Rutskoi) &m-MU.JJJ!tfWtDJ (V. Shumeiko ) ~. ~~f*'trwal(lfiiiPi7J1tA~ ~OO~.Z~,~~.X~ ••• o•••• M~W$~-ftft=~+=~ B. fl~~~* •• m~&0~.~.Z.W.*o*ti.M~~~rfP~'fimM ••i* ~~~ft~=B~~m~ •• ~~~~rfP~'~R~$~.WW~$~~~o@ .WW~ ~ ftft-~+- ~ ~j'[1~' .aA1V5mZJtl;, 8.it~Mltlf.~ft; , &~m~fl ••mj'[W.M•• ~$'~$X~W~~.~~(V.~~n) o~ ~M~~A~*. ~11f~' ~~\HIU.{JlraJ;;[I ~-ftft=~- ~ ~ r pg.$ (MVD) ;fO (KGB) iiflf=* J At\';*~-ftft-~+- ~ - Blti!:.:y.M~ ~ •• M~.~$~M7.mfi.$M~.~' •• ~~~~-ftft-~+-~+ft B0$7 r ~j'[ffXmM~~pg.ms J ~rfP~ (Decree on the Formation of the Ministry of Security and Internal Mfairs of Russia) 'Rpg.$W~~*ii#t, ~tIl~j'[-1IJm~~~.f:ll: .§.¥.~~~f:i1:$~-.ft; 'JlUffXmM.n ~W~ 1J.~$ .f:ll::I$)R~*~~~~pq.ms ' R-a:rfj~~i!JifimM~&~ft;~fi @~ ~~~~:ii#*.JI~mb~ , t!?1W~-ft-1\~'fft{~~1Pj~ii#t*rfP~ , @~~ijl~ m.~rfP~;a~. r). Ii!<. ;gfil'fJ. 0. '?f.~. ;m. ffifP. tttt 1!!fil. <). <). ~.. r7MB. 0. -. <). 1Jti~. *.~~~m.~~~.'.At\';*~.WW~~W$~,.~~~~-ftft-~. *:. ~+~B'fft{W~~'~.~fl.·j'[~·. I&. ~,. ~:fif. !Qtt ~~. Vol.. $~. •• ~m.nfl.~ •••• ~m.~ ••• ~'W$ ••• rfP~M~o®-~ ~B•• W$M~.~Z.,~~~-_~~~.mM*~'0~. m••• ~ ••••••••• ~ JlU J. W=.~j'[~~~'~&.~fimM.~. 0. r __. *•••. J. •. r. • • W£*~. ~. .ww~t!?~m~~W~~M'M~r.**J. •• ~W$~~-Wi*~~mb'A~. D. BW$&~i*~M.'. ~=+~B ~=+1\B~. ~~-~rfP~M.i*~&fi~~fimM~±~~-W~~'~R*.-WM.&~~ 0'~M~~MM.msW~~~ ~fimM.~W~~W$~'. •• o-ftft=~=~tB·~+1\mfimMA&t\'; * ••• M~ •• ~~=~rfP~~~ •• o.WW. ht ~rfP. u;. ".. .. f •. U~t:. itt:~. Rossiiskiye vesti, Sep. 2, 1993, p. 1.. itt:® Nezavisimaya gazeta, Sep. 4, 1993, p. 3. itt:@ Izvestia, Dec. 25, 1991, p. 6. itt:~. HeTman Schwartz, • The New East European Constitutional Courts,' Michigan Journal of International Law; Vol. 13, No.4 (1991), p. 763.. ai*. itt:® Izvestia, Jan. 15, 1992, p. 1.. GJ&. itt:~. Robert Sharlet, • The Russian Constitutional Court: The First Term,' Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 9, No.1 (1993) p. 32.. "l.
(12) ••• ~.:-.~ •••q •• ~AA~.~;=.~ ••• ft~tt.m .A~ ••• ~~' •• R~.~~;_.fi •••••• ~$~$.o-ft~=~ ~.q~. ~.#~.~.~$.$.~.mo.$$~~-ftft=~+-~-. B.~~~~o. •••••$ . ' • • • •~~~.~.~~.·.~ • • ~~~~K~~'~~~Mm•• ~~.,mM~~~~T~~Mm ••• ·~~~ MM~~.~.tt'ill •• ~~fi$.~~~~$m~'~~~~~B.~mM~. ~~.$mw:~.~~. .fl~~fl1ml1~1ill.~. o. tt:iJi. '. ~T.~A~~~~~~,~n~x~~~~R~~~'rn~~mm~*~'B. •• A~~~.'~mm~-g~flo+~_B.~ffi.~~~.~WW~~. ilJT ' tg~TJtM~3.j.m.~&~wr:l:!l.~~. (Ostakino) .t~.. ~wr~irl~~~.~. R.Il.~%~~#B'.~A.~~~~ffi~.tg~~~.o+~~Bm~,. ••. ~~~.~JtMWm.A~~~.,~q~~~Bgm~~~nA.B~R~~o~. '~BT~tgm~wr~lli~~'~~WW~~~Af\:. *~*~~~~%*~~m~~T~~.~~~~,m~~T~~. •• ~k~~~.. mo~. +~tB'.M.~.~.<t.~r~.H. ••••• J. a. ~+BX0~T. ••• a9:~~t~~.11 •• ~~.$¥~m~~0~,.¥~~m.a9:t~.$ ¥~~.~~ •• ~'~$*~.nf\:.]:B~.o+_~+_B~&wr.~.$¥.. ~. ... 0~~*'~.$R.~2%'.~.*n .*~. ~). 0. \i1J ~~~. ••• ~~~ft~_+-B~~~~~fl*~~'~.~~~_~OO~r~~ ~&M.]:B~~tt ••a9::iJ<t J (On Stage-by-Stage Constitutional Reform in the Russian Federation) '~.~M~~lI' ~K:ft~~m~&A~f\:**lI~tl~~ · ~ R~+-~+-B ••• ~lI(H.) ·~~.~lI.W~.·~.~.~~~~& .~~.<tooo~.m~m •• ~~.~'~~.~~~~R~.°:ft~~m~~R ~$*.,.~ ••• ~.<t •• 'Rrn~~WWf\:~~~~~'~~K.m~~ W.no@.$$~~R.~ •• M~.~~~~~~ ••• ~o~~~*nOO'~ M~lli~~~~~RA~lI~q*.,mw~~ ••• ~,~~~.om~~~~~lI ~~~M~~* •• ~.n'~~.~~~.n~~X~~.~r~~.-.lI~J~ ft.' • • • ~~~~lI~.~.$M~~:ft •• ~~o. +.~%~~~.$.~.B. q~:. ~~. 0. Il!!1 ' ~*tPa9*".5!. B.~. .~. @~.§'r~.$~~. •• OO%T.(.~~.$*.OO%.'. , 1.§:ru. 58.4%~~~x~ • • $. , ~~.. tt~ Rossiiskaya gazeta, Sep. 23, 1993, p. l. lit@ Rossiiskaya gazeta, Sep. 23, 1993, p. 2. lit~ Timothy]. Colton, Patterns in Post-5oviet Leadership (Colorado: Westview Press, 1995), p. 85. tt~ Robert B. Ahdieh, Russia's Constitutional Revolution, p. 68. tt® m.~~IJAlIlm.RjH3t}W*fl43 % ' f.J:h. s;9t~:l'i!:l!Ji§lH!iW1 ' 'it Izvestia, May. 4, 1994, p. 4.. f ~.~. (. ~.~. ~t.fU. (. mmt.. .). ~m. $*~. +1\11 ~,. n. $.1. rJJM. /\+3.. (.. I!F.IBfJ.
(13) tfUIMl¥J • ifb: ~ JjUJjmH~ t-t. ifm. m.~.~~~;fJjr.HM~n.~J~m. 49. •• B~~~~.'~~~••M~n.. =if:. ~~tt.n'~~.RM~Lm-$~m~~~.~o. ~o. ••M~n.~~m~~ff~~~~.,~~~~~;fJj_~oo~rgD1.RM. ~o. ~n~~tt.~~~~J ,m~~~~tt~~~~~&A~ft~*~~m~'fl~.. ~~. ~.RMC~;~*~~m~~~~.~~~-~~M'*~~~.~~~;W.~. 9C. ~~~. •••• ~~~~R~~~~~~~~-, ••~~;fJj~m.~-.~,*~. ~~A~.Mt~~m~. .~~~~~~~a·~~.tt.~~.~.~fi.~ ~~$,~w~~rm-~~J~*o@. RD1. .Mt. nm. 1". ®. 8 111. ••. - , ri.5tEr-J~~li. e& ug.. '.~~'~fl~-. .jf . . -Off ~ i! a{J ~ ~t. the. l. ... ffim~M~.~.~,~~~~.~~o@ili~~~W~~~. .RM~n.~~~~$~'. ,-=t.om-$~~.~*~,m_$. ••• om$.~fl ••M&: (-) 3t~Il(i;H~=tIXH : .RM.~m-f~IUE: r.RM~fB-.RM~~. ~~.~.~. ~~n~m~.'Afl~~~.a~~J. 'Rfl~n~¥fl~m,.r~n.~JR. ~m~T~~a~~o r~~~J~~~~~~o. (=).9•• ~=tH~.~~.~:.RM~n~A+h.m~~.~~n~a ffim~,. h.~a~~. :-+-.~~~'~.~.'~+h. •• '=.~. .;fJj m. nrn. (flD~Mf4rn.~JHBl~~rn) '-.~m.. .). o.HM~nAr~~~mJ~~~(m+=.) o~~.~.Mm~N~~n. ~. +~.) ,~~n~. ft. m ~. ~ ~. ,t)&+.~mm (m~+1i. •• T~.£(m~ •• fl~a~.~~ •• &~.'.D1~ntt.~••M~n. ~'.~3~n~.~ •• ~~Ma3~.~.~(mt+=.)o.~~n.~. ~*.~.~m.(mt+-¥t+h.) ,~a~m~.~~. ~.~~.~~Afl~~tt(m~'+1i.) 'ill*N~3~.~N~.~n~~~ ~e,~~tt~.~~g.~~. 7. (1'11). A+1i.). •• ~.~••• ~.~~tt~.~.~#.n(m. '~&.~~R~m.L(m-=1i.) ,~~~.~~~~.tt~eo. ~).mA.~~~:~.~~~A.~~~.~.~~.~.~'.7m=.. ~13. •• :. rA~&~m~.~~a~.~.o. *•••. '.~.~~A.~~~m~.. ••. tt® -hhA.+M+~8~.~ti.e~~u •• ~,.~~.~ '.~a.~~.*~~ ZP3MftilJ • {!'!;i':~i'II1I· rti.~lIJE~U.Wil:::::f.tz=~l..t:;;tIlE~i'II1I· ~a."'n;tl;iI:.~~.i&.l1!:fjIj ,. •• ~.*~~~~~~~~~~~~fi·~~~AAMm~.~ilimrnM •• ~.~J~~D~· 8 ~a •• ~.fJJ~~.III!~ ( Oleg Sysuyev) i}1lIlf:!~ : i&}f,f~lJf~.iE.~ . tt:IJo~*t¥J .~'*~~.III!~~~T~· •• ~~e+=M-+E8.fjIj: rR~aID~m·~~ft~ ••• ~. +- M-. ~·J~~_~~.m..t.~z.h·. ltt@ Dwight Semler, • Focus: Crisis in Russia-The End of First Russian Republic," East European Con. stitutional Review, No.4 (Fall 1993), pp. 107-114..
(14) •• OJ.=.~+t.~~+~.~~+A •• ~*~.a&~.~ w~~Dm~.~ •• A&~.~w~~m.m*~.'m@m~tl ••• ~~~~ ~~~~.Z. ~r<=l~~. • *·tli€JJ1I*fljfIH~.~T~ll • lXffil~~r.fl~. Qu~~y)~.~$.~+ft ;!t~~. J. (~). @lf71J~[]~$~~ Ee::x;J!I!. (John. ••mW~~B~' •• ~$~~nr*fi~ ••• ~. '~;f§1itfjjH~;p:~~. (~)M.~. 0. 0. @. •• ~:~.~~.~~~~·~. ·m~&X~~~ZM~~.o. .. .. 0. ~).Iz:~~Wfi~~~:~~*~~~~~w~.~.m~o~~~~3~a~ ~R.m~'A+ftM~a~-tA~R.'~ff~~mWT.~.$$~·. • • ~.$~~$.&~• • • ' • •~~.~Z••W.AAA.~'~~~~•• o ~.~.. ~Bli+~~.m~·ffM~. ,;!t~*~~. ( ... ;. •• ~~~~~~.~~o. ~~.ff~~~i&Jff~R'ff~~~m~Z.~~~.fi~R·.fi~~R.;~. i&Jffm~fflff~;.~*~.m~.1Jo ~5~flBli.Iz:. : ~~.$.. ) '~WJ$ • • ~.*IJ. 0. j}) ~f:t~flffil~~Jff.ll!f1 (. ~~. th.) jlU1fflt.JiH9.1i : :tE.Jff*Jl.ll~'&~OO ~~*~Tfj*~fl1J. '. f71J~[] :. ;.~$~~j}~W~ i\i6~~rIJ. - •. ' !J.L~lji&fl~li~;!t~fl1JZL '. 5f;iltfl : ~~~~.5f;ilt • R.~.. 1.. ~A&i1G~t~~. , {fM~. ~~. ••• ;•• a~$.·~ •• ~;~~~=.1J ••. 0. 2A!Jff~.:.~.~.~.ff~~~i&Jff~.' $.;~~.mWff~W.~~~ ~$$~·. •• Jff~ ••• ff~~~R·. ~.fi~.;~~n~m.ff~~mWT~~. • • $~·.i\i6~.$~~$.&~•••• :ff~.B~&j}R.o. ~.~.~.&~&~.(.A+~.) :Mm-m~~;p:.e~~a~$. 1. •• 0~oa~$m~.~B~a&~.,t+ftM ~a~~-~a~.A~~m~ 10% ' .~~.a~* ' ~11~&a~ , ~~jj~ li~~ , ;!t~1Jf~~~$ Pl0~~mj;J.nm.· .JfffJltJ;: . ~.fft$• •~ @ ~-ftftli~+~+B~~. 0. tt@l. 0. ~ J!Antii Korkeakivi •• Russia on the Right Track: Human Rights in the new Constitution!· Parker School Journal of East European Law, 1994, No.4, pp. 233- 253.. tt@ John Quigley, • The Presumption of Innocence in the Russian Constitution,' Parker School Journal. of East European Law, 1994, No.4, pp. 327 - 337. tt@. S. M. Shakhrai. V. A. Tumanov, V. E. Chirkin, and Y. A. Yudin, Konstitutsiya Rossiiskoi Federatsij. Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar (Moskva: Nauchnoe Izdatel'stvo, 1995), p. 197. tt@. 5. • • ~:~~$~~.~ • • • ~.~.tt·.~~.tt~~.tto. (A) =fI~.Iz: : ~.$.-=.¥~.J\.~~~~~;f14 ~~~~ ~~*~ . ~m WT~~~.Jff· E]$.1J . :ttH~~~ , w~m.i&Jff*Jl. ~mWT~~~.fl1J~rjue~ mfi.· ·E]$=.~~.~.'fii&· . $~H3~.~(.+.) o@. U\). 4. ~~~~~.e~~~ft~. ••~o. 6.
(15) ffUIWTB9lri&~.§irJ1m~lM. ~l¥JnnlJ :~r.,fj11!. : (John. J§maJI. ttll!t. 0. 51. •• :~.tl.=*N~.mMunam~R ••A.'.mMun•• Mff~.&MU:F!la.~JfW,.ft~.tl.~m~~ •• o~.tl.a=@!~~ Pfil!t~.mMUna.~lli~rnff~' •• M~~.&MUnam.~,~.ft ~.tl.o~~ •• J:Unam~R~~~ ••• M~~~.,a.~JfW~ •• .~~~~' •• OJ~.ff~M~a.~R·~~z~~o 1~~ • • • • A~.~,~~ji~.n~.~.tl.'.~ •• Z.~,m •• un~Z •• (mA+t'A+A' O-G> ~.~ •• ~.:.~.&M.1*.:tL+:::Gl¥J.~,~.tl.OJ~M~•• l¥J~ ~B~~~.*mB~R~ •• =~z-mllim§,m~.ffX&M.n.~1*~ .~ ••• ~mB •• '~&.1*1*~.~.m§.~ •• ~@*mlli' ••• :F!l~.atl.mllim§~@!~~~~~z=~.ji~M •• ~ •• 'a.maN ~'ffi~l¥J'~ •••m.h•• ~~~~.~o W~J:ffX&M.1*M.fiz'.&M.amfim~1*~.E~W'@~~ ••• hffim,m~.mM •• ff~Una.~JfW'.fttl.'~~ •••• A~ •••• •• ~'~J:.~ •• ~.l¥J.amfi'~ ••l¥J••• h.~~~E*'M~.a mfi~E~mr* •• ~J o@ ~T~.~M~.mM.1*M.,.m~* ••• ~~@~ffi.~ •• *=.~ ~~.~I1! •• n~*.~~ •• ~~.-.mo ~.fttl. o. 'ffXm :fj~~ ~). o@. i:ltPfi ~~,. ~:j'lo. 11:. 0. ;OJJt. t:::,. ='. '. ~J:. ~~Pfi. ffi:e5!tr.Jilf'F. (-) =-tI jt.r.z: witlj1firl'l~fm. ]!Ul. •• tl.~w*m~~*~ : -~r). r.&M.~ J (Russian Choice) a~{j'l¥J r~~J UM ' .UM ~a •• ~ •• l¥J.~~Mh;l:o=~~.mM.n~ •• ,.mM.~.·.mM ~~.fD~:3z:.*Jl~l¥JPfT~BZ~7JiX.M ' ~.m~m:fj~i1t~1fil¥J-~.~m.h;l: -:tL:tL=~Bji~~.1*~.ili~~~.tl.~.·. : JfW '. Tun ~~. 0. ~h;l:. 0. ~~1*. ~~~~~~~~~~~~l¥J.mM§~~~.o@BZJt.a~.~~~~*~.,. -:tL@!. ~M~~'. ~~~.1*T. ••• hM.'~.m.:tL=~~*l¥J:fja.~1**.~. [ji~. o@. tt@ ~~~~ti, r*~a~~~.~~~~W.~J ,~a~m*'~35~~8~(~~85~8~) ,. 'arker. tt@ ~ ~RiJHlil:. Yu-Shan Wu, • Semi-Presidentialism or Imperial-Presidentialism? A Comparison Between. lurnal. Constitutional Reforms in the ROC and the Russian Federation,· 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Boston, Sep. 3- 4, 1998.. Ji 37-49·. 'ratsii. He •••• ~~~~~.-.~~SN~.~,M~M~~~.ffim:R~~~TM~,.2M~.~· m~·~~.~~ •• m.n.~.~M'.mm~r •• ~~M~.*J~ •• _~ ••• 2.A~ ,c".:3\'{. ~ Stanislav Kondrashov, • What Does Zhirinovsky's Strong Showing Mean?" Izvestia, Dec. 16, 1993, p. 4. 0.
(16) ~.m·~~.~~~fi.~~.~.n§~o®~-ftftli~~~_+-B.&~. •• £~3~~a· ••w.m.~.#~ •• ~·w.W.W~mff ~ · jftj;J-Il9-~jl~ (;m~*~-=li~'!!Pjl~) 'f§~.mJH£i*T (V. Cher nomyrdin) ~.~Yt:--t;{~~ll9lJi : .Jff:±:JlQJ[tlJH•• Wti.Jff~f~ff:~r~~m · ~.H.~3. R~~~o~.H.x~t;~-B~=~~mff~~~·~~~~M~~~~~~~. Im*T7tfI:;If'Fr · H.,RfI-ft=~·)!i.jti'~f~ff~ffii:*fjg~rii1 ' *,i~nRftli~@H. *~oo~-~Jff*.~·~~7tum.~m~~.H.z~no. ~~MntU~.~~·~.~.~.~~.o~-ftftt;~+~H.ft.R.W~. Chubais) ~~MHti:;1i;: (Nemstoy) ~.mfI:@~.W~f~ff:~. ·•. Jlt· •• n~=A·~~=+-BB~~~,~m'Lr.~.~Il9Em*.·~* ~~~ •• · ••••H•• ~.OO~~~~'~.ff~~W*.rii1° -ftftA~=~'.m.~~~M~~B7tZ=JliIl9'®.RJltM~~.W'~. .=.~-+=BR~m~Im*T' Iilli.m~n~' ~.$~*~f4:;1i;: (Kulikoy)~.' ~M.Jff. ' =~=+t; B.~=+li~tJg7J9$~£.m~f-} (Sergei Kiriyenko) Rit. moJlt.8UWA~W~.~~·~~R.ffm~~M.m·.~fI.~.,.m~. •••fioffiW~~.H •• ~.W~.ff~.~M.Jff·H •••••M ~~~~m~·,R.~~~M·H •• ~ffW.~QJ~o~~Jlt •• W~~*.~~ ~.~'~~~~.~R.oll9~+BH.~-A~W-Il9=~N~.z.~oJlt • • ~~~x~Il9~+ABN~~£.m~f-}~~•• ~B*M~Rm.~z$~oll9~ .~.z. +tBH.-~~-t;-W--li~N~£.m~f-}~o.H.OO~.M~Z~'Il9~ it!:® Beat Kernen •• The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1993: a quasi· historical interpretation in light of the 1995 elections.' East European Quarterly. Vol. 15. No.2 (1996). p. 246.. • wJi\Ufit¥.lifl*tt~lB~'1Hi; : ==li.t,ifl.-ft${1iI:i& • .t, • • *t¥.lA~~ • .t,.~~.m~+=A·.~.t,.~~i& • .t, .mHUIt¥.l~~Afi(_I1~ft[; JI!!f~Ii£1.ilBfUI11lJli1 • &,~J!j(.=+.AI¥1*.t,jltf· &.m~t¥.l~lBA (.ffiBftA.~~.ft • .t,.·X~.~~.-~I1 • • • ) 1~~J!j(.~~I1~$~.ARI¥1~~. it!:® Pravda. June 10. 1995. p.. 1.--':'tLtLli4:~F.l. .lBW·~~t¥.l==li.t,~_a~W· 0. it!:i@ Pravda. Dec. 19, 1995, p. 1.. it!:® llt!l!lA1.i B. Yeltsin. V. Chernomyrdin. Duma Chairman Gennady Seleznev. Federation Council. Chairman Yegor Stroyev.. it!:1® Pravda. Mar. 24. 1998. p. 1.. f9lJ. ". +. ~.. ~. •••ll9liO Jl~~-lit;Jl·~.~*~* •• ·~~~-ftft~~-~+~B·=OOft ••• • a~~.H.~~~M~ •• fI==-Jl~ft.~MoW~~.~.RW.·~* .m1m:;1i;:~£ (Zhirinoyskii) ~Ji~~~ ~~:±:. · ~Jlt~:iJ!~~~~.B7tZ+-Jli A~~~·7t~~li+R~7t.R.Jl~o.=.ffi~.m=7tz-~~, ••Yt:• • fInn.~.ff~~ ••jl~Yt:~offiW~~M.znt,R.m;m~.Jl~=7tz -'.~W~.H.~~ •• fIN~.'jftfI~.m~.~.n.~·m.=7tz -ftftli~+=~+tB.&M~.H.~~·®.&~~n~~. M~~n~ (A.. of.
(17) 1JUI Wi tfJ I{ ~ R Jjj rJ:lm:l?lM. 53. 1M. - , - Brp:9H'Hi!~~"*~*.®'f~r&-:iL:iLt~:im~(fJjIUfHI~. 'g{:f her. of Voters) 'IZSlm~~:mJEil&.:f1Hlfl~t\ltA&\;~11;;:miW-~~'liG' tlaijg*~::f7HlbJt. m'. .~~*&~~Zil&_W.~A,~~.mfftl.~.z.~o.~._rp,~f.J=. ~~. +~Btl~=~.~.~~'~M~~~$~=li-W-+li~:im~~~~~~o.. ::I:~. ••• :im~ff$'~~A~.~~~M~ftOOW~"*~~ •• il&.omili~.®'f.~ ~*'~~ •• ~~.fiil&.(fJ.~.Mo -:iL:iLA~Ef.J+AB.SM~~~.~% ,~~~~.~ •• otf.J_B~~ ~~41§':fli~*j£~~;jt;.ltjf~W36ntJ]LM0~ ( Gazprom) R!Ht.~ 20% Xm ' E ~.&~.0~'W*M~~OO.~oAf.J+tB~m~MI§':flia •• :fli~.'~M ~M:iL+*,~~m ••• -WB.oAf.J=+liB.m~R~~~~~.'.~~ ff$.m*T~~ •• ~,m.~#* •• ~"*.~oAf.J BW:iLf.JtBtl.. [0. 5l:J: i1:f:. ptj ~:m. ItZ. M~. •• ~,m*.-~Z~W:iLE~:mW(fJtl.~ •• ~~~,~tl.r&:m,~.. ~*~~~TE~'iliM~8D.SMmm~~*.~~.~(fJ::f.JE~om-*.. z.. .~~~~~,.aX::f.,~~tl. Mpg. f.ll#ttl~~~. ,~. i®~. .'. ,11;;. (Law on the Rights. 0. lIt~ffE:fliSf--+il&1II. (YevgrniyPrimakov). ••• M~.W::fmff~'.~~~~ •• ~=. (Yvlinskii-Boldyrev Bloc) itiii.~~~~~4:1c (G.Zyuganov) ili~~3i:~' :iLf.J+-Btl. ,*_*tmm:1c. •••~ff$om~.®'f.~ •••• ,mm~~m ff$(fJil&fi.il&.~.~"*3i:~'~~#.~~.il&~.JE •• '~.&m.il&~. .~_-tW~+=~'+E~. ~w~*~~,mili~~.®'fOOA~.il&~~~~rp,~.~~Z~~~~o ~~~~.~.ffil&.~'~-:iL:iL~~=f.J-. =B'i!!J.tl•• ~~.~~. ~.. .~-O=.I§':fli*.:mJE'.~R-:iL:iL-~Af.J.#.-:iL:iL_~+f.J.#Zm. ~~. ~.W~'T~*.'. ~M. rmfilj.il&~f'F~J{. ijJi!!J lt~. Yf.J Yf.J >n. in. .~ .~. :lA EHt. 0. •••®'f•• ~§.::fm,m~11;;.~:mJE'#RH~._fi'. ~. -:iL:iL~~tf.J+=B.~~~.~rtl.~J o~m~.~11;;:iL=~tl~~.,. •• m*$~il&.::f~E~ •• *,j£~~r&.~.~~$:mK.*a=~ m'il&.::f~E~ •• *-§E+mo~~.il&.~*~.(fJtl~ •• ::f.~.o :iL:iLli~~f.J+~B.~~~#E~ •• lIt~Z$.o-:iL:iLA~+-f.J+:iLB.M .1It~ X~tl.B~ , .~tl,~(fJ~.fliJEElM:1c (Aleksandr Kotenkov) ~~ B~ tl~~~000.~-:iL:iL:iL~~RH~~~$~.'::f~::f~~~ •• *:m.o~D ~~~;tI.~~.*,J •• *1t(fJffil&;tI~ , ]!!1.m~il&~A¥J.I)L\rpjfg.II~(fJ~ij!.mj:j ~.'~ •• ~R~.~M~(fJI~~Bo ~~~.fiil&.W~ •• ~~ ••• o-:iL:iLli~.SM~.tl.R~~M.~ ~=-=#M.mE+:iL#,~g~~M~.W* •••• ffi::f~A.zil&fi'~~ ~~.il&. ,. at~. meil. iiJ~~. Donald D. Barry, • Amnesty under the Russian Constitution: Evolution of the Provision and. its use in February 1994!' Parker School Journal ofEast European Law, No.1 (1994) pp. 437 - 461.. i!:\:~. Rossiiskaya gazeta, July 23. 1994. p. 4.. ,Ii. •.
(18) ~::E.J!01ffl~tF~3::IIDm*UiI&JfJ. 0. $(DA~I$ (Law. on the Human Rights Commis. = ' '::::15l~*~ , iLli~m_~~U*~1I::t~ , ::f~.m1Zt-tITIT1Z~ -iLiLli~t~=+-BM~M~.tl.X~~ ••• ' * ••ff®m.$A ~jj~tl,~rq]~ , ~~ =5t2.-j;JJ:.tl,~f~~~lii ' QJH~$A~1fi ' j;J~~fttl.~~iI& JfJ.h'~ ••$.A+-' 0-- 0=' Oli,--t.~~~om~.$ -OA.m~'.~.nM •• ~5t2.=~J:.m~·.~.nM*.~~,~.nM ~~~&::E~~~'~.::f~' ~.tl.~.nM2.~~~~$ •• ~.2..iI&. sioner). 0. -iLiLli~+~+-BMmM.~r.~ ~MiI&$~.:9cfJf'j~~1fi. MMU.1:!I!m~~:m!L. •• =J.$*~.~'~.m •. ' :55~;glWm-IIJ.1:!I!tl~\~. .m~. (A. V. Dubinin) ~M~. ·. (Tatyana Paramonova) ~:9cfJ :9cfJfJ~m~~:m!Lff®.~. .$m-o,::::••tl.. 0. •• ,tl.~~~ •• lii'.~~~+~+A Bff®,tl.~+-~~~~.*~~'~~ ••••••Mo ••••• ~iL~~ ~g~w,. '.~Rtl. -,. ~,. +1. jj§:J. Mf. fI'. {v:{. •• m.~.~~omMMtl.~1Z~.~+~-+tB~W::f~ff. ~,~m~.~m'.~ff$~~.A.ff$A'~~~~ITIT~~o. •• ffiI&.~.lii&~.~tl.~~~A.~.J:.otl •••• ~tl.~~ A.~.M~.~::frq]' •• n~*.$$MM~o.$$M~iL~~=~ B~ ~.$miL+A.M.,~tl.~~.~5t~.M.'.~ffm~,~~5t~.~ • • 'A.::f~~1m:J1iJ~.o ~$. <=) r:p~~±t!t1J±HtI~ir~~lm. :jcl. ••• ~W*,.m*.~.~*o ••• IID~~~$5t::E~.Bm~ ~.~ •• '&&::E~~*A., •• ,m~'~$.~~::E~~.'H~.n.$ m.,m~::E •• lii~Qro~MW::f~'%.~~.Mo@ MmM~. M~-iLiL~~-~+liBMmM.fim~~~.U.h~5t.~.R~.~' m~fim~~Ii.!FiJj;J~ir!t.$. , .MmM1!.-~.n~f*. (united) ; fg1!~. -iLiL-~fim~*D~.$m~~.MmM~~~~.~~f* ( association) '1!~. •• um.~~.$,.mT~fim~~~.B~~ ~.~'.Mft~ •• ~::E.~OO.Tffi.*~~,m~ •• fim.$.~ •• ~' .1:!I!fim~~~.::ffiM.n.$ 5IiEQ~f&::E~~A;. 0. •• ~A.~~1!-iLiL~~+-~ B••• ®%W~.~'a~.~.~ •••~o.~M~~~~.~~'~~~li5t2.~~~~A1Z~W~.~'M~iEQ ~.*~.o~.mR.$$~~~iLiLli~t~+B~Iffl~~~.'~.::EQ~:. 1. ~.$-o=f~m~~~®%~~f~MfilWJ. 'B'E. 0. 2. $(D~~~~®1JITIT~~pg~~f'F~~. ~®. ilIt:7<::!lt;ffij;:J!l27%·. ~~. JlttlU.tt:~~tp:9<:J!t!l1HHI~.· 1Jtil~.iiiM(j(J~• •mJlIfJ>(· ti!~Steven L. Solnick,. • Federal Bargaining. in Russia." East European Constitutional Review, No.4 (Fall 1995) pp. 52- 58.. ~:. SlJ ifill. ~i!. :ij~3. F.!:::.
(19) {fUlfltJT il9 ~jffdl HI rQ,;m~ t-t. mmis. ~F1*. 0. 3. ¥Tt~EfJ-. =t;~:±iAl£'*ffPf:ljlBZ.1*+1if'*~UE. 0. ~t;FI-. ~1i*~.~~~±~~±%~~ffi,+n~~~+-~JI1:ii?l!~~.~:±i ~tJlH~:. ~a~~.. ~1fil&. ffPf:l.~.§~.~~ffiW.~~'t;FI~+-B1*~~~. B~1*. o~~~~. ,~rz:~am~iI&~~~'~iI&~~~EfJ~a~~¥o¥~~. -n. &~1*. 55. PI. ,. •. .dt~ffPf:ljl.o. =B.~~~*Tw.~~~rr~~~,. ~m~~mM. ~nli*. -~T,~rz:~~1i~~M~'~B¥Tt~Tf:l~.~M§$~'~*~~~~EfJ~. ::~iI&. ~. 0. nt;~-. FI. B.~km~~~. 'ilitil ' ~~ ~1'.~~mM'0~jlBZ~mM~~n+1i,n+n~, ••. +PI O~.dt. jE;tt~rz:~1il!. t!~:. WT~3}WT:I:!!. '. ~~~. 1+;\. 0. m~lti£Ji(. ~~rz:!HH~~~{fr&' ft~~I!!.&¥.ililM:I:!!. (Tatarstan) 'e3. (Bashkorstan) flJ.~lli: (Urals) '~rr~*ltmu!~¥lJf~' ~± ~o.OOfi~~ •• '~m~~*.7~•• ~fi3± •• m~'.nIi*3±.~~ {ft {-t ~ iltt~ 7 !! 13mJI1 EfJ ~ 11' ~. 0. ffi~~mWT.1*fi±a.~.n&~~~ ~{~{:f. (Z. Yandarebiyev). •• ,-nnA{f=FI. •••• n~omM~~,.dt~~~FI+=B.ft~±a~~EfJ.nli*~A+nfit; ~~~ ~{f1iPlB~mWT~*WrroJ~Tt~ (Amur) ~1ii@±a~~1!!jff,*f-J ' 0. ;{-t~. 'ilitnPl+nB.WTW~~~~,~mMB~M:ii?l!*.±aW.n~n1!!.~f-J'~$. 'B*. ~~~~zlil!~.q*o~~~mWT~~$~m:~13±.-~nTi@~~~f-J~_. r¥'Jl. ~z-gM.n~~. mJ{t. ••1* ltg,. 1&111 ~i55(. JI1:ii?l! tiE' ~rz:. !1iXj{Q. ( Republic of Ingushetia) .0~~~~ Wffi~~~ ••eW1'ffi.neff-.' •• ~1!!13~f-J.~.~'~~~ •••• Ji( (Aushev) [QJ1U!1*i0~' B•• Ji(1it~~f:f ' ~~3Z."jijB§i1iJ! ' tE~~ f-J'.WTW~*~~.dt~~~~1*~ •• M• • Ji(EfJ~~~o.3Z.~~lli:~ •• ~6 5l~fO[!\Q (Karachavo-Cherkessia) km~tlltl$Ji( (Vladimur Khubiev) ~ § .~-ffi¥Tt~~~ffffPEfJ.~' [!\Q~nt;{f~FI~:ii?l! •• 1*'.~km~1!! &iI' •• 1*~.~rz:1*$M.~nFl.~~~~BM,m~rz:~$M ••km••lt l$Ji(EfJA'ffi.1'~'mtl~ffM~-nnn{f' ••• ~OOfi~~o3Z.~nA{fn PI = B1'fXmM~a~~3~iB13±.~.I&MiI&~~f[I~±rJjf.MIi~~*fitJi:rr~~7T. ' .m~WJi(W*~13±a~.A~.~rz:.~'[QJq~.rz:~, •• n~*~.R. .z~13±a~~A¥'~'~~§.~1*fi.dt•• 1'~'~$~~zlil!~~ill~mmo ®f?1j~OflJtlfl-~;fO~. ~mWT~~&.~*ft~mg~~,~.dt.mT'.1*~fi±eW.nn~~-~~ ~~. ~~~m~-hh~~+-R-B'=+B'+_RhB=*~~o. H~. •• ~~~~~+=~·~ht~. •• MM~._~~~$,m.x.~ ••••• m. .·ht~-R=+-B~$$R~.~ •• ~.~tt.#·#~$.m.~~· •• ~·~$-OA. ~.~·.n$.~~tl.ft.=~z=~~~.~n~~'~*•• R*~~=~z-,.~m*$. •• R~* •• ~x~,~~~~~~o. t£:. ~-hht~hRhB~MM~.~~um~'~~.~~E~~~ -~~=+~.'.~~~A+li~.*~A·m. ~~. lining. 0. H®. l'fJ$l$IH~:foJ]i~IJ;;\: <Valentin Kovalev) 1Jj 1997 ~ 1 R 5 8 ~r;Il.ff, • JlEast European Constitutional. Review, No.1 <Winter 1997), p. 25.. H@ East European Constitutional Review, No.1 (Winter 1998), p. 33.. ~.
(20) r~~. d'::::. n= ~.. ~~.~~~.~~§~~mE~-m'~~~~~~~*~.~.§~B~~. •• r~~J o**~~ ~~§•• ~~~~.~~.,m.-n-t~$.~.~~ •••• @~~m'.. ~fiE. ~'mE~=mn~-nOA~~~~fi~.$,@~~~. *~~~nM~*~o~~.A~~-.W~~~.~.~,t+~~~~m~~, W!~Uj(;B~5\:~i:lr~. , ~OOIii.mf±*~~~tm ' mml/J~~ffij~~OO r~!iJ If'F'. .~~~m~.~o~j(;Am~~~.$mA.§g-.W~.~,~~~n~~~. •• , ~ijl!(~.MtI~~m. ~U~.i1\:~J!I!~fiWT~' ~fiWT~~~. rm' § B:rffj~~t;!f~.~*J!~' ijl;j.~.~~. lI~A~ ••fi1£~.~f*. .~~~. 0. 0. Wei:. ~~~~'~~.i1\:~~~~m~*'~!(~~fi~.mo-nn=~+~-~~~ ~.~lnM~. , 1£~.'UI~~r'/!1~ZP:,~,. 0. ~.~mtl:\~if.$~.lIP3eM~~~~. ,. ~~~~o~$~~~.~*~~~.$,~~~m~~~ffij~~.$'.~~.~. •• '*•• *~~=~$.~~~••. 1£.~~~~'~.~¥~~.$ ~~.~ft.~A~. n.. •• ~~.'m.~~.$mA.'R~.mm~ •• ~.m~. n~'m~~.N·~.~~.m.z.~'.~.~~~.dm.m.~'. ••fi. •• ~••••§~~~~,t+~*~.~•• ~ffij~.m*~~=~~~m~, ~~~$~~.~d~~&~~o~~~m.~ •• ~~m~.'~.~.~~A~ .~*@]M~.~¥~~.$mflj!, ijl!(~N~~~~~.~.A~.ra'~IEOO1Jj~'. ... •• -nn=~~.$.~~~.~•• m.o-nn=~~.$~fi.'~•• n••• ~$m'.~~~dm*~~=~~~m~,ffij~~ •• ~a~~,~~.. ~. ~.~$=.~~. m~*.*~~n.~.~. •• ~.o. ~~A~1£§a~.~.~if.$~~r'li·A~*RJ!~ili.nM~·~~. .R•• ·~ •• nm.~~*~· •• ~tm·~m~~*J!~~'~~A~••~ ~~~~~~~.~~. •• NIE~o-nn=·nli·nA~=**~~.'.U~. tl:\§Rfi*ft~~~A'm.m~~~~~~.~~~.'~.m~.~.§fim§. ••• ~~~m~.~Ao1£~~· •• ·~.·tl ••~~~l/Jr'~!(tl.~~ .tl.~.~.,e~~~~x •• ~.~~~~.~1£-~' •• ~.WT.~ft~ ®-.~~~W~,~.tl.~.~~I/J~o~. ~$~W.d~~~A,.~~~~~~.,m$.~~~'~fi~.~$mOO. ~~~u]J'nPJi. '. ~$m'fll~n. ' EJW6.1?Is~.~ts ' § ~ti!Hll.~*$j , m:M~:Jl.JiS. Ilt<@ Aleksandr Lusupovskii, • The Crisis of National Relations within the USSR as a System of Problems,·. Russian Politics & Law. Vol. 31. No.4 (Spring 1993). pp. 13-14.. .~. ~~. fi~tl. -m~. ~H. Itjil.
(21) ffUIUfJT~.i&it~r,,'m~iM. 57. ~~~~~~fi~ll~mZ~~.~~mo~m~~~~~~~~~~;~~~m. ~~. •• ±Z-;®~~~w~~~~m~,~~m~~*~*~ll~D~~o~~. •• ~,mn~~~.~~fi~'~~~~*,.~~~~~**~m~,. n~~~.~. ••• ~,m~~•• ~.Mz~.'~B®~.Bffi~~ll,~a ~.MA.WM.~.~~ll~fi~.~z~'~~••ll0mo. ~.~T~.U~. ~.~~~.~~m.~*~~fi~±~~z-o~.~li~~*m~~fi~m ~ll~m~~~ll®~~To~fi~Wll~~~~'. •• W~m~fi~m$~'ff$. .~~M.~.'~W~~~ ••• *®'.~ff$*&~.~~W~mff*'~~ .~~®~~om~w~oo~m~~~~~~.ff·W.~~M~ff~.~~ •• ~. •• WmR.ff~~~R~~·e~mR.~~~-~®*~.~'8~~M. ~~fjjjfJ3 • • • ~fl~." ~w~.~m®m.t.m#jJ~~ ~¥~~wr§ (Amy J. Weisman) !JI!f,;ymili: r ~flwr.~~m~i$) , ••~~Wfl.~fY3 · .\:) §iW~fiHf~ ~ , ~~.f3tl't*M1-f~3(3t®~±.~*M1f J @¥~Ifrrr~~ (R. Ahdieh) tB~ m: r ~iiWT.~~.z~*1f{i1H1!lM~ , tlO~~,~~~IIT5f;fiziUfV~~~~R ' ~&~~~.T'~.~m-i.~~'.R~ •• ~~A~~~oJ.~~~~m ~·. 0. 0. ¥~m~~mIHI.~. 0. ®. ~~.~® •• ~·~.~~A.~~~ ••• ®.*~*;.~.~®~MM'. &HJiIi'U~~~m~~ •• ~®.1J~.. ; ~f'F.~®* ••ili'J · tiJfj~~~~~~~ili'J. ••• ®.*~.~~~m~~ •• ~®.1J~.o~*®~§iW~flWT®~~~~ w~~m~ •• #o~ •• ~1-f~ ••• m1J'~S~~~W~'~~~~'.~M .ttiW5f;'m.tBttiWfi·~~~iiWT.~~.®m~~~~tiJ~~~.~~~.m m~.~~~'~~.~~~~.'.M*M~~~,~~~~~ ••• ~·~tiJ.. ' ;/)O'~~mill!fJiI '. ~ft~~~1ti1J. ~~_~. fi~. • Three dark horseman'. ~~.~ili'J. 0. 1lii.~~II!i\H£~. ,. 1i;J!l;~KIT;ffit!Lf{;~~ii!UtmffIHi~fl<=A. •. ~m-nnJ\~+-~n8~.KIT.~~~0~~ff,:~.KlTtmff~.~1-~.*~=ffffM'.ff,. ~~~:ll:liiBf!l1UfH'i!\. fi~. 0. •• ~±~~~®.~,~ft~m.ffi~~~~~.~®~±.~.~'R. ~~f~~iiwr.~~.®~ JoJ. It®. m~~.~ili'J.zfJJmM*'f5~UR~. j[<http://www.Russiatoday.com/rtoday/news/98110503.html>. Ara J.Balikian, • The New Russian Constitution: A Legal Framework Adopted and Implemented in a Post-Soviet Era: Suffolk Transitional Law Review, No. 18 (1995), pp. 266-267. 0. fi~ ~~ft~§-nn~~~*'fl< ...~~*.~tmff~~lliti~~1-mff*'~*f!l.~'~~~.~. zJltFffiiilf '. 1JHt;iillitll"'l~;f.@. fJ;;~ ~ 1:1 II: ti9 I. • JtKIT~mm;J!l;IJ.:G~~ti~*IHlbgt.~tmff • ;e.mM;I!~;mlUz A • j[<http://www.russiatoday.com/rtoday/news/04.html>.. tt@) Amy J. Weisman •• Separation of Powers in Post-Communist Government: A Constitutional Case. Study of the Russian Federation,' American University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 10 (1995), pp. 1365-1398.. It@> Robert B. Ahdieh, Russia's Constitutional Revolution, p. 61. It®! ~.~81Hljlj.~Jit.~.;J!I; Oley Rumyantsev :(fJ'um~ft~Mr,,' , t1tlJlli~Z.~;I!~ • • ~· Ji Dmitry Kuznets, • From Our Fathers to Yours,· Sevodnya. Nov. 13, 1993, p. 2..
(22) .~.a.~.~.$R.~.,~~.~r.$®~AJ. ~AJ. ,~~~~~r~~®~AJ. ,~.~~rA&®. '~M~~r~~~~~nJ. D~'~.$Z. ~mB~~~~-w±~a~.~'~m~.~~~~~'~.~~~LM~~~~ ~IIJ. ' rM~~~~WjtfIBIL'~Jtf~~M:tfa*~1IJ ' 1F~.tJ~~ ®.iiwr~:t"~ ~l* (F. Sogrin) ~: r ~mOOt±~=WtElIJjlH9H~~ft~ , M~tEtJtl®if.lirfB'~~ 0. .'rli~ ~ ~~f±~. ,. m~~lJlf. ' a Iff ,HI ' ~*il:iEffJA'\1~JI5 ' 1'!dirsJ~m..g.~1J5. ~~~~'-" "Y~~'~~~"~~~~~~'s-'" ;, 'ts~~~~,~~~~~,~~. .. £MA&t~~.~~~~~,~~.n~z-'@~£*L'rM~~~~®~~ ~~ 'fJ?},~::t~.~.a4tf.i:llt:m:~ffJlIJ. 0. @J~.~®-/J\~. ,. ~.~AT:¥JJ!JI!. ~f.i~~ffJ-*W'~.iiwr~~~~&±.a~Ro. *. *. F o. *. C. il ( JIlt {if : 88 ~ 5/'1 12 8 .. ~ IE : 88 ~ 7 f'l 14. 8 . :P} ~ IE : 88 ~ 8 f'l 25 8 • f.t~ : 88 ~ 9 f'l 10 8 ). €. a a (. t. tt® ~fi.*MA~~~~~~~*~~A~IW'.~~~no-nnO~~~~~~*~~~~fl$~ lEm~:1:~jj.*~mrs.1JIllMilII1I. 0. ;e David Lempert, • Changing Russian Political Culture in the. 1990s: Parasites, Paradigms, and Perestroika,' Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35 (July 1993), p. 639.. :1:. '. j):)3Z.@)JgfJtl1Jl1J*ftl.ili3~Z.m. '. ibICW"'-llfJtl1JxB}]~jiiJ. *. .fl;tfHt 1*'<l'~ 13 Ell , *~~mfffaJfiljt:klil!tUtfJtI1JA~. ll.t@ F. Sogrin, The Political History of Contemporary Russian 1985- 1994, p. 185. ~m&~'~~A~~m~.~~~·~~A~m~~o. il±@ ~~3twrt,j (Jon Elster) fftfH:\!1iltl~.fJt.wr.~~t!f!ll. : ~:1: • • ~zrd.lE:m~. '. ilm~1tLWm. flm&~=~~E:~~.,mflm~1tL~ • • ~,m~:1:Wilm~¥,mflm&1tL=~zMfl • • ·~ t,jfltl5§iil!;jiJUlwr@&~ • • ~ftl.il. • mFnJ~~:1Ffl.f!1*m '. fil'lU~~7fOJfiIj~~. • ;eJon Elster, "The. Necessity and Impossibility of Simultaneous Economic and Politic Reform,' in Douglas Greenberg, ed., Constitutionalism and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 267-274..
(23) i}UIWil¥J!(il&~~rR'~~~. ~!19. iftiz !it~ ~;w. ~fi. Research On The Constitutional. Development of Russia. ~f$. i:f:1' 1Q]?f. Wu-PingKwo. ~~. Abstract. B). The constitutional development of Russia is similar to that of the Republic of China. Both have a history of more than one thousand years of autocracy and were revolutionized in the first decade of the twentieth century as their respective constitutional systems emerged. As a result of inner turmoil, the constitutional systems changed to one party control-- either the totalitarian or authoritarian system. Around 1987, the U.S.S.R. and R.O.C. both attempted political reform and turned toward the direction of constitutional democracy. However, both are currently still debating amendments to their constitutions. Russian constitutional development may provide the ROC some guidance in consti tution revision. This article includes: a prelude, short history of the Russian constitution, amendment debates, the process of the 1993 constitution, and the conclusion. keywords : Russia, semi-presidential system, constitutional development, constitutional process. 1117t the Vol.. HE ,l3:l !ff[. 1m 'he rg,. 74.. S9.
(24)
相關文件
For ex- ample, if every element in the image has the same colour, we expect the colour constancy sampler to pro- duce a very wide spread of samples for the surface
You are given the wavelength and total energy of a light pulse and asked to find the number of photons it
Wang, Solving pseudomonotone variational inequalities and pseudocon- vex optimization problems using the projection neural network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17
volume suppressed mass: (TeV) 2 /M P ∼ 10 −4 eV → mm range can be experimentally tested for any number of extra dimensions - Light U(1) gauge bosons: no derivative couplings. =>
Define instead the imaginary.. potential, magnetic field, lattice…) Dirac-BdG Hamiltonian:. with small, and matrix
incapable to extract any quantities from QCD, nor to tackle the most interesting physics, namely, the spontaneously chiral symmetry breaking and the color confinement..
• Formation of massive primordial stars as origin of objects in the early universe. • Supernova explosions might be visible to the most
Miroslav Fiedler, Praha, Algebraic connectivity of graphs, Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 23 (98) 1973,
