論台灣兒童自然科普書寫－－以《李淳陽昆蟲記》為例

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፤ᇄᢋڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹ

ɯɯпȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ࣐پ

ഋ ܃ ᓉ

*

Ȫᄣ

्ȫ

ߗԒٿȂᇄᢋഌϸޠڌ่НᏱ௦ڨҢᄙᏱޤᜌȂ೼ٳ๗Ӭȶڌ่НᏱȷڸȶՍดਫ ቹȷȂೞᆏձȶڌ่ՍดਫቹȷޠձࠣȂ஽ϾΠҢᄙ״ຠȶҘ៊Ңڽȷޠഷಥ྆܉Ȃ௄ ۼቺึදఁيޠΩ໕Ȅȶڌ่ՍดਫቹȷϜԇӶȶᔤ΢ȷڸȶᔤՍดȷڎᆎՍดᢏȂу উӶڌ่ޠԚߞႇโϜϸր׹ᅌ຀ϛӤޠِՔȇดՅᓎ຀ڌ่ޠԒखቩߞȂȶᔤՍดȷ ޠՍดᢏᔗഃᅛԚ࣐ڌ่Ꭸ᠟ޠ२ЗȄӱԫȂȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷΚР८૗ٻڌ่᠟ ޲௦ڨНᏱޠᙦഞȂΚР८ࠍߵໍΠ၍ҢࣁளᜌܗऌᏱၿ౪Ȅԫᆎਫቹሰ्஠ཿȂ௚ԥ চറȶ߭ȷȃȶႁȷȃȶ፹ȷȃȶѾȷѳঐ఩ӈȂйӤਣڏറऌᏱ՘࣐ڸऌᏱᆡઢȂ឵ ܼȶՍดऌᏱঢ়ȷϟቹձȂР࣐ȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠഷٺጓҐȄ Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯᕖூӼ໷ᓻًȶڌ่Սดऌ඾᠟ޑȷዪȂٯಓӬȶ߭ȷȃȶႁȷȃ ȶ፹ȷȃȶѾȷѳঐ఩ӈȄ؄వ໩Ӷ݁ᙬ՘࣐ःفޠଇ፤αᇅݳҁᅮԥܛݣ౵ȂЏڐӶ ᢏᘉαԥϛఽྀܗ΢᜹ᜳп௦ڨϟ೏ȇӱԫȂҐНၑშၽңȶӼϰᜌ᠟ȷޠᎨ᠟๋౲Ȃ ᔔֆ࡛ᄻޤᜌȄณ፤ԄեȂȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯණٽޠ݁ᙬޤᜌȃऌᏱ՘࣐ȃऌᏱᄙ࡚І ȶҘ៊ҢڽȷޠਰЗ྆܉ȂڏԥఁيཏဏȄ ᜱᗥມȈȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ ڌ่НᏱ Սดਫቹ ऌ඾ਫቹ Ӽϰᜌ᠟ * _{୯ҥܿ๮εᏢύЎ܌ᅺγ੤}

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On Children's Nature-Popular Science

Writing In Taiwan

- -

Taking The Insect Research

of Sung Yang Lee For Example

Chen, Yu-Jing

*

Abstract

In recent years, partial Children's Literature in Taiwan, these works combine³Children's Literature´ with ³Nature Writing´ are called ³Children's Nature Writing´, which strengthen ³sustainable life´ of the final concept of Eco-Criticism and display education strength from the bottom. There are ³anthropomorphic´ and ³imitation nature´ two kinds of natural views in ³Children's Nature Writing´, and they are playing the different role separately in the course of children's growth. However, with the growth of children, the view of ³imitation nature´ should gradually become the focus of children's reading. Therefore, ³Children's Nature-Popular Science Writing´ can make the child reader to accept the influence of literature, on the other hand can promote the understanding life general knowledge or scientific truth. This kind of writing needs specialty which only has both ³true´, ³fluent´, ³interesting´ ³skillfully´ four conditions, and simultaneously has the scientific behavior and the spirit of science that belongs to ³natural scientist´ of writing can be the best model for writing of³Children's Nature-Popular Science Writing´.

The Insect Research of Sung Yang Lee obtains a number of excellent ³Children's Nature-Popular Science Reading´ awards, and meets ³true´, ³fluent´, ³interesting´ ³skillfully´ four conditions. Sung Yang Lee¶s discussion of insect behavior differs from the

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Fabre, especially in view there is something unclear or difficult to accept for human, therefore, this paper attempts to use " multiliteracy" to help construct knowledge of reading strategies. Anyway, The Insect Research of Sung Yang Lee provides insects knowledge, scientific behavior, scientific attitude and the core concept of ³sustainable life" are educational.

KeywordsȈThe Insect Research of Sung Yang Lee, Children's Literature,Nature Writing, Popular Science Writing, Multiliteracy

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Κȃᇄᢋȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷޠ౫ݸ

౪ࢦȅࣅЊȞRichard LowȟӶȮѷџύݔޠࡇφȈࢂఀȶτՍดુн઀ȷڌ่ȯ ȞLast Child in the WoodsȈSaving Our Children from Nature-Deficit DisorderȟΚਫϜȂ ଭᄈ౫хڌ่ᇅՍด໣ޠུᜱ߾ȂණяȶτՍดુн઀ȷȞNature-Deficit Disorderȟޠ ມཋȂࡿޠ࢑ȶ΢᜹ӱ౶ሊՍดՅ౱Ңޠөᆎߓ౫ȂԄདញᒷ໛ȃݨཏΩϛ໲ϜȃԂึ Ң౪ڸЗ౪੾੿ȷ1_{ȄᑰொȶτՍดુн઀ȷޠڌ่ȂѷџᡞᡜڸདڨՍดޠ૗ΩȂη} ϛᔘூԄեᇅՍดӔ೏ȂᅛՅѷџഐѵؒҢޠҐ૗ȄଷΠٙȃЗڨژኈ៫ѵȂሊᚕ઎ᄃ Սด؂ആԚڌ่᡺ܓޠോѷȂ೼ཏک຀ґٿޠίΚхᄈٙਡޠٲޑ஡ϛӕདژԂۊȂу উѷџΠདྷ჌Ωڸ഻ആΩȂٯᓎ຀ᄈٲޑఄད࡚ޠ७մȂӶؒޤႇโϜુнᑀҴࡧՄޠ ցᘟΩȄ ดՅȂඳΚঐِ࡚ࡧՄȂԄӤ౪ࢦȅࣅЊܛᇰ࣐ޠȂܗ೩שউޠίΚх஡८ᖞȶՍ ดޠಥ๗ȷȂկשউϬԥᐡཽ׾ᡑ౫ݸȂழٿ२ҢޠᡚൊȄ2 ȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷԥཏᜌ ޠ஡ڌ่ܝӲτӵϟҕޠᛅܳȂٯஊᎵڌ่ޠҢᄙཏᜌȇѫΚР८Ȃᄈڌ่ՅّȂ่Ԓ ਣ෉ޠՍด᜹᠟ޑᙥҦНԆڸშ჌ޠЖᏳȂԚ࣐ڌ่ᇅՍดзࣩޠഀ๗ᆔၿȄ

ȞΚȟȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷޠึ৥ᇅࠊᙂ

ߗԒٿȂᇄᢋഌϸޠڌ่НᏱ๗ӬȶҢᄙᏱȷ3 ޤᜌȂᒋӬ࢚ܓޠНᏱІ฾።ޠޤ ᜌ౪፤ȂӪڌ่᠟޲༉ႁᜱᛅՍดڸནៗҢڽޠҢᄙࡧᆱȂ೼ٳೞᆏձȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷ ޠձࠣȂԚ࣐ڌ่Սดఁي२्ޠΚᕘȄਫቹՍดޠձ޲Ȃ਴ᐄϛӤޠ୞ᐡІᑀ੬ޠՍ ดᢏȂᒶᐆӬᎍޠቹձКݳȂᙥԫൕକڌ่ᄈՍดޠዦནȇՎܼτ΢ڸःف޲ࠍ॓ೱױ ᜱڸࢻ೾Ȃ࣐ڌ่ࢆᒶᓻًޠ᠟ޑȄ൸ձࠣޠϲৡڸםԓՅّȂѠ྆ϸ࣐ȶНᏱܓȷڸ ȶߩНᏱܓȷڎ᜹ȈȶНᏱܓȷޠձࠣє഻֥ձȃ׾ቹȃϊࠣයН๊Ȃ२ຝпНᏱКݳ ߓ౫лᢏ௒དȃࡧདྷڸདྷ჌ȂႁژЖକڌ่᠟޲དܓӔቂޠҭޠȂйණٽуউ۾իڸ഻ 1 Ȑऍȑ౛ࢗǷࢶϻȐRichard Lowȑ๱ǴଘӇǵЦՋ௵ǵᖴᆢ࣓ǵЦဃිǵ᚟஀ฐ᝿ǺȠѨѐξ݅ޑ࠸ηǺ ࡳ௱ȨεԾฅલЮੱȩٽูȡȐLast Child in the WoodsǺSaving Our Children from Nature-Deficit DisorderȑǴ ᆵчᑜǺഁΓЎϯрހǴ2009Ǵ। 54Ƕ 2 ӕ߻ຏǴ। 14Ƕ 3 ϞϺ܌ࡰޑȨғᄊᏢȩᆶՋБচബڋȨEcologyȩ΋ຒޑϣ৒ᆶጄൎ࣬ৡࣗᇻǴԜೀ܌ࡰޑȨғᄊᏢȩǴ ۓကࣁȨғނޑғࢲᆶځڬൎޑ׎ຝԖᜢ߯Ǵࣴز೭ᅿᜢ߯ޑࣽᏢᆀࣁғᄊᏢȩǶـଘၰ౓ǴȠғᄊᏢཷ ፕȡǴᆵчᑜǺ଄იݤΓ৪М୷ߎ཮Ǵ1992Ǵ। 7Ƕ

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ആޠѠ૗ȇȶߩНᏱܓȷޠձࠣл्ࡿޠ࢑ȶڌ่ޤᜌܓ᠟ޑȷ4_{ȂቹձяึᘉӶܼ༉} ሏޤᜌစᡜȂٯໍΚؐჃᓿڌ่᠟޲л୞ଢؒ઎౪Ȅ ȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷ࢑ȶڌ่НᏱȷȞChildren's LiteratureȟڸȶՍดਫቹȷȞNature Writingȟޠ๗ӬȂڎ޲ޠᜱ߾ஞϹȂᇅڐөՍޠึ৥ႇโІӔӤҭዀԥᜱȄॷӒȂᜱ ܼȶڌ่НᏱȷȂө୾ഷߒޠڌ่НᏱࣲྜՍȶఁيڌ่ȷޠሰ्Ȅ΢উߒ෉ւңڌ่ НᏱٿఁᏳࡇφ࣐΢೏ٲޠྦࠍȂេᒰԚ΢ޠདྷݳȂٯ्ؒࡇφᏱಭԚ΢ޠ՘࣐ዂԓȂ ԄࡿᏳҢࣁޠȮԼঢ়ۘȯІఁيၿ኉ޠȮήԆစȯȄՎΡΫзखȂڌ่НᏱᢏഃᅛᅌᡑ ࣐஡ȶڌ่ȷຝ࣐᠟޲џቹձȂՅߩયӶԚ΢ޠҴൠȄ5 ܼ࢑Ȃኅဏޠȶڌ่НᏱȷȂ ࡿޠ߰࢑ᎍӬڌ่Ꭸ᠟ޠНᏱձࠣȂڐѠп࢑ڌ่ܗԚ΢ܛቹޠձࠣȂҼᆏ࣐ȶڌ่᠟ ޑȷȂߓ౫םԓє֥НᏱܓޠᔜቒȃ᜸НȃයНȂІഀᕘܗ൑ᑀםԓޠშฬਫȂІߩН Ᏹܓޠ΢НᏱऌȃަཽᏱȃՍดᏱऌȄ6 ڐԪȂᜱܼȶՍดਫቹȷȂᓎ຀΢উᄈҢ೏ᕘძޠᜱݨІՍดձࠣޠӼϰ഻ձȂȶՍ ดਫቹȷޠۢဏϑึҢᙾᡑȄԄ֕݃ઊԟԒӶȮпਫቹ၍ܺՍด˕˕ᇄᢋ౫хՍดਫቹ ޠ௥સȯϜȂ௵ң੮ဏޠᇴݳȂᇰ࣐ȶՍดਫቹȷ࢑ȶΚᆎඦӬᢏᄇȃᄃᡜȃଅᓄȃད ܓᖓདྷޠਫቹРԓȷȂ஡ฑᘉ໲ϜӶȶՍดਫቹϜޠߩຏᄻයНȷޠ፤ख़ȇดՅуߗԒ л्ڨژᏏຆȞPatrick MurphyȟȮՍดᏳӪНᏱःفޠሊ՘ȯȞFarther Afield in the Study

of Nature-Oriented LiteratureȟϜȶՍดᏳӪНᏱȷȞnature-oriented literatureȟޠ྆܉ኈ

៫ȂՅᘘτȶՍดਫቹȷޠۢဏȂᙾ࣐ȶҢᄙ״ຠȷȞEco-Criticismȟޠِ࡚Ȃࡿޠ࢑ ȶ״ຠ޲ӶНᏱНҐϜȂึ౫ڐܛᗵ֥ޠᕘძཏᜌȃᕘძঘ౪ޠࣻᜱࣽݳȂ࢑Κঐ๗Ӭ ӵ౪ȃՍดऌᏱȃҢᄙᏱȃНᏱ๊Ᏹߟޠ״ຠߟ৸ȂڐःفጓᛠࣦՎᘘІڐѻߩНᏱȞԄ ࡛ᑟȃႬኈ««ȟൠ஀ȷȂ֊ȶНᏱڸՍดᕘძᜱ߾ޠःفȷȄ7 ࿌ȶՍดਫቹȷޠःفِ࡚ܦ৥࣐Ңᄙ״ຠਣȂпጓᛠٿᇴȂȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷ߰ 4 _{Ȩٽูޕ᛽܄᠐ނȩࡰޑࢂ૶ᒵ܄᠐ނǴջȨߚλᇥȩޑٽู᠐ނǴҔЎᏢמѯѐೀ౛Ǵ೴ᅌޑ٬Ѭᕇ} ளΑЎᏢ܄Ǵ٠аࣽᏢ᠐ނǵғނ૶ǵ໺૶ǵൔᏤЎᏢѤޣҽໆനӭǶـഡ݅಍ǺȤޕ᛽܄᠐ނޑᜪࠠȥǴ ȠٽูЎᏢޑࡘགྷᆶמѯȡǴᆵчǺ൤ࡾǴ2004Ǵ। 365Ƕ 5 _{ഡ݅಍ࡰрǴ౜жޑٽูЎᏢᢀԖϖᗺນ؃Ǻ΋ǵाዴჴޑઠӧٽูޑҥ൑ബբǴόૈעԋΓޑࡘགྷک} ߞచฯ༞๏ٽูǹΒǵٽูЎᏢޑϣ৒ک٬ҔޑᇟقǴѸ໪ࢂٽู܌ૈΑှǴ܌ૈݒ፞ޑǹΟǵϣ৒ک ߄౜ޑמѯǴाૈ࡭ុޑ٬᠐ޣགډᐚࠆޑᑫ፪ǹѤǵाଛӝٽูيЈว৖ޑ໘ࢤǹϖǵբৎόՠाԖ ЎᏢঅᎦǴӕਔΨᔈูЈ҂䞖ǴԶૈ߄౜٬ٽูӅሳޑࡘགྷǶـഡ݅಍ǺȤٽูЎᏢᢀޑᄽ຾ȥǴȠٽู ЎᏢޑࡘགྷᆶמѯȡǴ। 47Ƕ 6 _{ᜢܭȨٽูЎᏢȩޑۓကǴـ݅Ўᝊǵ৪Ӻᔱǵഋ҅ݯǵጰۘඵǺ}_{ȠٽูЎᏢȡ} ǴᆵчǺϖࠄǴ1998Ǵ। 9-27Ƕ 7 ֆܴ੻ӧȨԾฅਜቪȩȐNature Writingȑۓက΢ޑᙯᡂǴـֆܴ੻ǴȠаਜቪှܫԾฅˇˇᆵ᡼౜жԾ ฅਜቪޑ௖઩ȡǴᆵчǺεӼਜֽǴ2004ǴϷֆܴ੻ǺȤᕉნ໼ᤊᆶऍޑቲకˇˇख़၍ֺᐛ๲ȠѺФ⌇׸ȡ ډȠቲ቙Ѡ᡼ȡև౜ޑᕉნউ౛ᢀȥǴȠѠ᡼ЎᏢࣴزᏢൔȡ7Ȑ2008.10ȑǺ179-182Ƕ

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ϛӕ༊४ܼයН᜹ޠձࠣȂՅচ֥᜸Н᜹ȃᔜቒ᜹ȃშฬਫ᜹ȂࣦՎົ຺НᏱޠስ஀Ȃ ٻூȶڌ่НᏱȷڸȶՍดਫቹȷޠ๗Ӭᡑூ؂ৡܿȂኻᇽη؂ђӼϰᙵ൳ȇпӔӤҭ ዀٿࣽȂȶڌ่НᏱȷҐྜՍఁيڌ่ޠሰ्Ȃȶఁيܓȷ࢑ձࠣ҇റ఩ӈϟΚȂՅȶՍ ดਫቹȷᙾӪҢᄙ״ຠȂпଢؒ΢ڸՍด໣ڸᒚޠᜱ߾्࣐ଡ଼Ȃւң״ຠڸࡈᏳڴᢲ΢ ᜹ထᡞΚӤҔຝᕘძߴيޠ२्ܓȂ឵ܼҢᄙఁيޠΚᕘȄ ౪፤ϟѵȂȶڌ่НᏱȷڸȶՍดਫቹȷ๗Ӭޠᄃ፻Ȃл्ᘫѓܼөРޠ୥ᇅቹձȄ ӶᇄᢋȂڌ่НᏱձঢ়ቹձՍดޠ௒םȈԄ؄ዐȮጸᙣޠЋ҂ࢸСଅȯпᒒϹޠਫ߭ᡞ ЖّȂђαСଅԓޠདܓਫቹȂ׶ึ੖ࢸᇅ΢᜹ϟནȂচՅଢᏺᐤѭܗឋ፤ਣٲȂڏറ ׊ᢏຝഐȃৈஏ໵Ȯτࠆ㜟ޠڴൕȈᡞᡜᏱಭޠҥ༫ϊᏱȯѠຝ࣐ΚҐ՘୞ःفȂկձ ޲૗пॴ፹ၕᒚޠКݳȂଭᄈఁيڸҥ༫ୱᚡණяᆡ៧ޠଇ፤ȃ଼ෂ፲ȮϊҪᘆȯڦ؆ Ңࣁαޠ઎ᄃٲӈȂᡲࡇφ૗དӤٙڨȂໍՅᔘூནៗ୞ޑᇅᜱᛅ໑ρ๊Ȃ೼ٳпՍด ࣐ᚡ؆ڸРӪޠڌ่НᏱձࠣȂණЁΠڌ่᠟ޑޠޤᜌܓڸ״ցܓȇѫΚР८ȂՍดਫ ቹձঢ়௄ٲᎍӬڌ่Ꭸ᠟ޠ഻ձȂԄটܡȮᆌᅮኟಽՍดᛳҐȯقӗ᏿ߞңདܓྤ࢚ޠ НԆཧପКᛳშٿ၍ᇴՍดࣩޠٲޑȃቔջᖹȮτᓟഩϊ༉ۊȯၽң༰ᏊޠРԓȂӶۊ དྷ൴ّϜ஛൴౐ڔޠল౪ȃ৹ϧঔȮ୞ޑଅٲȈ৹ϧঔޠՍดᢏᄇᇅᡞᡜȯᙥҦᓻजޠ ྲбᇅᙐዔޠНԆϮಞᇄᢋՍดࣩޠ୞ޑҢᄙ๊Ȃ೼ٳпڌ่ϟ्ؒяึޠՍดਫቹձ ࠣȂ࣐Πٻڌ่η૗஋Ꭸ᠟ȂՅӶਫቹαစႇᙾϾȂଷΠߴ੽঩ԥޠՍดޤᜌڸҢᄙ״ ຠпѵȂНԆॴੀІ௷ޏᗎܼ҂ᄃȃԥ፹Ȅ ᆤӬпα౪፤ڸяޏ௒םޠϸݚȂ৥౫яȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷޠུຝഐϛ༊૗ܦቷᎨ ᠟ᄈຬޠጓ൝ȂቩђᎨ᠟ޠॴ੊Ȃᗚ૗஽ϾҢᄙ״ຠȶҘ៊Ңڽȷޠഷಥ྆܉Ȃ௄ۼቺ ึදఁيޠΩ໕Ȅ

ȞΡȟȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠቹձ੬Քᇅ्ስ

ȶڌ่ՍดਫቹȷϜȂۧя౫Κᆎচڏޤܓڸདܓ੬ՔޠȶՍดऌᏱ᜹ȷϟޤᜌܓ ᠟ޑȄᐄߚөৡޠᢏᄇȂуᆏϟ࣐ȶऌᏱН᛻ȷȂڐѠ឵ܼНᏱܓޠऌᏱ᠟ޑȂܗޤᜌ ܓޠНᏱձࠣȂ࢑ऌᏱᇅНᏱࣻ๗ӬޠձࠣȂٻڌ่᠟޲ΚР८௦ڨНᏱޠᙦഞȂΚР ८Π၍ҢࣁளᜌܗऌᏱၿ౪Ȅ8_{ᇄᢋՍดऌᏱН᛻ޠяޏ௒םȂٸྲቹձ޲ޠٙϸȂѠ} ୣϸ࣐ή᜹ȈಒΚ᜹࢑஠ᙜ഻ձޠձঢ়Ȃуউᗷดϛ࢑ՍดऌᏱࣻᜱስ஀ޠऌੳяҢȂ կࠔᙥҦᄃርᢏᄇܗᇕ໲ࣻᜱၦଊȂತᑗቹձαޠޤᜌनෂȂٯ֖౫ܼձࠣ࿌ϜȂٻН 8 _{ߋӚ৒ǺȤᅐፋٽู᠐ނޑрހȥ}_Ǵ Ƞᆵчѱҥკਜᓔᓔૻȡ6.3Ȑ1989.3ȑǴ http://www.tpml.edu.tw/TaipeiPublicLibrary/index.php?subsite=chinese&page=chinese-eresource-tplpub-tplpu b_periodical-view_catz.php&vol_no=0603Ȑ2009.6.20 ΢ᆛȑǶ

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Ԇϛ৷ڏםԓजདՅ൳ԥ౐࡚ȂԄࠊНܛӗᖟޠቔջᖹȃ৹ϧঔ๊ȄಒΡ᜹࢑᐀ԥ஠ཿ ՍดऌᏱޤᜌनෂޠःف޲ȃ௥ᓏঢ়ȃҢᄙϏձ޲ȃఁي΢স๊Ȃуউϛ༊Цܼၦਠޠ ᇕ໲ڸᐍ౪Ȃᗚ૗ᒒՍ௄ٲҥഐ።ࢦܗᡓᒯᄃᜍޠऌᏱःفȂձࠣϲৡє֥ഐӵစᡜൣ ᏳȃུޤϮಞȃᄃᡜႇโखᓄȂਫቹα௵ңདܓȃҢ୞ȃࢻᄲޠНᏱ์ݳȂԄ෭ีᖞޠ ȮኢُഐҢ୞ޑȯණٽϏձϜޠܛُܛᆹȂϮಞ୾ϲڸ୾ѵ୞ޑޠҢࣁࢉٲȃؖਐϜޠ Ȯ൷׳ѷဤޠՃᢂȯखᓄՍϐߞԒᢏᄇᇄᢋՃᢂޠ౫ݸȂٯᇅڐу୾ঢ়୉Щၷȃ؄зᄹ ޠȮߨຑϛᙐ൑ȯ࣐ߨຑܰឹΚഀ՜ޠҢࣁྲȂٯቹяуᢏᄇߨຑޠЗூ๊Ȃᇅڐу᜹ ր݃ᡘϛӤޠ࢑Ȃձ޲ᄃӵໍ՘Κഀ՜ᢏᄇڸःفޠऌᏱ՘࣐ȂІ՘࣐नࡤഇᡘяᄃٲ ؒ࢑ޠऌᏱᆡઢȂ࢑ڐуНԆϏձ޲ܛુнޠȄಒή᜹࢑Κૢऌ඾᠟ޑޠጢቹ޲Ȃуউ ޠቹձ୞ᐡл्ٿՍяޏᐡᄻޠ्ؒȂӼљ༊૗୉ژпНᏱє၇ऌᏱޤᜌޠโ࡚Ȃࠣ፵ ϛΚȂпȶ෉ёᚖᇭȷڸȶ৉ਫȷ࣐хߓȂࠊ޲ԄȮུϊгႴᚖᇭȯȃȮऌᏱУёȯȃ ȮτऌᏱڌ่ՍดऌᏱУёȯ๊ȇࡤ޲ԄȮᅖᖑϊԼऌȯȃȮΫ࿳ঐ࣐ϨቅȯȃȮՍด ऌᏱ่ၘȯ๊Ȅ пαή᜹ձࠣ൸ኅဏՅّȂࣲѠຝ࣐ȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷȂดՅ์޲ᇰӤ஼ϟല ޠࣽݳ˕˕ȶڌ่ऌ඾ቹձȷሰ्஠ཿȂՅߩ֬໣ڌ่ёޑ፝ȶቹКȷᐍጢяޏȂӤਣ ҇໹চڏؖ֘ύܛණ೾ߺऌᏱ᠟ޑޠȶ߭ȷȃȶႁȷȃȶ፹ȷήঐ఩ӈȂђα஼ϟല᚟ ѵණяޠȶѾȷȂѳ޲ϸրࡿޠ࢑ȶऌᏱޤᜌ߭ՅԥኊȷȃȶН᜞ᄲႁณᛥȷȃȶ፹ک ܓڸఃึܓȷȃȶѾֽޠቹձКࢳȷȄ9ಓӬпαѳঐ఩ӈȂйӤਣڏറऌᏱ՘࣐ڸऌ ᏱᆡઢȂ឵ܼȶՍดऌᏱঢ়ȷϟቹձȂР૗Ԛ࣐ȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠഷٺጓҐȂ֊ ࠊНܛණޠΡ᜹ۢဏȄηӱԫȂԥȶᇄᢋಒΚ՞ݳҁᅮȷज៘ޠ݁ᙬᏱঢ়؄వ໩ᇅڐਫ Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ൸ᡘூ྄ڐ੬ੇՅ२्ȂѠп୉࣐ȶᇄᢋڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠ२् ጓ࠯ٿଇ፤Ȅ

Ρȃ؄వ໩ᇅуޠ݁ᙬзࣩ

ڸ΢᜹ҢࣁӶӤΚঐᕘძϜޠȶ୞ޑȷȂ࢑ڌ่དᑺ፹ޠՍดࣩҢޑϟΚȂسউೞ ቹΤϊᇴȃ่ၘȃ൴ّ๊НᏱڸߩНᏱޠᡞນȄ୞ޑߟϜέ឵ȶ݁ᙬȷޠ኶໕ڸᆎ᜹ഷ ӼȂංоќ୞ޑࣩޠ 3/4Ȃйུяޠ݁ᙬᆎ᜹ۧࡼ៊ೞःفяٿȄᇄᢋ᐀ԥٴዦழ੊঑ȃ ੬ੇӵםІӼኻޠෛޑࣻȂණٽөᆎ݁ᙬ෗ਁӵޠ఩ӈȂᐄȶᇄᢋၼېཽޠ੬ԥҢޑः 9 _{ȨٽูࣽදቪբȩޑѤঁచҹǴـ஭ϐണǺȤፋٽูࣽදቪբȥǴ} ȠࣽᏢДтȡ472Ȑ2009.4ȑǺ308-311Ƕ

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فߴيϜЗ୞ޑಣȷःف๗ݏȂङԥ 45,000 ژ 200,000 ᆎȂϑีစڽӫ޲ङ 18,000 ᆎȂ ࢉᇄᢋԥȶ݁ᙬе୾ȷϟ៘Ȅ10_{ѠпᇴȂȶ݁ᙬȷ࢑ڌ่СளҢࣁϜഷᒒߗޠჲգȄ} ݁ᙬᏱःفτ৲ݳҁᅮȞJean-Henri FabreȂ1823~1915ȟȂݳ୾НᇻߧݏȞVictor HugoȂ1802~1885ȟᆏу࣐ȶ݁ᙬޠೊ଼ȷȂ་ᅿљҢቹձȮ݁ᙬଅȯȞSouvenirs EntomologiquesȟȂٯՍ 1879 ԒՎ 1909 Ԓഛ៊яޏӔ 10 ьȄȮ݁ᙬଅȯ࢑Κഌȶ݁ᙬ Ґ૗ޠःفȷȂਫϜޠ౪፤ᢏᘉᇅႁᅮНȞRobert DarwinȂ1809~1882ȟޠȶᅌϾ፤ȷ ࣻႃनȄݳҁᅮᇰ࣐௄݁ᙬޠቋϾҐ૗Ȃژ΢᜹ޠ౪ܓᡑ೾ȂԥΚၿϛѠ⽞຺ޠᘅྜྷȂ ϛѠ૗ᅌϾȇႁᅮНࠍණᒻуȂӉե׈जޠ՘࣐ዂԓഎԥᅌϾޠႇโȂޑᆎϲཽϛᘟя ౫ᡑ౵ȂٽȶЉᐆȷඤᒶȂйޑᆎӶਣޫϜޠഀ៊ᡑϾȂ࿌ίޠԥ४ҥഐᢏᄇၦਠґ҇ ٘пථ៪Ȅ11

ϭСȂ᝸ݳҁᅮϟࡤȂᇄᢋಒΚ՞݁ᙬᏱঢ়؄వ໩ȞSung Yang LeeȂ1922~ȟȂӤ ኻᄈݳҁᅮޠȶ݁ᙬҐ૗ᇴȷණя፵ᅹȂ؂ໍΚؐᢏᄇःفࡿя݁ᙬڏԥҐ૗ȃහ૗ڸ ົ૗Ȅ௄ණяᅹୱژ၍؛ୱᚡޠႇโȂ؄వ໩৥౫ऌᏱঢ়Κഀ՜ޠऌᏱ՘࣐ڸଡ଼ᄃޠऌ ᏱᆡઢȄȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯழ๞ڌ่ޠఁيܓȂԄӤ୾Ҵጢណᓣ୾ϊՍดऌᏱఁऌңਫ ጢᒯېসཽېসചు৏ܛණяޠȈȶڌ่ՍดऌᏱ᠟ޑ๞ϡ᠟޲ޠϲోϛ൑࢑ᄃٲؒ࢑ ޠऌᏱᆡઢȂᗚєࢃஊᎵ᠟޲ན௕࿳ޑȃΠ၍൶२Սดޠ௒ᛅȂпІ࣐΢೏ٲȃϏձᄙ ࡚ޠᙦഞȷȄ12

ȞΚȟ؄వ໩݁ᙬःفޠ᝸܂໡ٿ

؄వ໩࢑ᇄᢋಒΚ՞ःف݁ᙬഷ࣐ഇᄖޠ݁ᙬᏱঢ়Ȃуᄈࡤзഷ२्ޠኈ៫ȂӶܼ ௄ 1968 Ԓ໡ۗܰឹ݁ᙬҢᄙኈбȂᐤစΥԒϘ׈ԚȂ࢑ᇄᢋಒΚഌඵӫ୾ርޠ݁ᙬҢ ᄙखᓄбȂٯ෇ഀ៊ᕖூӼ໷τዪȂԄ 1976 Ԓȶ؄ീςޠ݁ᙬзࣩȷȞThe Insect World

of Dr. Leeȟᄹᕖȶٴࢹኈ৥ȷഷٺՍดࣩखᓄбዪȃ1977 ԒȶThe Hidden Eventsȷᄹᕖ

ज୾ឹኈڟཽȶ୾ርႬኈ࿾ȷ஠ཿಣॷዪȃ1979 Ԓȶ؄ീςޠ݁ᙬзࣩȷᄹᕖ՚໰შ ಒΡ۪ȶ୾ር༄ᝂኈ৥ȷٺձዪ๊Ȃඵӫ୾ርȄ13 ؄వ໩ޠȮ݁ᙬзࣩۊᢏȯ࢑ᇄᢋಒΚҐՍᇨޠՍดშНਫȂԫࡤ࣐уձ༉ޠೆ৥ ᝊჃᓿу२ུጢቹȂܼ࢑ 2005 ԒҦሊࢻяޏȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯᇅӤӫҢᄙኈбȂٯ௦ 10 ᆵ ᡼ ၭ ہ ཮ ੝ Ԗ ғ ނ ࣴ ز ߥ ػ ύ Ј ୏ ނ ಔ Ǵ http://www.tesri.gov.tw/content/animal/ani_insect.asp Ȑ˅˃˃ˌˁˉˁ˅˃ ΢ᆛȑǶ 11 _ЦၰᗋǺ_{Ȥ΋ΐ΋ϖԃΜДΜ΋ВȠܲᙝ૶ȡբޣݤѲᅟೳШȥ}_Ǵ ȠࣽᏢว৖ȡ358Ȑ2002.10ȑǺ72-74Ƕ 12 _{୯ҥύѧკਜᓔᆵ᡼ϩᓔ௢ቶᇶᏤಔጓǺ}_{ȠȨޕ᛽ᝊ৤ȩቶኞ࿯ҞǺٽูЎᏢسӈ஑໣ȡǴᆵчǺᆵ᡼ϩ} ᓔǴ1995Ǵ। 128Ƕ 13 _ಷ৖᜻Ǻ_{Ȥ׵ద໚ቹႽइ٣ȥ}_Ǵ_{Ƞܲᙝޕρ׵ద໚ȡ} ǴᆵчǺᇻࢬǴ2005Ƕ

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ഀᄹᕖӼ໷ڌ่᠟ޑޠዪ໷ȂԄ՘࢈ଲུᆹ׌ಒ 25 ԪϜϊᏱҢᓻً፟ѵ᠟ޑ௱Ϯȶᘏ ਫ.Ϗڏਫ᜹ȷȃಒ 48 ఙԪԂਫτঢ়᠟ȶޤᜌܓ᠟ޑಣȷȃڌ่౐ૈᎨ᠟ఁيᆪ 94 Ԓ ࡚ຠᒶԂਫȶାԒ઼ಣȷȃ94 Ԓ࡚ϊᆧ߄ȶՍดߴيߨЎԒಣȷ๊Ȅ ؄వ໩࢑Κ՞ߩ஠ཿձঢ়ޠՍดᢏᄇ޲ІःفসȂӶуܛቹІᒒՍឹኈޠȮ؄వ໩ ݁ᙬଅȯϜȂଷΠखᓄуःف݁ᙬ՘࣐ޠᐤโѵȂ؂२्ޠ࢑уᄈ݁ᙬޠᢛඵ൩ஆӶΚ ঐ஁ۢޠ୆ᇴαȂ֊݁ᙬԄӤ΢᜹ૢڏԥЗහȂࣦՎЩ΢᜹؂ђା݃ȂՅسউ஡Ԛ࣐ӵ ౩ྟκࡤഷѠ૗ԇࣁίٿޠޑᆎȄԫᆎ୆ᇴ௱ᙛΠΚૢ΢ᄈܼҢޑޠ྆܉Ȃᇰ࣐΢᜹࢑ ࿳ޑϟ᡺ȂҢޑڸᕘძࣲሰ्΢᜹ߴៗޠᢏᘉȄஆܼԫᆎ୆ᇴȂӶуޠձࠣϜЩၷࣽϛ ژΚૢձঢ়ȶᔤ΢Ͼȷޠ์ݳȂ௚ᑀ઎ᄃ֖౫݁ᙬՍٙߓ౫яȶѠ૗ȷᇅ΢᜹ࣻӤЇᔗ ޠ՘࣐ȄѫѵȂ؄వ໩စҦᢏᄇȃЩၷڸЇࣹȂණяȶ჌݁ᙬૢࡧՄޠҢࣁРԓȷȂၑ შ௄݁ᙬ՘࣐Ϝ׳яঅூ΢᜹ᏱಭޠӵРІᄈ΢᜹ȶҘ៊ҢڽȷଢؒޠࡿᏳȂ࢑౫х݁ ᙬःف२्ޠ໡഻޲ȂѠᇅݳҁᅮࣻЩᔤȄ Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ୉࣐ΚҐȶڌ่Սดऌ඾᠟ޑȷ࢑ᎍϹޠȂ঩ӱԥпίංᘉȈΚȃ ޤᜌ༉ሏαȂձ޲пऌᏱःف୉ᡜᜍȂՅߩຏᄻܗౡདྷȂ࣐ڌ่ණٽࡋᢏޠޤᜌȇΡȃ ձࠣםԓαȂ௵ڦშН୥ྲІ஠ᚡᇴ݃ޠРԓȂЏڐпഀᕘშбᇴ݃२्پφȂٯପӬ ఼ᡘܿᔘڸҢ୞ࣁዒޠНԆȂԥւܼڌ่౪၍ȇήȃϲৡڸᚡ؆αȂ૗Жึڌ่ޠᑺ፹ ІԂۊЗȂដึڌ่ࡧՄڸ״ցȇѳȃऌᏱᆡઢαȂ૗ٸඊऌᏱःفᢏᄇȃණя୆ᇴȃ ᡜᜍՎึߓ๗ݏޠؐ᡾ᐈձȂٯᄈϛጃۢޠޤᜌණяᅹୱȂ૗Жକڌ่௄ٲऌᏱःفޠ ᑺ፹ȇϥȃҢᄙཏᜌαȂ௄݁ᙬ՘࣐ϜึඵȶңནџࡧՄȷޠࡧᆱȂ༉ႁᄈܼ઎౪ޠଢ ؒІҢڽޠᜱᛅȂٻڌ่ᡞཽȶҘ៊Ңڽȷޠ२्ܓȄ

ȞΡȟ݁ᙬޠҐ૗ȃහ૗ڸົ૗

؄వ໩ޠ݁ᙬȶЗහ၍ጇȷःف຃߄ܼϜᏱਣ෉Ȅ࿌ਣޠീޑՃ৲ݙҐӒҢழስᏱ ҢಣᙒȶീޑӤԂཽȷȂ୆СਣՎഐѵᢏᄇ୞ȃෛޑȂٯఁᏳуউȶᅿ߭ਫȂϛԄณਫȷ ޠःفᄙ࡚ȄԫࡤȂ؄వ໩ӶᎨ᠟ݳҁᅮޠȮ݁ᙬଅȯਣȂࣽژݳҁᅮᄈȶ݁ᙬԥහ૗ȷ ޠ୆೪ໍ՘Κഀ՜ःفȂկഷಥࠔூژ֐ۢޠ๗ݏՅདژѷగȄޣژτᏱ౴ཿࡤȂ؄వ ໩ໍΤȶѯᢋᖃ࿝ۻၼཿၑᡜܛȷϏձȂӶΚԪᢏᄇ॓ݬᙬȞOulema oryzae ܗ Kuwayamaȟһପ௒םਣȂึ౫һପ๗؃ࡤȂ໱ᙬϬ௅ࡡӶሮᙬٙਡȂуᇰ࣐೼࢑݁ᙬ ௒དޠߓ౫Ȅ೼ኻޠึ౫ڸདྷݳȂ൩ۢΠ؄వ໩ࡤٿߞ෉ःف݁ᙬޠРӪȄ ࣐Πऐᡘ؄వ໩ٿՍܼݳҁᅮ݁ᙬःفޠఃึȂࠔέᇅݳҁᅮϛӤޠᢏᄇ๗ݏȂп ί஡ڎ΢ᄈ݁ᙬޠҐ૗ڸහ૗ϟःف୉ΚЩၷȄݳҁᅮᄈҢޑޠҐ૗ڸහ૗Ȃ෇ණяΚ ഀ՜ޠᅹୱȈ

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ғڮࢂϙሶǻךॺࢂցԖ΋ϺёૈଓྉډѬޑྍᓐǻךॺஒٰૈցӧ΋ᅀғೈ қύᐟଆғނᄬ೷ന߃ޑᅎᅓǻΓᜪޑඵችࢂϙሶǻᆶ୏ނඵΚޑ୔ձΞӧব ္ǻҁૈࢂϙሶǻЈ౛Ꮲ΢ޑٿᅿૈΚ໼ӛࢂѸόёϿޑ༏ǻѬॺࢂ୷ܭ΋ঁ ӅӕޑӢન༏ǻނᅿࢂցࡪྣᄽϯፕ܌ᒏޑৎسԶ۶Ԝϕ࣬ᜢᖄǻѬॺࢂցѝ ࢂ΋ݍݍ࿶ၸόӕᢜηඡѺޑ҉ࡡइۺകǴᒨԐ཮೏Шइޑ॥॥ߘߘᆭᇑࢣᅰ ګǻ14 ݳҁᅮၑშ౪၍Ңޑ՘࣐ᇅޑᆎᅌϾ໣ޠᜱ߾Ȃܼ࢑຀КήঐᄃᡜȂึ౫ಡဗွ ȞSphecidaeȟϛ୅ӵ࣐Κঐೞᐅٗޠ֋ᓾԇᇟດȂٯԄ܂ளૢࡍԂޫޫԄηޠွலȇ ಡဗွӶွலѷᙺࡤȂϬ܂঩֮༰ܢԹݬቺȇτЉᡯျȞGrand-Paonȟޠ҃ᙬϛ៬ณݳ ᡑԚျޠӡᓏȂ᝸៊ᙒᛰȂϛџঔ၅ખࢿȄ௄пαᄃᡜȂݳҁᅮίΠցᘟІ๗፤Ȉ ܲᙝલЮࡘ઩ǵӣᏫǵଓྉᐕўޑૈΚǾǾӧπբޑӚঁ໘ࢤǴ΋ঁςֹԋޑ ՉࣁѝࢂӢࣁȬς࿶ֹԋȭωڀԖሽॶǹܲᙝӆΨό཮ख़ፄࢌ΋ςֹԋޑՉࣁǴ ջ٬ࢌᅿཀѦा؃Ѭ೭ሶ଺Ƕ၀଺ޑؤϝௗ๱۳Π଺Ǵՠ߻य़଺ӳΑࠅҧѨޑ ೽ϩǴؤਥҁό཮ᜢЈǶ15 ݳҁᅮᇰ࣐݁ᙬޠ՘࣐࢑ڏԥڿۢԪזޠȂ֊߰ᕘძᡑ୞Ȃηϛ૗׾ᡑ೼ঐҐ૗ܛЇᔗ яٿޠԪזܓȇดՅ؄వ໩ࠔစҦΚഀ՜ޠᄃᡜȂ௱ᙛΠݳҁᅮޠᇴݳȄ؄వ໩ޠڐϜ Κ໷ᢏᄇ࢑݁ᙬޠᑟல໸ז࢑Ѡпᡑ୞ޠȈ༂८ွȞ༂८ݬ൨ွȂAnterhynchium flavomarginatumȟІٖ८ွȞ෌८ݬ൨ွȂRhynchium quinquecinctumȟཽҦԽᆔ୐८ ތΤȂ܂α୉яΚঐيᔊࡊȇ༂८ွηཽϜᘟࡍπϏձȂॵژ᎒ߗޠΚ਴ུԽᆔᔯࢦȂ ดࡤέॵӲ঩೏Ȃ׈Ԛ঩ӒϜᘟޠࡍπϏձȂഷࡤϘॵژথথࢦࣽႇޠུԽᆔϲ౱֋ȃ ᑟུலȄ16 ໍΚؐȂ؄వ໩ᡜᜍ݁ᙬӶѵӶᕘძ׾ᡑࡤȂ᐀ԥϸᒲڸᔗᡑޠ૗ΩȄॷӒȂ؄వ ໩਍ٗ༂८ွᑟலޠԽᆔȂ࿌༂८ွӲٿਣȂӶ঩ӒԽᆔޠ՞ဋ௅ࡡϛџȂѠُ༂८ွ ᇰூᑟலޠ՞ဋȇԪࠍȂ؄వ໩஡Խᆔޠ՞ဋᄈ።Ȃ࿌༂८ွӲٿਣȂࢦញϛᄈȂ߰ྲ ຀঩ٿޠॵ՘ၰጤ२ॵήӲȂഷࡤຳਣ 2 ϸយϘ׳ژ঩ӒޠԽᆔȂկӕԪ܂ߖਣȂࠔຳ 14

ȐݤȑݤѲᅟȐJean-Henriȑ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿ǺȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡȐSouvenirs Entomologiquesȑಃ 4 нȠီ ᜪޑࢥనȡǴᆵчǺᇻࢬǴ2002Ǵ। 51Ƕ

15

ӕ߻ຏǴ। 67Ƕ 16

(11)

ਣංऍយϘଅକҔጃޠၰጤȂ௦ഀංԪᄃᡜȂᜍ݃༂८ွȶᒲᇰɯ׳൷ȷޠႇโ࢑စႇ ࡧՄڸցᘟޠȇέ؄వ໩؛ۢ׾ᡑᐍঐτᕘძȂ஡ԽᆔޠनෂඳԚᙣՔȂٯױᑟலޠԽ ᆔڦٗȂ༂८ွӲٿࡤȂӱณܛᕖՅॵᚕȂ2 ϸយࡤϘழ຀ᘹޑӲٿȂٯ׳ژᑟலޠԽ ᆔȂӔᐤਣ 2 ϸយȂ௦຀༂८ွέяѵᘹ਑Ȃࠔ௄ԫΚџϛߖȂഀࡍπഎءࡍȄ؄వ໩ ցᘟ༂८ွᚕ໡ޠ঩ӱ࢑ԫ೏नෂЋ߬ȂϛᎍӬ۩՟ȂՅ᝸៊׻ᙬޠ঩ӱܗ೩࢑ϛ૗୅ ЦӉΚ໧ࢳϏձޠҐ૗ܛयȄ17 ௄пαޠऌᏱᄃᡜȂ೾ႇ୆ᇴȃᄃᡜಣڸᄈྲಣޠ೪Ҵȃ໧ࢳܓޠᄃᡜؐ᡾Վഷࡤ ޠ௱፤Ȃ؄వ໩ၽңུޠःفРݳІᢏᄇِ࡚ၜម݁ᙬ՘࣐ȂԥཏᜌӵঔҔݳҁᅮᄈܼ ݁ᙬ՘࣐ڿۢϛѠ׾ᡑޠҐ૗౪፤Ȅݳҁᅮڸ؄వ໩Ӥኻݨཏژ݁ᙬڸ΢᜹ڏԥҐ૗п ѵޠΚᆎЉ፮ȂկҦܼڎ՞ऌᏱঢ়ޠᇮཋϛӤȂആԚցᘟ๗ݏޠϛӤȄ؄వ໩ᆏԫЉ፮ ࣐ȶහ૗ȷڸȶົ૗ȷȂδ૗ᎍᔗୌดܓȃءԥΚۢફזڸ೤ઑԇӶޠ፞՘࣐Ȃ߰ᇰ࣐ ࢑݁ᙬᇅ΢᜹ࣻӤࣦՎົ຺ޠ૗ΩȂڎᆎ૗ΩޠৰրӶܼ΢᜹࢑֐૗୉яӬ౪ޠ၍មȂ ૗၍មޠഌӌᆏ࣐ڏࡧՄΩޠȶහ૗ȷȂЇϟࠍᆏ࣐ȶົ૗ȷȇݳҁᅮࠍп࣐Ȉȶ݁ᙬ Ѭ्ϛົя๞س೤ۢԂޠጓ൝Ȃ൸Ѡп୉яഷ݃හޠ՘࣐Ȃկשউࠔϛ૗ᇰ࣐ڐϜԥ๜ ర౪හޠԚϸȷ18 ȂӱԫϬᆏԫЉ፮࣐ȶҐ૗ȷȂٯၑშ௄ȶᒹ༉፤ȷޠᢏᘉࡧՄȄݳ ҁᅮӲ྘ડЯҕޠҢ҂Ȃ௥સՍϐᄈܼᢏᄇٲޑڸ݁ᙬޠནԂڸϘ૗࢑֐ٿՍᒹ༉Ȃկ ׳ϛژጃϹޠޣ௦ᜍᐄȂഷࡤуึߓ๗፤Ȉ ӵ݀௲ػόୖᆶ຾ٰǴҔٯ᛾ᗯ१ѬǴҔᗝᗗ֧εѬǴٗሶడคᅪୢӦǴѬ൩ ཮ᅝྐǶۛਔǴᏢਠஒ཮ှញᒪ໺܌஥ٰޑคݤှញޑ٣ނǶԶ೭ࢂךॺջஒ уаᢀჸکࣴزޑ೽ҽǶ19 ᡘดȂݳҁᅮࣻ߭೼ᆎȶМପл৛ڐуҐ૗ȷޠҐ૗ȂٿՍᒹ༉ڸఁيޠኈ៫Ȅ

Ȟήȟ݁ᙬޠൊࡦ࠘዆

Ⴌຝћ೾ȃϊᇴܗშฬਫϜޠ୞ޑڸෛޑளளཽᇴ΢ၘȂйڏԥ΢᜹ޠࡧՄ૗Ωڸ ௒དȂשউΚૢᆏϟ࣐ȶᔤ΢ȷȄԫᆎ௒םяՍձ޲ঐ΢௒དޠߓႁІᄈၘ൭Ϯޠሰ्Ȃ ࢑Κᆎпȶ΢ȷ࣐яึᘉޠࡧᆱȄЩԄᖯፅһପਣȂሮᖯፅཽӶ׈ٲࡤȂӭ௭໱ᖯፅܗ ࠗ௭سޠᓟȂԥΚ՞஠ঢ়၍មձሮᖯፅ࣐ᗘռһପਣޠϛขՅ௵ڦޠ๋౲Ȃ؄వ໩ࠔᇰ 17 ໳य़ီޑᕉნჴᡍǴӕ߻ຏǴ। 186-191Ƕ 18 _{ݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿Ǻ} ȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 2 нȠᐋᴰኯύޑۚ҇ȡǴ। 180Ƕ 19 _{ݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿Ǻ} ȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 6 нȠܲᙝޑ๱ՅȡǴ। 67Ƕ

(12)

࣐೼࢑Κᆎȶᔤ΢ϾȷޠᇴݳȂйᏱ೛ࣩԥٳ஠ঢ়ԥਣηң೼ᆎРԓٿᇴ݃ٲᄃȄӶΚ ԪᖯፅһପޠᢏᄇϜȂ؄వ໩ُژሮᖯፅޠྤ໸Н໰Ȃܛпуౡདྷሮᖯፅ࢑ӱ࣐໱ᖯፅ ࣽକٿԂӭϘӭ௭سޠȂйّ݃у࢑યӶȶ݁ᙬཽߓ౫я΢᜹՘࣐ȷޠࡋᢏٲᄃՅചख़ ޠȂϛӤܼ״ຠȶᔤ΢ݳȷޠᏱ޲ܛߓ౫яޠ΢᜹Սשၔ᝻՘࣐Ȅ20 ดՅȂ೼ڎᆎ௱ᘟ РԓفഥԥեৰրȂϬด࢑ঐτࠛୱȄஆҐαȂȶ݁ᙬཽߓ౫я΢᜹՘࣐ȷ೼ӈٲȂҐ ٙ൸࢑΢᜹ᢏᄇՅூȂέ࿌שউ஡΢᜹ڸ݁ᙬܺӶΚକЩၷਣȂϑစ࢑Κᆎȶᔤ΢ݳȷ ޠ՘࣐ߓ౫Ȅ ݁ᙬ࢑֐ڏԥ௒ᆲȉ؄వ໩ᇰ࣐࢑ԥޠȂѬ࢑ߓႁРԓᇅ΢᜹ԥٳ೩ৰ౵Ȅ΢᜹л ्пߓ௒ȃᇮّܗѵӶᖟЦߓ౫௒ᆲȂٯй΢᜹ᗚ૗஋ᗵᙡՍϐޠ௒ᆲȂӱԫԥȶൊࡦ ϛםܼՔȷޠ΢Ȅࣻၷܼ΢᜹Ȃ݁ᙬӶ೼Р८ޠЗࡧٯϛ٦ቅፓᚖȂسউϛཽڔཏᗵᙡ Սϐޠ௒ᆲȂՅ࢑ң޵ᡞ୞ձЇᔗȂԄೞᒉᜁ୑ٗ֋ޠߐරွȞEumenes arcuataȟȂӒ ࢑ᓘЦϛ୞ȂԄѷઢૢȂ௦຀ཌྷ୞ដᠲȂޣژึ౫ᒉᜁࡤȂϘ஡ڐ៯ሃȂໍՅέ௥ࣽࢿ ϲȂᓘЦΚଳφࡤॵٗέॵӲٿϛ୞ȃཌྷ୞ដᠲȃܰ୞ڎήԪૄᆽȂഷࡤҢίѫΚঐ֋Ȃ ႥЉᒉᜁٲӈ२ᅌȂՅߐරွޠЇᔗࣻӤȄ21_{௄ߐරွ҂ጦޠ୞ձȂᄃᜳցᘟяسޠ௒} ᆲȂկԥٳ݁ᙬस࢑ڨژᡚᔄࠍЇᔗቒ੩Ȃܗ೩ၷ૗ࣽя௒ᆲޠձңȂԄٖ८ွࣽژљ ٙ᝛௯Ӷࢿπ೏ޠᙬᡞȂҴ֊܂ࡤၱȂٯ௄ޫϜޣޣဤίȂഀπϜޠᘹޑഎᒹဤΠȂ௦ ຀ђഁॵٗȂ୅ӶΫϵАпѵޠᐚݓαൈ੊Ȃဝഌ୞ூ࡟ץȇѫѵԄ༂८ွڨژ஽੩ᡚ ᔄࡤȂࠍ௄ல՞Ҙሊ੒ѷ๊Ȅ22_{؄వ໩ᇰ࣐пαپφᇴ݃݁ᙬ౪၍ึҢӶՍϐޠٲȂկ} ڐ၍ម஡ΚϹȶ݁ᙬ՘࣐ȷᇅȶ௒ᆲߓ౫ȷฬα๊ဵȂѠ૗८ᖞݳҁᅮܛࡿޠȶାົ౪ ፤ȷӡᐡȈ ຨեΓᜪǵܩଯܲᙝޑيሽǴаߡࡌҥ΋ঁೱௗᗺǴฅࡕԋࣁ΋ঁᑼӝᗺǴ೭ ම࿶ࢂҞ߻ϝฅࢬՉޑȨଯຬ౛ፕȩޑ΋૓БݤǶୟǼٗঁਔжޑΓॺੰᄊӦ ୺๱ܭ೭٤ଯܴޑ౛ፕǴࠅؒԖว౜ǴഖԖٗሶӭளډ៾࠶ޭۓޑ᛾ᏵǴӧ࿶ ၸჴᡍޑ᛾ܴϐࡕǴനࡕပΑঁёઢޑֽ่Ǵ൩ႽҲ܎ථವǷၲᅟЎ܌ᇥޑٗ ሶറᏢޑ०ጾݝီ΋ኬǼ23 20 ׵ద໚Ў/ឪቹǺȠ׵ద໚ܲᙝ૶ǺܲᙝЈඵှዸჴᒵȡǴ। 59-61Ƕ 21 ӕ߻ຏǺ। 151-156Ƕ 22 ӕ߻ຏǺ। 150-159Ƕ 23 _{ݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿Ǻ} ȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 1 нȠଯܴޑఠЋȡǴ। 149Ƕ

(13)

ȶାົ౪፤ȷޠႇ࡚ٻңȂϛ༊ϛ૗ᔔֆשউནៗ݁ᙬȂЇՅٻשউᄈ݁ᙬޠ౪၍བٿ བሎሊȂԄӤݳҁᅮܛᇴȈ ࣽᏢࠅႽచόೕ߾ޑԔጕǴਔԶ߻຾ǴਔԶࡕଏǴਔԶӛ΢ǴਔԶӛΠǴ೭చ ጕ៻៻ԔԔǴѬӧӛ߈՟ጕ᎞ᚺǴёࢂँฅΞᇻᚆΑ߈՟ጕǶѬࢂԖёૈکٗ చጕ࣬ҬޑǶՠࢂ΋ό੮ઓǶךॺࠅΞѨѐΑֹӄעඝ੿౛ޑᐒ཮Ƕ24 ऌᏱःفٯߩΚԚϛᡑޠޣጤึ৥Ȃኈ៫ڐึ৥ޠᜱᗥϟΚӶܼ௄ٲऌᏱःفޠᄙ࡚Ȃ ٯኈ៫Πשউᇅ઎౪ϟ໣ޠ຾ᚕȄ ݳҁᅮڸ؄వ໩ᄈܼ݁ᙬ՘࣐ໍ՘ߞ෉ޠᢏᄇȂ࿌уউӶ݁ᙬٙαُژᡑ౵՘࣐ ਣȂуউლၑңࡋᢏޠᢏᄇІ΢᜹ޠᇮّџ၍មуউܛُژޠ݁ᙬ՘࣐ȂկࠔԥϛӤޠ ௱ᘟȄڎ΢ԥήᘉϸݣϟ೏ȈΚȃԄࠊНܛّȂᇮّޠݣ౵ആԚ௱፤ޠϛӤȄΡȃᢏᄇ २ᘉޠϛӤȈݳҁᅮޠᢏᄇ२ᘉӶܼ݁ᙬޠȶዀྦโזȷȂᇰ࣐ᡑ౵Ѭ࢑ୌดޠ௒םȂ ϛڏ੬ੇཏဏȂໍՅୣϸяȶҐ૗ȷڸȶցᘟΩȷȇ25 ؄వ໩ࠍ׻՟݁ᙬޠȶᡑ౵՘࣐ȷȂ ᇰ࣐࢑ᇅ΢᜹ࣻӤࣦՎົ຺ޠ૗ΩȄήȃᄈܼҐٙᢏᄇޠញᄇȈݳҁᅮءԥញᄇȂуޠ ๗፤࢑уޠ౪፤ᢏᘉޠ౱ޑȂӱԫณݳЇࣹՍϐޠȶ౪፤ᢏᘉȷȂуᇰ࣐࢑ቋ฾ϛᡑޠ Ґ૗՘࣐ȂڐᄃӶҥഐϜѠпᢏᄇژঐᡞᡑ౵ȇ26 ؄వ໩ࠍӒᔯଇݳҁᅮȶ݁ᙬѬ࢑Ґ ૗ޠѸᗶȷޠ፤ᘟȂᇰ࣐࢑Κᆎп΢᜹࣐яึᘉޠࡧՄȂ݁ᙬٙα਴ҐϛԇӶ೼ᆎୱᚡȂ Յഷл्ޠᝪ๗ᘉӶܼ΢᜹ᄈܼȶҐ૗ޠҐ፵ȷ࢑ϛЋఽྀޠȂՅ༊૗ඣख़ѻȂկ࢑Ӷ ϛѠޤޠҐ૗Ϝඣख़ԥංᆎϛѠޤޠҐ૗࢑ณཏဏޠȂЇՅടྣܼᇮّޠٝଠᅐ෽ϜȄ 27 ऌᏱޤᜌΚҎ౏࣐ᇮّޠଠ୽Ȃ߰ԂЩೆφᇅඐφ෇ᄈܼȶന࢑֐ץ዆ȷΚٲܛ୉ ޠଇ፤ȂԚ࣐ল౪ܓޠᡓᒯၚ៞Ȃᚕ໡ΠऌᏱޠၿၰȄ ൸ਫϜܛُȂ؄వ໩ޠ݁ᙬःفȂۧԥᇴϛఽྀޠӵРȂЩԄȶົ૗ȷࡿޠفഥ࢑ Ϩቅȉέȶ݁ᙬཽߓ౫я΢᜹՘࣐ȷ೼ঐᢏᘉȂᇅȶᔤ΢ϾȷࡧՄ࢑֐઎ԥϛӤȉܛᒞ ȶңནџࡧՄȷȂ࢑֐ኈ៫Πցᘟޠዀྦȉ೼ٳ࢑؄వ໩ءԥញᄇޠഌϸȄ 24 _{ݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿Ǻ} ȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 10 нȠન१ܲᙝȡǴ। 84Ƕ 25 _{ݤѲᅟᇡࣁȨҁૈȩࢂ΋ᅿคཀ᛽ޑፂ୏Ǵӵܲᙝᑐணޑݤ߾ǵሟᙝࣁόᇡ᛽ޑࡕжᑐணکᓯӸ१ނǵ} ܲᙝஒᖣଞڈΕӈނޑઓ࿶ύኰǴ٬ϐᡛᅯǴаߡؤॺᓯӸ१ނ฻ǴԜᅿૈΚࢂനֹऍЪό཮ቚ෧ׯᡂ ޑǴց߾ܲᙝஒคݤ໺ےௗжǴՠΨ٬ؤॺև౜ᐒఓ܄ޑ΋य़ǹȨղᘐΚȩࢂܲᙝࣁΑᔈбѦӧँٰޑ ελፂँǴࡰЇؤॺѐ൨פǵௗڙǵܔ๊ǵᒧ᏷ǵճҔᐒ཮ޑ΋ᅿᘂᏤԄЈ౛ǴԜᅿૈΚ٬ளܲᙝૈᏧ ๱࿶ᡍᡂளԾ᝺Զᆒ੻؃ᆒǶـݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿ǺȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 4 нȠီᜪޑࢥనȡǴ। 85-99Ƕ 26 _ЦၰᗋǺ_{Ȥ΋ΐ΋ϖԃΜДΜ΋ВȠܲᙝ૶ȡբޣݤѲᅟೳШȥ} Ǵ। 72-74Ƕ 27 ׵ద໚Ў/ឪቹǺȠ׵ద໚ܲᙝ૶ǺܲᙝЈඵှዸჴᒵȡǴ। 124-126Ƕ

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ήȃ௄Ӽϰᜌ᠟ޠᢏᘉȶᇰᜌȷ݁ᙬ

ȶڌ่ՍดਫቹϜȷԇӶȶᔤ΢ȷڸȶᔤՍดȷڎᆎՍดᢏȂڎ޲ޠৰրӶܼȂȶᔤ ΢ȷޠՍดᢏᄈҢޑޠםຬђпװԣȂщϸߓ౫ቹձ޲ޠདྷ჌ΩȂளُܼຏᄻࢉٲ௒࿾ ޠϊᇴȃ่ၘȃ൴ّ๊ϜȇȶᔤՍดȷޠՍดᢏࠍᅿ໕֖౫ՍดޠҐ፵ȂޤܓՔீᐩࠕȂ ளُܼޤᜌܓ᠟ޑϜȄпҢᄙ״ຠޠِ࡚ࣽࡠȶᔤ΢ȷڸȶᔤՍดȷڎᆎՍดᢏȂᏒᆔ ձࠣϜᜱܼՍดޠඣቹ࢑စႇ΢᜹ᢏᄇࡤޠᙾख़Ȃᇅ઎ᄃՍดԥܛৰ౵ȂดՅѠп๞ϡ ޼ۢޠ࢑ȂڎᆎՍดᢏࣲЇ࢏я΢ᄈՍดޠݨཏІᜱᛅȂՅڐϜܛᗵ֥ޠҢᄙཏᜌ࢑΢ ᜹ᄈՍดޠདྷݳȂӤਣη࢑΢᜹ᄈՍשఋထҘ៊ҢڽޠᢏྲڸᔯଇȄ ȶᔤ΢ȷڸȶᔤՍดȷޠՍดᢏӶڌ่ޠԚߞႇโϜϸր׹ᅌ຀ϛӤޠِՔȈࠊ޲ ԥւܼڌ่᡺ܓޠஊᎵȇࡤ޲ࠍђ஽ڌ่ᄈՍดޠ઎ᄃདڨȂЖስڌ่ᓎ຀ቹձ޲ޠရ ؐȂΚӤ௥સτՍดޠ༺ֽȄկ࢑ᓎ຀ڌ่ޠԒखቩߞȂȶᔤՍดȷޠՍดᢏᔗഃᅛԚ ࣐ڌ่Ꭸ᠟ޠ२ЗȂԄӤഽঘ૮ȞKonrad LorenzȂ1903~1989ȟܛّȈ ӢࣁεԾฅޑ੿࣬൩ς࿶кᅈΑзΓ๱଎ԶΞ٬ΓལࣙޑऍǴգཇࢂుΕ௖ز ؂΋ঁಒ࿯ک؂΋໨੝ᗺǴ൩ཇૈว౜ѬޑऍǶӵ݀գаࣁჴ٣؃ࢂӦ଺ࣴزǴ ܈ࢂዴჴᇡ᛽ک౛ှΑεԾฅǴ཮ઇᚯգӧݒ፞εԾฅޑڻᙬਔ܌ளډޑ኷ ፪Ǵٗሶգ൩εᒱ੝ᒱΑǶךޑ࿶ᡍࢂǺգჹεԾฅޕၰளཇӭǴ൩཮׳ుڅǵ ׳࡭ΦӦࣁѬ଎Γޑ੿࣬܌ག୏Ƕ28 ӱ࣐Սดޠ઎ࣻҐٙଝ΢ȂՅШ໹ȶजϾȷѻȂܗ஡΢᜹ޠ፞੬ܓߤ຀ܼՍดٲޑαȂ ٻڌ่ᇳп࣐ՍดҼڏԥ΢᜹ޠᆎᆎजԂ੬፵Ȃܛпঅூשউȶྲ៬ȷѻȃȶߴៗȷѻȄ Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ࢑ΚҐ឵ܼȶᔤՍดȷՍดᢏޠޤᜌ᜹᠟ޑȂѻೞᒶ࣐ڌ่ᓻً ᠟ޑȂดՅڐϜޠᢏᘉࠔϛӓดڏԥఁيཏဏȂڐᜱᗥ঩ӱӶܼऌᏱޠึ৥ڸޤᜌޠଢ ؒ࢑ณЦᅿޠȄݳҁᅮ෇ᇴȈ ךॺ௖ᓐ՜຾ғڮϐᖮࢂ২മޑǴךॺ҉ᇻό཮ਂਆډ੿҅ޑ੿౛Ƕ౛ፕޑႋ Пόၸࢂ஥ٰ΋٤ЄགྷǴ೭٤ЄགྷϞϺ೏࣮ԋࢂڀԖ៾࠶܄ޑ౛ፕԶഢڙ௢ 28 _Ȑऍȑ ந኷Ǹമউ૟ȐKonrad Lorenzȑ๱ǴෞൺᅚǵۑӀ৒᝿ǺȠ܌ᛥߐЦޑࡰᕉǺ୏ނՉࣁᏢ࿶ڂȡ ȐKing Solomon¶s RingȑǴᆵчǺܿБǴ1994Ǵ। 3Ƕ

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஖ǴܴϺΞ཮೏྽ԋᙤᇤԶ೏ځд౛ፕ܌ڗжǴځдޑ౛ፕᒨԐΨ཮ԋࣁᙤᇤǶ ੿౛Ǵزഖӧব္ǻ29 ӱԫ࿌ݳҁᅮሼҍႁᅮНޠ౪፤ȂՅ؄వ໩έ௱ᙛݳҁᅮޠ๗ݏȂٯණяȶ݁ᙬڸ΢Κ ኻڏԥЗහȷȃȶ݁ᙬԥົ૗Ωȷȃȶ݁ᙬЩשউᗚᖒ݃ȷ፞ᇴݳਣȂשউᔗ၏Ԅե౪ ၍݁ᙬІ΢᜹ޠᜱ߾ȉ೼ٳᄈܼ݁ᙬޠϛӤདྷ჌Ȃܗ޲Ѭ࢑΢᜹ᇅ݁ᙬޠҢԇ๋౲ϛ ӤȂՅ݁ᙬޠҢԇ๋౲Ґ࢑שউᜳпདྷ჌ޠȉܼ࢑ȂӶڌ่ޠᎨ᠟๋౲αȂשউѠпᒶ ᐆ௦ڨऌᏱঢ়ܛථ៪ޠ઎ᄃ౫ຬȂկᄈܼуউޠ௱ᘟȂτ΢ᔗᏒѠ૗ޠЖᏳڌ่пΚᆎ ȶᅿ߭ਫϛԄณਫȷޠົดᄙ࡚ȂᄈНҐޤᜌໍ՘ࡧՄڸ״ցȄ пȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ࣐پȂ८ᄈਫϜл्ޠᢏᘉȈȶ݁ᙬڏԥЗහȷ೼ঐᇴݳȂॷ Ӓשউ҇໹ཏᜌژՍϐٙ೏ӶΚঐӼϰଊਁፑᔟޠᕘძȂկ೼ٳଊਁᇅ઎౪ޠ຾ᚕԥߗ ԥሊȂӱԫ൑п༉ಜޠఁيᢏȂ஽።൑ΚНҐޠᇮّڸНԆޠᏱಭ࢑ϛ٘ޠȄఁيᏱ޲ ஆܼ NLGȞུঘමყᡞȂThe New London GroupȟޠڎঐஆҐ୆೪ȈΚȃ΢᜹ޤᜌഷ ߒޠึ৥ٯߩ࢑п඾ႈڸܫຬޠРԓ࡛ᄻޠȂՅ࢑ೞ൹Τ੬ۢަཽȃНϾІޑ፵ޠ௒ძ ૖๝Ϝٿึ৥ޠȇΡȃ΢᜹ޤᜌޠึ৥ȂഷߒྜܼӶ੬ۢᐤѭȃНϾಣԚޠስ஀ޤᜌϟ ίȂᇅڐуڏറϛӤ׭૗ȃनෂᇅᢏᘉޠ΢ΚକϤ୞ܛ౱ҢޠȂՅණяȶӼϰᜌ᠟ȷޠ ུᜌ᠟ఁيȂٯึߓѳঐࡿᏳ঩ࠍȂϸր࣐௒ძϾޠጜಭȞsituated practiceȟȃϵ໡ޠ ࡿᏳȞovert instructionȟȃ״ցޠ࢝ᄻȞcritical framingȟȃᙾ࠯ޠᄃ፻Ȟtransformed practiceȟȄᐄ Cazeden ІڐӤᏕޠᘫાȂȶ௒ძϾޠጜಭȷ࢑஡ᏱҢؗ੕ܼѠூ፤ख़ ޠٻңІစᡜϜȇȶϵ໡ޠࡿᏳȷ࢑قಜޠȃϸݚޠȂпІԥཏᜌޠΠ၍ȇȶ״ցޠ࢝ ᄻȷ࢑၍មަཽᇅНϾ૖๝ί੬ۢ೪ॏޠཏဏȇȶᙾ࠯ޠᄃ፻ȷ࢑Ӷཏဏ࡛ᄻޠᄃ፻Ϝ ᙾඳȄ30 ٦ቅȂȶӼϰᜌ᠟ȷޠᢏᘉԄեᔗңӶڌ่НᏱαںȉSmolin ڸ Lawless ණяѳᆎ םԓޠᜌ᠟૗ΩȂϸր࣐ऌ׭ޠᜌ᠟Ȟtechnological literacyȟȃຝញޠᜌ᠟Ȟvisual literacyȟȃၦଊޠᜌ᠟Ȟinformation literacyȟȃၯНҐޠ૗ΩȞintertextualityȟȄ31п ίᒶᐆȶၯНҐޠ૗Ωȷ୉࣐Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯޠϸݚᢏᘉȄȶၯНҐޠ૗Ωȷࡿޠ࢑ ഇႇӒࠊ᎐ႅޠНҐпΠ၍ѫΚНҐޠႇโȄҦܼ؄వ໩༉ႁяٿޠଊਁᄈܼڌ่Ȃࣦ Վڐу᠟޲Յّ࢑ུᑘޠȂӶႇ܂ޠᏱಭစᡜϜȂשউಭܼ஡݁ᙬຝ࣐մܼ΢᜹ޠҢ 29 _{ݤѲᅟ๱Ǵၽ⍍฻᝿Ǻ} ȠݤѲᅟܲᙝ૶ӄ໣ȡಃ 10 нȠન१ܲᙝȡǴ। 84Ƕ 30_{Ȩӭϡ᛽᠐௲ػȩޑཷۺǴـ৪ᓉቢǺ}_{Ƞፐำ಍᏾ᆶӭϡ᛽᠐Ǻவ௲ৣӝբ௖زډৣ୻ፐำჴ፬ȡ}_ǴᆵчǺ Ꮲ൤ЎϯǴ2007Ǵ। 227-242Ƕ 31 ӕ߻ຏǴ। 262-263Ƕ

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ޑȂஆܼөᆎ౪ҦȂԄםᄙกϊȃ૓৶ՅϛൟΚᔟȃҢڽ฼ኸȃߞࣻᗡ५ȃளԚ࣐ড়ᙬ ๊๊ȇՎܼᄈسউޠज៘Ȃࠍ༊४ܼЎ኶ංᆎ݁ᙬȂԄᇚွڸᒉᜁޠ༖ഽȃፆፇޠᅕ߬ȃ ળᙒ্ޠᅉᖑਈՇȃԽ࿾ᙬڸ⛑ຬޠᖒ݃Սፐ๊ȄଷΠშᠧԼऌпѵȂسউޠםຬ܂܂ ࢑စҦНᏱձࠣޠȶᔤ΢ȷޠКݳ༮ആяٿޠȄܗ೩Ԛ΢উۧ૗஋ᒲᜌȶНᏱȷ࢑឵ܼ ຏᄻޠНҐȂดՅᄈܼτഌϸޠڌ่ȂॷԪ௦ដᜱܼ݁ᙬޠඣᛳȂӼљ୅੽Ӷڏຬࡧᆱ αȂє่֥ၘȃϊᇴȃ൴ّޠඣख़ȄӱԫȂȶၯНҐޠ૗Ωȷңп஽።ᙾϾڌ่᠟޲ᄈ ႇ܂݁ᙬޠࢌۢདྷݳȂՎϭС८ᄈ؄వ໩ණяȶ݁ᙬڏԥЗහȷޠུଊਁȂ௵пᆤӬІ ಜᐍޠ૗ΩȂڐϲోє֥౪၍ȃ࡛ᄻȃϸݚȃ״ցȃᐍӬȂҭޠ࢑ٻڌ่஡೼ٳȶଊਁȷ Ͼ࣐ȶޤᜌȷȄ ڏᡞ୉ݳ࢑ᡲڌ่௄ҢࣁစᡜϜȂ׳я݁ᙬᇅڌ่ࣻഀᛯޠܛӶȂڐΚ࣐ȶҢԇȷȂ ڐΡ࣐ȶҢࣁȷȂ֊௄݁ᙬޠҢԇڸҢࣁРԓȂᒲᇰ݁ᙬᇅ΢᜹ࣻӤܗϛӤޠ՘࣐ዂԓ ڸѠ૗ߓ౫яޠࡧՄ૖๝ȄȶҢԇȷР८Ȃਗ਼ІᇅထᡞІᕘძ໣ޠϤ୞Ȃϟܼ݁ᙬȂл ्Ӷ݁ᙬॶޑᜧޠၽձαȇȶҢࣁȷР८ȂпঐᡞяึȂࢦញঐր݁ᙬᎍᔗᕘძޠ୉ݳȂ ЏڐഇႇޣጤڸᄈЩޠࡧՄȂЩၷ݁ᙬڸ΢᜹ޠϛӤȂпᔔֆᇰᜌ݁ᙬޠᑀ੬ܓȄ

ȞΚȟ݁ᙬަཽޠຟოȈ݁ᙬॶޑᜧޠၽձРԓ

݁ᙬ࢑ҭࠊӓзࣩᆎ᜹ڸ኶໕ഷӼޠ୞ޑȂ݁ᙬϜԥ೩Ӽ࢑ॶޑᜧޠΚ઼੒ຳ޲Ȃ ࢑ᆱᛯՍดࣩҢᄙ҂ᒌޠ२्ҢޑȄ݁ᙬॶޑᜧޠၽձ௢ښΠ݁ᙬޠ኶໕ȂՅؑΚᆎ݁ ᙬҼ࣐ΠҢԇڸ۾៊ࡤхȂึ৥яΚ৉ߴៗՍϐޠҢԇРԓȂԄᔤᄙȃߴៗՔȃᡑᄙȃ ૛ရܗ૛੊ޠߴፐȃ၇Ԭȃ஛Ңȃᙬ㛮๊Ȃկഷл्௢ښ݁ᙬॶޑᜧޠᜱᗥȂӶܼȶᖆ ෦ȷڸȶᘹ਑ȷޠ՘࣐Ȅ ؄వ໩ଅᓄΠ೩Ӽ݁ᙬᖆ෦ޠႇโȂє֥஛Ңȃ౱֋ȃᑟலȂࣦՎᘹ਑Ӥኻη࢑࣐ ΠيᎵ҃ᙬޠ՘࣐Ȅ؄వ໩ՍّȂȶࣜᘹွȷ࢑ᄈуഷԥఃึܓޠ݁ᙬȄЏڐࣜᘹွϛ Ӥޠᘹ਑РԓȂЖକΠ؄వ໩ޠݨཏȈွޠΚૢРԓ࢑௄ဩूޠΚࢳແژѫΚᆓȂ஡ဩ ूۼഌ໡ࢿࡤܝя௣ဩᙬȞ༄ᘉ௣ဩຬቆᙬȂParoplapoderus pardaloidesȟȇܗွُژ ௣ဩᙬၱяဩूࡤȂηᆨၮӶࡤ׻՟ܗܺతϛଢȄ௄ွڸ௣ဩᙬޠᘹ਑ႇโϜȂ؄వ໩ ፵ᅹ೼࢑֐хߓ຀௣ဩᙬԥཏᜌޠޤၿ᎐ژଢᙺȂՅདྷᅿᒳݳଡແȇࣻᄈޠȂွ࢑֐ԥ ཏᜌޠ਴ᐄ௣ဩᙬଡແޠၰጤڸРԓՅ౱Ңӱᔗ՘࣐ȂӤਣηԥཏᜌޠᒶᐆ࢑֐᝸៊ڐ ᘹ਑՘୞Ȅଭᄈ೼ኻޠ୆ᇴȂ؄వ໩ܰឹΠࣜᘹွڸ௣ဩᙬޠᘹ਑ႇโȂ؂ฬяΠࣜᘹ ွᘹ਑௣ဩᙬޠഀᕘშȂє֥ွࣜᘹޠؑঐؐ᡾ȃၰጤІܛຳਣ໣Ȃ௄ึ౫ᘹޑȃ७ဤ ࢦࣽՅᙾٙޠ 1/4 ऍȂՎӕԪᙾٙޠ 1/8 ऍȂഃᅛቩђᘹ਑ޠഁ࡚Վ 1/12 ऍȂഷࡤӶࠗ ખဩूۼഌࡤȂέᙾٙ 1/8 ऍȂໍՅཬڙဩूᙾٙ 1/12 ऍȂӕ᝸៊ࡸࢿᙾٙ 1/8 ऍȂഷ

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ࡤᓘЦ 5.8 ऍȂ׻ژᙬࡤॵٗȂӓߞΡΫήऍȄ32_{௄೼Κାմକӆޠᘹ਑ഁ࡚ȂծоѠ} пདڨژွޠᘹ਑࢑ԥРݳڸԪזޠȂΚР८Ѡ૗ߓұွౡขᙬޠЗ౪Յቩ෶ᘹ਑ഁ ࡚ȂΚР८ηѠ૗Ї࢏ွໍ՘ᘹ਑ਣޠЗ௒କဤȄ Ӷᖆ෦αȂٖ८ွޠᑟலȂߓ౫яسউޠ኶໕ᢏ܉Ȅ؄వ໩࣐Πขၑ݁ᙬޠ኶໕ᢏ ܉࢑֐ڸ΢᜹ࣻծȂ឵ܼΚᆎࣁңȂՅߩݳҁᅮܛّޠҐ૗ڿۢዂԓȂࢉ࣐ࣜᘹွ೪ॏ ђݳڸ෶ݳขᡜȂดՅ༂८ွࣲϛ௦ڨȂ༊सณڐٲޠ᝸៊঩ٿ၏୉ޠٲȂ֊߰يᔊࡊ Ϝޠ௣ဩᙬ኶໕ႇӼܗϛ٘Ȅܼ࢑Ȃ؄వ໩׾ขၑٖ८ွȂӒጃٖۢ८ွޠᓾԇ኶ҭङ Ν଺Ȃ௦຀ڦٗѳ଺ȂွӲٿࡤτᡚѷՔȂԄӤ༂८ွૢȂץഁᘜ୞ដᠲȂٯٿӲ١ຝȂ ϛӤޠ࢑Ȃٖ८ွ௄ϛӱԫ௼తπϜޠᘹޑȂՅӶᒹѷᙬޠيᔊࡊϜஃΠΫΡ଺ᙬȂڐ Ϝѳ଺࢑ೞ਍ٗޠȂ֊லϜᄃርαԥΥ଺ᙬȇӶίΚ໣லϜȂٖ८ွϬᙠஃΠΝ଺ᙬȂ ҦԫѠᜍூȂွӶಒΚ໣லϜ၅٘Πسޠ཭ѷȂ೼хߓ຀ٖ८ွԥ኶໕྆܉Ȅ33 ௄݁ᙬޠࣜᘹڸᖆ෦ȂѠُ݁ᙬޠҢԇහኌ࢑ڏԥঐրৰ౵ޠȂՅᄈܼ݁ᙬഌϸ՘ ࣐ޠኣਬଝᚕڸུึ౫Ȃ؄వ໩၍មձ݁ᙬޠȶЗහȷߓ౫ȂוగᙥҦ΢᜹ޠЩᔤڸᄈ ྲٿ౪၍Ȅ೼ᆎழԥ΢᜹ಂӏޠ၍᠟Рԓᇅᄃር݁ᙬٙαܛُޠ՘࣐ȂϜ໣ϬԇӶ຀፞ ӼᅹᘉڸဤৰȂ೼࢑τ΢উӶڌ่Ꭸ᠟ਣȂᔗᔔֆڌ่ᚅఽޠ२ᘉȇໍΚؐȂჃᓿڌ่ ௦៊؄వ໩ޠ୆ᇴȂਞݳڐऌᏱᆡઢȂ௄ٲᢏᄇڸःفȄณ፤ԄեȂӶ݁ᙬޠҢԇ๋౲ αȂשউᏱಭژޠޤᜌ࢑ȈϛӤ݁ᙬөՍᒴඊ࢛ᆎڿۢޠ೤ࠍȂӤਣηཽߓ౫я೤ࠍϟ ѵȃᎍᔗᕘძᡑϾޠ՘࣐Ȃ೼ܗ೩Ҕ࢑݁ᙬॶޑᜧᆱࡼ҂ᒌޠ঩ӱϟΚȄ

ȞΡȟӪ݁ᙬᏱಭޠٲȈޣጤࡧՄᇅᄈЩࡧՄ

؄వ໩௄݁ᙬٙαᏱಭژޠٲȂڐϜΚ໷࢑݁ᙬޠȶޣጤࡧՄȷȄ೼ᆎࣻᄈܼ΢᜹ ȶᄈЩࡧՄȷޠࡧᆱዂԓȂࣽծ࣐ϛစτဟޠཎ័ڸᙐ൑ȂЇՅٻ݁ᙬԚ࣐ӵ౩αԇࣁ ഷεޠҢޑȄپԄ؄వ໩ᢏᄇژޠȂ཯ᝲᙬಭᄜ஡֋౱Ӷ൑ΚဩбϜȂٯᄨ௣ԚΚঐဩ ूȂՅ࿌҃ᙬჾϾяٿࡤȂ൸૗Ӷ཯ᝲϜՂϾԚߞȄ཯ᝲᙬ׸ဩूޠஆҐࢻโτय࢑ڿ ۢޠȂկࣻӤܗϛӤᆎ᜹ޠ཯ᝲᙬӶ࢛ٳ໧ࢳϜཽԥᡘ຀ޠৰ౵ȂԄ༄ᘉ௣ဩຬቆᙬ୉ ဩूޠ՘ཽ࣐ຝਣ໣Յ୅ЦȂޣژႥЉӕ᝸៊ȇԥޠࠍӶ୉ဩूਣѬؒঐτ྆ȂՅϛଢ ؒ׈जձࠣȂԄᔯࢦဩбኇܓȃ׸᠊ဩбȃӶݓ૖αࠗࢿਣ୉ூϛ஋ᆡಡ๊ȂпՎܼࡤ ८௣ဩਣึҢ֩ᜳȂկسউϬԥᔗᡑޠКࢳȂԄແژဩбίഌȂңࠊ޵ܝίဩጣȂٿє ՟ဩूஆഌȂпڿۢဩूȄ 32 ࣍ᘪီޑᘪਂၸำǴـ׵ద໚Ў/ឪቹǺȠ׵ద໚ܲᙝ૶ǺܲᙝЈඵှዸჴᒵȡǴ। 90-93Ƕ 33 ࣍ᘪီޑᆉೌෳᡍǴӕ߻ຏǴ। 168-181Ƕ

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཯ᝲᙬ࣐ե्ӶဩбޠංঐᆓᘉȂΚӕᔯࢦဩбޠኇܓںȉЏڐӶسϑစጃۢဩб ѠпٻңਣȂᗚ्୉᚟ѵޠᔯࢦȉ؄వ໩ᇰ࣐೼࢑яՍ݁ᙬޠȶޣጤࡧՄȷȄسউ஁ۢ Κঐ߭܉ȃΚঐҭዀȂ௦຀්຀೼ঐРӪϛᘟლၑІևΩȇՅ΢᜹ࠍཽᄈϑ؛ۢޠٲϜ ഋܺతܗ཯ᘜϛۢȂٯഇႇȶᄈЩࡧՄȷցᘟȶԂȷܗȶϛԂȷȃȶ՘ȷܗȶϛ՘ȷȂ Յसณ೼ኻޠձңΩІЇձңΩȂࠍѷџࡧՄܗ՘୞ޠ៯୞ΩȂഷࡤടΤଝௗϜȄȶᄈ ЩࡧՄȷٻࡧՄႇโ౱ҢᡑϾܓȂկԇӶΚঐޢᘉȈ΢᜹ңᄈЩРԓࡧՄȂѠ૗Ґٙ߰ ԥᓀᇳȂࣦՎ਴ҐϛԇӶȂԄȶԥȷڸȶณȷޠᄈЩȂӶשউජඬȶณȷޠၿ౪ਣȂڐ ᄃ൸ϑԚ࣐ȶԥȷΠȄ34 έ௄Κ଺੬րޠ༂८ွ׻຀௣ဩᙬ܂ѵܝਣȂࠔึ౫ܝϛ୞ȂΚૢ༂८ွޠ೏౪ᒳ ݳ࢑ࡺڽ܂ѵܝȂՅ೼଺༂८ွࠔ׾ᡑ๋౲ȂᙾঐРӪȂױᙬӪαܝΚίȂٻᙬ٘ᚭ໡Ȃ Ѡُ೼଺ွ࢑ԥཏᜌ׾ᡑΚૢޠ୉ݳȂ።ᐍٯ׳ژུޠРԓȄ35 ௄пαϛӤᆎ᜹ܗӤᆎ ᜹݁ᙬޠࣻ౵՘࣐ዂԓȂ؄వ໩ึ౫݁ᙬٯߩޢҭޠྲ຀Κۢޠ೤ࠍ೏ٲڸҢࣁȂՅ࢑ ཽٸྲȶޣጤࡧՄȷޠРԓ׳ژ၍؛ୱᚡޠᒳݳȄ ᜱܼ݁ᙬޠȶޣጤࡧՄȷാႇ΢᜹ȶᄈЩࡧՄȷޠҢԇ๋౲೼ӈٲȂॷӒ҇໹ණᒻ ڌ่ޠ࢑Ȃ೼ኻޠᇴݳ࢑؄వ໩൩ஆӶуȶ݁ᙬڏԥЗහȷޠ୆ᇴαϘԚҴޠȄ࿌שউ Ꭸ᠟ਣȂϛΚ्ۢ௦ڨ೼ኻޠᇴݳȂկ࢑שউѠпᏱಭژޠ࢑Ȃ݁ᙬҢࣁӶτՍด೼ঐ ᕘძϜȂཽ८ᖞژΚٳ֩ᜳȂٯйؑᆎ݁ᙬഎϛΚኻȄӶᢏᄇႇโϜȂשউѠпࣽژؑ Κ଺݁ᙬϛӤᎍᔗᕘძޠРԓȂկ࢑שউϛΚۢߩூң೼ٳ౫ຬٿᜍԚܗЩၷ݁ᙬڸ΢ ᜹࢑֐Κኻȃ݁ᙬЩ΢᜹૗Ω؂஽೼ٳٲȂ౴ഥ೼ٳٲٯϛ࢑שউܛ૗؛ۢޠȂשউե ϛ൑હӵѬңΚᆎȶᏱಭȷڸȶᢏࣽȷޠِ࡚Ȃџᇰᜌ೼ٳҢࣁӶשউٙᜟޠҢޑȂܗ ೩૗؂Π၍שউܛҢ೏ޠ઎ᄃՍดኻᇽȄ

ѳȃ࣐ڌ่ਫቹՍดޠӼϰ๋౲

ȶڌ่Սดਫቹȷ࢑౫х഻ձޠུ࠯ᄙȂѻΚР८ஆܼȶڌ่НᏱȷޠ्ؒȂє֥ ȶڌ่ܓȷޠ२ຝڌ่лᡞȃȶఁيܓȷޠҢᄙཏᜌϟ࡛ҴȂȶНᏱܓȷޠད࢘Ωȃȶၾ ᔜܓȷЖକᄈՍดޠᡚოڸൊནȇΚР८ࠍഇႇȶՍดਫቹȷϜޠҢᄙ״ຠȂӔӤםᄻ яНҐҔ८ޠཏᜌםᄙȂߵٻڌ่ึՍϲЗޠᜱᛅҢᄙقϜؑΚঐҢڽȄڐϜޠΚᕘ˕ 34 འᝣᙝޑ௔ယՉࣁϷޔጕࡘԵǴӕ߻ຏǴ। 62-87Ƕ 35 ӕ߻ຏǴ। 127Ƕ

(19)

˕ȶऌ඾ਫቹȷȂҦܼڏԥН์ࢻᄲȃ૗༉ሏޤᜌȃ૗םԚၿ኉ցᘟޠஆᙄȃ૗ଇ፤ቌ অȃ૗Ԛ࣐ڐуਫቹ؆ਠ๊੬፵ȂӱՅ૗Ԛ࣐ڐуਫቹޠ؆ਠȂЏڐस૗ഇႇ஠ཿޠቹ ձ޲ȂђαᓻؿޠጢᒯȂΚٳᎍӬڌ่Ꭸ᠟ޠऌ඾᠟ޑȂשউηѠп஡ѻϮಞ๞ڌ่Ȅ Ӷ࣐ڌ่ਫቹՍดਣȂቹձҭዀ࢑ܺӶЖᏳڌ่ȂࣦՎԚ΢ȂӶՍดᕘძޠनෂڸ ᇮძϜȂᇅՍดᄈၘȄՄ໕ژᎨ᠟ᄈຬє֥ȶڌ่ȷȂӱԫ҇໹চ៬ȶձࠣޠڌ่ܓȷ ᇅȶڌ่ޠᏱಭ᠍ȷȈࠊ޲࢑пڌ่࣐лᡞȂٸྲڌ่ޠᇰޤڸЗ౪ึ৥ቹձȂٯេᒰ ज๢ޠቌঅᢏȇࡤ޲࢑ϛ௬ᇑȃװԣܗᙐϾ઎ᄃзࣩޠෂຬȄ࿌ڎᆓᆱࡼΚঐ҂ᒌޠޒ ᄙਣȂР૗ٻڌְ่ᒌޠ஡དܓڸ౪ܓޠᏱಭစᡜાΤᇰޤ๗ᄻȞschemeȟϜȄܼ࢑Ȃ ߓ౫ӶȶᔤՍดȷޠऌ඾ቹձ๋౲αȂձঢ়ᅿѠпτРޠථ៪Սดޠ઎ࣻȂ୳ΚሰᆡЗ ೪ॏޠ༊Ӷܼຝញਞݏڸםԓጢ௷α૗ᇅڌ่᠟޲ໍ՘ྜྷ೾ȂԄւңឹኈܗКᛳޠඩ შȃޤᜌϊР༶ȃܿᔘޠԆມՅߩఓᕃޠ஠ཿ೛ᇮȃණяᅹୱпЖକࡧՄȃழΤࢉٲܗ ҢࣁစᡜȃህֆᎨ᠟ޠߤӈ๊Ȃࣲٻ᠟ޑ൳ԥᄃңቌঅйщᅗᡚൊȄ Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯ୉࣐ȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠ२्ጓҐȂѻಓӬȶڌ่ऌ඾ቹձȷ ޠѳঐ఩ӈȈȶ߭ȷ˕˕ձ޲௄ٲΚقӗ݁ᙬ՘࣐ޠऌᏱःفȂစҦᢏᄇȃ୆ᇴȃᄃᡜ ژ௱ᅌя๗፤ޠႇโȂؐؐᝓᙲՅ૗ණٽѠᎭޠޤᜌȇȶႁȷ˕˕ӶНԆٻңαȂ૗ң ఼Ҫޠᇮّඊזᅛໍޠ၍ݚᇴ݃ȂٯйНѰࢻᄲȂ೾ᐏܿᔘȇȶ፹ȷ˕˕݁ᙬޠ՘࣐Ґ ٙ֊ڏԥ፹کܓȂђαձ޲ᒶᐆᢏᄇޠлᚡᇅ΢᜹ޠ੬ኊڸҢࣁࣻڴᔗȂ࢑ࢉ૗Жକڌ ่ޠᑺ፹ڸԂۊЗȂՅਫϜ༉ႁ൶२ҢڽȃནៗՍดޠҢᄙᢏᘉᇅᄃٲؒ࢑ޠऌᏱᆡ ઢȂ྄ڏఃึܓڸఁيܓȇȶѾȷ˕˕௵ңഀᕘშᇴڸ஠ᚡԓᗀ၍ϟቹձКݳȂ૗Ꮨᆺ Ꭸ᠟ޠฑᘉȂѠ᠟ܓାȄ Ꮢᆔ؄వ໩Ӷցր݁ᙬ՘࣐ޠᇮཋІᢏᘉαԥϛఽྀܗ΢᜹ᜳп௦ڨ೏Ȃկस૗௵ ңȶӼϰᜌ᠟ȷԫᆎུᜌ᠟ఁيޠᎨ᠟๋౲ໍ՘Ꭸ᠟Ȃࠍ૗৥໡ȶᙬЗȷᇅȶ่Зȷϟ ໣ޠᄈၘȄ௄Ȯ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯΚਫϜȂѠпࣽژ؄వ໩ԥཏܝߗڌ่ڸ݁ᙬϟ໣ޠ຾ ᚕȂу௄݁ᙬ՘࣐Ϝ׳ژᇅ΢᜹ࣻ೾ϟ೏ȂਫϜᆏϟ࣐ȶЗහȷȄ؄వ໩ԫอ፤ᘉޠם ԚȂଷΠٿՍܼঐ΢ޠᢏᄇпѵȂη౐౐ڨژСҐޠդ჌ᓐڔঢ়ݙε݊ภޠኈ៫Ȃᇰ࣐ ȶ΢᜹ഷࣣີޠ᝙ᙡȂԇӶܼτՍดϟϜȇ࿌΢উ҉໡З᡺ϟๆȂᇅτՍดᒋ࣐ΚᡞਣȂ ઎Ҕޠན൸ཽฆҢяٿȷȂߵٻ؄వ໩ࡧՄȈȶϊϊޠ݁ᙬηԥسউՍϐޠзࣩȂԄݏ ש૗ңឹኈᐡܰԚႬኈȂᡲ΢᜹ഇႇ݁ᙬٿᄈτՍดԥ؂ӼޠΠ၍Ȃ೼ኻȂзࣩηཽ܂ ڸᒚޠძࣩ؂ᗛໍΚؐ֒Ȋȷ36_{ܼ࢑ȂȮ؄వ໩݁ᙬଅȯϜϛ༊຀२ޤᜌޠ༉ႁȂҼ஽} ።ȶནȷ࢑Ңڽ঩୞ΩޠࡧᆱȂՅܛԥ݁ᙬޠ՘࣐ԄӤ΢᜹ΚૢȂࣲٿՍܼȶནȷޠ៯ 36 _ಷ৖᜻Ǻ_{Ƞܲᙝޕρ׵ద໚ȡ} Ǵ। 145-146Ƕ

(20)

୞ΩȂє֥༂८ွȃٖ८ွȃߐරွ๊ޠᑟலпѺيφυȂІڐशЗᘹ਑пᎵي҃ᙬȂ ࣦՎձ޲ᄈ݁ᙬःفޠዦནȂࣲяՍܼȶནȷȄӱԫȂᄈ؄వ໩ՅّȂȶནȷϘ࢑ȶᙬ Зȷڸȶ่Зȷᄈၘޠ਴ҐᐞዉȄЇࡧ؄వ໩ਫቹՍดޠяึᘉȂҔӲᔗ຀ȶڌ่Սด ਫቹȷпᄈࡇφޠནІᄈՍดҢᄙޠནϟቹձᢏȂ೼Κᘉц΢ᖓདྷژज୾ȶҢᄙߴيϟ Яȷ˕˕؄༺ݱȞAldo LeopoldȂ1898~1968ȟޠᢏᘉ˕˕ȶ΢᜹ᇅρӵޠᜱ߾ሰ्΢ ܓȃ൶२ڸནȷȂܼܺ፞΢ڸ΢Ȃܗ΢ڸڐуҢޑ໣ޠᜱ߾Ȃϛη࢑Ԅԫ༞ȉ ঔ଼ջȞE.F.SchumacherȟӶȮϊ֊࢑जȈΚҐױ΢࿌ӲٲޠစᔽᏱ຀ձȯȞSmall is BeautifulȟϜ෇ණІȈȶԄݏਰφӡᐡழٿུޠӡᓏȂԄݏҢޑϏโϟໍ৥η໡ఃΠ ུޠᕁңϟߟȂԄݏ୧ཿ௯ࡖழٿུޠᇷඌȂ٦ቅ၍؛ϟၿΚۢ࢑؂Ӽȃ؂Ԃޠఁيȷ 37 Ȅȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷ࢑ڌ่Ңᄙᕘძఁي२्ޠΚᕘȂڐϜܛߓႁޠࡧདྷڸ௒ད ࢑ձ޲౪དྷޠ׺ৣȂуউ׹ᅌӒޤޠِՔȂΚР८ഇႇлᢏᡞᡜޠϸٵпដึڌ่ޠ௒ དȂ༉ႁࢌӏ݃έजԂޠ௒ᐈȇѫΚР८ࠍᙥҦࡋᢏܓޠᏳ៕ȂϮಞשউܛҢԇޠ೼ঐ зࣩȂܦ৥ఁيཏဏޠ౐࡚ڸኅ࡚ȄଷԫϟѵȂҦܼڌ่᠟ޑޠ᠟޲Ґϛ༊४ܼࡇ่Ȃ ȶڌ่Սดऌ඾ਫቹȷޠਫቹ࠯ᄙҼӤኻڨژτ΢ڸϊࡇޠൊནȂҦ࢑ђ஽ΠҢᄙఁي ޠࡈᏳਞݏȄ 37 Ȑऍȑঅଭլ(E.F.Schumacher)๱Ǵ׵๮হ᝿ǺȠλջࢂऍǺ΋ҁעΓ྽ӣ٣ޑ࿶ᔮᏢ๱բȡȐSmall is BeautifulȑǴᆵчᑜǺҥᆣЎϯрހǴ2000Ǵ। 82Ƕ

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Жңਫҭ

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