Problems of the National Government and a Critique of Its Achievements during the Golden Decade

. 1 .

PRUBLΞ

Ⅲ

S。

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〃 ” 乙θθ“〞U《吻J

I..FUREWURD

Thetenyearsbetweenthe.ccomplishmentUftheNorthe=hExped∥

bn●

n

Junel928andthebreakUutUfth●second&nU-JapaneseWar㏑JulVl937中外

calledthe‘

(bldenDecadσ

’in modernChineSeh北tory.Itwasalso theΠ〝t 位

me

fUrtheChineseNatbnalktPartyaheKu。

mintang9actuallyconiollednat㏑nal

p°ll㏑

alpoweiandimp坤

㏑e.tedlsideals tUbuⅡ

dupamodern natbn.

Duringthis period,theNationalGUvernInentfaoedVariousdⅡficult㏑s poⅢ

I

caⅡ

yUrdi班

Umat沁allV,●conom沁alIvo工f㏑anc㏑llY;mⅡ北arⅡyor.nat㏑

naldefense-w小e.Howe▼er,thegoverlImenteventuallyovercamea11thesed」f㏑ult始

Soneby

°n●witheve〃possbleeffUitsand出raduallyaccomplished北Spre㏑mi【iymeals of

b●Ⅱdi屯up.modern natjbn,thus storedsizablenational s竹engthfUrthefUrtht

cUm㏑ge琯㏑-VearS㏑U-JapaneseWar.ⅢkperfUfmancewasunprecedent●● ㏑ th●

histo〃UfC●ina.

Based°

nsUmematerialsan●

stud㏑spubl二

shed。

thcpaStfewyears,thk

articlektUfeⅥ

eWthkpeIodof㏑

stUiyandevaluateth●dIⅡcultiesth°National

GUVernmentencδunteredandthesuccess丘m璉_{出比haVead㏑}βⅣ

edatthatmme.The

discusSbn is l上nitedtUonlyⅡilitaryandadπinistrat二﹀easpects㏑Urder tohavea

deopor ins地江tb●causeoflim丘

edspaceands㏑

cehktorhnshadstud跆

dach㏑

ve-ments Uf China ㏑ thc Πelds Uf ec。nomy, f㏑ance, transportat㏑n and soc㏑ty

bril∥antIydl1r山吧

thkdecadc.

﹉ Fl1Ithe1Ⅲ1Ure, in my opIjUn, ecUnUInic, f㏑ahc㏑_{t transport●}ti°hal and

.6t . .

sUoialachie﹀ementsUbta㏑

edbytheChines●

gUverllmentdur㏑gthiSper㏑

dWere

ma㏑

lybasedUnthesuccess ofmⅡ

laⅣandadministrati︶erefUr㏑

s.ItksUme.

whatdefect什

ew北

hUuttUuchl咕adminiStrat∥

eandmil北

aiγaspects;andIhUpo thkarticlecouldbearonsUmepdnts neglectedbyUt●erschUlars.

Ⅱ

.EXTERNALDIFFICULTIES一

JAPANESEANDRUSSIANINVASIUNS

thegeatestdfficult沁

sfrUmoutsmeCh㏑

巨hadbeenfac㏑gdl1r土_{吧 lScarly}

yCarSW田

°

theJapanesemper●

l鼠 ㏑v外㏑

nahdvarbussubvers打

eadMIes

attemptedbytheSovi●tUnlon.

Japandidnotdisgu沁e北s invaslUnW北hthepoⅡcyofsu●pUrtingCh㏑↙S一℃peh

doors”after㏕n㎡㎎ theRussU-Japan°seWarandstarted北sΠ研Cearmedattacks

andrUbber㏑

s.NotUnlVManchur㏑

bocame北sdU㎡a㏑_,°utalsUau山典ts北Ubtai●

-edfrUmGerInanybydeclaringwaraga㏑

stGer玾

any in tho nameofAnglU.

JapaneseAll伍ncedl1由㎎

theFl就

W。rldWar.JapangmduallYoontr°

l!edMai

churla,MUngU上

aandNU﹏

hCh㏑

a㏑

thepretextUfsuppor伍㎎ 白mb北

busY也

m

Sh血」′ait°assumeh怎p°

stasEmperor ofChinaandtbUktheopportun北

yto

presehtt●es。£alled一‘Twenty＿UneDeInands.”

Dur㏑

gthed〝

xderedporbdofthe田

i比antwarlU!ds,Japanf“tpUs北

一 鍶

supportodTuanCh’巧

ui,attemptmgtocUn竹

Ult●ePeki㎎

GUVermentandthen

。Ump!etelycon竹

UlthepU比

沁als北uat㏑

nofChina.After Tuan faⅡ

cd,Japan

山典t°nod北s oon竹

。l°nChangTsU〦㏑ ㏑

Manch山

軋 supportedCh色

ngTmng㏄

hang

in Shantungand.SunChuang.fanWhU w●

s defeat°

d

㏑ K㏑ngs●andCh●日hng.

Ⅲ crefUre,wh●

ntheNat㏑

nalRevU1.tbn缸

yArmy●

dvancedtUψ

ardShantung

dⅢ山名 itSN°rther丘EXped∥㏑

h,theJapaneseCab㏑

“

headedbyTanakaGi沁

hi

Inplem°ntedls“sc°rp● 。

n.type●°l二cy”inUn°hand,p1●

nn㏒

t°6狂

ptwethewhUlo

MHhchurhahdNortheh㏑

aus㏒

shantungan°L●

。tungpch㏑sulaSas北SnΦpersl

andpresentedthcsU｛

alled‘

TanakaMomUr㏑

l,”fUrmula山吧 北s moaSures to

swaⅢoWth芭由

holeChImandth°

ncUnquerthewUrld.

TheJap色n°S°alsU dkpatched:r由㎡°rc.ments to Shantung㏑tho pretoxtUf

protect㏑g北sUvers°asres二dents,stopped伍eNat㏑nalReVoiut㏑na〃Armyfrδ

m

adVan由㎎ n。rth由ard,prUvUkedthe“

MayThldTsinahIn●

ment,●

heldCⅢ

n●se

F。_犯漣與 MinkterHu巨

ngFㄐ

2,sh“

andkⅢ

edΠ

mpUmat竹

C。rrespondentTsai

Kung心Ⅱ㏑

and l5otherd●

lomatss,●

ndattempted to

日Ⅱnap Co工Im色ndⅡ吧

GeneralCh㏑

ng6日

比

hekoftheNortherhExped北

㏑hArmy4in order﹉to tUtallY

a啊

tth。NUrthernEx●ed北bn mis蕊

on oftheNat㏑

nalGUvernmentat one

.3 .

sioke.

As6heRevUlutionary打

my,b。

aringthe㏑

sult,tl1rnedarUundand

ad-vancedtUwardP●l山lgh㎡dTients㏑

bycr叩

由吧

theYellUwR∥

er tocarfyon北_s

miss㏑n,JapanthenfUrc°dChangTsU.lin tUcUoc°SSther地

hts on〝

°riⅡwa,s㏑

M●nchlr㏑

_.ndM°

ngUl伍_●

_9s地

n㏒

aseγett平at′

.Attheti印

etheJap巨ncse

Kantδ

Armyhad你

suedamobⅡ

Lat㏑n order;cohcen竹ated托s 竹Uops㏑iengt㏑_n, dispatch●dre㏑fUrcemonts tUChintsUu,atte…pt㏑gtU●kaIl1︳theFe㎎tionAHnv

thatwasreioatingtoWardNortheastCh㏑

aandto stopbyfUrcetheNatbnal

RevUlut㏑n田_乎

AIny”

m°ntermgManchur㏑.

Fih〢

lY,Cha.ngT四

u㏑

_,head°

fmeF田

_圯t㏑

nAr㏑

y,一_日

Skl-d五

tHuang-kutuen onJune4,1928,㏑

anexpios●_甲plbt●

edbyth.Japa叩

_se.。

_Thkha°

promptedChangHdueh.lmng,sUn°

fChangT忘

o-lin,to oetuon tUthefUldofth● NatiUnalGUvernment.

Afterthec°mplet㏑

noftheNorthemExped丘

bn;J.panη

otUnlymadeall

thetroublesdurⅡ_吧th。negot㏑

tbnsfUrCh㏑

ato rest°re北_{scustoms sUvere迍η}ty,

threatcned the Nat㏑nal GUvernm°nt to recogniz°_﹉the “

Nkh血

ara lUans’: and

ask°dfUfcustomdrevenu°sadguaranteefUrrepayments,butalsUd°la9ed北

sie-oogh北

iUnoftheNatbnalGoVernmentuntIJune3,1929.Italso react●

dcUldly t°

Mr.C㏑

angK日

沁hek’_●assuIningh二spUstasPresident oftheNat°

nalGUvern-mentbysend㏑

gonlYitsCU●

sul名_●

neralUkamUtUIsaku㏑

Nd㏕_山圯t° c。ηⅦy

V可bal。Ungratulat㏑nsto theFore㎏

nMink竹

yofCh㏑

a.

﹉

InJulyl929,theS°

vietUnbn invad°dManchIπiawithlargefUrce.Japan

alSUwa北

edfUr北

stⅢη,n。t。nlyr㎡㏑…圯 the㏑Ⅵt前㏑

nUftheUn北

edStates to

me血ate”intlVtheSi●U-RuSsi●

nWarbutalsUre㏑

fU｛_㏒ 土s tr。

ops㏑

chang-tsun,cUnductingmⅢt巨_〃 e火erCiSes在ndrefus㏑

gthecIo$㏑

g°fSouthM孔n。hur㏑

n

RaⅡ

waybytheCh㏑

esearmy.,

TheCivⅡ

Warl1 193U bTokeout Llthon°

xtyear. Japanagaln threatoned

ChangHsueh︴

㏑ngtUcollaboratew北

hYenHs。

sh.n,FengYu-hs伍

ngahdUt●

er waf︴

UIdShndtoassumehkpUstasCUmmitte°

_{mem.erUfthe●}

uppet“Nat°_,al GUvefnmcnt”in thcNUfth.8

Mo●nwhⅡe,h迫hstaff。I㏑

erItagakS由

sh●°and¢h●fstaffoⅢce,Ish血ari

Ka可i°

ftheJap.nesoKantUArInyfUrInu1.todthel plan to.onquerthowh。

l。

Manchuria一一蹲 tudvUntheUccuption“〢 Rulo ofMan”ur㏑_{.mldMongo!二}

一 ’

plUttingto mergeManchur㏑in threephase。_l)Uccupat㏑nph平°_,φ§trU”ng

ChinesepUⅢ沁alandecUnomi¢systc田SinManchⅢ_●;﹉ 2)Rulingphase,allow㏑g

theKUreans to operateall paddyfieldsandtheChine,.fUrsIlLa!businesses only;

and 3)Na伍on岔ldefensephaSe,shouldqHngoccupatiUnexpenseswithre﹀enuos in

.4 .

ManchⅢ

㏑in thofU一Ⅲ1°fSelf.suticioncy.9

AsChangHsue●

︴㏑

ngplamed to putfUre工

gnaffals,transportat㏑

hand

financo。

fManchⅢ

㏑ underthejl1rkd比t站

noftheNat㏑

nalGUVernmeht,the

F°re地

nM㏑

怎甘

ybftheⅡ

●●nes●g。︶ernmentalsUfUrmulated土s“SecretPlan to

D色

SioyM.nchur㏑

andMUng°

l㏑,”determini名tUs竹

engthentheCh㏑

cs●

goveIn-ment°

ith●surfacebydes屯iat㏑

gChangHsuehⅢ

angastheone㏑

chargeof

Manchw㏑

、

fUre屯

naffaL6.Ⅲ

eyplahnedto st。

●

theFengⅡenauth。r北iesfrUm

oons●uct㏒ra且rUadnetwUrksw北hal1●uteffUrts,ad。ptedthepolicyof日Ch始V山㎎

pe●

ceby●

reatenmgtoWag.war㏑

ordertUmamtain perIna●entlYtheprUspe山Ⅳ

ofSouthManchl1r㏑nRaⅢ

wayandt●

°harbUrofDat●

n,aidw㎡

tedfUrth●r也ht

opportun上ytoach㏑Ve北sultLnategoa1ofoccupylngManchuf㏑andMUngU“巳.°

.

InMavl931,It㎎

akS由

_中山 。aga㏑

presentedtheso-called“

TheHand㏑

圯°f

Mahchur扭

nandM°

ngUl㏑hIssueSFormula,,,includ㏑

E l)the㏑

dependenceof

Mo“

pl伍_:2)the●ndep●ndenc。

。fT血

entao;and3)theharassment ofN°

rtheIn

ManthⅢ

_。 Jap主nes●harassedN°rt●Manchur㏑㏑ ordcrt°fanhi㎎largc6mle

an“︴apan.seInovc㎡ent in theN。rthoastandus㏑g北asanex°usefUrt●●Kantδ

Armyto o●

。upytheiegbnbyfUrce.i1

﹉Jap..b°

c.mem°

rea“∥

e㏑

1●attempt to occupyManchur㏑whenth°

pIesm●hcy°

fSUuthManchur㏑

nRaⅡ

WavWastakenU中

erbyUcⅢ

daYasuya,wh° hadbeen●ropagatⅡ_略fUrimmed㏑teaggre忘蕊

。h。

nCⅡ

na,㏑Juncthaty.ar.

ThdJa●an●sepUl㏑●heidquart可s㏑Dalen orgahLede圯ht squadSofSecret

ag●nt poli。etoengagein recUhnakβa9c。andddp㏑nageacth7ties.Milita〃bafracks w●re

。

bnstiucted mong the s°

uth ManthurmnRaⅡ

waybytheJapaneseln the

nameofbuⅡ

d㏑g︺arehUuseswhⅡefUrtⅢcat㏑nsweioalsoconStiucted㏑ne臼_典b°r.

i㎎theR●Ⅱ

WayiiMukdcn:12

﹉

Atthk po士比_{,theKantoArInyenteredintoInUbⅡ}L●tb…stageandprepared

fUrwar.ThustheJapaheseaIⅢ

9lauhch●dthe“Se●

temberl8MukdenIn¢

ment”

aftertheWahp●

oshanandNakamⅢ

aIncidentsandoccupledthewholeM●nchl1r㏑.

th●fUllo〝7ngyear,tneypr°vok●dth●JanuarY28Incident inSh●ngh●i,●ttempt

㏒ t。destroytheCh二neseaniJ●panescmⅡmarvfUrce㏑ohestrbke.

Th●

ntheJapaneseadvancedtoandotoup㏑

dJeh。l,wher●theyattackedand

took°verShanhaiPass,they巨lS°attack●dtheChineSetrUopsba§edalongtheeast

p°朮㏑ηbftheGreatWal1,andgraduallyinVad●dtheareassUuthUftheGreatWa︳l:

ItagakiSeishto snuck intoNorthChinaah●plUttedinternal strifeinhi§capacity巨s

chi●fofsecret ageht organVat㏑

n inTient6in,inanattempt tU setupapuppet

anti-NatbhalGovernment reome㏑

NorthChina”

st小

_Ⅱ

pandⅡ

㏑

Man●

Ⅲ

r㏑.la

H●th●n indtedthefUrmer troops ofSh血

You-santUdeclare㏑

de●endonce㏑

.69 .

Luanchouandcreatedvarbus incidentsasexcusesfUrtheJapanesearmytobosent

tUandstat㏑n°_●㏑ Pekng:FinaⅡy,hefUrcedChinato s地natruceagreementw北

h

Japanandw比

hdrewtheCⅡ

ne,etroUp.t。

thewest and sUuth of Yench㏑

g,

Tungchou and Lutai; undertheo一UⅥ蕊

on thatChinaUnlykeep policefUrcein

ma㏑ta土lingpeaceandUrder in the whUleeasternHUpei,but notStatbn竹°

。ps.

ThcrefUfe,Pek㏑

gandTient茁

nalSUfell into thehandsUftheJaoa.es●

afmvbe-caus●o!北

SbecUm㏒

anon.defensezone.

T㏑烙greatestdIf田enCebe＿_{ueentheJapaneso mvas㏑}natthis tlneaηdthose

ofotherfUre地np。wersW●shot only北sunscrupulous militaryⅥde,cebutalso ls

hatefulacts ofinhumanandco1d一bloodedtortl1r°UnChineseo山Ⅱ°ialsandciVⅡ㏑ns.

Thc Japaneso一 co㏑m北tod countless rapes, arsUns, rapines and disgraced Clinese

山plomatsa母

Well:Thkwasbestde㏑

onsiatedbythofacts thattheyheldCh㏑eso F°rc圯

nMin〝

terHuangFu㏑

custodydt1…_㎎ thoM●

yThldT由

nanIiddeht,

fUrcinghin tUs地

nadocumentconfessingthattheChinesearmysk翠

ldbeblam。d

fUrthcT由

㏑n oonn㏑t,and。rderodD°lomaIc｝CUrrespUndentTsaiKung.sh血tU

kneeldown in pub上cwherehewasshot tUdeath.

TherefUreCh㏑ngKa｝shekwroto山nhkdiary:

‘_{叫bw cUllld we fUrget thk kind δ}

_fhumⅡ

_二a●

_{on fWehavealltleb北}

_of heart! Unlybyself.s竹engtheη_㏒

c.nweerad沁

ate1.It isUnlyfoo1h日rdiness if

由eafedetorm㏑

edtUw﹏

outth。shhmebutcannUttUlemteitfU工

themomont,

andwede山

_η北

elycannUtaccUmplkhthcmksbn toerad沁

atethehumⅡ㏑伍

Unthk

way.IwⅡl nowtcmpomrⅡytoleratowhat°_rdina,.。°plecannUtdo!i4’’ “

_ISetmydaⅡ

_yhomewUrk一

_{togetupats*o’}

cl。

。

kcve,dayfrUmnUwon

and¢°

mmemUratethUn●

tionalshame㏕

thUut㏑termittence,untⅡthemat二on●l

Shameis㏕

pedout:i6” _,

Anotherexternald●Ⅲc.ltyen●ountef●dby●

一

eNa●㏑nalGUv可

nmentwasthe

SUv托tUnbn’

samingtheChincsoCoinInunktParty㏑

effUrts tod二vmo theKuU＿ mintangandin thel otheractiⅥ_‘”stUc°

mmuh也

eU㏑

na.Ch㏑ngKa｝#”

krcoUg-n比

edthefundamentalconn沁

tbetw.entheRuss㏑

npUl北ica!syst°

mandpol北

㏑al

system ofthe Chinese Nationalkt Party aseafly as l923 whenhevk北

edand

obServedtheSov㏑

tUn㏑

n.HetherefUrehadftmdeterminat㏑

n to:仙_典tag㎡nst

cU㏑

muⅡ

㎝

nallh6lfe.Du由

_{㎎ the位}

mehewas in…

arge°

ftheHwampUaMⅡ

丘arv

Academy and theNoothemEXp.d北

㏑

h,he

●ied hisbest tU prevent Russ㏑n

adViSersfromgrasp㏑

gpUweIandam軌

_呂t年

eCh㏑

eseCoIIlmunists㏑thel plUttU

divideand㏑

fⅡ

tratetheKuomintang.Russ伍

nadⅥ

SerBUIUdinandtheCh㏑

es●

cUm㎡

unktsalsU竹

eatedCh㏑_㎎

(oshekastheiarchvimlahdbrandcdh㏑

aS日

neW四

1st.Ⅲ

eidⅣ

i就vepU1●yagainst theNat°

nalktPartywas:toun北

e

.<9.

﹁庄ththele日Hsts,to fUrcetheneutrals tU attackthe reactbna…◤ fightists, ahd

to prevent theneutralsfrUmdevelUplngandfUrcethem todev㏑teff°

mr圯

比 tUleft.T㏑沁

therewasthemovoment tUoverthrUWψ

珀

ngKa休

hekandeventuaⅢ

y

spⅢ

ttheNankngandWuhanfact㏑

nsastheNorth●rllExped北

bnWaS…

_。丘aJ.Ⅱ

y

b㎡

ngconductedmU°

thlY.

ButaftertheNankngInddont,theprUvUcatbn°

fCoη

mun曲

tNanchang

R㏑t onAprⅡ2,theseaIchUfRuss㏑

nembassV㏑

PeH㏒

在ndtheabδΠedplUttU

o▼erthrUw the Wang 〔廿﹂ng-Wei re目

me

㏑

′

Wuhaη, tho Kuomihtang cUmpletely

br°

keawavfrom theSoⅥ

etUn㏑

nandtheChineseCommunktPaHy.BothNa平

㏒

a!dWuhanauthor北

㏑SStartedtUpurgeth°

CommuⅡ

stsffom thcKu°

m㏑

t

t●ngan●

endedthepolicy咒

ounlew北

htheSoⅥ

etUnionandaccept th°

CUm-mⅢ

曲ts.”

TheCh㏑

eseCommunktsfUrmallvandopenlytr㏑

dto seLepUⅢ

㏑aI

p°

WefsbyfUrce.Ⅲ

usattackngthecommuhktSalsUbecameaneXtrem●

lVim-portant ineasure二nsuppressmglnnersub﹀er㎡bnsdurlngthe“GUldenDecade.”

TheCh㏑

cs●Communkts startedHo伍

ngjnCantonattheendofthatyear.

PersonneIoftheRuS㎡an oonsuIate§

andtheThidInteInationalwhopart㏑

ipated

in ther㏑

twereaIestedbytheNat㏑

nalRevUlut㏑

llar9ArmyandtheNat㏑

nal GUγerIimentfUrmallysevereditsdiplomaticrelationsw北

htheSUvietUn㏑

nand

closeddoWnallRussj之hConSulatesin thecountry︳°.

FfoInthen°n,s㏑ceManchtlr㏑ retlIrnedtUthefUldoftheNatbnalGUvern-ment,theSov㏑

tUn㏑

nattemptedtoassass㏑ate㏑1portantanti→

ommu㎡

stIeaders

㏑

Nankng,andothefb旭

c比㏑

s.Ⅲ

eyt地

htcnedtheicUniol oVertheChiη

ese

EasternRaⅡ

wavtouse北

asthebasefUrrelaV㏑gmessages ind山阻nC㏑gtheoom一

mun斑

§aSwemas other母ubVersh°groups.η㏑nth●

yattcmptedto㏑

c北

cFeng

Y●.hs㏑ngtUcreatelargc-sca1●chaos㏑N°IthChillai9.

InFebru田γ 1929,CllangH6ueh.l㏑

ng竹

㏑dt。l山㎡ttheRuss㏑nξ

pUweroh

thoChineseEasternRaⅡ

waythrbughneg°

latbnS

°ut the Russians 旭nored

him.InMayChangsent pol㏑

etoambushtheRus§

㏑nC°nsulate-general inHarb㏑

whon㏑

fUrmed°

faη

eetingbe㏑gconvenedth°

rebytheCom㏑

unistInternat°n.l

to plUt sub﹀ersive 日CtⅣ丘沁

s.Morethan3U

㏑ portantRuss㏑

npersomelwere

afrestedandv田HUuSC。nΠdentiald。°uments pcrtainlngto lnc北atiohUfsubverslon,

the Uverthrow ofgoVernment and the cUmmunLa∥bn Ufth° Chines● E巨stem

RaⅡway were SeLed. Ⅲ e U㏑nese gUVernment thus deterIninedto re竹㏑

Vethe

telecUmmunications i㎏

ht

°

vertheChineseEaSternRaⅡ

way-8.Hoψ

ever,the

Russ㏑n gUVernmeht sent largeforc●ssepar.tely fro卬

Manchomo SuifenhU,the

。。nver茁

ngpdnt of:Sungaf二

andAml1rR∥

ers tUinvadtManchw血

.ηk汀alsU 四fusedto缸cce●

t血

e血at㏑

nbytheUnitedStatcs,theUn北

●

dK㏑

gdom,France

.7.

andGaoⅥ

ny.

﹉

NegUt㏑

tedbithoN。

rtheast repr°se…at∥°T‵㎡ Yun-sheng,theGUvern..

mentwasfUr●

_.dtU.遮

nthePUl二Agr●ement﹉W北

htheSov㏑

tagentbecausethe

ch…

esecUmmuh班

s stagedr°ts㏑

KwangtungandFengYu＿

hs㏑

ng,LeeT叩

ng扣

n

andehang●

afueiieb.ied=lm6就

atth。

same位

㏑

e.Intheagreemoit,thoRu$

sjhnsheldCh㎞

r°sponsiblefUrtheincidentaηdtook theoppoitunⅢyto rcst。_re

北s rlghts overtheCh㏑●seEasternRaⅡWayto theprev㏑usarrangemUntsi9.The

Nat㏑

nalGUvernmentcouldh●

t●groo t°thecUnd北㏑

nsa,dsehtM°

Te伍u缸to

MUscowfUfhegUt㏑t㏑ns.AftermUr.than onUyeaI,th.negUt㏑t㏑nsended㏑

va㏑bocau忘etheSep!●

mberI8MukdenIncidont occurfedahdManchurlafell㏑

to thehaidS°fth●Ja●●ibse:Laterth●

SU唧

Un㏑nunⅡaterallysUldtheCⅢnese

EasternRaⅢwavto thepupp°tManchuku。.

As…

eRus出

血 trU°_●

s㏑

屯

dedManchur㏑

_{, CⅢ}ang Ka出血

ekhad cabled

authoseooncernedthrUughUuttheco.ntrvtU㏒

htag曲

哎

theintrude〝tUthe end becaus°hethδu山

tmwa忘

aCruc㏑l lifeanddeaths北uati°

nfUrthenatiUn

ahd that th● su°ces.

。r faⅡuf● ofthonat虫〕nalrevolutbnd°

pendedon北

.But

becaus●

of㏑

ternal sti山

andJapais㏑

vas㏑ns, Ch㏑

awasfUrCedto suffer

humⅡ血t㏑

nandhadnochδ

比

obutto iyands●

ttlethe二ssueag茁

nthrUughne-got伍1bnd. IⅡ

.INTERNALTRUUBLES＿

—

LUCALMILΠ

ARYFACFIUNSAND

。。

MMUNISTSUBVERSIUN

﹉

┐㏑

cNat㏑

nalRevUlutbnarvArmysucccededraPidlyinaccomp㏑

血i圯the

N°rthern Ex●ed北㏑n n°t only becauseof北sbel㏑

finSanM㏑

ChuI,北

s㏒

h

血oiale,北Swell 竹a㏑edStr沁t,andr㎏

mdkcΦ

l㏑e,butalsobecaus●_of丘ssucces←

fu!屯_●pl梵

aJbnUfpUⅡ

t㏑al strateg始st°dⅣ

metheenem㏑

sandmakethemsur＿

render. Aldo becau胖°

fthis,feWmⅡ

_{北田γ leaderswerestⅡ}lin t°ntr°lofareas

whenth°Northerhw●ⅡoidsIost in theNUrthernExped北ion.Atth”位

me,Yon

Hs、

hihwasbtcupy㏑

gShan蕊

_{,Charhar,andSuVuan;FengYu＿}

hs㏑ngoontrUlled

Shahtung,HUnan,Shen由

and Kahsu; LeeTsung●

enand Pai Tσ

ung.h茁

were

occup”

ngKwangtung,Kwang由

_{,HunahandHup●}

i;Ch.ngHsueh︴㏑ngcontrbⅢed the NUrtheast:therefUre,aIlthes●provmceswerein som●_㏑depend●

ht.TheNa-伍onalGUvernm°

nt had diect)cUntrol of

●nly K㏑ngsu, Ch●Ⅲ㏑ng, Anhuei,

K㏑ig蕊ah●Fuk”

n.ThetUtalnumberofthemilitarv exteeded 2:2 mⅢ

_㏑

_n

becauscofth°larg●fUr●°

sm.㏑

ta㏑

edbythelUcal血

Ⅱ北aryleaderS2。.Nat㏑nal

.8 .

●eV●nueswerealso sharpIyreduccdb°causethosemil丘a呼ieaderscon竹Ulledthe小

respectivet●g女_〕nSand〝_庄thholdtaXincomesat、〞Ⅱ1.

C●

inafaced山

阻n°㏑

ldⅢ

k池ltyatthat 位

me蕊

ncethoNatbnalGUVernment

hadto shUuldcrthofUre地

nd.bts

leftbythePekngGUverIlmentaftertheNor-thernExp°d丘ion.Thodebts 色mountedto7UUInilⅢ

。nUSdollars.th°g。verIunent

hadtUm「

泡thugeinⅡ北aryexpensesahdthusfacedvic㏑usΠ㏑nanc㏑lcyclesbecauso

北couldnotInakebothends ineetandbudgetSalwaysin thored.

Forexamplc,㏑

1929,theyearlvbudgetUfnat㏑

nalreVenueswasputat4印

millbndoⅢarsand北

wasIeducedto357mⅢ

㏑ndUllaisafterpay㏒the㏑ter°sts

andpr㏑

cΦak。ffUre地

nd〢

_芒

s.Ⅱ

isamountwas4Umill㏑

ndUllars shUrt in”st

thespen山

_山

gofmil北aryexponses,whicha㏑

ountedto morUthan396mⅢ

㏑

n2i,

nUtto mentionUtherad㏑

㏑虫廿

atⅣ

。

cUnStruct㏑nexpend。

Ψ

es.

ηⅢ

s㏑

c。nsmerat㏑

nofelhermⅡ

ma呼●at㏑nal妮

atbnoFaVomingf㏑

anc㏑l

collapse,theroduct㏑noftro°pswaslmperat∥e.Basedohth你tafget,t●

eNatbnal

GUvernment setuptheNat㏑

nalArmyReorganimtbnCoη

mi∥ee㏑

Nankngon

January1,1929andconvenodac。

hferenceofreofganiZat㏑n;decid山_山gt。reduce

theNajonalArmyto.ot田

。

rethan65diⅥ

sbns,48ca﹀alrybfi留●eS,18aftⅡl研

y

reoments,8en」ne田ingr。_」meηtswithnumbef㏑

g8UUpUU㏑

t°taI”.η肥defenSc

budgetw巨StemporarⅡ

ycut to192m正

l㏑ndUllars per9ear,not㏑clud山_吧

theNaW

andtheAlFUrce.Theplanwas tobe㏑

●lementod㏑thfeeph.s”andlateI

reVisedas:Cen竹al ioUps,theFlstAfmy﹉Group,redu。

cdto some3UU,5UU;Feng

Y●也S㏑n各

sarmy,theSecondAr田

yGrUup,27U,UUU′

YenHsi一sha㎡●aⅡ︳lV,the

㏎

dAr田

yGrUup,sUm°

2UUpUU;LUeTsung1。

nandPaiTs’

ung.h出’

sKwangsl

Ar㏑

y,thoFourthArmyGroup,23U,UUU;ChangHsueh.l㏑

ng’

SNortheastArmy,

24U,UUU;andother竹

。°ps,358β

UU.ThetotalnumbefUftheNa∥

b。alAr砰

y

wasreUrgan北edtUcompUseofsomel,65UpUU,wh此hwas one-fUurth1●ss than

befUfe”.AlthUugh北

wasm°

rethandoublethoUr㎏

㏑al planned8UUpUUtarget,

theIeorganLationeve●tuallyresultedin therebell㏑ns一oftheregbnalcoⅡlInanders.

Unthesurface,theregbnalcUInmandcrsfullysuppUrtedthereorgahLat㏑

n

UftheNat●

onalArmyandattendedtheconfefcnceandreachcdagreem.ntsU9

th● reducti°n. They actually wa北ed fUr the 」暗ht °pportunly to boy● 。

tt the

planandobstructedthelnplementat二on ofthereUrgan●zati°

n,andevonIobolcd

whenthetboycUttfaⅡ

ed.LeeTsun田

enandPaiTJung-h血

oftheKwang斑

Army

were the 丘於t tU Stage arIned rebell㏑n. Th●y clained that the reUrgan山mtb●

measurestakenbytheNatiUnalGUVernmentwerenotfai to them由

ndthusWag●d

waraga㏑st thegUVernment troops“theen°°

fFe,uarythatyearbydel山

。ratelV

reliev㏑gthepostUfGovernorLuTang-p’山唱°

fHunan,whUobeyedt一

°orderofthe ＿ 們5一

.9 .

Nat㏑

nalGUvernmentbyregularlYtur㎡

_班呂㏑ taXcUllectbns,andfUrc㏑

gh㏑

tU leavehunan24. ︳

FengY…

在由田圯°ft…●N°rthwestArmvalso rebeledaftertheKwang斑_Armv’d

suⅣ_{外 ㏑}

nwasi㏑

me中

atelvsquelchedbyt●

eNat●

nalGUvernmeht.Fenghad

n bad reputatbnfUrhiSrepeatedsurrenders. Ther°

asUn ho

。

beyed the

Na-t伈

nalGUvernmentandjo㏑

edtheNUrthernEXpeⅢ

tbnwaspⅢ

_{elyto stIkcWu}

P’e｝fuandto strengthenh抬

oWnfUice. Fengthusbccamew廚

rlUrdin the㏑_iddle

andlUwer甲

Ⅲ

eyoftheYellUw︳

旺

verbyexpan血

nghk military●rc●tUH。nan, Shantung日nd。ther proⅥhcesaftertheNorthern _耳xped北bn.

FengacceptedUrde必Ⅱom theNatbna1●

UverIme#supeⅢ

ci廚Ilvbutactually oollabUratedW北hUtherreg心naIoommanφ_甲●●ndthec°_甲

mu㎡

sts,hddupa11ta交

rev°

nuos㏑

Ⅲ

sregbn●

e曲

=mtedfUrthoNat㏑

halGUvernment,andrepeatedly °x●_γtedt●orevenu●

sfrUmth.government廚

shkexpensesatatimewheithe

gUVerhmentΠnah。

odhln5UUpUUdUllaisamonth as military e文

_p°

_nses.He

ste●

●

eduphisextortbnsfrUmtheNatbnalGUvernmentwheitheKwang蕊

Arm9r°beled,㏑cea由_㎎

thomdnthl9山

mnc㏑las㎡stancetU1,5UUpUUdUllars,°

n

山

eothorhahd,hesecretlycollabUratedw北

_{htheKwangslautho㎡}

_lesandope〢

_y

destroyed｝hePeki到

_{軒HankUuRaⅡ}

Way,aswcllasheldup.°

_{achespassingb9the}

Lu㎎

h茁RailWayandobstructedthcNatbnalGoverIlInontfroInatta°_{kl吧 the}

KWang“竹oopφ6.In﹉_{Uctober192少}

_,he㏑

_{dtedhk troU●s to j。intlys地nhIettor}

vU托●aga㏑st themⅡitawr。°rganlzatlUnahdpressedtheyouth㏑_centralHUnan

.ndWesternHupei.Ⅲ

必 resultodinWaVeSofr●bellbns㏑

1929.Attheendof

Uct°_●erl929,Feng、竹°°psfUughtⅡercelyag㎡nst theCentralArmysouth●ast of

LUyangandwaSdefeatedaftertwUmUnths.ThebattleendedtemporarⅡ

_yWhen

Fengw北

hdrewhk troopsfrUmHU。

an.

﹉

Butw。

enFengre●

eled,ChangFa.k㏑㎡

stoUdupaga㏑

§tth.gδ↓eri㎡ent㏑

Kwangh“and°los●

d㏑

KwangtungandSh血

Yoㄐ.sanalsoattemptedto rebel㏑ nUrthernAnhu由.ThngSheng.ch血cabledsupp°rt toSh血Yδu-sanasth●rebellbn

。

fFe●

gYi一

siangwasrUpelled,attempt㏑gtUc白

pturoWuhanbyidvan由

_㎎ sUuth-waf●al。

ngthePekng-HankUuR㎡

lway.Butall theserebelI㏑_{nswereshUrt.l∥edas}

theNat㏑nalGUverIlment troopserackeddUwnrUughly.

ProsidentCh㏑ngKa｝sh°koftheNatbnalGUverIllnent.doptedthepoⅡ

cyof

t°leranceatth曲

●

ime,thussUught toa●_hk斤eharmonYwithall par#est°_ncer,ed,

andletbygUnesbybygones:Hedidnot trYtUro°

_{tUutthefunda㏑entalfUrcesUf} theregbnalcom㏑aηdersevenafterrepellingtheserebelⅢ_ons.

In.arlvl93Umost regbnalcommanders,headedbyYenHs必

_ha成

_FengY6

hs㏑ngandLeeTs●ng-Jen,jointlycableda11cUncernedin oppos北_iUntUth● Na--4U4一

. lU .

放,nalGUvernmentandrequestedrocons血eraion ofth●N.t㏑nalArmvreUrganim﹁

t㏑

n%.WangCh㏑

_告W㎡

,Whohadbeenlean㏒

t°th●leftandorgan比㏑gh〝own’

reglme㏑ 一

Wuha站f°sp。

ndedimmo山

atelyandthudfU1Ⅲ

edagrandall㏑

nceof

fUrcesaga㏑

stCh伍

ngKa沁

hekandtheNat㏑

nalGUverlLment.﹁㏑

n,th.C…

Ⅱ

WafbrUkeout㏑

193°

.﹁

㏑ io。ps mob山

zedbyb°

ths姐●

Sd“

㏒ thebatt坤

aInUunteddo1.6mⅢ

㏑

nandtheWarl五

stedfUrsⅨ

months.The rebell㏑

us .egbml oom.●●●def母andpol北㏑●

ans●

rmedth.ibogus‘

-N脫㏑

nalGUvemη

ent一

㏑Pek山_名.

Fort●natolv,th●Nat°

nalGUvγ

_印m°nt squelchedthcrebeⅢ

ion…

t㏑｛ °

n

account of北s st工ongmil北ary”r●e,abuhdantf㏑anc㏑lresUurces●ndthepUs北∥e

support ofChangHsueh.l伍ng’

sNortheastArmythatwas sont㏑

●°t●

e叩

uthtU

S竹k°th°

rebelsandrocoverthePeⅡ

ng.T㏑nts一aIea,9.Thk robell㏑

nwasthe

largest加Scaleafterthe只

●

publ“

.fCh㏑

awaseStablish●

d.BUth“

dessuffered

iemendUuslUSs●s.CaSualt怡s on th爸ie●el sm●

amountedtUmorethan2U。

°

UU

wⅡ㏑ ﹉thoC●ni研

Armyhadη

o#tha,9UpUUdeathsandi呵

Ⅲ始

s.B﹏

aft可

thcbattle,natbnalVntbnofthem。北γ

ywas mplemontedsmUothlY.

一Althoughth●Nat㏑nalGU▼

ernm.nthad伍

melyrepelledthereg°㏕ c。m＿

mahder『rob●llbns㎡1929.193°,therebell㏑

usCⅡ

nos●

CU-unkts obtained

th.。pportun北

ytoemcrgestrong.TheChineseCommunkts openlvrebqlled

砠●㏑

Stthcgovernment㏑

●

927.Ⅲ

°

yftstStagedtheNanchangRbt;thenth●

Autumn mrvestR㏑

t㏑

Hup㎡

andHunahand﹉

R㏑ts inI㏑

E吼

_,Lufengand

Canton.TheV●

m notget﹉

whattheywantedhUwev研

.Infacttheysuffered㏑

-ternaiⅢ出」b°S●resultUftho los母UflargUnumbers ofcadresd●et°th°strong mⅡ北aIYfUrc°ofth.NationalArmy.T●ec。

mmunktsdm notga。

populaJΨppUrt

bocauso theYslaughtcrcdinno°ent peUpleat㏕landrampage●pers°nal property

whUr.v研theVwont.

AsLiL㎏

ntUok power㏑

theCUmmㄐ

…就Part9,he廿iedto puosueth°

socaⅢed:“LiLHnn li●σ’

tUeXpandstrengthandcreatetheSo6alled“

cl…

文°f

therevUlut㏑n98’’

whcntheregbnalcUmmanders robelled.At廿

曲 ︴moth°

RUd

Army㏑

creasedtUl6。

°rpsw北

h㏑

oreth●

n6UpoUreg…

ars.AccUr山

ngtUthe

repUrt presentodb9KuWelch●ntUtheInternat㏑nalConfederat㏑nInVest迫

atbn

CUmm北

tee,therewereCommuⅡ

st rebell㏑usact∥二ies㏑181c°unt沁st蜘

oughUut

n…°pr°Ⅵ

nceS㏑

(Ⅲ

na,th斑

m之血 base由

as inSUuthernⅡ

ang出

9.a山

_ηg

Kah山

okalsUnotedinhiSbook,Ⅲ

eSoⅥ

etUn㏑

n inCh㏑a,wh沁

hwaspublkhed

laterthat‘‘

tholaheCommuⅡ

stJ)haras由_吧 act∥土怡

swererampant㏑

sevon pfoⅥnces: Hu●an,K㏑ng母二

,Che㎞

ng,Fuki●n,H°nan;HupeiandAnhu.i,c°V°

Hng

areas totalling㏑°

rethan2UUpUUsqΨ

狂emiles.σ

.Ⅲ

erefUro,th°Nat㏑ nalGUverh-一aUa一

. 11 .

㏑entwer●detefm㏑

edtUattackthoCUmmun“

_{tsfromall sm㏄aftertheCivⅡ}

War㏑

193U.

仙

eCentralArmvstagedΠ

祐

mmpa屯

nsaga㏑st thoC㏑

neseCommunkts:

●

he竹

st tW°

。。mpa㎏ns onded㏑va㏑㏕

methethldUnewassuspendedbeca姆

e

oftheSeptemberl8MukdenIncment.η

㏑

chineseCommun由

tshadestablkhed

thcsU㏄

alled“Ch㏑escS。ⅥetR●publ㏑.” _一SoⅥetRegbns’’wereset-up in the

iem°

teareas:ofHup㎡

_;Humn.K㏑

ngsl,Anh.d,Chekang,F田

㏑on。

andShon茁

afterthoJanuarY28Incmentbr。

ke。

ut.WhohNat㏑

nalGUvernmentc°uldnUt sendre㏑fUr..血ents tU丸_典taga。st thein四山

ngJapaneseduring伍

eIncment

becauseofres竹茁m你

bytheCh㏑

eseCUmmunists,theyreal伍

edthat北

hadt●

mamta㏑

㏑tern血 secur竹ybefUreexpellingfU平_地

nw色

SlUn.musthevstartedthe

fUurthantk滔㏑muⅡ就 CaInpa地n.ButtheJapanesefUrcefullv.occup㏑_dJehUl

and attackod al padses alUng the Great Wall even thoughtheinil北

_aryactbns

班niⅢ

ttheCUmmun曲

tswerebeing.onductedsmoothly.︳㏑usthec巳mpa地nwas﹉

fUrcedtUsuspendaga㏑

.Afterth●GreatW.mBattle,thegovernment started北s

色fth′

thUrU.ghmmpa地

nagal〝

ttheCommu㏕

歐Saη

dinallysuφ

_{eeded、㎡th}

the.dopJon offUrt tact比●在

ndthe光

h士tVpercent玾_Ⅱ。a玎andSeventvpercont

pUl北ical’’po上cyl㏑

e.TheyfUrcedtheC°

mml1nkt tro°ps

toescapesouthwest-wardfrUm south“

ang㎡

tUnUrthShensi:η

㏑

succosshad舢

Ⅲcant㏑Πuence

on thefUrthcommg山

_典t.YUar啟

nU.JapanoseWarandna“

omlbuⅡ

d-uplater on, becausefrUmth.n on,theNa∥bnalGUvernmentwasabl°to ina㏑tain thestabⅡ北

y

ofpo比

icalandsoc㏑l sluat㏑

n㏑

theNorth;Cen竹

alan●S。uthprov㏑

c.sand

s.moothlyengageineoonⅡicconstructjons.

Λ

stheant㏑oη

”

unlstca㏑pa地ncontinued.milita呼

cU-anderTsa二

_T:㏑

_↙

r缸and Ch㏑ngKuang..n㎡

basedinF〢

旺

en,coIlabUra︴

edw北

hpol北

㏑㏑

nChon

M㏑

_{邸 血}u,tUstagothUsU｛alled“Fuk㏑

nReb〢

㏑ ●’.ThoydeclaT●dtheproⅥnceas

independent ti thewinterofl933.InJunel935,L●_{eTsung︴enandPaiTs’}

ung-h“als.r.belledin6wangtungandKwang由.All theserebelliUnsweresoon repUlled

bytheNat°

nalGUvernInont.

InshUrt,th°reg°

nalmⅡ

北arYcommanders iepeatedlyIebelledafterthe

N°rt一ernExpcd北㏑

9ma㏑

lvbecausetheyUwnodtrUops.Ⅲ

_{efefUre,eveη喵}

me

theipersonal㏑terestdweredamaged,theYotoUdupandrebelled,tUtallv屯

_noE㏒

na∥

bnal㏑

terests.ThegreatestdIR江●

nCebetweenthesecUmmandersandthe

P°_{9ang warlordsbefUre‘}

_{theNUrthernExped北}

ionwasthattheyhadmδ

_dcrn

knUwleafandtr㏑

dhardertUstrengthenthetarmaments tUbe●

_fupdefense.

Becausepersonal profitswereput befUrenatiUnal interosts,thetreb●_ll㏑

_nswere

moreser㏑usthanthUsestagedbytheNorthernwaflUrds.Fortunately,theNat㏑_nal

2-. 19t 2-.

GUvernment㏑

adequ沁

kded由

on,takngther迦

出比 m°aSuresandsquelchedthe rebelli。us trUops r色

pmly.AndfrUmthk由

ecanreal也

ewhatadif沁

ult§北uat㏑

n

theNat㏑n●‘㏑

vermmentandU㏑

angKah血

ekfa°

ed,whytheba由

cpol梵ywa●to

swallUwnatjonalhl1mⅡ伍Ⅱ

onwhⅡ

eshUuldeinghcaWrespons山

Ⅱ北

yandwhythey

hadtUmainta㏑internalsecⅢ上yb●fUreexpel㏑_{㎎ Japanesc㏑}Ⅶsbh.

ExternalfactorsUfth°Ch㏑

eseCUmm.nist‘

”刮

lbnwerepartUftheRuss㏑

n

一

UttU叩

_”

mun㏑

thew”

㏑

中 r㏑t一UughtheCUmmunistInternationa1.Πwas 印●

Lnp岫

list二nvas二

onuSingthemeansUfdⅣ

isⅣesubVersiUnand缸

medvblence.

Asto theintdrnals北uation,thecoηⅡnuniZatiUnψouldresult in

thetotaldestruc-tiUn Uf竹ad北ional Chinese cultl1re be°auseCommunkt thoughts,Ineasl1resand

systemswereihconΠ

ictw北hChinesetrad北iUnsandth°naJonals北uat二

Un.The

Chin°se CUlnlmunktscoUperatedw北

htheKuUInintangbefUretheNorthornEx-pedit㏑

nma㏑

lVbecauseth°

ywantodtouti也

eandd∥

meth.C㏑

neS°Natbmlali乩

Party㏑°fder to s竹engthon thomselvcsandcommun比

eCh㏑

a.AftertheNUrtheIn

Expodlbn,th°destiuction ofsUc㏑1.ndoconoπiicstabⅡ北yinvaI㏑us●artsUfthe

cUuntrybyCU田

mun虫

tarm.dHUtsfareXceededthosebyregbnalcommanders.

﹉

_{that wasthereaSonwhytheNatiUnalGUvern=nentde°}

_medthet°

_{taldestructiUn}

UftheC㏑

nesoCommun你

tsaS北

s比

st”ibrly”hⅡeim●lcmentingth●natbnal pol沁yto ma㏑ta㏑internalsecl1ritybefUrerepellingfUre地

n㏑

v小lUn.

InsuⅡInary,from theabovU-ment㏑nedd」ficulti●sbUthinternalandexternal,

WecanunderstandthattheNorthernExp●

d北ionhadreunif二

edCh㏑

ain themme,

butCh㏑

aactuallYsufferedc︴ises●

。

causeofSUv㏑

tandJa●

ancseinvas㏑n§and

oUntinuUusrebel㏑ns°yChineSeC°

mmu㎡

stsandreg㏑nal mi比a呼 。。

mmanders. Besmedth〝

,theNat㏑

nalGovernment立

ccdaf㏑

anc㏑lcris“

_{,withrevenues}

whichwereunablet°

meet ●xpensesandaccumu1.tedexternaldebtsbeyondits shUulderingc●pabⅡity,p1.s n缸tl1faldisast。rs in nUrthcrn pr°Vinoes inconsecutiVe

yearsandtheb㎏

Πo°

。

sin themiddleandl。

werYangtzeValcy㏑

1931.Chin〞s

natbhallⅣel㏑

oodandecUho㏑

ywereon theedgeofbantuptcy.HUwever;the

N日tiUnal、GUVernment managed tU UvercUme the dⅡficult㏑s。ne by Une ●nd

a●t∥elycngagedinvariUus splitual白ndinatcr㏑lrecUnsi●ct㏑ns to strengthcnand deepenthefUundatiUnUfnationalr二chnessandstren色th.Ⅲ你peri°dofhistorycan

besaidtUb°

amiaclewhichdeseⅣ

es incUmparablerespect.

｜

. 13 .

Ⅳ

.THEADMINISTRATⅣ

EACHIEVEMENTSUFTHENATIUNAL

: GUVERNMENT

Ch㏑aenteredthePef㏑dofPUl北icalTutelage.fteftheNorthernExped北bn.

AccUrd山_吧t°theexplanationbyI汀

.SunY井

.sen,theso‘alledPUl北㏑_alTutelag●

is toe㎎㎎

e㏑

oonst”c放mSbymoans ofrevUlut二on,tr江山lthepeopleto pract㏑e

d由●°crat㏑pol北k海_,●hdprepafof●

rthe㏑

plementat㏑nofconst北_utbna1●oI仁 Ic忘

...Thegr●

atUst 色d山白虍m°

nt,obtainedbytheCh㏑

eSogUverILment●uring

山﹂

sp可

㏑

dW“

_{● l)the.stabl㏑}

mentbfthefiⅦ

.pUwer●_onst北ut㏑

_nalsvstemof

cenialgo▼

.rnment:2)th°

def㏑北

efUrmat㏑

nce,ialiZed,°oⅡⅡnltee.styled

pkⅣ_{㏑¢.levellUcalad㏑}㏑蚊mt∥_●

sVstem;and3)lUcaladm㏑

Ⅲrat㏑

nbolUwthe

leva。f。°unty.

﹉

AccUrd㏒

toSan一

mmU㏑

H,theF∥

e.powerConst北

utbnandtheFunda..

田e…㏕

sofNat㏑

IlalBuⅡdⅢ色 th●dff田enC●b”

weentheCh㏑

●se出

。vernmont

Urgan也at㏑

handthatofW.st.rndemo叮

at㏑countr㏑

skthesepI飩

_㏑

nofe●

eCuti肥_{,legk㏑●v.,jud㏑㏑呼}

_,eXam㏑

_茁㏑

nandconiUl powers.Ⅲ

k t onoofthe

cmacteΠ#㏑

sUfDr.SunYat坶

efSpUl北北

alideaswhthcUmb㏑

ediad北

㏑nal

Ch㏑

esoandWestern po比

_”alsyste㏑

sandoneofthepUⅢ

㏑

algoalshepⅢ

sued

aⅢh必山㏑

.But北

wasnUtrealLedd“

二ngh〝山胎t㏑

le.Theset-upofaContrUl

pepaJtmont、_{㎡th㏑theheadquartors oftheRevUlut㏑}

_{narvArmyestablishcd㏑}

Canto.in l923wasaprellmina,symbol㏑

thereal妮at㏑

nUfhkpUI北

沁altheUrv:

Butwhenth.Nat㏑

nalGUvcrIlInentwasfUrmedin l925,theControlYuanwas

setup toexerc“ec°niUl power.Jud沁

ial powerwas㏑

thehandsofbUththe

PublicFuncuo工larlesI】scΦl山日呼

YuanandthoTaliYuan〔

heSu●

remeCourt>

Examinat㏑npUwerwasexe…_wdbytheox田血nat㏑nsect㏑nUftheCUntrUl

Yuan.ExedutⅣ

epowerbelUngedto theNatbIlalGU▼

ernment,whⅡ●legⅢat∥e

poWerwasput in thechargeofthePUliIcalCom㏑

_is盅°

_noftheC°

_{ntraIE〤ecut∥e}

CUmmitteeoftheCh㏑

eseNa山&mlistP.rty.Alth°ugh北waSnot th°separat㏑

n

offiVepowefs北sInin㏑tⅢefU1Ⅲ︳

waSthereaIr.ady.InFebruaryI928;thegovern-ment procla㏑

6dareⅥ

scdNationalGUvernInentUrganic工

awanddecidedto set

up the SupremeCourt, the Exam1.a伍

onYuanand theCUitrUl Yuans2. Tho

Legklat扣eYllanwas notUrgai比

edbecausethecUuniywas st扭

_{l㏑thePer㏑}

_dbf

MⅡ北

aryAdmink竹

at㏑n.Halfayearlater,t●enfthplenarVsess㏑

_noftheCenial

CbⅡl一n丘tee of the KuoⅡintang fUrmally passed aresolutiUn to setupthefi︶_e

Yunns accUrdl圯 _{tU the Fundamehtal§} Uf Natjbnal BuⅡd-up, and drafted.the

legi田

aJons ofUrgamcLawsoftheExecut∥

e,Legi出at∥e,Jud沁_{輛 ,Examina石}°

n

andCUn竹

UlYΨ

Lns.Un。ctober8,thego﹀

ernmentappUintedThnYen-khiasthe

. 14 .｝

Piime 出Ⅲn士比

r;Hu Han如

n;Pre出dent ofthe LegislaJⅣ

eYuan;WangT『

ung＿

huo1,Presjdent oftheJud沁iaryYuan;TaiChuan-hs㏑n,Pre盅dent oftheEx日ηlna。

●㏑

nYlmn;an●

TJ㎡Yuan＿p㎡_,Presmen‘

oftheConiolYuanB9.Thusth°

f∥e.

pUwer●°

nialgUverILment sVStemwascompleted: .

; TheΠ▼←powerc●n竹algUverILmontUrgan也atbndm“sgroatlvfrUmth° three.powergUverIlInentUrganLat㏑no6Uranarvde㎡o一at㏑

。。

ull竹㏑S㏑ 北s

separation ofo火“n㏑at㏑n powerfr°mexecuti◥崢po”

orandcon竹

°l powUrffUm

logisla由° _{pUwor. Under the} 廿ad北ional Chinese pol丘ical systeπ1, oXaⅡinat㏑_●

p°

Wer竹

aSuSualyⅡ

lcl㏑

edtob.㏑

dependentandnot putcomplet°

lyunderth.

”rkd㏑t㏑

nof伍

eexecutiⅦbfahch,paft沁ularlYin regardstUthccon竹UlpUw°r.

TUconfUrInw加

hthegood竹

ad北㏑

nofChinesUhktorV,Dr.SunYat坶

°nad。pted theseparat㏑

noff∥

epUweIs,mhk㏒

theCh二neseci㏕SeⅣ沁

eSVStemthrUugh

examinat㏑

ns㏑

Ur°㏑

dependent indless心

、lVed〝加

hthedkput.sofpUl北

ical

paIt托

S.AlthUughthe㏑

depen●°

nceofthoc°

niol powerseemedtobeshar㏒

pUwerwlththe㏑

。

slatl1rc,thka#angement kept thepafl㏑

mentfrom●

busi唱 lS ㏑Ψcachment power tU fUrce the goVernment ㏑to §ubⅡission,which㏑ade 北 necess之6y fUr thegoVernment to draw cr北iciSm at 北S eVe〃

move.Thus北

s

advantageis thesameastheindependenceoftheex●

ⅡⅡ

natbn power,thatk,to

avomunnecessafvdisputesamongpo1北icalpartiess..

InshUrt,thef∥

●-powergUvernment sVstemdef㏑es moreclearlVthanthe

thr.o-powerSystemthebUundarvbetw●●npUl北icalr增㏑sandthemIingpUWcrs: It not onlVpreservesthegoodiad北㏑

nsbfthoCh㏑

esepUl北㏑alsVstembutalso lnprUvestheWesterndem°crat比poⅢt北alsVst●

m.

﹉

AnUth.forga㎡ZatbnalcharacteHst㏑

softheNatbnalGUvernmentdⅢ

山屯

th必per㏑

dwastheadoption ofthecUmm血

tee＿

typeadmink竹

atbnbytheNa︸

t㏑

nalGUvcrnment.ChinahadgaduaⅢ

ybeenscparatingpoWcrsandadoptl田呂the oommittee.typeadmink竹at㏑

nbyappU㏑

tingtheTzams㏑

ng〔

hePrem㏑

r9ever

smce the Thng and Su㎎

dVnasties, particuIaIly dlIr二

ngtheMl略

and Ch’士名

dynasties. Theexecu…肥

branChoftheMing was the Cab㏑

et and that of

the Ch’ing was Ch●n｛hi Chu and Tsungli Yam°

n, bUthUfwh沁

hadopted

thecommitt●

esystem.TheadvaⅡ

●ge°

fthecom㏑

itteesystem心theseparatbn ofpowers, gather㏑

g

哧

o op㏑

㏑ns from more br●㏑s to avUid posSibⅡ北

y

ofsUmeonetUd“㎎ sUmethi㎎Wi山outasHngfUiappIoVa1.Aft田the●Stabl｝

shment of tho Republic of Chha, poUpIe felt that thecUIrmlte●System was

moreimperat∥ethaneverbefUre,espec㏑Ⅲ

yafterYuansh血

-khikattempt to

becUmeEmperor ofCh二

naandtherebal㏑

nsbyNUrthernwarlords:TheNat㏑

nal

GUvernment startcdtUadopt thecoInInitt●esystem in l918whenthe.Ssembly＿ -399一

｜

. 15 .

men who went to the South cUllectively electcdDr.

SunYat-sen,TsenChun-hsuan, Lu Jung-t:i㎎

_{,ThngChi-vaU,ThngShao︴}

_{,WuTlng-fangandL㏑}

_Pao︴

a忘 thesσ

venPresments oftheCantonMi斑

aryGUverIlment36.WhenDr.Sun

Yat-senformuIatedthe°rgan比ation oftheChine旴NationalistPartyllShanghai,

hechangedsomepartyun北

ssuchastheⅢ

ⅡllaryCoInInissiUn intUac°nlrn二ttee

svstem.Butthefunct㏑

nSofthecommitt叩

systemwh北

h㏑theKu°mintang

werenot ob…

°

usbecauseofh心

personal prest㎏

eandh〝

beingthePre出dent of

thePaI#.A此

brDr.SunYat.senpaSSedaway,functbns ofthe●

_{ommitt.esvstem}

㏕ …

thePartvwerebfoughtiηtUfull p1.ybecauseofth●adopt㏑nofoollect∥e leadorshΦ,丘alsU㏑

Π

uencedtheNatbn茁

Government tUadopt th〝svstem.

AcoordingtUthUPTUvision㏕PU比icalTutdageConstitutb㎡

_Ufl,3i,the

Cha士

manandh〝

m.mbers oftheNatbnalGovernment,thePf°

_{smentsandv北}

_●

Presments°ft●eΠⅦ

Yuanswereallappo㏑

tedbytheCentralExecutⅣ

_●

CUm-mitteeoftheCh㏑

eseNat二onalktParty.Thit is,thePartyexerck●_{dpart ofthe} parl!amentfun“bn〦Intho op㏑

_°

_{.UfDr.SunYat-§}

_{en,theKuomintahghadtU}

superv曲e the govcrnment teηp°ral北y tU traihpeUpletU eXerc你ethei pol北ical r地

htsbefUre theimplementatbnofconst北

utionaladministrat㏑_n.┐㏑

jwUuld

curtaⅡth●

varbuso心

effects resul位

ngfrom peoplenothaⅥ

_{ngenoughpokt沁}

_al

ImUwledge色ndthewarlord『andpoIi伍ciahFplayi名UfpoI北icsduⅡhgtheearly

yearsUfthoCh㏑

seRcpubl㏑

.Ⅲ

eset-upofthe﹉Ex叩ut∥

eandLeg曲

lativeYuans

hoWevef,alsodemons竹

_{atedthedetermihat㏑}

_{nUftheChihes°}

_{NatbnalktParty} tU山n口ement the°aH㏑mentarysystem.

Asto the●onfimaJon ofa●entral也odcommittee.typeadmin必tra」Ⅳesystom,

at:theprov㏑c㏑llevel北couldbed●

emedasan lmpUrtantandb屯

_refUrm㏑the

historyoftheChjneselocaladⅡinistrativ.system.InΠuencedbythelocaladⅡin心

-trat∥csvstemSofprσ〢Uu§dynast㏑s;thehU㏑st lUcalexecut∥eUrgaⅡzat㏑nsunder

theNatbnalGUvernmentalladUptedthech㏑

fsysteIn,notcUmmittees9stem.

Itwasthesame㏑

theMingandCh’

ingdynasties.η㏑

MingsetupDepartt

mentUfC∥

ⅡandFinaⅡc㏑

lAffalsunder.achproⅥ

_ncc,w北

_{htheDepartment}

Ch托

fandh6deputyo●

ualbGUvernUrandDeputyGUverhUr,wh。

_etheC∵

_ing

appointedaGUvefnUra〝

un＿

fu)tUeachpfo由

㏄●

tUbe㏑

chargeofc∥_Ⅱaffals

andappo㏑

tedaGUvernUr<沌

neral(Tsunglu)inchargeUfmil北_{aryandc∥Ⅱa出㎡邱}

tW°or threeprovinceseach.TheGUvernof-GcrnalandGUvernUrweresuperiUIand

subord㏑

ate buttheykepteachother incheck.BUthofthemhidther旭

_httU

reportdlectlytUtheempefoI,

ηle Ch㏑ese Republicftstadopt●

dtheM江

北aryGUyeinUI一VicerUysyst°Ⅱl,

W北

htheMiⅢ

arvGUvernUr㏑

chafgeδ

fmi比

aγ

affatdandtheVteroy㏑

_charge -398一

. 16 .i

pfcⅣⅡaffais.﹁㏑ Ur地㏑al int●nt㏑nofthi§aJrangementwaStUfUⅢ

owthoCring

svstem,.overtlVsopaiat●

dmⅡ

itaⅣaffalsfromciⅦaffals.Insp比

eofgU°

d㏑

-tent㏑

ndtheMⅡ

∥出γ GUVernoi latcrbecametheh°

adofthepfovlncowhⅡ

ethe

V●er。ybeoamo t●

.c”

班㏑

nsubordinatetoI位

mbe●

ausethcpo1t●al sluat㏑

n

dl1r㏑gearlYR●publ”aiy●ar§wasunSthble:η㏑ MⅡ北

aIyGUve=nUrconiUⅢ

edth●

一

oops,heldther“

ns。fprUⅥhdalgovef山

ment,andwasnatl1rallY㏑

cl…°dt°

actatⅢ

s°

wnwⅢ

andt㏑

seventuallYresultedihthesegmen血

㏑

nofreg㏑

nal

mⅡitafYc。

mm●

ndors.

WhenthoNat㏑

nalGUver●_{mentwasfUrmed,thecUllect∥}●leader血

psVstem

waspfomotedtUthe●

rUv㏑ce4evellUcaladminkiat㏑nsbecaus°北 had b●en

adoptedbytheentlePaityandthocenterofpUl北

沁

alpUw.r.“

TheNat㏑

nal

GUvernment notbnlyappomtedChalm●

nand㏑

●

mbers oftheprovlnc㏑lgovern.

mentahddepar竹

n°ntchiefsbutalsUsupa︹7sedtheprσㄐ㏑clⅡCh立Ⅱ1.︳anbecaus°of

北

s powerofappo㏑

tment.ThePfUⅥ

ndalGUvefnmentWastheⅡ

日lestauthU山呼

and deci。bn.making body in the pooⅥn●e and a。Ⅱnportant●ffa土〝 hadto b●

approvedbythecomm北

tee..UbvbuslV,this sYStem oouldbr㏑

gthefun“

㏑n忌_●f

th爸centralizedgUvernmentInoreⅡ比°full playthanthepf°vincIⅡch二efsydteⅡ1°f theearlvRepubl“yeafSandproⅥousdynast始s.AftertheN。rthernExp°d●

㏑

n,

iegbnal ㏑Ⅱ北ary c°nlInandq” r。belled Une after anUth”, but they o。

uldnot

last lUngbecauseUfth°adoptbnUfprUⅥhc㏑l。°mm北t。esysteIn3,.T…erefU了e upt。

nUW,U旺

oa斗Ⅲ adUpts thk kndUfproⅥnce.leveladm…istrativesystem.

Ⅲ

erewerealsodefects㏑

theprbⅥncial。°

mmitteesystem,Suchasthe

dⅡficulty㏑reach軌

gaconsensusandmakngq●

二ckdecisionsbecaus●everytⅢng

hadtobediscusseddl1ringthec。

IninitteeIneetings.ThusthoNatbnal卹

n由_呻nt laterhe吧htenedtheauthU㎡

tyUfthesUcretaHatandappo㏑

tcdaSecretary-gener缸

t。 asβ

二

dttheprUⅥ

ndhlCh●

tmHn㏑

prUcessinggeneralpUlit●cal狂

Ⅲtsand。

_。

-●rdL伍tingtheop㏑bnsUfvarlUusd。pγtmentsandprUⅥnt立以committee平embers.

All thedepa.Itmentswerealso oUncen竹ated㏑Une°ftc●buⅡd㏑gto shUrtenthe

piocessing山meUfo“ic㏑ldocu平ents,s8tUmakethece,竹aⅢZedandjo士比 C。

n-sulta1。h.typeprUv㏑c●.lcvellUcaladΠin你tratjⅣesVStlmIn°repcrfect.

Dl9r㏑

gthelateC∵

㏒ per㏑d,thelUcaladmm二strat∥esVstembelowtheprU..

Ⅵhc㏑llevelgraduallyfUrInedinto theTao-Prcfecture6ountythree-levelsysteIn.

Ta6w赤6土g㏑allyasupe…sUIV。mcial,fUllUwingtheMingsVstemandfurther“

-ⅥdihgFen士〝

unTaoandFen‘

hUuTao.TheFen-hsunTa。

was inchargeofallcUη

-trUlahdmilita,affaiswhⅡ

etheFen〝

_●

UuTjUwas㏑

chargeUftaXatbnandΠ

-nance.TaolateIbocamealbcalexecutiVeun北beloWtheProⅥ

hceandhbovethe

Prefectl1releVelφ.T㏑

ssVstemWaStoocomplicatedtowUrkeI㏑

ienly.TherefUfe

. 17 ‘

nΠ

ertheR.pub︴

cwasfUunded,thegUvermnentabolishedtheorgan矻

ati。

nof

Tao and prefe“l1reahd setupcUunties onlyundeftheprUⅥ

nces.WhenYU蛀

n

ShⅡ｝k’ai held the reins ofgUvernmont he restoied the set-upUfTao、5thre＿

sponsibⅡli°st° supe︻庄selUcal o至Ⅱces on thegrUundthattherew。rcdifΠculties

in the management of the twU-level PrUv㏑ce£ounty system becauSe the

prU-v㏑c㏑

lregbnwas tooeXp白

nSiVeandthereweretUU manycUuntiesunderthei

”r必山ctbη

.U.AftertheN°

rthernE不pedl㏑n,thegU﹀erhment imt restoredthe

Prov㏑ce£Ul1ntvtwo4evelsYstembutlatert地ht●ned比scontrUlU”

rthecounty

adminktratbnsbyappo㏑

_山㎎ regbnaladmi㎡stratⅣespccialists,H蕊ng‘h°

ngTu-ch’a Chu色n-y●_{.n, whU was cUnuIrr。}ntly coinInander。fthesub.publics°cur北

y

department㏑上

934,bocausebfthccampa地

nsaga㏑

st theCommu血

stsandtho

emphaskb由

㎎put onregbnalp甲●eandUrder.i.

Duriη_BthePer㏑dofPUl北沁alTutφ

age,theCUuntyWasthee㏑

pha茁

softhe

㏑ plem.ntation°f-ad㏕血Stra加n.Accoidi㎎

tUtheFundamentals ofNa㏑

ml

BⅡld-up,theCountywasaself£UveⅡledo“㏑e.9:tlerefUie,theNat站nalGUvern,

mo山attachedmuch山

mportanc。.t。

_the㏑

_lplemonta∥

_{on Uf County andCity}

adm㏑

istrat㏑

nandtheunfUrmityofsY斗

_●msafteith。N°rther,Expod北㏑n.

ThoyfUIⅢ︳ulat°

dtheCountyUrgan沁

一

wahdabUli出

Ⅱ●

dthetmd北

ionalcounty

aSslstant sYstUm,ordeΠngtheprovincesthroughUutthecountrvto土nplement tho

CUuntyUrganicLaWin threephasesl)acoUmplishingtheroorganLatbn of

oountyadministrat㏑nsbefU”AprⅡ

1929;2)settingthecountybU●

ndaf跆

sand

eStablis㏑_{㎎ rcgbnal°}ⅢcesbofUroAprⅡ193U;and3)°rgin比ingthefU1Ⅲat㏑

nof

dktricts,VⅡlages,com㏑un北托s,andne旭hb°rhUodsbofUreUctUberl93U.s.

InD●

cember1928,t●

eMin伯

t,oftheInterbr spedallvoonvenedac加

I

affalrs oonfer°nce aInong the 臼Ⅳo Southoastern prUⅥnces and special c北i°

sUf

P。Ⅱ到呂and Shangh巨

i.ThedlectUrs ofthe Department ofCiv工

Affalswere

°rdcredtUsele”

andsend臼

vecountym㎎

ls竹

ateSando扯

efsoftheBure巳u。f

PublicSecⅢ_。

yc”

ht。attendtheconferencetUgether㏕ththeIn.M旬

。r必su“

discusseddurmgtheconferenceweretheorgan比atibnofcountyadΠink廿aJonS,

theset-upofcountyself-governmgrcgbhsandthefUl11︳

aJon ofvⅡlagesand

ne地hb。rhood6“

.AccUrd㏒

_{to thesodata,thecountyad”}i㎡i就ratbn°rga血Zat㏑

h

be山名 土mplementedthat t土

ne

ψaS: the county waS h°●ded by th● _oount,

m砠

外trate,㏑chargeofalladministfatⅣ

eaffatsUfthecUunt出

f㏑ancialex.

pend北l1resfUrthe oounty hadto●elistedandpublishedmonthlv;th●county

magk“ateη

ustaccept theU9nbns。

ftheCUuntyPartyCommitte●

i●gard㏒ ●dmink廿atiⅦaffaiS,repl9tUthePartyCommi︴tee°!repUrt tUthe°rUⅥnc㏑l

gU︶ernment to study and act accUrd㏑glyifthereweredifΠcultiesihth°

l㏑

卜﹉

. 18 .

plementa“on.Sect㏑

nsUf°

加Ⅱaffals,山mnce,cohs竹uct㏑nsandeduca∥

onwero

set up under the cUunty adninktratbnw北hS●ction chief and sevcral staff

mcmberseach,allwereappUmte●

bVtheoountymag替

竹

ateandapprσ

vedby

theproⅥncialgoVerIlment.

ThusthecharacteΠst㏑

SoftheChiheso oountyadnin必

Iati°

nandorga.也

a-tiUndl1r㏑gthis p研i°

dWere:l)th。

rulingpart9supeⅣisedthead血iniStr“

bn

withthecountypartycUinin北t﹉

DassupervlsUrybodyUftheco,ntyadⅡ

iinis竹

a-tion,in placeoftheo°untycoㄐncil;ahd2)theop°nnesdoff㏑aη_.o45:Fu比

her-moro,theg°ver●mentforInulatedaη

dksuedtheCountyMag拍

trateExaminatjbn Provisj°nal Regula∥bns jn order to becau“b●

sandpmdent

Ⅱ

ltheSelectbnof

oountymag…

Iates.ItrequeStedtheproⅥnc㏑lgUverIiments tUhUldexaminat㏑ns

fUrtheselect㏑

nofcountymagktratos㏑

thetown proⅥ

nceS.AlthoScwho

passed the e不ainmat㏑_{!s muSt be} 竹ained befUre assunIng poSts aS county magk竹ateS.AccUrd虫_{吧 t°}reports,K㏑ngsu,K㏑ng蕊

_,Che㎞

ng,Shantung,H。p㎡,

℃harhar,Su9uaⅡ

_,Hup㎡

_{,Hunan,Yunnan,Kwang斑}

andKwangtungallhadhad

exam二natbn§

fUrtheselectbnofcountymagkiatesaccUr●

山gto

th.seregula-tions4.. :Γhe M山吐stry of the IntqⅡor later fUrmㄐlated rogisiat㏑nmeastlre fUr legalcUuntyInagktratesbasedon theqllaH臼匕ationSofrecoⅡIncndedappointment

rankUffidhlsto moetthepract㏑alneedsofvarbus prUⅥnceSandseloctedqua●fiUd regktere●

candmatos toSendthem to seⅣ

ein remUt°proⅥ

ncesUfNinghs㏑

,

Kansu,Ch地

_㎎典㎡

_,H§

nkhng, SuⅣ

uanandCharhar.Between February ahd

Dec°mber in1934,β27quⅡfiedcandidateswerereg虫t●rod49.

Regarding county adninistrative persUnnel, the Minis●

y

°f the Interior

alsUissuedclcular orders tUtheproⅥnces缸ccUrd山吧

tUtheLUcalAdm二

n“trat∥e

PersUilnelTra㏑lngRegu1●_t㏑ns°

IdeiingthemtUsetupLUcalAdm㏑

kIat●嗨 Pq嚕U●nelTrain㏑gInst二tute忘to 竹aihVarbuslevels oflUcaladministrat∥e●erson,

he1.Inl935,thosekndsoftra…inginst北utcshadbee●Setup inK㏑ngsu,Chek㏑ng,

Hupei, Szodhuan, Kweichow,Yunnan,︳H°nan,Hbpei, Shantung, Sh日nSi, Shensi,

Kansu,Ch’行名h缸●ndCharharan●

morethan4pUUcUuntymag你

iatesandlUcal

admin加竹at∥epersonnelhadbeen tr㎡ned.B.

Inshort,thegUVernmenthadattachedmuchinportanccto theselect㏑

nand

appo㏑tment ofc°unty.leveladⅡlinistrativepersUnneldl1ringtho‘.GUlden】Decade”

and systeⅡⅡLed through eXaⅡination, selectiUn and tra二ning to upgrade the士

qual∥y. W比h appomtment power ln the h●nds ofthe National GoverIIment, examinat㏑

nandselectbnwerecUmb㏑

edasUneprocedⅢ

e由

Ⅱlepol沁iesand

ordefsoftheNatbnalGUvermnentcouldbecarriedoutthorUughly. Ⅲ eUthertwo lm●Urtant refUrms were the establ二sh】ment of the public

｜

. 19 :

S●cⅢ北

y曲

伈

temη

dtho.x●

cut㏑

nofthebudget呼

Stem.CⅡIlahadestablished

●poⅢcesystem.accUrd㏑gtUthp pract㏑eUfWesterncoun臼ΠeS,in thelateChtng period.Buts㏑

cethepolieowereofpoUrqua比

iesdⅢingthelateChtngandearly

Republicanyears,lUcal pcaceand Urderwashard to maintain. What k m︼甲 一

po上_{ceeve,whereeven oppressedinnocent people.LUcalpeacoandUrdergradumly}

d.terbrated,par6㏑ularly㏑rl1ralareasaftertheNorthemExped北

bnbecauseof

thoCoIllInunkt r.bclIonandthemg㏑

gUfband北

s.Thusthogovcrnment°xertod

aⅢ.UuteffUrts tUset北ii order:CountypolicebureauswererefoⅡ1.edaSpub班c

secuf丘yburo●

usandpublicsecllrlyregionswcresetupunderthecountytob●

:ncharge ofgaIkonahdSan北●,affa士s.ThecUu…tyalso setup︳mⅡ北㏑ cUrps

withaⅡfmadults obl地atedt°serve㏑

themi比

㏑corps to strengthenlUcals●f. defensecapabⅡit二esandthuslaidaprelinⅡnarvfUundat㏑nfUrtheestabⅢd山m●nt.of

theconscΠp∥on sYstem.Modeledon thelocalad㏑in怎tratⅣepersonnelselectkm

measures,pUⅡc°

pcrsUnhelalsUhadtUtake.xamina“

onsbefUrebe山gselected andtIa㏑edfUrthoijobs,so thatquaI北ycUuldb°upgraded49.

抽

ecUuntyb●

dgetsvst●

㎡

wadimpIemeη

tedafterl935aIthUughafew

oountieshadproparedfUrth心血 ㄐChear1●er.Acc。rd㏑

gtUtheChotangProⅥ

nda︳

GUveflun.ntGa2ette,thebudgets ofsombcount跆s㏑Ch。k㏑ng”ereasfUllU一s: ﹉

CUunty Shaohd㏑_嘒 Ch㏑ Linhai Shouchang Lungy●

Yiwu

Tsungteh 抑

aUhs㏒

Ch㏑ 舢 ai TUtalbudgetof cl1rrent expensesin l936 l,12乳199(DUllar) l,454,719 241,712 71,565 186,∫tU 132,478 3U4,785 Defense Pub上c securltyexpenSe

N %

254,748 22.7U 449,769 3U.71 64,924 28.83 21,973 βU.7U 69;333 37.lε 42,285 31.19 36,!96 11.88 Ad㏑㏑山trat㏑

n

Partya.ds.lf. governmentexponses

N %

12U,585 1U.75 191,8U9 13.lU 68,421 28.31 21,3U9 29.77 38,641 2U:71 22,U21 16.52 33,494 1U.99 CUnstruc“ons CUnstructioh..不penses

N

62,7U7 67,273 13,374

%

5.59 4.59 5.53 Educa∥

bn

Educationandcultl1raleXpenses

N %

158;585 14.14 332,165 22.58

: 66,U71 26.92

-394一

. 2U .

Shouchang l3,899 19.42 2,68U 3.75

Lungyu 33,816 18:13 6,871 3:68一

Yiwu 47,222 36.65 3,499 2K4

Tsungteh 49,89U l5.37 6p88

﹉ 2.UU

SUurces: ChetangPro咖

c立Ⅱ

GUvernmentGaZetto,Vo1.2934,pp.33-4乳

Vo1.293app.28＿

35;Vo1.2943,pp.28-32;VU1.2951,pp.28-34;

VU1.2952,pp.22-26andpp.37-44.

Alth°ughtheabovestatistics lkts onlyafewChe日hngcUunties,theysh。

w

thatthecollntyadm二n怎竹at㏑

n㏑

Ch●_Ⅱ田圯atthe“

meemphaSVe●

defense.Itwas

natⅢalbecauselo●al poaceandorderw平

badandnUconsiuct㏑

ncouldbedone

w北hout propercapabⅡ北

y㏑

self.defen中:Actually,北

WasnUt。

nlyChekang

that.mphas位

edthe士

nportanceofdefeihse一一publ㏑secur北y.All therest ofth.

pfoVinces㏑

thecol1ntrVdmthesa㏑

o.FUrex巨

mple㏑

Fukieh,●ublicsecur北

y

●xpcnsosa㏑ountodtU 2。.5U%。fth●pIo▼㏑c立Ⅱ

budgetm l935 and 22.4U%in

1936. Both ranked th° ftst aInong all expensess°

. Atthkt上

Ⅱ●, th●cbunty

a●m㏑k竹at㏑nofthecounivnUt onlVs甘eSSedpubl㏑seclIrityastheprlInaJV

ooncernbutals°

mademthebask to oUmb㏑

edefense,adnInlstra由bn,educatjbn dndoonstruct㏑n together㏑one.

Whatthelocalhdnl二n〝竹at㏑nb.lowtho oountylevel siiv●

dto㏑

Ψlem●nt

aftertheNUrthΨ

hExped丘

㏑hwaStheestablishmcnt ofDistHctandPaoch㏑

Sys-t°ms.SincetheFundamentals ofNati●llalBuⅡd-uppfo▼

idedthatthecountywaSa

self.gU準rn血entun北,th●practiceofo。untVsef七Uver卹°ntWaspΠmar。ytUmake

thcadministratⅣeUrganLa位onw。_{Iin thecountysUund.Thu§}thegoverILment

tw二cereVi§edtheCUuntyUrgani●Law㏑1929and193U,provⅡingthatth。adml,一

istrat∥eorgani2atiohunderthecountylevelw小D必trictandthatea出〢田stIict站〢

北

SUWnoI㏑

ew北

haDkiictAdministratorap°

oint●

dbyth.g。

vernme#.Each

Dktr㏑

twascomp㎡

sedoflUto5UvⅡ

lagesandtowns.Hamlets thathadmorethan

lUUfamⅢ怡swerecallodVⅢagcs(hs㏑ng)whⅡ●thoSeUfledsthanlUUfamⅢeswere

gfUu●°

dasVⅡ

lagesashng>strUets●

岫

h)thathad㏑

UrethanlUUfamⅢ

es

werenamedT。

wns(chen)whⅢ

ethoseUfless than1UUfamⅡieswereorgaⅡZedas

VⅡlages.BothVⅢ

agesandTUwnsWerenotaⅡ

owedtUhavo mofethanlpUUfa㏑

一

lies.TheyhadtUsetup prepar白tUryoficosandthenconVencdt比onFassemblies to

establishVillageUrTUwnHalls.Und叮th°vⅡlageUrTown,25familioswereorgan一

. 2I .

比edaSC。

mmuη

北y(Lu)whⅡ

eeachnvefamⅡ

ies市ere●alledLin.ResⅡents由ith㏑

theCUInmun北

yal,oasseinbledt。d必cussc°nccrnedmatters5i.AsUfNo▼e㏑ber

1931,mostcounties ilChe日

hngahd!Khngsuhadtakenthesemeasure;manyc°

un-t㏑s㏑Anhuei,K㏑ngSi,Shantung,HUp由

,Hunan;Hupei,Kwangtung.Fuk怡

n,Kwei

chUw and Charhar had organLed

、

Ⅱ

1lages andTUwnsand setup

、

Ⅱllage aηd

TownHalls;HUnan,L㏑

UnmgandJehUlestab上

shedsome,WhⅡ

eSh●n蕊,Shdn㎡,

Su好_叩

n,Kansu,N㏑

ghs㏑_,Ch’ingha●

_{,Yunnan,Hs㏑}

日由電

_{;KirinandHelungk㏑}

ng wereactⅣelyundergo㏑gthepr。cessUforgan比at㏑n.U●lySzechuanan●Kwang“

did n°t start62. Later, becaus° the governmUntt tricdtoget rid °fband北

sand

CUmmun必

tsfrom thecouniysme,

_。 sp°c㏑l19emphas′edth°fuhctbns of

DisiLt︴evel adm㏑istratⅣe organLat㏑

ns and reUrganlZed Cbm㏑

unmi●§ahd

Ne圯hb。血

oods㏑

tUthePaochiasVstem,whichprUvidcdeachfam●

yt。haV°

lShead,lUfamⅡ

㏑

swere。

rgaη此

edasun北

calledCh㏑whⅢ

e lU e㏑

色S Wer。

Pao. bothunlShav山

_略 thelChiefs.

、

兩

llagosandTownswhichhadmUIetha…

fⅣ

ePaUswercUrder●

dto setupacomb㏑

_●d°“㏑ecalledL㏑n.PaUheade°

bya.

Diector sclect●

da㏑

oη

gtheΠ

veP●

。

ψ ㏑fs$.η㏑

smadetheU㏑

nesead㏑in你●

a-t竹eoig色n立at㏑nsvstemunderthecountylcvelafterl932asfUllUW出

CUunty一一D怕竹㏑t (ViⅢ

ageandTown)一

一L跆n.Pa°＿＿Pao一_一C㏑a—

—

FamⅡ

y

＿＿_People

Innatl1re,CUunty,Di曲

ict,VⅢ

ageandTUwnweredf●

田entfrU㏑Pao,

Ch㏑

andⅡ

●n-Pao.CUunty,D必tri°

t,VillageandTownwereregularun比

soflocal

adIninktiitiUn and thet headsworeappointed bythegovernmont sUtheun北s

couldbecaⅡedofⅡc㏑lo“㏑es◥ⅣhⅡ

ePao,Ch㏑

andLien-PaUwerocivⅡ organlZa-tjbnsⅣ〢ththeiheadselectedbyreodents.

The°ompleteestablishment oflUcaladminktratbn的偲te…SbelUwth●level

UfCUuntyenabledthegUvernment pUlidesandUrders toboc田tiedbutthoroughly

froⅡ_{ItheCountydbwn to thegr.ssro°}

tsUfpaoandCh㏑

un北s.Ittfainedpe6ple

toeXercisetholr pol北ical rlghts.Inadd北ion,北madegreatcontributions tUsecrct-kcep軸_呂andeSp㏑nage-preventbh,theorganlzatbhandtra●㏑g。fbas沁PaU£h㏑

ηⅡit㏑

cUrpSandthetnplemontat㏑

n﹉_ofηil北巨rV中用i●eadminktrat°n●fter.tho practLeUftheconscrbⅡ

。

nsystembotauseofthet地

ht.ndr屯idl°caladmink竹

a-tiVe organ比at㏑n. Ⅲ e goVernment ordered aⅢ

_pr㏕

nces to engage in 血岔t㏑nal

m止北a〃tra㏑㏑

gtUmeethat㏑

nalcris你

whentheSepteinberl8andJanuaiy28

. 6t6t .

Incm.ntsbrokebut.All thecount㏑

swcreabletoSetup s竹

㏑t mt㏑nalmⅡ北玾

ia㏑㏑gUrgan比

atbnsandmaketheia㏑

㏑

gw●

●

spreadanddeepbascdw丘

h㏑

thelUcaladmin㎜

∥eUrgan比at㏑n,esped㏕

lYsU㏑

theimplementa伍on ofth●

mⅡ北aiys研_﹏

Ceadmink.at㏑

n.︿

lthUughall thec。unt㏑

shadsetupη

Ⅱlary

s°Ⅳ”esec伍ons tUtakechargeofresponsbⅡ比y,比

wasthePaoandCh㏑

Ch㏑fS

andDiectUrsUfLien.Pa。

oⅢces,particularlythelatter,thatwer。actuaⅢ

yr針

sp°nsiblefUrthodraft。fsUldiers.theybrUughtthetfunct㏑ns㏑tUfuⅢdkplay

b●c●usethoyweiein thepoWerc●nterofthecntle°二vⅢorganL●tiUn.

In the Second naJbnalco砠affalsadⅡiniStratibnconferencelIl 1933,the

M㏑

kivoftheIn托

山㏄presentedtheconcept ofset山吧

upeXp可

lm●ntalcount㏑S

fUrthegov”

ILm●nt tUi㏑

plemontcountya山

Ⅲnls竹

atbnm°

reeffe.t∥elv.η㏑

gUVernment 扭st p1●

hhed●

Setupe不per㏑entalc°unt㏑s㏑Kiang血

ngofK●

ngSu,

Lanhsi ofChd由工

ng,HotseandTSou●

ngofShantung,Yangchu,Th9uanand

YutZ●ofShan缸

,HueiandYuofHUnan,TingofHUpei,Hs伍

ngthnofHuhah,

HsuanhuaofChahafandKunmi㏒

,chaUtung;Yuhs圠

PaUshanandYⅡ

㏑

ngof

Yunmi.‘

.9ut。

●

lVHbtseandTsoup㏑

白

。fShant●ng,Ⅱng°

fHbpeiand㏑

nhSj ′_{ofChekang.r●}

_{allYpushedthe●}

_●

_{athrUughandmadeo.tstand㏒}

_{acⅡev.ments.}

Thke文

peHmentalcUuntyorganLat㏑

nmadogreatc°

ntributbn㏑

thepromotbn

ofcompulsUryod.cat㏑n;t●esimpⅢ

日

匕

at㏑

nofcount9admin6iat㏑

n,th°cutt二ng

downan●

merging°fredundantUrgan此at㏑ns:r°fUr㏑

atbnUflandadmink竹

atbn〕

andthepract二

ceofanewΠ

scalsystem.ThusChenCh止｝

mai notedwhendkcussmg

theachievementsbftheLanhsiexper㏑mentalcountythat“丘

waSmoSt㏑

°a磁_㎎

ml

㏑cxpan山ngtheexperiment’ssuccess tUUthefco●nt㏑s.s:”

Atalmewhenthcde㏑

ocrat沁sVst●血hadh°tbeenfuⅡ

y㏑

Ψlemented,the

syst°

munderwh㏑

heveryth軸

gwasd“

cussed由nddo°

idedbyacomm北

t.cWas

themostdemocratic㏑

spl1.η㏑ refUr㏑at㏑nbflUCaladminis竹

atbnbelowthe

cbuntylevelhas speclals地nf㏑ance.GUVernm●nt ordersandpo上c㏑

Scouldbe

carriedoutfrom thelevel°

fcUuntyfurtherdownt°

theve,b日

Se。f一一

Paoand

Ch●一 一

bec.●seofthet旭ht,㎡gm localbas㏑s竹uCtl1re.Thkwa母aLn°Stu.pre. c●ndontedin t●ehist°ryofChina.AlsUbecauseofthet㎏ht:r㎏Ⅱl°calba由cs竹

uC-t凹e,thes竹engthUfitsfunct㏑ns to k°epse●retsandprev●nt●sp㏑nagoact山7t㏑s;

andtheeas●oforg●nLingIocal mil北㏑cor●st°

defendtheoommunl㏑

s,nat㏑nal

mⅡla呼tr㎡

nmgc°

uldbo pr°㏑otedrap姐

lV.ThuStheconscrlptbnsVstemwas

smoUtⅡ

y㏑

Ψlem.nted.All ofthesem色d●血p°rtantcontr山ut㏑

nStUCh㏑

、

su㏄essagainst th.invad㏑gJapane●

eamv.