઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ
дᄂ៉۞߆ڼ৩ԔĈ
ϨҒऻٍ̚၆νᓍ๕˧۞ፋඥĞ1948-1954ğ
ᛂᇉ**
ၡāāࢋ
઼઼̚ϔᛨдዏᄂޢĂ֭ܧ่ያ઼࡚۞γొԕ᜕ಶͽϠхĂᔘ ᅮଣտ઼ϔᛨтңᗉᑅᄂ៉Вயᛨг˭ᖐ۞࿅Ă̖ਕаඍ઼ϔᛨ ңͽਕૉхᜈ۞યᗟĄ҃Ă࿅ـᙯٺ઼ϔᛨ઼छޙטᄃϨҒऻٍ۞ ࡁտĂ઼ϔᛨטᝋ˧۞ड़ਕᄃཇ۞јڍۡତాඕֽĂ҃نෛ நኢ˯࿅ޘ۞઼छᗉᑅΞਕົεΝڼϒ༊ّĂ҃ͅ፬൴Հࠎᇃھ۞ ٯԩĄࠎң઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡдϨҒऻٍॡഇĂਕͽ઼छᇷ˧ѣड़ཇ Вᛨг˭ᖐĞᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົ̈́࠹ᙯᖐğĂݒ˫̙Ҍٺ፬൴ ۞ͅԩĂјࠎώ͛ٙࢋࡁտ۞ᗟĄώ͛ဘྏ࿅ء͛͞Іᄃ˾ ።ΫĂᄲځ̣ŒѐϨҒऻ઼ٍ̚छᄃۤົᙯܼ۞ᖼតߏ઼ϔᛨ઼छ ፟ጡཇјΑ۞ᙯᔣĄ1949 ѐ઼ϔᛨᄃВᛨг˭ᖐдᄂ៉࠹̢၆
DOI :10.6166/TJPS.57(115-146)Ą߆ڼ৩ԔҋٺЧ።ΫЯ৵۞๗ჸĂֱЯ৵઼ֹ छ፟ጡਕૉдᅳ˿̰၆ۤົѣड़ซҖڼĄଣ৶ጼޢέ៉۞።Ϋਔඛߏநྋ઼ϔᛨ ઼छ፟ጡࠎңਕ೪ѣᝋ˧ăڼᄂ៉ۤົ۞ᙯᔣĄ**
ᄂ៉̂ጯ߆ڼጯࡁտٙ౾̀ϠĂE-mail: [email protected]Ąώ͛ܐቇАޢ൴ܑٺ 2012 ѐᄂ៉ۤົጯѐົᄃ 2013 ѐᄂ̂߆ڼրௐαبثαг౾̀ϠኢጪĂຏᔁᏂܠ ๔ିăͳିдົ̚೩ֻ۞ᚗෳຍ֍ćѩγĂ˵ຏᔁҜᆶߤˠ۞ٹϒᄃޙᛉĄ ޢຏᔁᄂ̂ۤົٙ౾̀ڒ็ăཧࢆីᄃڒ֠۞೩ᕇĄώ͛тѣЇңᄱĂϤ ү۰ҋҖٚፉĄ Ըቇ͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 4 ͡ 2 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ102 ѐ 9 ͡ 3 ͟ސĂ៍୕၆ސ۞ᄂ៉ۤົјࠎ઼ϔᛨᄃВᛨг˭ᖐٙࢋۋפ۞၆ ෪Ą҃Ăᔹጼ۞ᘕ൴ᄃ઼࡚̬ˢᄂ៉ঔदֹ៍୕۞ᄂ៉ᖼШᄃ઼ϔ ᛨЪүĂ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧Яѩͽ൴णĂд઼छᄃۤົ۞Ъү˭Ă઼ϔ ᛨ઼छ፟ጡื࿅ޘᗉᑅĄ࠹၆۞Ăͅԩ۞Вᛨг˭ᖐ̙ᕝצז ઼छᄃۤົ۞ᑟᑅĂЯѩڱܜ˳ᔳትٺᄂ៉ۤົ҃ϞྋĂ઼ϔᛨд ᄂ៉̖ͽዮ˘ᛨ߆۞߆ڼ৩ԔĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ઼छۤົᙯܼă઼छૄᖂᝋ˧ă߆ڼ৩ԔăϨҒऻٍă઼̚ Вயᛨᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົ
ಥă݈֏Ĉ઼ϔᛨ઼छă઼छ፟ጡᄃ߆ڼ৩Ԕ
1 ˘࣎߆ڼۤཏ۞߆ڼ৩ԔĞpolitical orderğਕӎჯᘦؠĂᄃྍۤཏ ۞߆ڼטޘѣ̷۞ᙯܼĂд઼छᄃۤົᙯܼ۞ෛ֎˭Ăࡁտ۰̙ߏᙯ͕ ߆ڼטޘ۞ޙϲĂಶߏჸ൏д߆ڼטޘ۞ྻүਕӎዮ߆ڼ৩ԔĄࢵАĂ ᙯ͕טޘᏴፄ۞ࡁտ۰ࢦෛ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞Ăࣇᙯڦ઼छ߆ڼטޘߏт ңԛјĂҭ̙Т۞ࡁտशѣ̙Т۞̶ژ͞ёĄநّᏴፄטޘኢ۰ჸ൏ ٺ߆ڼҖࠎ۞̢જߏтңϤ̙ᘦؠ۞ېၗᔌШᘦؠĂଂ̚ྋᛖᄲځ߆ڼҖ ࠎ۰۞Ᏼፄߏтңצז߆ڼטޘ۞გטᄃᄵጱĞBates et al., 1998ğćΩ˘ ͞ࢬĂ።Ϋטޘኢ۰ᙯ͕።Ϋ୧І۞मளĂኜтล৺ᙯܼăгቡᚮۋᑅ ˧ඈЯ৵ߏтңᇆᜩЧ઼̙Т߆វטޘ۞౹ޙĞTilly, 1992ćErtman, 1997ğĄ ѨĂᙯ͕טޘྻүޢڍ۞ࡁտ۰ଣտ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ዮᄃϞྋĂࣇᙯڦ ߆ڼטޘ۞൴णਕӎዋᑕטޘγొ۞ۤົགྷᑻតዏĂֹ߆ڼטޘ۞ྻүਕ ѣड़ᘦؠ߆ڼᄃۤົ৩ԔĞHuntington, 1968ćOlson Jr., 2008ğĄೱ֏̝Ă дາטޘኢ۞ቑ˭Ăӈֹࡁտ۞श̙ТĂҭ̂វ҃֏Ăࢦෛטޘ ۞ࡁտ۰Ăᙯ͕߆ڼᙯܼଂ̙ᘦؠᔙШᘦؠ۞טޘ̼࿅Ăͽѩྋᛖ઼छ ᄃۤົ࠹̢᎐Ъ۞ඕڍćࢦෛטޘྻүޢڍ۞ࡁտ۰ᙯ͕߆ڼטޘтң 1 ߆ڼ৩ԔĞpolitical orderğߏĶ઼छ࿅טޘ҃ѣड़ڼۤົ۞ᘦؠېၗķĂኛણ ֍ௐ˟༼Ķ઼छᄃۤົ۞᎐ЪķĄࠎңਕૉޙϲ߆ڼטޘ҃ᔖҺεԔĂјࠎநྋ߆ڼ ৩ԔĞthe sources of political orderğ۞ᙯᔣĂͷ˘ۡᇃࠎ߆ڼநኢछᄃநّᏴፄ ࡁտ۰ٙᙯڦĞPasquino, 1996ćBates et al., 1998: 3ğĄ̙Т۞߆ڼטޘົயϠ̙Т ۞߆ڼវטĞregimeğĂ߆ڼ৩Ԕ˵̙̂࠹ТĞтϔ߆វᄃ˘ᛨט߆វ۞၆ͧğĄ ϤѩĂд઼छۤົᙯܼࡁտ۞श˭Ă߆ڼ৩ԔҋٺĶ઼छᖐࠎңਕޙϲ߆ڼט ޘͽᒔפۤົึڇƟئଂ۞።Ϋ୧ІķĄ࿅ـ၆ٺԦᚑॡഇ઼ϔᛨ۞ࡁտĂߏ ڼԛёෛࠎĶᛨ઼វטķĞCheng, 1989ćآӖĂ1998Ĉ20-24ğĄĶᛨ઼˘វķ Ъ˘ᛨ߆઼छĞsingle-party stateğ۞ໄهĂ˵ၹјώ͛Ķ઼ϔᛨ઼छĞthe KMT Stateğķ ࢋ۞̰टĄѩγĂ࠹၆ٺ઼ϔᛨ઼छߏ˘઼छᙷݭĂώ͛̚۞઼ϔᛨᄃ઼छ፟ጡ ߏវ۞߆ڼҖࠎ۰Ă̶ҾঘᛨᖐᄃҖ߆ᖐĄд˘ᛨ߆ᄃᛨ઼វט۞ߛၹ ˭Ă઼ϔᛨߏଠט઼छ፟ጡ۞Ą߇ଣտ઼ϔᛨ઼छ۞߆ڼ৩ԔॡĂߏдଣྙ઼ϔ ᛨ̈́ٙଠט۞઼छ፟ጡࠎңͽ̈́тңਕૉдᄂ៉ޙϲ֭ዮ˘ᛨט߆វĞone-party regimeğĂԛၹ˘࣎˘ᛨ߆઼छĄεΝٕჯᘭᘦؠّĂͽѩྋᛖ߆វ۞ᖼݭٕ߆វ۞ิّĄ ଂௐˬگϔ̼ϿؕĂ߆វᖼݭ۞࠹ᙯࡁտܮቿݎ൴णĄଳϡטޘᏴ ፄෛ֎۞ࡁտ۰кᙯڦރᝋ߆វซˢᖼݭॡĂ߆ڼයࡻ۞טޘઐрă߆ڼ ၁˧ᄃඉரᏴፄߏтңᇆᜩϔᖼݭ۞ྮशĂ֭ࢦෛᓝᏱᏴᓝֽٙ۞̙ ቁؠّЯ৵ᄃᇆᜩćѩγĂଳϡңጳ߆טޘྵѣӀٺϔዮĂϺߏט ޘᏴፄࡁտ۞ࢦࢋᛉᗟĞૺҦ؟Ă2011Ĉ304ğĄטޘޢڍ۞ࡁտ˵ᕖ̈́ ҌϔᖼݭޢĂϔݡኳߏтңஎ̼۞ᛉᗟĞૺҦ؟Ă2011Ĉ311-313ğĄ ҃Ăϔݡኳᄃϔዮ۞ࡁտјڍາᎸϔ઼छ۞ϔטޘܑன ̙тഇĂЯѩѣֱͧྵ߆ڼጯ۰၆ٺϔ߆វ݈ഀٱೌ៍۞ၗޘĂ ࣇᖼ҃ଣտາᎸ۞ރᝋ߆វࠎңᄃтңਕૉхᜈĞૺҦ؟Ă2011Ĉ298-299ğĄ ᄂ៉үࠎௐˬگϔ̼۞ࢦࢋ९ּĂֹᄂ៉ࡁտ˵ჸ൏д߆វᖼݭ۞ טޘᏴፄᄃטޘޢڍ۞ᛉᗟ˯Ą1990 ѐ۞ᄂ៉ϔ̼ࡁտቿݎ൴णĂ Ҍ 2000 ѐޢฟؕࢦଣѝഇ۞ࡁտјڍĞૺҦ؟ăѦำ႔Ă2012Ĉ17ğĄ ҃Ă่ѣొ̶ࡁտᛈ̈́ϔ̼̝݈۞઼ϔᛨރᝋ߆វߏтңޙϲᄃྻ үĂͽ઼̈́ϔᛨރᝋ߆វޙϲ̝ᅫ઼छᄃۤົߏтң᎐Ъ۞યᗟĄஎտ઼ ϔᛨރᝋវט۞ޙϲᄃྻүĂ̙Ϊਕͧ߆ጯࠧᖼШރᝋ߆វࡁտ۞ᔌ๕ ซҖ၆ྖĂ˵ਕஎ̼ᄂ៉ϔ̼טޘᏴፄ۞ࡁտјڍĂϺਕநྋރᝋჰ дᖼݭޢߏтңᇆᜩϔטޘ۞ྻүĂଂ̚ۊॶϔݡኳஎ̼۞ΞਕّĄ ߊѣᙯٺ઼ϔᛨтңдᄂ៉хᜈ۞ࡁտĂࢵАᙯڦ۞ߏ઼ϔᛨ઼छĶγ ొϒ༊ّķֽĂѩᙷݭࡁտкଂ઼ᅫᙯܼன၁ཌྷ̷ˢĂૻአᔹጼᘕ൴ ᄃҽጼЯ৵Ă઼ֹϔᛨ઼छд઼࡚۞᜕ܲ˭ዮ߆ᝋĞૺฮĂ2003ćӓ ⴥˠĂ2008ğĄ҃Ă࠹ᙯࡁտᄮࠎଵੵ̚В۞ރӈΞዮ઼ϔᛨ۞ ڼĂݒЯѩنෛۤົ၆઼ϔᛨڼ۞ኳႷᄃͅԩĄ2 Яѩன၁ཌྷࡁտ่ ᄲځ˞઼࡚ԕ᜕тңҺੵ˞̚В۞ְރĂҭڱྋᛖᄂ៉ۤົͅԩҖ ࠎ۞ঐεĂͽ઼̈́ϔᛨࠎңਕѣड़ᗉᑅ۞યᗟĄ ѨĂΩѣጯ۰ଂг͞ҋڼᏴᓝྋᛖ߆ڼଠט፟טтңӛৼώгයࡻ 2 тܜഇᙯڦВᛨг˭ᖐ۞ᖡ౾߷೬ᜨ˞ᄂ៉ۤົ۞ϔͅԩΫĂ઼֭ϔᛨ઼छ ፟ጡ۞ᗉᑅѣҽጼᄃ઼В̰ጼ۞ਔඛΞೈĞᖡ౾߷Ă1993ğĄ
ᄃг͞ࠁրĞӓ˜ᇇăౘځ఼Ă1993ćౘځ఼ăڒᚶ͛Ă1998ćౘځ఼Ă 2001ğĂٕ۰ଂ઼ϔᛨ൴જ۞˿гԼࢭ߆ඉᄲځ઼छᄃгล৺ߏ࠹̢ԁ םĂֹكѩӀचᙯܼᔌШ˘Ăͽгࠎ̬̼҃̚ྋ઼छᄃྺϔ̝ม۞ล ৺Ϭ࠼ĞᆒซᇉĂ2012Ĉ89-93ğĄֱኢкଂ઼छϤ˯҃˭ޙϲטޘă ၁߉߆ඉͽ̈́ᚶٚതϔჰඈ͞ёซҖଣĂᔵពϯொˢ઼छ၆ώ гۤົ۞ԁםᄃӀᄵĂҭݒ͌ொˢ઼छтң࿅វטّ۞ᗉᑅᄃރͽ ֹ࢝ώгۤົಶቑ۞࠹ᙯኢĄтڍͣΞያ۞ރᄃᘂჳĂ่ϡԁםᄃ Ӏᄵߏڱឰ߆ڼҖࠎ۰̝มԛјѣܫϡ۞ٚᏚĂ˵ಶᙱͽטޘ̼߆ڼ Җࠎ۰̝ม۞̢જᙯܼĞBates et al., 1998: 9-10ğĄ າᎸϔ઼छ၆࿅Νރᝋ߆វրّᑅ࢝۞አߤᄃኪᐺĂԛјĶᖼݭ ϒཌྷķĞTransitional Justiceğ۞ᛉᗟ҃ซˢͧྵ߆ڼᄃᄂ៉ࡁտ۞ෛĞWu, 2005ćѯآፔĂ2007Ĉ69-78ğĄ̙࿅ѩ˘ᛉᗟдᄂ៉֭Ϗז͉к۞ᙯ ڦĂ҃ߏᐌ߆ᛨ၆ϲ۞ଐ๕Ăֹᖼݭϒཌྷజˢ߆ࠧĂ֭дጯࠧă߆ᛨ ᄃ็ಫ፬၆ϲĞѯآፔĂ2007ćౘ۾ځĂ2007ğĄ߱ᖼݭϒཌྷдᄂ៉ ۤົ፬ۋኢᄃ၆ϲ۞࿅Ăֹ࿅ΝϨҒऻٍ۞࠹ᙯ።Ϋ༼צזᙯڦĂ ̚˫ͽ൴Ϡд50 ѐ۞νᓍ߆ڼ९ІּͧĄ3 ѩ˘።Ϋ༼ᄲځĂ 1946 ѐޙϲ۞઼ͅϔᛨ̚Вг˭ᖐĞࢋᖐࠎĶᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົķĂ ޢ͛ᖎჍĶ࠷̍؎ົķğĂ˭Ч̍ү؎ࣶົᄃ͚ొ۞൴णĂߏᐌ઼В ̰ጼ۞ଐ๕࿆҃̈́БᄂĂᖐّ۞߿જхᜈז 1954 ѐ̖ೀͼঐεĞో ዂĂ1954Ĉ90ğĄ4 ֤ᆃѩ˘Бफّ۞ͅԩ˧ณࠎңົঐεĉ઼ϔᛨރ ᝋ߆វ˫ߏтңѣड़๐ੵѩ˘ͅԩᖐĉ5 3 ፂ 2005 ѐ઼֨ొĶߤԦᚑॡഇݔใၱࣥᏗᆶҿ९Іķ९ಡӘĂፋ࣎Ԧᚑॡ ഇঘ̈́ݔใၱࣥᏗᆶҿ९Іˠᇴࠎ 16,132 ˠĂҭ̣ѐϨҒऻٍĞ1949-1959 ѐğ ঘ̈́ݔใၱࣥᏗᆶҿ९Іˠᇴಶ྿ 9,690 ˠĂព֍༊ॡ઼ͅϔᛨ۞˧ณᄃఢሀᘀ̂ ĞܘၷᓝăᔁڟтĂ2007Ĉ57-60ğĄΩγĂ࠷̍؎ົЧ͚ొдᄂ៉Чг۞οޙଐڶĂ ኛ֍ޢ͛۞ኢĄ 4 ώ̝͛ٙͽࡁտ۞ॡมᕇనؠд1954 ѐĂߏЯࠎ 1954 ѐ઼ϔᛨۍ۞͛ІĮέ ВݔใΫįᄮࠎВᛨᖐ̏གྷ̂๏ԆலĂ่ѣܧ૱ං͌۞ണхВᛨᖐјࣶдĂ ͅԩ߿જΞᄲĶ̏ᔌٺϞྋĂሚ˸ķĞోዂĂ1954Ĉ90ğĄ 5 дޢ͛ົ೩̈́Ăॲፂ࠷̍؎ົјࣶ۞ֻẶѐ۞Вᛨјࣶ̂ࡗѣˬ˼ዶˠĂҭ ොཙ3 ઼֨̚ొ۞ಡӘݒᄲځ 1950 ѐ߆ڼ९Іˠᇴ྿ 9,690 ˠĂᇴϫ۞རम
ߊѣ۞ࡁտ၆ٺͅԩ๕˧۞ଣ̏གྷు႙ᖳಱĂϤٺొ̶វטّᗉᑅ ۞ᑫ९ྤफ़̏གྷΞֻߤዦĂͷѣ̂ณ۞˾ΫனĂ߇೩ֻ˞ࡁտ઼ϔᛨ дᄂ៉ޙϲ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ΞਕّĄώ͛Ăጼޢ઼ϔᛨᄃ઼̚Вயᛨү ࠎ̢̙࣎࠹ट۞߆ڼᖐĂЧጾڠ˧࠹̢ᚮుјࠎ઼̚Ъڱͷ˘۞߆ ڼᝋރĂ۰۞ۋଂ઼̚ؼҩҌᄂ៉Ăۋ۞ଐ๕ֹᄂ៉ۤົυืፄ˘ үࠎึଂ۞၆෪Ąώ͛ۊॶ̏གྷ೬ᜨ۞ొ̶።Ϋ༼Ăͽ઼छۤົᙯܼ۞ ࡁտशଣߤ઼ϔᛨăᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົƟ઼̚Вயᛨͽ̈́ᄂ៉ۤົ̝ม ۞̢જᙯܼĂͽѩྋᛖ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡдᄂ៉۞߆ڼ৩ԔĄ
෮ă઼छᄃۤົ۞᎐ЪĈ
āā઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞ԛјᄃ൴ण
ࢮ ұ ᄮ ࠎ ઼ छ ߏ д ˘ ؠ г ા ̰ Ъ ڱ ᗽ ᕝ ᇷ ˧ ۞ ᖐ Ă Ķ ᇷ ˧ ķ ĞviolenceğᄃĶᅳ˿ᝋķĞterritorialityğΎពன઼छ۞࣎পᇈĞGiddens, 1987: 18-19ğĄ҃Ăᇷ˧̙֭ਕܲᙋڼᙯܼ۞ᘦؠĂЯѩࡁտ۰˫ᙯ ̷ˠϔึଂ۞ࣧЯĈտౣߏңඕၹăטޘᄃ̼͛ਕૉֹˠϔึଂĞMigdal, Joel S. Ăᛂ̄ಕᛌĂ2005Ĉ279ğĄពଂன઼छдؠгા̰Ъڱ ᗽᕝᇷ˧Ăזˠϔᙸຍึଂ۞ඕၹᄃ̼͛னĂ֭ܧ˘ᙙΞೀĄ ଂன઼छдڼгા̰ᗽᕝᇷ˧۞࿅ֽ࠻Ăޙϲᘦؠ۞ڼ፟ט ̙֭πĄдĶᄦౄጼۋķĞwar makingğᄃĶχౄ઼छķĞstate makingğ ۞Ϲ̢үϡ˭Ă઼छ˘͞ࢬ೩᜕ֻܲĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˫ၴפྤĂүࠎĶઙ৶ ۰ķĞracketeerğ۞֎Ғд።Ϋ۞ႊซ࿅̚ߏޮؠ̙តĞTilly, 1985: 175-177ć1992: Ch.3ğĄ઼छࠎ˞྿זϫ۞Ă၆̰υืЪڱгᗽᕝᇷ˧Ă ֭ڼ઼̰ᄃ၆γفጼ۞̟߱͘ͽᖐ̼ĞTilly, 1985 : 170-175ğĄΩ ˘͞ࢬĂࠎ˞ჯˠϔึଂٺ઼छ۞ڼᄃְજࣶĂ઼छυืචΐᑕϡ Җ߆߱͘Ăᄓะజڼ۰۞࠹ᙯྤੈซҖႾଠĂֶፂֱྤੈ၆జ ڼ۰ซҖఢĂдႾଠ̚Ᏸᙊ࿁ԩ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ཋϚͽซҖᘂჳĞGiddens, ព֍ܧВᛨˠ̀˵צז઼छᇷ˧۞ރᄃ࢝चĄ1987: Ch.7ğĄ઼छ۞͚੨ԛၗᄃᝋ˧ྻү۞ᙯᔣĂܮߏႾଠ۞̙߱͘ ᕝгГϠயĞGiddens, 1987: 17ğĄ༊઼छдߙֱڼ۞ቑᘞ̰ਕಏ͞ࢬ Ϥ˯҃˭г߉ϡᝋ˧ॡĂӈߏĶ઼छטᝋ˧ķĞstate despotic powersğ ۞णனĞMann, 1993: 59ğĄ ҃Ă઼छࡶߏ࿅ႾଠᄃთטಶΞͽזˠϔ۞ึڇĂಶ࿅ٺෛ ۤົ۞ҋّĄ࿅ޘთטڱѣड़ڼĂЯజڼ۰Ξͽ࿅ٳؼăަ ඈ͞ёซҖٯԩĂ̼ྋ߉ϡдࣇ֗˯۞઼छᝋ˧ĞScott, 1985ć༱໓፨Ă 2007ğĄѩγĂ઼छ࿅ޘᗉᑅົ͔൴ۤົ၆צ࢝۰۞Тଐᄃ͚ĂЯѩѣ ֱऻٍᖐࠤҌᄊຍ͔൴઼छᗉᑅĂͽܮᒔפۤົ۞͚ĞSánchez-Cuenca & de la Calle, 2009: 38-39ğĄЯѩĂ઼छࠎ˞ڼυืዋޘгឰഭ˘ֱᝋ ˧ĄۤົΞਕߏϤߙֱᐹ๕ෳăล৺ٕဥវүࠎܑᄃ઼छםથĂٕߏ ࿅ϔཌྷᄃ઼छჸВᙊĂ઼ֹछᄃۤົͽ࠹̢ЪүĂͽ྾Җ઼छ ጼۋજࣶᄃբפ໐ˢ۞ਕ˧ĞLevi, 1988ćTilly, 1992ćErtman, 1997ğĄ઼ छᄃۤົ࠹̢ᇆᜩăكѩЪүĂᇹ۞̢જԛј˘ፋវᝋ˧ྻү۞ᇹၗĂ ˵ಶߏĶ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧ķĞstate infrastructural powersğĞMann, 1993: 59ğĄ ՀჟቁгᄲĂĶ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧ķߏۤົᄃ઼छם˧Ъүྻүטޘ҃ण னֽ۞ᝋ˧Ăֹטޘ۞ྻүͽరࡍፋ઼࣎छڼ۞гાĞMann, 1993: 59ğĄ҃Ă༊઼छ࿅טޘםአᄃႣۤົ۞ТॡĂ઼छᄃۤົ۞̢જ ԛјᗕШგĂග̟ۤົᇆᜩ઼छ۞ਕ˧ĞMann, 1993: 59ğĄ̙࿅Ă༊ ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧ૻĂ઼छਕૉ఼࿅઼छטޘםአۤົϠ߿Ăֹᘟા̰۞ ۤົϠ߿ᔌ˘Ă઼छ˵ಶਕۤົĶ༰ᐈķĞcageğд઼छ۞ᘟા ̝̰ĞMann, 1993: 59ğĄೱ֏̝Ă઼छૻΐдۤົ˯۞߆ڼ৩Ԕڱܜ ˳ĂΪѣפۤົ۞ЪүĂ߆ڼ৩Ԕ̖ͽޙϲᄃዮĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂ̙ ኢ઼छߏ࿅ރăӀᄵٕߏԁם҃פ˞ۤົТຍЪү۞ຍᙸĂΪࢋۤ ົᙸຍםӄטޘྻүĂ઼छಶΞͽ಼̂ࢫҲႾଠ۞јώĂֹᏰځͅԩ۰۞ ӧᙱޘࢫҲĂᔖฟ઼छ࿅ޘᗉᑅ҃߯̈́ˠ۞ΞਕّĄЯѩĂ઼छૄᖂᝋ ˧۞ԛјᄃ൴णΞᄲߏڼϒ༊ّᄃ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ᙯᔣĄ ˯።Ϋۤົጯ၆ٺ઼छᄃ઼छᝋ˧۞ኢĂԛј˘࣎நኢ۞ෛ֎Ă Ξֻᄂ៉ࡁտଣߤ઼ϔᛨ઼छдᄂ៉۞߆ڼ৩Ԕߏтңԛјᄃ൴णĂͽ̈́ ၆઼ϔᛨ۞ͅԩߏтңঐీ۞યᗟĄߊѣ۞઼छޙטࡁտĂᔵڦຍז઼
ᅫЯ৵Ğᔹጼğ۞үϡĂݒϏڦຍז઼छᄃۤົ۞ЪүĄᓝּ҃֏Ăӓⴥ ˠĞ2008ğдᄂ៉ጼޢҌ 50 ѐܐഇϨҒऻٍ̚Ăۊॶˬ࠹̢ࢦᝑ ۞઼छᇷ˧።ΫਔඛĈௐ˘࣎ਔඛߏĶ઼̚ώ˿۞઼छޙၹ̍ķĂѩ˘ ޙၹ̍ঘ̈́րّ۞ᇷ˧âߏጼޢܐഇ઼ϔᛨତќᄃӛৼᄂ៉ ࣎າᅳ˿͔ٙ൴۞ᇷ˧ĂĶࢋܑனд˟˟ˣְЇ́ޢ۞ְᗉᑅᄃ ฏķĂТॡϤٺ઼В̰ጼШᄂ៉۞ؼणĂϺ͔൴˞Ω˘րّ۞઼छᇷ ˧Ă˵ಶߏზВயᛨˠ۞̣ѐܐഇĶϨҒऻٍķĞӓⴥˠĂ2008Ĉ 168ğĄௐ˟࣎ਔඛߏ 1949 ѐҌ 1987 ѐ۞Ķ઼ϔᛨдᄂ៉۞઼छޙၹ̍ ķĂѩ˘઼छޙၹ̍ߏࠎ˞ቁϲᄃዮ઼ϔᛨγֽ͌ᇴڼវט҃߉ ϡᇷ˧ĂТॡ઼ϔᛨ˵ؼᜈ઼В̰ጼ҃ᚶᜈͽᇷ˧ซҖͅВĞӓⴥˠĂ 2008Ĉ168ğĄޢ˘࣎ਔඛߏ 1947 ѐҌ 1989 ѐ۞ĶБҽጼķĂдᔹ ጼޢ࡚ᛂૻ၆ސ۞઼ᅫវրቁϲޢĂ઼ϔᛨዮ߆ᝋ͔ٙ൴۞ᇷ˧ĂĶְ ၁˯јࠎ઼࡚ᜦᝋٙᐵధ˜Ҍٺခᐽ۞ҖࠎķĞӓⴥˠĂ2008Ĉ168ğĄ ӓⴥˠ۞̶ژࢦ઼ᅫன၁ཌྷ۞Я৵ᄃ઼ϔᛨ઼छטᝋ˧۞ड़ ਕĂҭᇹ۞ᄲڱд઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞៍ᕇ˭Ă̪ѣ࣎ౝѣޞྃ·Ąࢵ АĂன၁ཌྷΪᄲځ˞઼࡚ԕ᜕Һੵ˞ֽҋγొ۞̚ВְރĂҭڱ ྋᛖᄂ៉ۤົͅԩҖࠎ۞ঐεĂᔘᅮࢋྃ·઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡߏтңᗉᑅͅ ԩĂ˫ࠎңਕૉѣड़ᗉᑅͅԩ۞࿅ĄѨĂኢ̚ͻᄂ៉ۤົ۞֗ᇆĂ ่ೡᄂ៉ۤົึଂ઼छ۞ᇷ˧ڼ҃јࠎ઼छᇷ˧۞צच۰Ą҃Ăଂ ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞ෛ֎ֽ࠻Ă߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ޙϲ̙Ϊᅮࢋۤົڇଂ઼छᇷ˧Ă ᔘืۤົ᎕ໂᄃ઼छЪүĂ̖ਕѣड़ੵྏဦ߄ጼ઼छڼ۞ͅԩ۰Ą ੵ˞ӓⴥˠ۞ྋၹّෛ֎ྋᛖγĂΩѣͅԩࠎңঐీ۞ᖐّྋᛖĄ ѣֱࡁտᄮࠎ࠷̍؎ົߏϤٺᖐᅳጱˠజॏĂགྷϤֻᖐјࣶ҃Ϥ˯ ҃˭ϞྋĞለ৵༈Ă2008Ĉ152-153ğćٕ۰Яࠎᖐᕖૺ͉ԣĂֹᛨࣶ ቚ̙֖҃टٽצזᗼĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1962Ĉ15-16ć1977Ĉ44ğĄ ҃ྋᛖТᇹ၆ٺᄂ៉ۤົдᗉᑅ࿅̚Էႊң֎ҒĂ֭՟ѣઇ ᄲځĈͅԩ๕˧ڱдৌ۩۞ۤົ̚ᖐᄃ߿જĂЯࠎࣇᅮࢋۏኳᄃ ຍᙊԛၗ˯۞͚ćТᇹ۞Ă઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ˵ᅮࢋۤົ۞͚ᄃᑒӄĂ ̖ਕᏰᙊྏဦં྅ј̳ϔ۞ͅԩ۰Ą ώ͛ĂϤٺᔹጼ۞ᘕ൴Ăጱᄂ៉ۤົᙸຍᄃ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ
ЪүĂ઼ֹछૄᖂᝋ˧ͽԛјĄ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧טޘّгᑟᑅВᛨᖐј ࣶ۞߿જ۩มĂֹࣇυืـϠ߿୧ІೋК۞ਣ̋ᑏĂӈֹضྻז ԕ᜕Ă˵ᙱͽྴ࿅઼छᄃۤົ߉ΐ۞ᑅ˧Ą
ણă઼छᄃۤົᙯܼ۞ᖼೱĈ
āāд̰ጼ̚៍୕۞ᄂ៉ۤົ
1948 ѐ઼ϔᛨ።གྷᕬጼԝăπߺጼԝᄃषົጼ۞εୀޢĂჟ ዟႽεĂдВ۞ᑅ˧˭Ă1949 ѐ઼ϔᛨΪਕࢂؼണಆĂୀ߹˸Ҍᄂ ៉ĞૺϜڱĂ2001Ĉ462-480ğĄᐌ઼ϔᛨዏᄂ۞ொˢཏ̝ม߹็ ĶऻُԣԆ˞ķăĶ͇ԣܪ˞ķඈ็֏ĞᚑႊхĂ1989Ĉ46ğĄд઼छౝ ˢࢲ̚ണᒍ۞ဩг̝ᅫĂொˢཏᄃᄂ៉ώгۤົซˢ˘࣎΄ˠԸ፟ᄃજ ອ۞።ΫᖼԶᕇĄ дொˢཏ͞ࢬĂ઼ϔᛨຍᙊזεୀཌྷᚢႝĂҭ˵Ϊਕ֏ϯᛋĄ 1949 ѐ 7 ͡ 31 ͟Ăᛋ౯ᓁొЯჯ᜕ڼщ۞ᖚయ҃υืඥĶࣥᏗķĂҭ ૄٺĶ̙ᙸ̙ି҃ྗķ۞ϲಞĂЯѩࢋՐĶࣥᏗЊ̄ķдΗ̰࣎͡Ш࠷ᛋ ચăᛋ౯ᓁొௐ˟ăጳһௐαဥҋࢵĂࢨĶԸ፟Њ̄ķăĶఝВᏐВ Њ̄ķٺΗ̝̰࣎͡ᗓέĂࡶдέ៉ҶĶఝВᏐВķ֏ኢăĶεୀཌྷķ ֏ኢĂĶܡᇦͅВጼۋ̝൴णķĂĶ߆عՙ̟ͽବᎿķĞ̚δۤĂ1949ğĄ ͇Ğ8 ͡ 1 ͟ğĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįௐ˟ۍΏ˘ቔۤኢIJੵࣥᏗᄃ Ը፟Њ̄ijĂՀځቁгؠཌྷĶԸ፟Њ̄ķĂయԸ፟Њ̄ܡᘣĶຟใޙ઼ķĂ Ķѣຍຍᇫ۞εୀཌྷ۞߲৵ķĂ֭૱ពᜨĶᏐВ۞ၗޘķĄ̙࿅ۤ ኢٚᄮޝᙱԱזቁ̷ᙋፂֽĶԸ፟Њ̄ķ۞ཋҖĄϤٺࠧؠ̙ٽĂЯ ѩநĶԸ፟Њ̄ķ۞р͞ڱĂߏࢋՐࣇдഇࢨ̰ҋજဩĞ˘ਠಡ ጱĂ1949bğĄ6 ࣃڦຍ۞ߏĂѩቔۤኢߏۡᖟд઼छĶ߆̼͛፟ 6 ѩ۞ĶԸ፟Њ̄ķĂдۤኢ̚ߏᇹࠧؠĈĶҌٺ̦ᆃΨઇԸ፟Њ̄Ăݒᅮࢋซ˘ ᆸ۞ྋᛖĄֱԸ፟Њ̄Ă̙˘ؠѣଯᖙ߆ع۞ҖજĂݒॡॡᄃࣥᛨ࠺ֽீΝĂͽࠎ ֽซ̝֗гĄࣇՀ̙˘ؠѣࣥᛨ۞ᛨᚱĂࠤҌۡז̫͇ᔘŜ઼ϔᛨ۞ᛨᚱĂ ྫٺЧ߆̼͛፟ᙯĂŜ၆ٺຟใޙŜĂ่̙୮ሤྕĂݒ૱૱ҽ֏ᆚᏝĂѣຍຍᙯķ̰ొ۞ĶԸ፟Њ̄ķĂ˵ᄲځొ̶ᐌ઼ϔୀֽᄂ۞ொˢཏĂ дᙱ࿅̚၆઼ϔᛨຏזε୕ĂЯѩγ̙҃ᙸдᄂ៉ԩВ۰ٙдк ѣĄ7 ଂ 1949 ѐ 7 ͡ 31 ͟۞ᛋᓁ̳Әז 8 ͡ 1 ͟۞ۤኢĂᔵᚑᆖ᜔య ĶԸ፟Њ̄ķ۞Ըّ፟ॾĂݒ˵ᄲځ˞઼ϔᛨ߆ᝋ۞ဩԑԑΞПĂጱ ொˢཏˠ͕ă৾ۋ̙ᕝĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂᄂ៉ώгཏдགྷᑻ˯ăۤົ˯Тᇹຍᙊז઼ϔᛨ۞П፟ Ğᔁ႔ጏĂ1998Ĉ246ğĄᔵ઼ϔᛨ࿅Ԧᚑთט֏ኢҋϤăଠטಫវĂ ҭѩॡѩגొ̶۞ۤົᔕኢ้̏Ш̚ВĂϤٺืचُ˘࣎ӈୀ˸۞߆ ᝋĂЯѩ࠷̍؎ົކ็ΏۏĮЍځಡįฟؕΗ̳ฟг߹็ĂࠤҌͽฎ͞ ёοĞౘࡻĂ2005Ĉ177ćౘࡻĂ2005Ĉ21ğĄ઼В̰ጼଐ๕ځ६Ă ֹਕૉତᛈזνᓍޥຐ۞ొ̶ώгཏШνᓍ๕˧ያᘇĂឰдѩג̝݈൴ ण̙֭ึ྾۞Вᛨг˭ᖐ֝ిӴ̂Ą ˟ጼඕՁޢĂ̚В̚δࠁͽችԂࠎࢵ۞ొཏĂд 1946 ѐ 4 ͡ ᄃ 7 ̶͡ԲֽᄂĂ֭ٺ 1946 ѐआޙϲĶᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົķĂϡͽᄵֹ ᄂ៉ۤົд̰ጼ઼͚̚̚ВயᛨĂĶͽܓЪԽᄂ۞ᅮࢋķĞΦڱҖ߆ొ አߤԊĂ1962Ĉ8ćՂଽበĂ1991aĈ12ğĄ҃Ăᖐ൴ण۞јڍҬͼѣ ࢨĂҌ˟˟ˣְІᘕ൴݈Ă࠷̍؎ົ่Ωγᖐ˞ĶέΔξ̍ү؎ࣶົķ ᄃĶέ̚Ꭹ̍ү؎ࣶົķĂ֭дᄂݑξăလཌྷξăฯξඈгޙϲˬ͚࣎ ొĂᛨࣶˠᇴࡗ 70 ዶˠĞϮൕቚĂ1957Ĉ69-70ğĄѩγĂ࠷̍؎ົ ̙ҭ՟ѣड़Ӏϡ 1947 ѐ۞˟˟ˣְІĂᔘдְІޢצזχᑝĂొ̶ᖐ ొтᔁౠࡓăҹඈˠజ࢝ᗓฟᄂ៉ͽྴᔖĞధౠऐĂ1993ćౘ ᇫ۞εୀཌྷ۞߲৵ĄࣇŜ̂लᇃி̝˭ĂϏυٺ̳ฟఝВĂҭдռˠኘФ̝ มĂݒ૱૱ᜨᏐВ۞ၗޘĂೀͼͽঐໝٙਕତܕ۞ˠࣇ̝ŜሤଐࠎᖚԠķ Ğ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949bğĄ҃Ăኛࣇҋજᗓဩߏѣӧᙱ۞ĂۤኢĶԸ፟Њ̄ķ ఽдᄂ៉ߏࠎ˞д઼В̰ጼ̚ӀĂЯѩֱĶኊኆјّ۞Ը፟Њ̄Ă˵՟ѣԯБ ొኯڦᑅд˘͞ࢬ۞ঈĄٙͽࣇᔘࢋдέ៉ᄃ؎ఏĂᙝ۞εୀౌᄃᙯĂ ᙝ۞౼Ӏ˵ౌΞͽѣ̶ķĞ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949bğĄ 7 ᓝּ҃֏Ă2,961 Щ઼ܑ̂̚Ϊѣ 1,080 ˠֽᄂĂ҃ 760 Щϲڱ؎ࣶ̚Ă˵Ϊѣࡗ 330 ˠֽᄂĂͷֱֽᄂ۞ˠкѩгෛࠎγለ࡚۞̚ᚶ৭ćΩ˘͞ࢬĂᙸຍ˭ٯԩ ̚В۰Ăݒ˫ౝˢ̢࠹య၆͞ᑕ઼ϔᛨεୀ̝యЇ۞ۋે̚ĂࠤҌᆸγ̝ ᅫĂۋᝋဳҜăᘆᝋܢ๕ĞเလፘĂ1991Ĉ139ğĄ
ჴቷĂ1995Ĉ362-363ćҹĂ2005Ĉ338-339ğĄҌ 1948 ѐ 5 ݈͡Ă ᛨ่ࣶᆧΐז 285 ЩĂͷкะ̚дᄂΔгડĞϮൕቚĂ1957Ĉ70ğĄ ҃Ăᐌ઼̰̚ጼϨሤ̼Ă̚ВࢦາҶԊᄂ៉۞г˭ᖐĄ ̚Вд 1948 ѐ 5 ͡ٺࢶപΡฟĶࢶപົᛉķĂѩ˘ົᛉઇೀีᙯ ٺᄂ៉ᖐ൴णᄃᖐ̍ү۞ࢦࢋՙؠĂᓁඕ࿅Ν̍ү˯۞ᄱĂםአᄂ ៉۞г˭̍үĂ֭၆ᄂ៉Ϗֽ۞݈ؠአĞϮൕቚĂ1957Ĉ71ćౘ۾ ځĂ1988Ĉ435-436ğĄ8 ࢶപົᛉᄮࠎĂᄂ៉ۤົ̙႕઼ϔᛨڼߏ˘࣎ ΞͽӀϡ۞୧ІĂ҃Ă઼ϔᛨߏ(1) ૪ሚୀੜֽᄂĂᔘߏ (2) ѣࢍထгШ ᄂ៉ዏொĂјࠎνΠϏֽᄂ៉Ķࢭķ̍ү۞ᙯᔣĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ 1977Ĉ36-37ğĄ9 ࢶപົᛉᄮࠎଐ๕൴ण้Ш݈˘ΞਕĂЯѩ࠷̍؎ົ ᑕྍͽ઼ϔᛨሚୀٺ઼̚ࠎ݈೩ĂႽณᕖ̂ཏிૄᖂĂΪѣд̰ጼБࢬ౼ ӀॡĂ̖ซҖĶڠ྅ཌྷķĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1977Ĉ36-37ă45ğĄ10 ઼҃ϔᛨၣੜ۞͞ШĂݒߏഈШࢶപົᛉᄮࠎ̙Ӏ۞͞Ш൴णĂቼ̬Ϯ̏ 8 ፂ઼ϔᛨ۞ྤफ़ྶĂѩົᛉΒ߁˯ঔԊ۞ΡฟĶ࠷̍؎ົᛉķᄃĶ̚В˯ঔԊăර ݑԊᓑय̍үົᛉķĂĶ࠷̍؎ົᛉķ˫ჍĶᄂ៉̍үొົᛉķĈĶˬȈ˛ѐ̣͡ ࣥдࢶപ৪ᓝҖٙᏜĺᄂ៉̍үొົᛉĻĂણΐѩѨົᛉ۰Ăᄂ៉ࣥѣችԂă ૺԠمă߸ρ፞ăధৌĪࢍৌīăోăगΟπă࣫ঔЍăౘăՂઔăՂ ڠپăѦ̄ᇊඈȈ˘ˠĂႡപࣥѣౢ͇ᆀăౘ፨ϔăՂઈЍăᔁౠࡓăҹඈ̣ ˠĂᇃڌ̈́ঔݑफܑࣥЧ˘ˠĂϤࣥࢵᆒፍķĞϮൕቚĂ1957Ĉ71ğĄણ ΐົᛉ۞ĶధৌķΞਕߏඊᄱĂᑕࠎĶࣥᄂ៉࠷̍؎ົฎᓁ͚ొࢍৌඈݔใ९ķ ۞९ࢵĶࢍৌķĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ24ğĄΩγĂͧ၆ΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĞ1962Ĉ11ğ ۞ĮВࣥ၆ᄂౚᏖ̝ࡁտįٙྶ۞ЩಏĂᑕࠎĶࢍৌķᄱĄ 9 ፂ઼ϔᛨ͞ࢬፋந۞ྤफ़ពϯĂࢶപົᛉᄮࠎጱௐ˘ଐڶன۞ΞਕࣧЯĂΒ߁ Ķ઼εӀĂڱќ߂Ă̙ਕଂटੜчᄂ៉ć઼̚˭৺ء̝ᘃฏଐჰĂѣӀٺࣥ ᛨ̝ۋפᄃϞྋć̂Բዏᄂ̝ĺࢭૄώཏிĻĂ๕υᄃᄂ៉ˠϔ࠹ඕЪĂٽٺ፼ ĺᄂ៉ຑ઼ϔྻજĻć߆عዏᄂޢĂĺ၆ᄂ៉ˠϔࢋࢋࢋڌҘՀӀचĻĂՀٽ ٺ፬જᄂ៉ˠϔĺຑ઼ՐϠ˘ጼቢ̝ԛјĻķඈα࣎Я৵Ăͽ̈́Ķ˘࣎ઊЯ৵Ă ӈࠎ߆ع̰ొ̝߆តķĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1962Ĉ11-12ğĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂጱĶࣥ ᛨ̝ܬᄂĺΞਕࢋၙ˘ՎĂۋՀΐᓞࡴĻķ۞ௐ˟ଐڶன̝ࣧЯĂдٺĶ઼࡚ ̙ᙸੜᅈڌĂĺࢋᄂ៉үࠎௐˬѨ̂ጼૄгĻĂ֭ШࣥᑒͅԽćϤٺгந˯̝ࣧ ЯĂࣥڱഭঔүጼķĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1962Ĉ11-12ğĄ 10 тᖐјࣶૺܛᒑ೩̈́ĂొૺԠمଂࢶപົᛉаֽޢĶᄲέ៉тڍ̙χົޝၝĂ ˘ό઼ϔᛨੜזέ៉Ăಶ՟Ᏹڱ˞ķĞૺܛᒑ˾Ă2003Ĉ124ğĄព֍࠷̍؎ົຍ ᙊז઼ϔᛨዏᄂֽ۞ރّĄ
ٺ 1948 ѐߋٸୢዏـҘݑ۞͞९Ă҃ՙؠѣࢍထгڌၣᄂ៉ĞౘᐅپĂ 2005Ĉ50ğĄೱ֏̝Ă࠷̍؎ົϏֽࢋ၆ԩ۞ߏ˘ొనࢍϡֽڼБ઼̚ ۞઼छ፟ጡĄ ࢶപົᛉ۞ҿᕝĂֹ࠷̍؎ົᄃ઼ϔᛨౝˢ̙၆Ⴭ۞၆ސ̚ĂᔵҌ 1949 ѐغВᛨᖐ࿆̏̈́БᄂĂͷᖐఢሀΞਕ྿ 3 ˼ዶˠĞϮൕቚ Ă1957Ĉ71ğĄ11 ҭᇹ۞˧ณֶᖞڱಏ၆ԩڼፋ઼࣎̚۞઼ϔ ᛨ፟ጡĂӈֹొ઼छ፟ጡд̰ጼ̚צזχᑝ҃ണ̙ಝĂݒ̪֖ͽᑅࣆ ّгᑅט࠷̍؎ົĄ
དྷă઼ϔᛨዏᄂᄃ઼Вᛨ
дᄂ៉۞̙၆Ⴭ၆ސ
઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡдᄂ៉۞઼छטᝋ˧ٺ˟˟ˣְІޢಶ̙ᕝ೩̿Ă ͷᐌ઼عዏᄂ҃ซ˘Վૻ̼Ă઼छטᝋ˧۞൴ण၆࠷̍؎ົԛјރ Ą઼ϔᛨ઼छטᝋ˧ࢋϤ࠷৺۞г͞ଐڼ፟ᙯᄃᐌ઼ϔᛨொˢ۞ ̚δଐڼ፟ᙯၹјĂ݈۰ࢋߏ˟˟ˣְІޢᕖૺ۞ᄂ៉࠷ᛋચᄃᄂ ៉࠷ܲщΦ΄ొĂޢ۰ࠎ઼֨ొܲԊᄃ̰߆ొአߤԊĄ д࠷৺ଐڼ፟ᙯ͞ࢬĂϤٺ˟˟ˣְІ݈ౘᆇڼ˭۞ᄂ៉Җ߆ܜء̳ ཌ֖ͣૉ۞ฤᄃᛋ၅Ăֹ̝д˟˟ˣְІ̚υืАͽםથݻၗٳؼְ ၗ۞൴णĂᐌޢГֶያଂ઼ֽ݈͚̚೯۞ฤҕབྷᗉᑅĂᔒπᄂ៉ۤົ۞ ͅԩĞౘჴቷĂ2006Ĉ197-207ğĄЯѩĂ˟˟ˣְІޢ࠷ᛋચдΑਕ ᄃఢሀ˯ซҖᕖૺĂ1947 ѐ 11 ͡д࠷৺ಏҜᄂ៉࠷ᛋચ˭ޙཉϤੜԝ 11 ፂĮВࣥপ̍۞үڱįྶĈĶҋĺࢶപົᛉĻҌˬȈˣѐغČČдѩ˘ॡഇĂࣥᛨ ̝߿જࠤࠎᇃھĂᖐ࿆̈́Б࠷ЧลᆸЧݱᗉĂᓁࢍѣȈ˛࣎ĺξĞડğ̍؎Ļ̈́ Ѻ̣͚࣎ొĂܕȈ࣎ڠ྅ૄгĂΩѣˬ࣎Б࠷ّĺ̍؎Ļઇጯྻă̍ྻ̈́̋ ̍үČČĺࢶപົᛉĻͽޢĂĺέ࠷̍؎ĻᖐᆧૻĂ֭ΐࠁĺ˯ঔԊ؎ࣶĻౘ፨ ϔˢέయᖐ̍үĂ༊ॡችࣥԂࢍ൪ҌˬȈˣѐغ൴णᛨࣶ˼ˠĂཏி̣༱ˠ Ğ֍ችࣥ၆ࣥᛨ̚δಡӘ̝͛ІğĂଘЯ၇ዎӍˠᒔĂซޘצܡĂ၁ᅫ่൴णᛨࣶ ˘˼ˬѺዶЩĂཏி˼ዶЩķĞϮൕቚĂ1957Ĉ71ğĄ۞ˠᖼЇͷ፟જૻ۞Ķܲщᛋ၅ķĂТॡдᄂ៉ЧгҶޙצ࿅ଐಡቚ ۞ĶЖᛋķĂ֭ޙཉ፟જّૻ۞ĶЖְᛋء̂ฤķĂͽ͚೯ЧᎩξЖᛋ̍ үĞౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ96-104ćᆒှᗞĂ1989-1998Ĉ84-85ğĄᐌ 1948 ѐ ઼ϔᛨዏᄂ۞࿅ĂЖᛋᕖ·ࠎĶЖְᛋ၅ᓁฤķĂ˭న 10 ࣎ۡᛳ ઍ֨Ă֭࠹ᑕЧᎩξᛋ၅Ԋ҃ޙטЖᛋฤĞᆒှᗞĂ1989-1998Ĉ87ğĄ 1949 ѐ 5 ͡Жᛋᓁฤࠎ˞઼छĶ̰ొܲ֨ķ҃నཉĶ߆ڼ۵ķĂϡͽ֨ ቑĶ߆ڼϚཋķĞౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ115ğĄĶۤົܲ֨ķ͞ࢬĂЧᎩξᛋ ၅Ԋࠎ˞Ķඥо֨ᏗķĂ҃ેҖĶоᛨአߤķ۞ЇચĂĶ͟ВķăĶᄂ ВķăĶࣥᏗķăĶܻᏗķඈĶоࣥႷЊ̄ķ۞ྤफ़Ăਖ਼ϹЖᛋᓁฤͽ በјĶоЩΊķĂͽӀઍ၅֨ቑĞౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ115ğĄѩγĂĶܲ щᛋ၅ᓁฤķд 1950 ѐ 1 ͡ଂ˘࣎ᓁฤᕖበјˬ࣎ᓁฤĂֹᗉᇷڠ˧ זΐૻĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ10-11ğĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂᐌዏᄂᄃڼщ̍ү۞ᅮࢋĂڌݑҖ߆ܜء̳ཌд 1949 ѐˣ͡јϲᄂ៉࠷ܲщΦ΄ొĞ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949cć1949dğĄ12 ܲщΦ΄ ొ੫၆ଐᄓ̍үᑢؠĶଐಡᄓะܲă֨ᏗăͅมăඥоኜࢍထķĂ࠹ᑕ ֱࢍ൪Бᄂޙϲ 16 ࣎ĶᏗಡķĂͽ࣎̚ࠎĶ༛ጱķĂయ҂ ८Ч̍үˠࣶć13 ѩγĂΩనĶฎᑭķăĶ͛ିķăĶဋ֨ķඈĶপຽ ķయЧีຽચ۞ଐಡᄓะĂТॡࢋႣᄃႾෛۤົĂĶૈങͅม̰̈́ ቢĂஎˢۤົЧลᆸĂྻϡЧ፟ᙯ̍ᇄဥវ̝ࡪĂᄓะБϔଐಡĄՀ ࿆Ᏹநᓑܲాӱ̷ඕĂᐌॡࡎᑝᑭߤĂֹࣥᏗϤሕˢྫķĞՂކዡ ඈበĂ1998Ĉ4-5ğĄ ѩγĂдͅטВᛨଐᄓ۞̍ү͞ࢬĂܲщΦ΄ొҿᕝ࠷̍؎ົٕ̚В ۞̍үĶࡗࠎጯྻăۤྻăһྻă̍ྻ̈́ކ็ኜბķĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ 12 ᖚయߏĶБ࠷ڼщჯ᜕۞యЇĂБ࠷۞ᛋ၅ăጳһăܲᛋᓁฤ̈́ᛋચౌϤܲщΦ ΄೭Ⴞ༛ķĞ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949cć1949dğĄ 13 ፂIJᛋᓁ̍үಡӘĞˬȈˣѐğijࡔྶĂଐಡᄓะࢋϫໄ̶ࠎĈĶ˘ăѣᙯࣥݑ˭ ̍үဥ̝߿જଐԛĄ˟ăࣥᏗдᄂ̝ሕЄ߿જଐԛĄˬăγဋ৪߿જ̝ଐԛĞ͍ ߏᛂဋğĄαăоࣥγಛЊ̝̄߿જଐԛĄ̣ăЧᛨࠁ̈́Чۤဥ̝አߤĄ̱ăг൱߹ ڣ̝߿જĂ̈́̋гТࡪϠ߿ଐԛ̝አߤĄ˛ăЧొฤ࿁Ϛࢲࡔ̝አߤĄˣăѣ ᙯ઼֨̈́һࢋгᄫඈĄ၆ᑕरፋඥ̝၆෪ӈཉࢋᅳĂϺགྷՙؠĄѩγĂֶ֭Ꮧಡ̈́ ͅมඈ̝ྻϡĂםӄዸᄂౙঔ۩̰ొፋඥ̍ү̝၁߉ĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ4ğĄķ
5ğĄૄٺᇹ۞ҿᕝĂܲщΦ΄ొ۞၆ඉߏд߆ع፟ᙯтጯ७ă઼ᒉ፟ ၹă̳छ፟ᙯăฤĂࠤҌΒ߁ۤົဥវ̰ొҶޙଐڼˠࣶĂޙϲĶ֨Ꮧ შķͽซҖܲ֨Ꮧ̍үĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ5ğĄܲщΦ΄ొฟؕҶ ޙ۞ଐڼˠࣶĂଂ1950 ѐ۞ 99 ЩĶཌྷચ఼ੈࣶķĂҌ 1952 ѐᕖૺז 14,954 ЩĶܲ֨ࣘ๔ˠࣶķĂ҃щ೧дϠயְຽᄃϹ఼ְຽ۞ଐڼˠࣶĂϺଂ1953 ѐ۞ 2,227 ЩĂᕖૺז 1954 ѐ۞ 6,360 ЩĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ139ğĄ Ҍ1954 ѐĂ˯ྤफ़ពϯܲщΦ΄ొВೠ೪˞ 21,314 Щщ೧дЧ৺߆عă ̳ᒉ፟ၹᄃጯ७̰۞ܲ֨ˠࣶĄ ѨĂࠎ˞дۤົဥវ̚ซҖႾෛĂܲщΦ΄ొᔘົТ઼ϔᛨᛨ̰ಏ ҜĂВТᏱநĶۤົܲ֨ˠࣶቚķĂቚ̙͚ᓟ۞ܲ֨ˠࣶĂ1953 ѐ ଂ˛̚͡ቚˬഇĂ̶Ҿቚ˞ 204 ˠă288 ˠ̈́ 290 ˠĂВࢍ 782 ˠ ĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ102ğĄѩγĂ˵၆̋ડҶޙܲ֨ˠࣶĂซҖଐಡ ᄓะᄃͅଐಡ̍үĞՂކዡበĂ1998Ĉ52ă98ă139ğĄ ੵ˞࠷৺ଐڼ፟ᙯ۞ᕖૺᄃૻ̼γĂᔘΩѣொˢ۞̚δଐڼ፟ᙯĄ ԊĞ઼ϔ߆عְ؎ࣶົአߤࢍԊğᄃ̚ԊĞ઼઼̚ϔᛨ̚δેҖ ؎ࣶົአߤࢍԊğ̂ଐڼրĂдԩጼඕՁޢĂ݈۰д 1946 ѐԼ ࠎĶ઼֨ొܲԊķĂ҃ޢ۰д 1947 ѐАԼࠎĶ̚δᛨ఼ࣶੈԊķĂҌ 1949 ѐ˫ԼࠎĶ̰߆ొࢍአߤԊķĞోჰОĂ1993Ĉ613ğĄ ᔵ઼ϔᛨࣅࢦѩଐڼրĂҭצז઼В̰ጼεӀăᛨ̰ࠁրม࠹ ้̢ܒ۞ᇆᜩĂֹܲԊᄃአߤԊдዏᄂ࿅̚Ă࠰അЯགྷᄃۏྤ̙֖ ҃ຏזӧඃĄአߤԊࠤҌдһਣใ̚εءОĂফভֽᄂĞՂ͵Ă1988Ĉ 7ğĄ1949 ѐ 1 ͡ቼ̬Ϯ͔ੜޢĂᓁՂ؟̥ࠤҌ˭΄ྋܲԊĂ̙ ࿅ܲԊԩ̙ଂĂռגءОĂͽĶг˭ܲԊķ۞ԛၗдᄂ៉ᚶᜈྻүĂ ֭ઍĮЍځಡįְІĞ֍ޢ͛ğĂјࠎઍᏱВᛨ९І۞ࢋ˧ณĞगछ ᚉĂ1961Ĉ27ćϒ͛˾Ă1995ğĄ
Ёăд៍୕̚ྻү۞઼छטᝋ˧
ᄃ࠷̍؎ົᖐඉர۞ᖼೱ
ᔵ̰ጼଐ๕ѣӀٺ࠷̍؎ົ۞ᕖૺĂҭᖐјࣶ˵னटٽᇷᜨ֗ Њ۞Ķν้۠જķҖࠎĂጱ 1949 ѐ 8 ઼֨͡ొܲԊᒔĮЍځಡį ְІĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ17ć1991bĈ2-3ćౘࡻĂ2005Ĉ26-27ğĄ14 ܲ ԊдઍߤĮЍځಡįֽॡĂ൴ன࠷̍؎ົᅳጱˠ۞ቢ৶Ăд 1949 ѐ 10 ͡غงॏઘ३ౘ፨ϔĂ1950 ѐ 2 ͡˫ౙᜈงॏڠ྅ొొܜૺԠمă ᓁ३ችԂᄃކ็ొొܜ߸ρ፞ĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ17ćϒ͛˾Ă1995Ĉ 77-79ă122ă128ă132-137ğĄ࠷̍؎ົࢋ۞α࣎ᅳጱˠརშĂଂѩ࠷ ̍؎ົ̈́˭Ч؎ࣶົă͚ొצזᚑࢦ۞ᗼĄ ઼ϔᛨଐڼ፟ᙯд͟ޢෞژĂϤٺ઼ϔᛨд̰ጼ̚ୀੜጱ࠷̍؎ົ ఢሀᕖૺ͉ԣĂֹ̝Ϗਕར၁г˭̍ү۞ܲࣧĂЯѩĶϚ˞ާّঽ۞ ݂ᐍཌྷ้ШĂޝᙱᖼࠎᘦ͙ᘦχ۞ઇڱĂΝĺᔳትჟĂ᎕ᄊ˧ณĂͽ ޞॡ፟ĻķĂᅳጱཏிۋॡĂ˵نෛͽĶЪڱପ᜕ܧڱķ۞߱͘Ă҃ͅ ĶϚ˞̂ಓ̂Ψፖۡᇠ۞ᄱķĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1962Ĉ15-16ć 1977Ĉ44ğĄពĂϤٺ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡڌၔ۞ඕڍĂ઼ֹछᝋ˧ᄃ࠷̍ ؎ົᖐఢሀՀࠎ̙၆ඈĂԛ๕۞ᖼតֹ࠷̍؎ົυืࢦາ҂ณࣧА۞̍ ү͞੫ĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1977Ĉ45-46ğĄ15 ̙࿅Ăᖐ۞߿જ͞ё 14 ν้۠જ۞ּ̄т࠷̍؎ົјࣶૺܛᒑаጸĂችԂࠎ˞ײᑕ̚В۞זֽĂاдĶο ظౌ̏؇̙ਕࡓοķ۞ଐڶ˭ĂଳҖ۞Ķࡓၮ߆ඉķֽܓତВĞૺܛᒑ˾Ă 2003Ĉ125ğĂពϯ༊ॡችԂᄮؠ઼ϔᛨᙱໝ˸۞͕நĂ҃ଳҖѩ˘̂ૺၮခ۞ ҖજĄ 15 ፂ઼ϔᛨྤफ़ྶĂችԂ੫၆1948 ѐआҌ 1949 ѐ 3 ͡۞ଐ๕ႊត̈́ҿᕝĂᇤᆷ˞ ĶˬȈ˛ѐ̱֞͡ˬȈˣѐˬ̝̍͡үᓁඕಡӘķĂ೩̈́ᑕྍЯᑕଐ๕൴णĂᔖҺצ זχᑝͽܲх၁˧ĈĶ઼ϔᛨЋဦԯᄂ៉ઇޢଲ͙ॲፂгĂണዶ۞ঔ۩˧ณ ᚶᜈொᄂĂᇹ˘઼ֽϔᛨ၆ᄂ៉۞ଠטΐૻ˞ĂТॡ˫ЯБ઼ԛ๕൴ण͉ԣĂᄂ ៉៍˧ณ۞ᓠऴᅁ̙˯Б઼ԛ๕۞൴णĂЯѩॲፂБ઼ԛ๕۞ૄώត̼ᄂ៉វ ଐڶ۞ត̼ĂҋώѐĞ˘˝α˝ѐğ˘͡ĂॲፂТԠĞӈౘ፨ϔğа۞ϯٙݒֽ̙̈́ԼតĄ 1950 ѐ 5 ͡ 14 ͟ĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįΏ൳IJВࣥдέ৪ᖐ߆عކο ᒔགྷ࿅ijᄃIJБ࠷ࣥᛨᖐϞྋችԂౘ፨ϔඈӘᛨवԓ୕̂छϲגҋ ࢵijඈາჷĂײ៰ВᛨјࣶᄃᖐᙯܼˠࢬҋࢵĂТॡ઼ϔᛨଐڼ ፟ᙯଟˠ۞જүᐛᐛĂ̙അมᕝĞ˘ਠಡጱĂ1950ać1950bğĄ ҃Ăӈֹ࠷̍؎ົ̈́˭ᖐ൴णצक़Ăֱజॏ۞ᖐјࣶдѩ גإ̙ፉᇎࣇ۞ဩĂЯࠎ̰ጼଐ๕֕ШѣӀٺ઼̚Вயᛨ۞͞ШĄᓝ ּ҃֏Ă1948 ѐѐغ۞ᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົௐ˘بௐ̱Ѩ̂ົ̚ĂᔵΞͽ֍ זᄂ៉ଐ๕࠹၆ᘦؠĂҭ̰ጼଐ๕εӀ۞็֏Ăݒឰ࠷यᗬځυืײ ៰ЧࠧࢋѣĶિؠ۞ຍᙊĂמ۞ჟৠĂ̙ጻ۞Ӆ˧ķĞᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົ ৪३በОĂ1948Ĉ43ğĄᗬځ۞ײ៰ᔘ൘֏д҅Ăಶ็ֽ࠷߆عˠְ Լ۞ঐिĄᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົௐ˘بௐ̱Ѩ̂ົࣣඕՁĂҖ߆ੰᐌӈ఼ۢᄂ ៉࠷߆عซҖԼĂϤౘྕፉЇᄂ៉࠷߆عयĂણᛉࣶᔁ႔ጏаጸĂ ̙ΪĶຍק઼̰ଐ๕۞ซ˘Վೋ̼ķĂ˵ѣ็֏ĶϤٺڌΔጼԊεӀĂ ڌΔᚱ઼ܑ̂୬տౘྕయЇĂ༊Ԋ˜ឰౘྕҌᄂ៉ᇶᔖࢲᐝķĞᔁ႔ ጏĂ1998Ĉ45ğĄੵ˞࠷߆عˠְԼឰˠ͕ঙજγĂۤົࢲঈ˵ѣν้ ۞ࢲሗĄͽᄂ៉̂ጯࠎּĂ1949 ѐ 1 ͡౮ѐତೠ७ܜޢĂӈ၅ᛇᄂ̂ ᄃ઼̚Ч̂ጯ࠹ҬĂ้Шۤົཌྷ۞߿જ࠹༊߿ĂૄٺĶጯ७જᒜߏ߆ ڼજᒜ۞݈ݶķ̝ܫهĂ҃ฟؕࢨטጯϠ߿જĞለ৵༈Ă2011Ĉ27ğĄӈ ֹ౮ѐࢨטጯϠ߿જĂд4 ͡ 6 ֶ͟ᘕ൴Ķαְ̱ІķĂᛋᓁᄮࠎొ ̶ጯϠࠎĶࣥķĂͷጯϠĶૺ෭ᇾᄬĂ൴็ಏĂႨೊˠ͕Ăᕘใ৩ԔĂ ӸचڼщĂࠤҌຮ໑̳ཌăռጽٲ༰ેҖ̳ચ̝ˠࣶķĂЯѩซˢᄂ̂ᄃ र̂७ٲॏ300 кЩጯϠĞᔁ႔ጏĂ1998Ĉ63-70ćለ৵༈Ă2011Ĉ27-28ğĄ ҃ĂϤٺ4 ͡غВഭ࿅ܜѯĂ̰ጼଐ๕ֹαְ̱І̙ҭϏक़ୀᄂ̂ᄃ र̂७ν้۞ࢲঈĂд७߿જ۞ĶጯϠ̍ү؎ࣶົķ͚ొᔘਕ̙ᕝᕖ ఢؠ۞ϫ݈̍ү͞੫т˭Ĉΐღ᎕ᄊዮࢭ˧ณĂдՙጼ݈ᔖҺዎזᇲˠໝّ۞ χᑝĂдͅ߆ع۞ᇃھૄᖂ˯Ăͽ̂छߏώ࠷ˠĂώ࠷ˠຑ᜕ώ࠷ˠ۞ཱིΡֽޙϲ ࢬࠁ۞߆ᝋ̈́г͞ڠ྅ĂТॡܬˢᇲˠ̰ొΝ݇ऴᇲˠ۞˧ณĂۋפᇲˠڠ྅Ăͽޞ ॡ፟јሢॡͽڠ྅ཌྷ۞ԛё੨Ъྋٸֽྋٸᄂ៉ķĞΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1977Ĉ 45-46ğĄ
ૺᄃ߿જĞለ৵༈Ă2011ğĄޢĂϤٺ̚δ߆ع̙ᕝޢၣĂଐ๕̝П̈́Ă ֹ࠷यӓ઼ໆд6 ͡ 9 ͟זᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົઇ߉߆ಡӘॡĂ೩̈́дĶܧ૱ ॡഇ۞ନ߉ķ̚ĂБ࠷ϔிࢋĶ߹ҕă߹ѭă߹ஊķֽࢬ၆ӧဩĞᔁ႔ጏĂ 1998Ĉ246ğĄ ѩγĂፂ࠷̍؎ົјࣶౘځم۞៍၅Ăᄂ៉ۤົ̈́ొ̶઼छ፟ᙯ̰ొ ˠࣶౌд៍୕ଐ๕Ă1949 ѐ 10 ͡Ķޝкг͞߆ع̙ᏱᗕȈ઼ᇉķĂࠤ ҌĶг͞˯ѣЩ୕۞ˠ˵ॡ૱ົਖ਼ڌҘזႾႯග˘ֱТԠĂຐԸ፟ă٪ᚗķĂ ߆ڼצᙱˠڒ३ೳ˵ѣ࠹Ҭ۞࠻ڱĞᔨၷपĂॡม̙ځćڒ३ೳĂ1992Ĉ 128ğĄࠤҌѣֱˠЯᑿॏᑿԹ҃ฆˢႯĂݒЯ઼ϔᛨ߆ᝋϞྋдӈĂ дႯ̚Ϻ̙ፉ͕ဩ҃ٙࠦᛵĞՂᗉ߷Ă1994Ĉ92ğĄ16 ଐ๕۞൴णᄲځĂᔵ઼छטᝋ˧۞ྻү̪ѣड़தгᗼ࠷̍؎ົ ̈́˭Чᖐᄃ͚ొĂ઼҃ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ֭ϏЯѩ҃ҹڇ˞ڼ˯۞ӧ ဩĂЯࠎ̙Ϊᄂ៉ۤົд៍୕̰ጼଐ๕۞֕ШĂࠤҌొ̶઼छ፟ၹ˵͕ ˧நཇ۞ඕڍĄѩγĂĮЍځಡįְІޢĂགྷᗼ҃˫ࢦፋ۞࠷̍؎ ົĞ˫ჍࠎĶࢦፋޢ࠷̍؎ົķğᑭ̝݈൴ण˯۞ᄱĂ17 ᖐјࣶᖼ ҃ࣅࢦЧΞͽӀϡۤົᙯܼͽପ̶֗Ă˵ຍק઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡཇ ࿅ዎ࿃ՀкᇲԧᙱᏰ۞ӧဩĄ18 ੵѩ̝γĂ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ۞ڼ ӧဩЯ 1948 ѐொˢᄂ៉۞ᙱϔሗ҃Հࠎೋ̼Ă઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ̙Ϊڱ ࿅ᙝဩგטಏҜ࿅ᕭĶࣥᏗķĂ˵ڱ࿅͗߆፟ᙯೠ೪ொˢ۰۞͗˾Ă 16 ፂ࠷̍؎ົјࣶૺܛᒑаጸĂ̚Вഅд 1949 ѐˬѨ˭΄ᖐଂ̰ొତᑕВഭঔԽ ᄂĂͷፂс۞ҿᕝĂ྆ᑕγЪ۞Խ๕ົјΑĈĶ༊ॡ̚Втڍֽâؠត͇ČČˬѨ ˭΄ࢋԧࣇ౯ତᑕĂˬѨౌ՟ѣֽĄ1949 ѐ 2 ͡ă4 ͡ă7 ͡Ч˭˘Ѩ΄Ă֤ॡ ࡓၮౌઇр˞ķĞૺܛᒑ˾Ă2003Ĉ125-126ğĄ 17 ࢦፋޢ࠷̍؎ᓁඕˬᄱĈĶ1. نரᖐ۞ࣧநĂϚ˞Րк̙ՐჟઐШć2. ၆ݱξ ొିֈ˯Ăઐٺநኢିֈ۞ᏮĂنர˞ᄃ၁ᅫ̍ү۞੨ЪĂ҃၆ฏՅొ۞ିֈ ˯Ăઐٺ၁ᅫ̍ү۞ᅳጱĂنர˞ᄃநኢᏮ۞੨Ъć3.ᙯٺඉரّ۞ିֈ̍үઇ ͉̙ૉĂЯѩдމ៍ଐ๕ĺೋ̼ĻॡĂ࣎Ҿ۞ᛨࣶ՟ѣ̍үਕ˧Ă࣎Ҿ۞ᖐ՟ѣ ಏүጼ۞གྷរĂֹᖐᗫĂዎצሚୀķĞోዂĂ1954Ĉ71ğĄ 18 1953 ѐIJඉͅᄂΔᎩˬदͱ֎̋гડࣥᛨڠ྅ૄг९ijॡᘳᒔ۞IJฏᗉ̍үijᄲځĂ ࢦፋޢ۞࠷̍؎ົӀϡฏՅ۞ล৺ᙯܼซҖۤϹᄃႣĂ࿅ྺϔăĂͽ̈́ତ ྺϔᄃล৺۞̳ିˠࣶు႙ᇆᜩᄃଠטྺՅĂͽԛј༊˭Ξֻྴᖟᄃ͟ޢΞֻ ͅԩ۞ૄгĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ400-405ğĄ
ΐ˯ֽᄂ۞ొฤһયᗟᚑࢦĂֹ߆፟ᙯஎຏӧᕘĞڒ౼ઈĂ2005ğĄ ֱӧဩឰ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡдཇֱ֤ྴᖟՀࠎஎˢ۞ВᛨᖐՀΐӧ ᙱĄ ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡዏᄂᔵѣӄٺ೩઼̿छטᝋ˧۞ૻޘĂҭ઼ϔᛨ ၆γ˧ࢬ၆̚ВރĂ၆̰˫ѣڼ˯۞ӧဩĂПдό́۞ဩֹొ ̶઼छ፟ᙯˠࣶຏזજອĂ៍୕۞ᄂ៉ۤົ̙ᙸᄃ઼छЪүĂࠤҌᔘഫொ дࡦୢ઼ϔᛨ۞Ᏼፄ˯Ą
ౙăଂ៍୕ᖼШЪү۞ᄂ៉Ĉᔹጼᘕ൴ޢ
઼ϔᛨ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞൴णᄃྻү
1950 ѐ 6 ͡ 25 ͟ᔹጼᘕ൴Ăᄂঔଐ๕ᐌӈצזಞጼְ۞͔҃ய Ϡត̼Ą28 ͟Į̚δ͟ಡįᐝۍΏྶ઼࡚ௐ˛ᚻฤ֟̔ᄂঔĂ࿄ͤ̚В ഭঔԽᄂ۞ЋဦĞЪிۤĂ1950ğĄ઼࡚۞ՙඉ၆઼ϔᛨ҃֏Ăѣ̙֏ ҃ಔ۞ᇆᜩĂௐ˛ᚻฤֽ۞γొщБĂ̙Ϊឰ઼ϔᛨᒔ˞ಆि۞۩ᑫĂ Ϻ˘ବ̝݈Ҳਜ਼ღᒿ۞ڤಛĂͽͅВԩܻࠎԠ۞઼ϔᛨࠤҌࢋ֏೩ᏹĶ̻ хࢂщ͕நĂᚶᜈિૻጬķĞ̚δۤੈĂ1950ć˘ਠಡጱĂ1950cğĄ ҃Ă၆ࢦፋޢ࠷̍؎ົ҃֏Ă઼࡚۞ԕ᜕ކӘ˘࣎ன၁Ĉགྷ઼ϔᛨ઼छ ፟ጡᗼ҃ࢦፋޢ۞࠷̍؎ົ̈́ണх۞ВᛨᖐՀᙱያҋ֗۞˧ณͅԩ઼ ϔᛨĂд̚В̏˧೯ӄ۞ଐڶ˭ĂᖐјࣶΪਕຐႽᏱڱӀϡۤົᙯܼĂ ᔳઠ̶֗ĂซҖྴᖟĄ၆ᄂ៉ۤົ҃֏ĂາჷކӘ઼࡚۞ԕ᜕ଂѩቁ ϲ˞઼ϔᛨڼᄂ៉۞ְ၁Ă̰ጼଐ๕ಶѩࣜඕĂВ൳ᄂ۞Ξਕّܕͼ ঐεĄ ଐ๕۞ᖼតֹૻ઼छऴۤົ۞ඕၹቁϲĂឰᄂ៉ۤົ̙Г៍୕Ăᖼ҃ ئଂ઼ϔᛨ۞ڼ҃ฟؕᄃ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡЪүĄԓጔ൴णۤົᙯܼͽವ Րᄂ៉ۤົԕ᜕۞ണхВᛨᖐјࣶĂଂѩצז઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡᄃᄂ៉ۤ ົ۞ᑟᑅ҃ٙ࿉Ą ઼ϔᛨ઼छטᝋ˧ᔵਕдᄂ៉ਕѣड़ྻүĂҭଐڼ፟ᙯજॏ ВᛨјࣶॡĂᔘᅮᔖҺВᛨјࣶ൴णᄃӀϡۤົᙯܼซҖྴᖟĄтңᔖҺВᛨјࣶ۞ྴᖟĂঘ̈́ז઼छਕӎѣड़ೠ೪ۤົ̚۞Տ˘࣎វ۞ྤੈĂႾ ෛෛቢ̰Ķள૱ķ۞࣎វĄЯѩĂтڍ઼छ۞ႾෛቑಛΒӣ˞ፋ࣎ۤົĂ ֤ᆃВᛨјࣶಶྴᖟĄ၆઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ҃֏Ăтң࿅טޘࡍᄂ ៉ۤົĂјࠎᕖणႾෛቑಛ۞ᙯᔣĄдᄂ៉гડĂᛋ၅ă͗߆טޘᄃܲϥ ᖐଂ͟ڼॡഇͽֽĂӈߏ઼छૄᆸ۞ڼ፟טĂЯѩ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ ࿅ֱૄᆸᖐĂͽ̣̙Т۞፟ט၆࣎វซҖଠטᄃႾෛĄ19 ࢵАĂՅ֧ϔ̂ົצז઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ۞ࢦෛĄՅ֧ϔ̂ົдጼޢј ࠎ߆عซҖ߆΄ކጱᄃͅߍૄᆸϔຍ۞ૄᆸᖐĂЯѩĂᛋ၅፟ᙯΞͽ ࿅Յ֧ϔ̂ົކ็ކጱܲ֨ᏗăͅВԩܻă఼д۞ВᛨјࣶăཱིΡ ҋາҋࢵඈྤੈĂ֭ͅטВᛨކ็۞ָಞٙĄ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡᄮࠎགྷϤ Ķ߆عдՅϔ̂ົކ็ࣥᛨཋҖķᄃĶҋࢵҋາ߆ڼཱིΡķඈ͞ёĂĶֹ ВࣥՀٺ˘ᚯంण̝ဩĄϤѩΞᙋځԧڼщଐಡ፟ᙯͽ̈́г͞ ಏҜ̶̍Ъү۞јΑĂᄃԧ߆ع࢜ѨྻϡᏖர۞ϒቁķĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ 390ğĄ20 ѨߏĶᓑ̷ܲඕķ۞၁߉Ăֹܲϥᖐјࠎ઼छႾෛᄃଠטૄᆸۤ ົ۞߱͘ĂՅ֧ዐܜЯѩјࠎଐڼ፟ᙯྻϡ۞၆෪Ą઼ϔᛨд઼̂̚ౙ၁ Җ۞ܲϥטޘᄃֽᄂޢᚶٚᄃᖼ̼͟ڼॡഇ۞ܲϥטޘߏѣٙमளĂޢ۰ Ϥٺ͟ώതϔ߆ع·̶൴೭ܲϥטޘ̚۞Ķ࿅छलֽڼநķᄃĶໂ̼̂ Ⴞෛķࢋ৵Ăֹതϔ߆ᝋΞͽ࿅ᇴϫѣࢨ۞ם˧۰ಶਕซҖѣड़த۞ തϔڼĞށˠкĂ2008ğĄᔵ઼ϔᛨۡז 1955 ѐνΠ̖˞ྋזܲϥ טޘᄃՅ֧ܜ۞ࢦࢋّĂҭ၆ٺ1945 ѐז 1950 ѐ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ۞ૄᆸ ۤົ̝ڼ҃֏ĂՅ֧ܜᄃܲϥטޘΞਕ̏གྷԷႊ̙Ξٕ۞֎ҒĞށˠ кĂ2008Ĉ70ğĄ21 ѩ˘ࢦࢋّు႙ͅߍдםӄᛋચ̍ү˯Ą 19 ጼޢ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡдᄂ៉۞઼छᝋ˧ߏٺܐഇ൴ण۞ล߱ĂЯѩᛋ၅ѣםአ઼ छᄃۤົቢ۞యЇĂ߇ѩؠཌྷ˯ᛳٺ઼छטᝋ˧۞ᛋ၅Ăෛࠎ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞ ˘ొ̶Ąᛋ၅యםአ઼छᄃۤົЪү۞ኢᙋĂΞ֍ѩ̣Ⴞଠ፟טтңྻү۞ኢĄ 20 ણ֍IJඉͅᄂВࡺॷണࣥڠ྅ᖐᆒำዂඈ९ij̚ĂĶࣥѻݑડ؎ķᛗ˟ࢡд 1952 ѐϐᓁඕ࠷̍؎ົ̈́ണхᖐεୀ̝ࣧЯĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ390ğĄ 21 ށˠкĞ2008Ĉ70ğĂ઼ϔᛨۡז 1955 ѐνΠ̖ฟؕࢦෛՅ֧ܜĂҭଯኢĈ Ķଂ 1945 ѐז 1950 ѐᙯᔣ۞̣ѐĺޢതϔĻॡഇĂՅ֧ܜ۞ాᜈᄃᕝෘҬͼण ன˞˘ᄃٙᏜĺг͞߆ڼයࡻĻ࠹༊̙Т۞ሀёĄૄٺѩâ࣎̂ᓙ۞నߏĂ˟
1949 ѐܲ֨Ꮧ̍ү͟ᔌᚑޢĂֽٙ۞ᇆᜩߏЖᛋᖐ۞ଐ ಡຽચณ̂ᆧĄ̶҃ࠁזЧᎩξࠁٙ۞ЖᛋˠᇴĶ̙ᇳ̶੨ķĂѩγĂ Ϥٺᛋચ۞ଐಡᇴณ፬ᆧĂֹଐಡྤफ़ᙱͽӈॡԁචநĂ҃ᇆᜩඥо ֨Ꮧ۞̍үĞౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ116ğĄ22 ࠎ˞ഴᅅᛋ၅፟ᙯ۞̍үፉĂ ᛋચٺ 1949 ѐ 9 ͡غՙؠଳϡĶ̣͗ᓑ̷ܲඕķ۞ᓑܲᏱڱĂϔி ᖐֽĂֹ̝࠹̢ႾෛĂ֭ٺ10 ͡ܐฟؕ၁߉Ğౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ116-117ğĄ ଂଐಡᄓะăܲ֨ᏗזજࣶۤົĶᓑ̷ܲඕķĂពϯ࠷ᛋચႾଠ̍ү ۞ᛈ֎̙ᕝШ˭ؼҩĂᄃૄᆸۤົ۞ᙯܼՀҖღĂଐಡᄃڼщ̍үЪ˘ ˵ᔌᚑĂֹ̝јࠎ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡଠטᄃႾෛૄᆸۤົ۞ଐڼ፟ᙯĂ ֭யϠ˘ֱүϡĄ23 Յ֧ዐܜѣႾෛ۞ЇચĂ˵ಶѣయЇШѣᙯಏҜ೩ֻቢಡĄአߤԊ Ԋܜ؞ໞበᆷ۞̚ඈጯ७ྃ·ିՄĮ֨Ꮧ૱ᙊįĞ1951ğĂ೩זՅ֧ዐ ᖐ۞ࢦࢋّĂϔி൴னĶࣥᏗķืШՅ֧ዐܜ఼ಡĂۢଐ̙ಡ۰υืତ צ̶Ğ؞ໞበĂ1951Ĉ29ğĄ24 ѩγĂࡶᓝಡĶࣥᏗķ̙˧Ă տგડࣶᛋă͗߆ˠࣶᄃՅ֧ዐܲϥܜ۞యЇĞ؞ໞበĂ1951Ĉ32ğĄ ઼छᛋ၅ă͗߆ᄃܲϥˬૄᆸڼ፟טטޘّг๗ะֽĄೱ֏̝Ă Ϥᛋ၅ă͗߆ᄃܲϥٙాඕ҃ј۞Յ֧ዐᖐĂԛј˘࣎༰ᐈֽĞcageğ ۞ಞાâό˸۞Вᛨјࣶซˢ˘Ⴞෛᄃދౕ۞ಞા̰ĂޝԣಶົᏰ ᙊֽĂТᇹгĂ၆߹˸۞Вᛨјࣶ҃֏ĂܲϥᖐਕૉࣇܡጿдγĂ ˟ˣְІ൴Ϡޢ઼ϔᛨ߆ᝋፋඥ۞၆෪֭՟ѣĺᕖ̈́ĻՅ֧ܜԲˠĂ҃ͷĂ่̙՟ ѣᕖ̈́ĂՅ֧ܜԲˠᔘߏྍ߆ᝋд߆ڼۤົใېၗٙ̚ЈᏥ۞၆෪ķĄ 22 ᛋચЧᎩξᛋ၅Ԋ۞Жְ۵ᕖ·ࠎЖְࡊĞኝğĂдξᛋ၅̶Ԋ̈́Ꭹ۞ડᛋ၅ٙ నЖְĂѩЖְצЖְࡊĞኝğ༼טĂТॡ੨ЪҖ߆ր˫ထ̶ĶЖᛋయЇડķĂ ֹЖְᛋ၅ਕ̶ડయĂ̶ડ۞ඕڍֹЖְᛋء̂ฤᄃЧᎩξЖᛋయЇડ֭хĞᆒှ ᗞĂ1989-1998Ĉ85ćౘ৷ሪĂ1994Ĉ96-98ğĄ 23 ᓝּ҃֏ĂፂIJࣥᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ࣶົݔใ९ij۞Ķ၆ώ९̝ტЪᑭķពϯĂܲԊ ॏችԂॡĂಶഅགྷྻϡዐܜซҖႾෛĈĶԧଂк͞ࢬనڱĂਕߤችԂߵэ ූ̝ቁ၁гӬĂ̈́৪ྻϡዐܜםӄႾෛĂᄃ̍үˠࣶઠاች̝ҝш̰Ă͕ч࣏྿ Ȉዶ̝̍͟үԫμᄃ̍үჟৠĂӮ̷Ъઍ၅ᄃงॏˠϚ̝ࢋՐķĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ18ğĄ 24 ϔிᄃՅ֧ዐܜજᓝಡĶࣥᏗķĂቁ၁ᑅ࢝˞Вᛨјࣶ۞߿જ۩มĄፂ 1950 ѐฟ ؕ˸۞ች؟ᐑаጸĂдາѻгડ˸ഇมĞ1951ğഅ༥זϔிШ֧ܜᓝಡ۞ଐԛ ĞૺۆጳඈĂ2002Ĉ243ğĄ
ጱ߹˸۞Вᛨјࣶᙱͽдۤົ̚ϲ֖ĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ41ğĄ25 ҃Ăӈܮ˸۞Вᛨјࣶڱޙϲᖐّ۞ᔳትاٙĂ˵ѣΞਕ ࿅Ꮠ̓ăछल۞ତᑻх߿Ąೱ֏̝Ă઼छإϏࡍ۞ռᅳા೩ֻ˞̈ҭ Ξֻྴᖟ۞ᓀᅩĄ҃Ă઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡ̙ߏ՟ѣͅט̝Ą ͅט̝ߏᑟᑅВᛨјࣶ۞ௐˬ͞ڱĈͽ͗ᚱྤफ़үࠎૄᖂ۞Ķ͗ ˾ᓁᑭߤķĄ26 ѩ˘̍үкϤг͞۞ጳᛋಏҜેҖĂ࿅ͧ၆͗ᚱྤफ़ᄃ ̙ؠഇ۞ࡎᑭߤĂ઼ֹछਕૉೠଠᐖၗˠ˾ĂЯѩӈܮВᛨᖐᒔϔ ிăᏐ̓۞ପ᜕Ăҭ˵υืፉ͕Ķ͗˾ᓁᑭߤķ۞זֽĞૺۆጳඈĂ2002Ĉ 386-388ğĄѣֱᖐјࣶࠎ˞Яᑕ͗˾ᓁᑭߤĂࠤҌĶ፟൸פ͗˾ᓁ ᑭߤОౢĂռᄏ˸ࣥ֗ЊᙋĂࣕפЪڱ͗ᚱķĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ398ğĄ 27 ѩγĂ೩ֻᏂᑕăڒ̮ڑඈࢦፋޢ࠷̍؎ົొପ᜕اٙ۞Ķࣥᛨཏ ிķϮᓐܛĂ೩̈́ᖐјࣶྴᖟд̚ొᎩξ۞ᙝࠧĂ༊ٙд۞ᎩξซҖĶ͗ ˾ᓁᑭߤķॡĂΞͽಶܕྭࠧـᎩξĞͳֈអĂ2009ğĄ ௐαĂ઼छଠטۤົ͞ёߏ઼ϔ֗Њᙋ۞ྻϡĂϡͽგט߹જˠ˾Ă Ᏸᙊ౯઼छᄮΞăਕૉЪڱхдٺۤົ۞̳ϔĂ઼ֹछგטᄃႾଠ۞ ቑಛᕖૺĄ̝ͅĂ၆Вᛨᖐ҃֏Ăࡶڱפ઼ϔ֗ЊᙋĂॲώڱд ۤົ̚ொજĂ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡᐛᓄՀೱ֗Њᙋ۞߱͘Ăૻ࢝ϔிдՀೱ֗ Њᙋ۞࿅̙̚ᕝତצ઼छ۞ᑭߤĂТॡ˵ֹ࢝˸дγ۞ВᛨјࣶЯࠎ ՟ѣ֗Њᙋ҃ڱᐌຍொજĞૺܛᒑ˾Ă2003Ĉ143-144ğĄ28 Вᛨ 25 ᓝּ҃֏ĂIJࣥᄂ៉࠷̍؎ົᄂ̚ڠ྅̍ү؎ࣶົݔใ९ij̚೩זĂĶܲϥᖐᚑķ ߏౄјᙱͽޙϲĶᄂ៉ˠϔڠ྅ķ۞ࣧЯ̝˘ĞՂଽበĂ1991aĈ41ğĄ 26 ઼छࠤҌ͗߆̍үۡତৼˢᛋ၅វրĂ1949 ѐ 8 ͡ 1 ͟ĂᄂΔξ߆عކο͗ᛋᓑ ЪᏱ̳Ă͗߆ಏҜொˢᔑડᛋ၅Ԋăࠁ̰ٙᏱ̳Ăૻ̼͗ᛋᓑᘭ̍үĞ˘ਠಡጱĂ 1949ağĄѩγĂ͗ᚱטޘߏᚶٚ͟ώതϔ̝ჰĂͷᚶٚඕڍᑕྍߏјΑ۞Ăтᄂ ៉࠷ણᛉົௐ1 بௐ 9 Ѩ̂ົ఼࿅۞IJኛᛋચ̻ଳϡ͗ᚱΙ̪ͯ҃ଭϡனॡϔ߆ះ ٙϡ۞͗ᚱ൳ᘨ९ijĂநϤࠎĶ݈ϔ߆ះϺଳϡ͗ᚱΙͯЯѣ̙౯̈́ၑचٙ ͽԼϡனॡ۞͗ᚱ൳ᘨࠤԆ౯̙ᅊ͟ڼॡ۞͗˾ᘨˠϔ࠰Ⴭ៙ķĞᄂ៉࠷ણᛉ ົ৪३በОĂ1950Ĉ61ğĄ 27 IJඉͅᄂΔᎩˬदͱ֎̋гડࣥᛨڠ྅ૄг९ijĞ1953ğ̚ĂĶౚᏖ߿જķᆷĈĶˣă ႣԧฏՅཌྷᛋ၅ฤĂͽЪڱପ᜕ܧڱĂ֭Ξᖣ፟˞ྋଐڶĂ፟൸פ͗˾ᓁᑭߤ ОౢĂռᄏ˸ࣥ֗ЊᙋĂࣕפЪڱ͗ᚱķĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ398ğĄ 28 ᓝּ҃֏ĂፂૺܛᒑаጸĈĶొฤдᄂ̚гડ๒ะĂГซˢϨͨ̋ૄгצČČૄг
ᖐࠎ˞߿જ͞ܮĂЯѩ˵дฏᗉ̳ٕٙ͗߆ಏҜӛќјࣶăંౄ֗ЊᙋĞՂ ଽበĂ1991bĈ18ğĄ29 ޢ˘͞ёߏĶШछᛳซԽķĂଐڼ፟ᙯົΐૻ၆дВᛨјࣶछ ᛳ۞ႾෛᄃᑭߤĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ390ğĄ30IJᛋᓁ̍үಡӘĞαȈ˟ѐğij ೩̈́Ăֶፂ९གྷរពϯĂ၆छᛳซҖႾෛѣӄٺॏ˸۞ᖐјࣶĂ ͷੵ˞ႾෛγĂࠤҌࢋ၆छᛳซҖੑயአߤĂͽ˞ྋछᛳтңநੑயĂ ந͞ёߏӎᄃдВᛨјࣶѣᙯĂѩγĂ˵Ξͽ࿅ĶᄲڇķдВᛨ јࣶ۞छᛳᄃ઼ϔᛨଐڼ፟ᙯЪүĂֹ̝ᙸຍд۞ВᛨјࣶШଐڼ ፟ᙯҋࢵĞՂކዡඈበĂ1998Ĉ109ğĄ31 ϤٺЧڼ፟ט۞ᑟᑅᄃࡍĂтڍ˸۞Вᛨјࣶ՟ѣᏐ̓ăछ ल۞ԕ᜕ĂಶΪਕ࿅ܕͼĶˠķਠ۞Ϡ߿Ăᖐّ۞߿જ˵ಶᙱϞ ҋ˘˝αˣѐฟؕၹĂ͛۞ᅳఞߏ߉ొϠĂڠ۞ಶߏՂ႔ૅĄࠎ˞Ϩͨ̋ૄгĂԧ ᔘችԂӝ˞˘ߛĄԓ୕ᄂ̚гડ۞ᛨࣶౌၣੜ˯̋Ăԧᄲ̙рć༊ॡՏ࣎ˠౌ ࢋᅳ઼ϔ֗ЊᙋĂྴд̋˯۞ˠ՟ѣ֗Њᙋâ˭̋זౌΞਕజԹĄችԂ̙გĂ Ψ̂छౌ˯̋â˯Νಶ՟ѣˠ˭ֽĂੵ˞ᓑඛࣶĂೀѺˠౌజӧд̋˯ķĞૺܛ ᒑ˾Ă2003Ĉ143-144ğĄ 29 ᓝּ҃֏ĂፂIJࣥᄂΔξ̍ү؎ࣶົో↳ඈݔใ९ijĞ1950ğ۞ĶტЪᑭķྶĈ ĶࣥӀϡૺࣥսұĂፉЇᄂΔξݱ̚ડ̳ٙ͗ᚱࣶĂ̈́ᛂ۾؟ፉЇฯᎩ߆عϔ߆ Ԋ͗߆ኝัࣶᖚચ˯̝ܮӀĂંౄ઼ϔ֗Њᙋᄃ͗˾ᔂώĂପ᜕ࣥव֗ЊĂАޢВѣ ˟ȈዶૺĂ֞९ॡͤĂგొܝ֭Ϗ൴ᛇĂ၁ᛳ࿅ٺழنĂͷѩᙷଐԛĂഅ˘Г൴ ϠĂԧ͗߆ొܝѣᙯ፟ᙯĂચᑕ̷̟ڦຍĂᚑΐ֨ቑ֭ᑭķĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ 18ğĄ 30 ͽIJࣥĶᄂ៉࠷̍؎ົķ̚ొڠ྅ᖐѻ̄̋ڠ྅ૄгᏥ͇Оݔใ९ijĞ1952ğࠎּĈ ĶᏥ͇О఼дഇมĂ̪̙ॡ৪аֽĂ֖ᙋ˘ਠࣥĂϏਕᄃछलԆБᕝᙯ ܼĄЯѩԧඥണ̍үĂืགྷ૱ڦຍࣥछᛳ̝ᙯܼĂ͍Տె࿅ѐ࿅༼Ă၁߉ࡎᑝᑭ ߤĂΐૻॏĂ༊ѣٙӄķĞՂଽበĂ1991bĈ346ğĄ 31 IJᛋᓁ̍үಡӘĞαȈ˟ѐğijࡔྶĈĶώѐޘᚶᜈ఼̝ࣥࢍѣ˘ˬЩĂଂ። Ѩᒔࣥགྷរ̚Ăஎۢࣥк̙ਕᗓฟٙᏜĺދޙᙯܼĻϺ̙ਕԆБ௲ᗓछल҃ᒔ ሕઠٙᄃϠ߿ତᑻ۰Ăࠎΐღണዶࢍੵଯજѣᙯ፟ᙯםγĂ֭അ΄ᛋચ፟ ᙯĂซҖࣥ֗छߤయјࣥछᛳᚍጱࣥҋࢵĂ֭ͽአߤੑய͞ёֹܳࣥ̈́ छᛳ̙Яೈ҃ᅁిҋĂтഅ൴னቢ৶۰Ă֭̈́ะ̚ྤफ़ᏴፄࢦࢋࣥซҖᖐ ९̈ВТઍྃķĞՂކዡඈĂ1998Ĉ109ğĄҋࢵ͞ࢬĂᓝּ҃֏ĂĶ࠷̍؎ົາ ѻᜠྮ͚ొķјࣶች؟ᐑĂ೩זд˸ॡĂҋາЊ̄ཧၷಱזछఢᚍችͭች؟ ᐑࢬҋࢵĂͷܲᙋ̙ົѣְĂች؟ᐑ˵дͭᏐ۞ᅳ˭ĂШཧၷಱᄃአߤԊ ࣶҋࢵĞૺۆጳඈĂ2002Ĉ244-245ğĄ
ྋ۞ྻĞᖡ౾߷Ă2003Ĉ189ğĄ32 ᙱ۞ဩ෪ᇈВᛨ۞εୀĂ ˵෪ᇈ઼ϔᛨଐڼ፟ᙯ̈́Чڼטޘ۞јΑĂЧ፟ט۞ᑟᑅĂֹࢦፋ ޢ۞࠷̍؎ົ̈́ണх۞ᖐ͚ొٙ࿉ԛĄ 1953 ѐĮ̚δ͟ಡįăĮາϠಡįăĮ̚ර͟ಡįăĮᓑЪಡįᄃ Į̳ኢಡįᓑЪۍ˞ĮΩ˘࣎ጼಞ۞౼ӀįĂᓁበᏭૺ̂̋೩זۍ۞ ቡϤĂΞͽઇࠎԆјፋඥВᛨᖐ۞ොཙĈ έ៉ೀѐֽщؠăᓄၷăซՎĂੵ˞ঔౙ۩үጼႊ௫૱ѣᓝ Җ҃γĂᔘ՟ѣ̦ᆃͫᘽঈקćԧࣇᄃᇲˠ۞ጼĂрညٺЃ ۞ېၗĂѣֱ֤ࢂͷએщ۞ˠĂ˵ధົхѩຐڱĂҭ̝၁ᅫଐԛĂ ̙̂̂Ċ࠻̙֍۞Ă̙ז۞ݒߏΞͽຐညז۞г˭ۋĂ ೀѐֽଂ՟ѣЃ࿅ĄߏдΩ˘࣎ጼಞ˯Ăԧࣇχ˞౼Ă ̖ܲᅪ˞͚˞ҋϤ઼̚۞щؠăᓄၷซՎĞૺ̂̋በĂ1953Ĉ 2ğĄ33 32 Ķเፘൄ३ົķ˘९̚۞߉ጏࠡΞͽүࠎצזᏐ̓ԕ᜕۞ּ̄ĞૺۆጳඈĂ2002Ĉ 382ğĄ߉ጏࠡдᖐᘉЍޢĂАޢྴᖟдૅұछᄃҋछވ̚ܜ྿ȈˣѐĂྍވ ۩มΪѣ˘࣎ˠ۞۷჻ᆵͷ่ਕӱۻĂྴᖟගछˠֽໂ̂۞ᑅ˧Ăޢ߉ጏࠡ˵ ঽѪдछ̚ĂΪਕ˭ཨдࣨᙝĞૺۆጳඈĂ2002Ĉ382-392ğĄˠϠ߿۞ּ̄ĂΞ ણ҂ࢦፋޢ࠷̍؎ົᔁ୶၆˸۞аጸĈĶԧࣇಶညˠҬ۞Ăдˬཌྷă̂സמ ᜋϹࠧ۞̋ડĂႝϫ۞гαྼ֕Ąੵ˞˯એˠछ۞гϝ·̝γĂ˵՟ѣ ڌҘΞЫćТॡĂЯࠎా͟˭ܥĂൃ֗ᒅĂࠎ˞᎔ರĂԧࣇಶ٥ֱϠᓣֽЫĂԯ ѭ൴ֽĂ˵ಶ՟ְ˞ķĞᖡ౾߷Ă2003Ĉ193-194ğĄ 33 ྍ३ࢱቅѣࢦኑ̝Ăώ͔߱͛ߏၡᐂҋIJበ۰۞ྖijĄ३̚Ķг˭ۋķ۞९ּߏ ϤᓑЪۍ۞Чಡ೩ֻĂͽĮ̚δ͟ಡį೩ֻ۞ĶዑࠦˬᚚॄᐂķࠎּĂ֎ዑࠦˬ ߏ˘࣎ᄂᚱ۞̂ጯϠĂЯצזۤົཌྷޥຐ۞ӛ͔҃ΐˢВᛨĂ҃дᖐᄃ̍ү࿅ ̚ĂЯࠎᖐјࣶ۞ล৺̶̙֗Т҃كѩࡎĂֹዑࠦˬຏזक़ԶĂͷᖐצז઼ ϔᛨ၁߉۞˿гԼࢭ߆ඉᇆᜩĂ၆ٺڱᕖ̂ྺՅ̍ү۞јڍ҃ӧᕘćᐌ઼ϔᛨ઼ छ፟ጡᗼ̂ొ̶۞͚ొĂዑࠦˬдצॏ࿅̚።གྷۏኳϠ߿ᓞӧ۞ဩ҃ϠঽĂ Тॡ˵Ϥٺ઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ጡҋࢵҋາ۞ކ็ᄃֽҋछल۞ᑅ˧ᄃᚍጱĂዑࠦˬ҃Ᏼ ፄ௲ᗓВᛨĂШ઼ϔᛨҋࢵĞૺ̂̋በĂ1953Ĉ3-66ğĄĶዑࠦˬķΞਕߏ˘࣎Ն ᇤֽ۞ˠۏĂٕߏᗔ̙ТВᛨјࣶ҃ԛֽ۞ˠۏĄᔵ઼ϔᛨд߇ְ̚˵ΐ ˢҋ̎۞߆ڼކ็Ăт˿гԼࢭ۞јड़ᄃܻВ۞ࢬԛ෪ඈĂҭዑࠦˬˢᛨזҋࢵ۞ ࿅ΞͽΎព઼ϔᛨ߉ΐ۞Чᑅ˧ᄃᄵЯ̝јड़ĂЯѩజĮ̚δ͟ಡį༊үг˭ ۋ۞ּ̄Ą
ѩ˘ĶΩ˘࣎ጼಞ۞౼Ӏķކ֏Ăࠎ઼ϔᛨ઼छޙט͙ॲᄂ៉ү˞ ָ۞ොཙĄ1954 ѐ઼ϔᛨՀΐቁؠд۞ВᛨᖐјࣶĶࠎᇴ̏ܧ૱ං ͌ķĂĶΪ̙࿅дܲБϠ̚Ăޘಉᅿརጄ۞̄҃̏͟ķĞోዂĂ1954Ĉ 90ğĄٺߏĂд઼छᄃۤົЪ˧ঐໝ˘گνᓍ۞ͅԩ۰ޢĂҋϤ઼̚ӈ ᔙˢܜ྿ܕ40 ѐ۞ރᝋڼĄ
߭ăඕኢ
ଂ઼छۤົᙯܼ۞ᖼតֽ࠻Ăጼޢᄂ៉ۤົᄃ઼ϔᛨ઼छ̝ม۞ᙯ ܼâۡצז઼В̰ጼ۞ଐ๕͔ٙĂ֭ᇆᜩז઼̚Вயᛨᄂ៉࠷̍ү؎ ࣶົͅԩᄃх߿۞۩มĄᐌ઼ϔᛨд̰ጼ̚ε๕Ă˟˟ˣְІޢצ࢝۞ ᄂ៉ۤົฟؕ៍୕Ăν้۞ࢲঈֹొ̶ତᛈזۤົཌྷޥሗ۞ۤົјࣶ၆ ઼ϔᛨ۞ڼயϠᘃႷĂࠤҌΐˢ̚Вщ೧дᄂ៉ۤົ̰۞ВᛨᖐĄ༊ ઼ϔᛨੜчᄂ៉ăВᓜঔ౯Խᄂ̝ᅫĂᄂ៉۞઼छᄃۤົᙯܼऻُߏ ࠎழᗓᄃϬ࠼۞ॡ࣏Ą҃Ăᔹጼ۞ᘕ൴ֹଐ๕ਗ਼ᖼĂ઼ϔᛨдͦᅮٯ ᎔̚В۞ଐڶ˭ĂΞͽАҖྋՙڼ˯۞ӧဩĄᄃѩТॡĂᄂ៉ۤົϺຍ ᙊז઼ᅫଐ๕ᖼត઼ֹϔᛨ۞ڼΞፁજĂૻ઼छऴۤົ۞ඕၹّᝋ˧ मளĂֹᄂ៉ۤົЯѩᖼШئଂ઼ϔᛨ۞ڼĂ֭ᄃ̝ЪүĄ઼छᄃۤົ ᙯܼ۞ᖼតĂֹεΝ̚Вγ೯۞࠷̍؎ົצז઼ϔᛨ઼छ፟ᙯᄃᄂ៉ۤ ົ۞Ъ˧ᑟᑅ҃ٙ࿉Ą ࿅ᇹ۞ྋᛖᄲځĂώ઼͛ᅫЯ৵Ğᔹጼᘕ൴ğᄃ઼ϔᛨዮ ڼ̝ม۞ኢᙋĂᔘᅮĶ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧ķ۞ԛј̖ͽ͚ᇣĄ઼࣎छᄃ ۤົᙯܼᖼត۞៍၅Ăᄲځ઼छૄᖂᝋ˧۞ྻүĂֹВᛨᖐдᄂ៉ ϲᐄ̝гĄણ҂३ϫ
˘ă͛̚ొ̶
ᛗၷपĂॡม̙ځĂIJౘځمАϠ۞˾።ΫijĂĶआሗᓑЪົķშࢱĂhttp:// www.xiachao.org.tw/?act=page&repno=285Ă2013/4/1Ą
Migdal, Joel S. Ăᛂ̄ಕᛌĂ2005ĂIJ઼छࡁտijĂLichbach & Zuckerman ĞበğĂĮͧྵ߆ڼůநّă̼͛ᄃඕၹįĂᄂΔĈ̣ݑĂࢱ279-316Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949aĂIJˣ˘ฟؕ͗ᛋᓑЪᏱ̳ijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ7/31Ăۍ 3Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949bĂIJۤኢੵࣥᏗᄃԸ̶፟̄ijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ8/1Ăۍ 2Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949cĂIJڌݑ߆ܜء̳ཌ൴ܑีࢦࢋЇगϲˠЇᄂ࠷֨ Φ΄ءೆࠎᄂ៉࠷ܲщΦ΄ώ࠷ᛋ౯ॠԼበࠎ઼֨ijĂĮ̚ δ͟ಡįĂ8/31Ăۍ 5Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1949dĂIJೆಡӘܲщొ̍үijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ11/8Ăۍ 4Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1950aĂIJВࣥдέ৪ᖐ߆عކοᒔགྷ࿅αࣥࢵཱིΡ႒შ ᛨवϨҋࢵ༊Ԋՙଳᆵ̂ந߆ඉijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ5/14Ăۍ 1Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1950bĂIJБ࠷ࣥᛨᖐϞྋችԂౘ፨ϔඈӘᛨवԓ୕̂छϲ גҋࢵijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ5/14Ăۍ 4Ą ˘ਠಡጱĂ1950cĂIJ̻хࢂщ͕நᚶᜈિૻጬijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ7/3Ă ۍ2Ą ̚δۤĂ1949ĂIJᛋᓁቁܲώ࠷ڼщՙؠඥࣥᏗЊ̄ᛋӘࣥᏗ࠽ٺΗ̰͡ ҋࢵт൭Լ݈ܧໄ̟ͽϠྮ࿈ഇ॓ोࢦᘂԸ፟ఝВ۰Η͡ᗓέijĂ 1949ĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ7/31Ăۍ 3Ą ̚δۤੈĂ1950ĂIJౘੰܜߌӘ઼ˠࠎరၔͅВԩ઼ܻඉᚶᜈિૻጬυื ೩ᛋᛇ̻хࢂщ͕நijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ6/29Ăۍ 1Ą ͳֈអĞጱႊğĂ2009ĂĮтڍԧυืѪ˘˼Ѩůᄂ៉νᓍࡔְįĞࡔᐂͯğĂ ᄂΔξĈݑ͞छĄ ΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1962ĂĮВࣥ၆έౚᏖ̝ࡁտįĂۍ۰̙ྎĄ ΦڱҖ߆ొአߤԊĂ1977ĂĮέ៉Ѝೇޢ̝ĶέВķ߿જįĂۍ۰̙ྎĄ ϮൕቚĂ1957ĂĮВࣥপ̍۞үڱįĂۍ۰̙ྎĄ ЪிۤĂ1950ĂIJ࡚ᓁߑ˭΄ௐ˛ᚻฤ࿄ͤԽᄂЋဦijĂĮ̚δ͟ಡįĂ 6/28Ăۍ 1Ą ѯآፔĂ2007ĂIJέ៉۞ᖼݭϒཌྷ̈́࠷ޥijĂޥຐበ؎ົĞበğĂĮޥຐĈ
ᖼݭϒཌྷᄃጸ߆ڼįĂᄂΔξĈᓑགྷĂࢱ65-81Ą ӓ˜ᇇăౘځ఼Ă1993ĂIJ߆ᝋᖼொයࡻ߹જijĂᏥ፨உĞበğĂĮέ ៉Ѝೇܐഇ።ΫįĂᄂΔξĈ̚δࡁտੰ̋̚ˠ͛ۤົࡊጯੰࡁտٙĂ ࢱ303-334Ą ӓⴥˠĂ2008ĂIJ઼छޙၹă̰ొതϔᄃҽጼĈጼޢέ៉઼छᇷ˧۞።Ϋਔ ඛijĂՂேඈĞበğĂĮˠᝋ̝ྮĈᄂ៉ϔˠᝋаᜪįĂᄂΔĈౘ ͛ј౾̀ࡔهૄܛົĂࢱ168-173Ą Ղ͵Ă1988ĂĮአߤԊࡁտįĂᄂΔᎩĈՂଽۍۤĄ Ղކዡăͳΐܷăዒ̈ᜋăధսăͳᙶาበĂ1998ĂĮέ៉гડԦᚑॡഇ ̣Œѐ߆ڼ९ІΫफ़ຉበᨧ̚γᑫ९įĂݑԸĈᄂ៉࠷͛ᚥ؎ࣶົĄ ՂଽበĂ1991aĂĮщБԊ፟͛ІĞ˯ΊğįĂᄂΔĈՂଽۍۤĄ ՂଽበĂ1991bĂĮщБԊ፟͛ІĞ˭ΊğįĂᄂΔĈՂଽۍۤĄ Ղᗉ߷Ă1994ĂĮͫ፵फௐ˘ഇາϠĈ˘࣎ϨҒऻٍצᙱ۰۞аጸįĂᄂΔ ξĈॡಡ̼͛Ą ϒ͛˾Ă1995ĂĮϨҒऻٍ৪ᑫ९įĂᄂΔĈछĄ ؞ໞበĂ1951ĂĮ֨Ꮧ૱ᙊįĂᄂΔξĈϒ̚३ԊĄ ڒ३ೳĂ1992ĂĮଂ˟˟ˣז̣ŒѐϨҒऻٍįĂᄂΔξĈॡಡ̼͛Ą ڒ౼ઈĂ2005ĂĮ߆ڼზఙĈጼޢέ៉۞઼छڼᄃˠ˾გநįĂᄂΔξĈ ߆ڼ̂ጯۤົጯր౾̀ኢ͛Ą ܘၷᓝăᔁڟтĂ2007ĂIJጼޢέ៉މछ߆ڼයࡻᄃϨҒऻٍ߆ڼְІ── ྋژధܫ։ᄃˬ࣎ࢦࢋ߆ڼְІ̝ᙯܼijĂĶᄂ៉ϔ۞Ꮈᄃតዏķ ௐ˟بጯఙࡁົůˠۏᄃְІኢ͛ะĞ10 ͡ 25 Ҍ 26 ͟ğĂᄂ៉࠷Ĉ ᄂ៉࠷ᏙᛉົĄ ށˠкĂ2008ĂIJ߆ᝋᖼொ̝ڼநّĈጼޢ઼ϔᛨ߆ᝋ၆͟ڼॡܲϥטޘ ۞ٚᄃᖼ̼ijĂĮᄂ៉ۤົጯįĂ15: 47-108Ą गछᚉĂ1961ĂĮԧࠎ̦ᆃ௲ᗓέ៉઼ϔᛨįĂࢶപĈҋ˧Ą ૺ̂̋በĂ1953ĂĮΩ˘࣎ጼಞ۞౼ӀįĂᄂΔξĈ઼̚າჷĄ ૺϜڱĂ2001ĂĮ̚රϔ઼ΫቇįĂᄂΔξĈᓑགྷĄ ૺҦ؟Ă2011ĂIJଂϔᖼݭזϔዮijĂֈ̥ăᔁ͛ĞበğĂĮέ ៉ϔ̼۞གྷរᄃຍஉįĂᄂΔξĈ̣ݑĂࢱ297-323Ą ૺҦ؟ăѦำ႔Ă2012ĂIJރᝋิّᄃϔ֔фĈ21 ͵ࡔܐཧϔ̼ࡁտ ۞ᔌ๕ᄃ݈ᖀijĂĶ߆ڼጯ۞аᜪᄃ݈ᖀጯఙࡁົķኢ͛Ğ8 ͡ 6 ͟ Ҍ7 ͟ğĂᄂΔξĈ̚δࡁտੰĄ ૺۆጳăధځᎼăฮᇊăౘᆂරĂ2002ĂĮࢲ̚۞ࣵڥĈ̣Œѐາѻ߆
ڼ९ІįĂາѻξĈາѻξ߆عĄ ૺܛᒑ˾Ă2003ĂIJ࠷̍؎ࢲำ̝̃ijĂ઼छˠᝋࡔهᐡᚯ౯ĞበğĮϨ ҒދОįĂᄂΔĈ઼छˠᝋࡔهᐡᚯ౯Ăࢱ105-162Ą ૺฮĂ2003ĂIJ˘˝̣Œѐ઼࡚၆ᄂՙඉሀё̶ژijĂĮ̚δࡁտੰܕ ΫࡁտٙะΏįĂ40: 1-54Ą ధౠऐĂ1993ĂIJᄂ៉Ѝೇܐഇ۞ϔតĈͽလཌྷˬ˟ְІࠎּijĂᏥ፨உĞ በğĂĮᄂ៉Ѝೇܐഇ።ΫįĂᄂΔĈ̚δࡁտੰ̋̚ˠ͛ۤົࡊጯࡁ տٙĂࢱ169-222Ą ోዂĂ1954ĂĮέВݔใΫįĞበཱིௐ 1913 ཱིğĂᄂΔξĈ̚δ؎ࣶົ ௐ̱Ą ోჰОĂ1993ĂĮ઼ϔᛨࠁրۋΫĞ˭ğįĂᄂΔξĈॳ݄Ą ౘځ఼Ă2001ĂĮࠁր߆ڼᄃέ៉߆ڼតዏįĂᄂΔĈາҋཌྷĄ ౘځ఼ăڒᚶ͛Ă1998ĂIJέ៉г͞Ᏼᓝ۞ᄃ઼छۤົᙯܼᖼតijĂౘ ځ఼ăዑϖѐĞበğĂĮثૄᆸᏴᓝᄃ߆ڼۤົតዏįĂᄂΔĈ͡ όۍۤĂࢱ23-70Ą ౘ۾ځĂ1988ĂĮᔁౠࡓෞ็įĂᄂΔξĈ݈Ą ౘ۾ځĂ2007ĂIJᖼݭϒཌྷᄃέ៉።ΫijĂĮޥຐĈᖼݭϒཌྷᄃጸ߆ڼįĂ ᄂΔξĈᓑགྷĂࢱ83-94Ą ౘࡻĂ2005ĂĮаጸů֍ᙋϨҒऻٍįĂᄂΔξĈ࣫̋Ą ౘ৷ሪĂ1994ĂĮέ៉Ѝೇܐഇ̝ᛋ߆Ğ1945-1953ğįĂᄂΔξĈ઼ϲέ ៉रቑ̂ጯ።Ϋࡁտٙ౾̀ኢ͛Ą ౘࡻĂ2005ĂĮ˘ЩϨҒऻٍצᙱ۰۞͘įĂᄂΔξĈϜ̋ۤĄ ౘჴቷĂ1995ĂĮࠁրۋᄃᝋᏖ߆ڼĈ˟˟ˣೌᆐ۞Ω˘ࢬ࠹įĂᄂΔĈ ॡಡ̼͛Ą ౘჴቷĂ2006ĂIJέ៉߆ᆸࢬ۞యЇijĂૺۆጳĞበğĂĮ˟˟ˣְІయ ЇᕩᛳࡁտಡӘįĂᄂΔĈ˟˟ˣૄܛົĂࢱ171-336Ą ౘᐅپĂ2005ĂĮቼ̚ϒዏέįĂᄂΔᎩĈШว̼͛Ą เလፘĂ1991ĂĮ઼ϔᛨдέ៉Ĉ1945-1988įĂ઼̚ঔ˾ξĈݑঔۍۤĄ ҹĂ2005ĂĮԧ۞аጸįĂᄂΔĈჴරĄ ༱໓፨Ă2007ĂIJଂ͟૱ጼఙזĶາࢭវķĈኢ de CerteauăHolloway ᄃNegri ඊ˭۞ᝋ˧ᄃٯԩijĂĮ߆ڼᄃۤົࣰጯෞኢįĂ20Ĉ57-131Ą ᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົ৪३በОĂ1948ĂĮᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົௐ˘بௐ̱Ѩ̂ົপᏭįĂ ᄂ៉࠷Ĉᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົ৪३Ą ᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົ৪३በОĂ1950ĂĮᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົௐ˘بௐ˝Ѩ̂ົপᏭįĂ
ᄂ៉࠷Ĉᄂ៉࠷ણᛉົ৪३Ą ᆒซᇉĂ2012ĂĮέ៉ጼޢགྷᑻ̶ژĈ࣒ࢎۍįĂᄂΔξĈˠมĄ ᆒှᗞĂ1989-1998ĂĮࢦ࣒ᄂ៉࠷఼ԠįĂᄂ̚ξĈᄂ៉࠷͛ᚥ؎ࣶົĄ ለ৵༈Ă2008ĂIJଂ˟˟ˣזϨҒऻٍůͽՂઔ९ࠎּijĂĮέ៉ΫࡁտįĂ 15(2): 135-172Ą ለ৵༈Ă2011ĂIJαְ̱І၆ᄂ៉̂ጯ̝ᑝijĂĮᄂ៉ጯࡁտįĂ12: 17-42Ą ᔁ႔ጏĂ1998ĂĮᙯᔣѐ۞።Ϋ֍ᙋĞ1948-1952ğįĂᄂΔĈ࣫̋Ą ᖡ౾߷Ă1993ĂĮϨҒऻٍįĂᄂΔĈೳം̼͛Ą ᖡ౾߷Ă2003ĂĮࡓҒމछˠįĂᄂ̚ξĈߐĄ ᚑႊхĂ1989ĂĮѝѐ̝έ៉įĂᄂΔξĈॡಡĄ آӖĂ1998ĂĮγֽ߆ᝋᄃώ˿ۤົĈԼౄޢ઼ϔᛨ߆ᝋۤົૄᖂ۞ԛј Ğ1950-1969ğįĂᄂΔᎩĈቌฏĄ ˟ăࡻ͛ొ̶
Bates, Robert H., Avner Greif, Margaret Leri, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Barry R. Weingast, and Barry R. Weingast. 1998. Analytic Narratives.Princeton. N.J: Princeton University Press.
Cheng, Tun-jen. 1989. “Democratising the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan.”
World Politics 41(4): 471-499.
Ertman, Thomas. 1997. Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in
Medieval and Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1987. The Nation-State and Violence: Volume 2 of A
Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Huntington, S. P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mann, Michael. 1993. The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 2: The Rise of Classes
and Nation States, 1760-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Olson Jr, Mancur. 2008. “Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force.” In Contending
Perspectives in Comparative Politics: A Reader, eds. Lawrence Mayer, Frank
Thames, and Dennis Patterson. Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 299-308. Pasquino, Pasquale. 1996. “Political Theory, Order, and Threat.” In Political
Order, eds. IanShapiro and Russell Hardin.New York: New York University
Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio & Luis de la Calle.2009. “Domestic Terrorism: The Hidden Side of Political Violence.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 31-49.
Scott, James. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tilly ,Charles. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime” In
Bringing the State Back In, eds. Peter B.Evens, Dietrich Rueschemeyer,
Theda Skocpol. New York: University of Cambridge, 169-191.
Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Wu, Nai-The. 2005. “Transition without Justice or Justice without History: Transitional Justice in Taiwan.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 1(1): 77-102.
The Kuomintang State Apparatus and the
Sources of Its Political Order in Taiwan:
The Purging of Leftists during the White Terror
(1948-1954)
Ching-hsuan Su
**
Abstract
The question of why and how the Kuomintang (KMT) could have survived and persisted after it relocated to Taiwan cannot be answered solely by highlighting the role of the United States during the Cold War era. Past studies on KMT state building and the White Terror linked the effectiveness of the KMT state despotic power to the successful outcome of the repression, discarding the theory that excessive state repression might also damage the political legitimacy of a regime and incite wider resistance. So in this article, I probe further by examining how the KMT state apparatus successfully repressed the underground Work Committee of Taiwan Province (WCTP), a sub-organization of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), without provoking opposition from other parts of the society. I used oral histories and official documents to show that the key to the KMT state apparatus’s effective repression was the transformation of the state-society relations during 1950s: when the two political organizations, the KMT and the WCTP/CCP, were in a standoff in 1949, the Taiwanese society as an onlooker had the option to align itself with either of the two sides. However, the advent of the Korean War
DOI :10.6166/TJPS.57(115-146)The sources of political order relates to the historical conditions allowing a state apparatus to efficiently rule a society within a given territory. Probing the postwar context in Taiwan is key to understanding how the KMT could consolidate its rule over society.
**
PhD Student, Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University. E-mail: [email protected].decisively tilted the balance in favor of the KMT. Taiwanese society could chose to cooperate with the KMT regime, knowing now that the CPP could no longer attack the KMT state due to the U.S. Navy’s presence the Taiwan Strait. Taiwanese society’s change of attitude accelerated the defeat of the WCTP/CCP in Taiwan, which could no longer hide in a society where assistance was nowhere to be found. Abetted by close state-society relations and absent of the need to resort to excessive repression, the KMT was able to solidify its infrastructural power and consolidate the one-party system in Taiwan.
Keywords: State-Society Relations, State Infrastructural Power, Political Order,
the White Terror, the Work Committee of Taiwan Province (WCTP) under the Chinese Communist Party
