蒯因的語意窘境

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(2) 10 8. @:. J,; *If ~. IiIitl1Z9 (W.V. Quine) l¥Ji1&~~~ (radical translation) :1J~lDWJ1t :1J~I~fm;f§Iml¥Jn~~l¥J/fur[jE~ (the indeterminacy of translation) j:Jl?{j~ml¥J/fPJ11IfJf.l[~(the inscrutability of reference)' I -~Ofi:Mt.J M~ • • ~.l¥[email protected]¥Jm~, • • ~~~~=+m~T*. lN~~lD!iiL~:IJt~~jJl¥Jfg~~~qJ ifJEl~J¥j(H. Putnam)!Zt<g~ : 0. ri1&~~~~§~~~l¥J~~l¥J~.~~Z~'~~Al¥J~lN~ 'iM~l¥JE'~rna~. 0. J. +j-H~&.J:It fr'f:tm §. , !!lG~"FEErtr~'Efr~l¥J-®~~. (1975: 159). l¥J - ®Iff W: '. !!lG~"F J! EEl ~'8 frUJJii 7. - ®~. .g~l¥Jm*mR,~J1t·.~*~~~g~f:t~m~@g~m. milil¥Jg.zm~.S~B·~~fg~~m.f:tE~*M~ • • l¥Jgf.l[o~~!ZtaM~·~4.~fg~~mffi-@~~ttl¥J~.. ~&RE~'*~.l¥J&R!!lGR. ~~~B.tt. l¥Jo *~~.~_@r. J~l¥J~e~.,~&~g~l¥Jm. ml¥J~PJ~~~·zM~~m@~mrRW&J. ·/f.~~S'8. ~~~¥m,mml¥J~PJ~f.l[~.~~-®g~§a~~mm.. l¥J~* ' ffijJ!~~mmOO~m~ilJ~ §. (1¥ftl¥JfElf.Jtt) . ~9]~E3t~ffil¥J-1ilff~'@fj:),''¥ML~~)E'8l¥J1[%<:11. 0. ~~~~. ~. , ilijfJttJij,:gm . mm~~PJ11IfJf.l[~'fl;PJ1~afr'imli\W;-OOrBI~~~lD (quandary): .pJT~t~mzrJl$~~~~j:J&.pJT*nrfiffi zra~$1i:flf~~15J (1969: 47-48) f:ltfr'l¥J\M~~~m.~lffi~{fl))t ' 0. ttJJ1tf:lt~J1tUmmZ.g. I. o*~~~.'B~l¥Jm. ~~llli'iulll1ff#]~"'Jt1ltJi::t.Mil mJ O::.:f~jf ~) (Word and Ob;ect) f#] 1f,:::. ~ <1ll1f~;t I.t. ) (franslation and Meaning). 0. ;fli~f#] ~ 'afillHt1lt. . Jt::t.:&NHJ mJ (1'f. ~liif#];j:Ut'li.iu$c1t.lii5C.) (Ontological Relativity and Other Essays)/(.j <1'f~liif#]. ;j:H fi-li.) (Ontological Relativity) (.1:..1.. 5C.). 0. r. *S{J:..I. tt5C.ffl ~:f f#] :ll~-t-1969-~lt.

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(6) ~!;;1i1T. 112. 1E. m~*~Emffi. •• ~.~~M~~~~~.~a~.~~a·. ~~-*,. Rn~~ti~me. ,~m~~~r~~. ~Jft.,~m~.~*-mr~. ••tt~J®A~r~~mw. ~.~~MZ~J~£.~· .!'t~. 0. ,.~~~.ft~~.-m£. 3. aT®.~~~g~'.~mm7~~-mtimm~~~. tl~~m*m- Am~IDfIl~(1969: 47-48) (mf¥Jffi:~ ~1'F~~). , ~~~1:E~. :. I have urged in defense of the behavioral philosophy of lan guage, Dewey's, that the inscrutability of reference is not the inscrutability of a fact; there is no fact of the matter. But if there is really no fact of the matter, then the inscrutability of reference can be brought even closer to home than the neigh bor's case; we can apply it to ourselves. If it is. to make sense to say even of oneself that one is referring to rabbits and for mulas and not to rabbit stages and G6del numbers, then it should make sense equally to say it of someone else. After all, as Dewey stressed, there is no private language. ~*.~~_-~~~a~IDfIl~$ffiM~ •• ~~~'~~~~ m.~~.m~~Tm@. •••~:4. (1) w~am- Am$~{nftf.-:t~mtt!!~m1'ffi~iiJ. (2) ;fllt~/f"~l1lUtl~ im~iiJ. J. •. , ~frn"fj~~-mmtt!!~.ftgAm a $!'t~. 0. M'J~t'$~(1953: 42, 78-79; 1960: 3,16,24)' :tk.1t..m-4iUtlHNeurath)WJJ:.'it"*fllp]l +'a~.~.~~.Ra~~.$~.~~'R. •• 1EM~~MAA~.~~. ff ' 4. it;t"liHljlt:flD~>iJ3.~~J.t}UUjt4(D. ~ 1iUIt j-- A...jJj. Ii ;t J'J 'B. •. Davidson) (1984: 235). 'i!!-t~~:!t. ..

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(15) 120. li!J::.)1;,k/fX. -T]lfiH~i;89. ' ffiFff8J/f,f[[x pfffreffl!¥J a HHfIl. a ::*t~m-@jfl~. 0. ~. o *-{@~+89B,1~J:t~ (.L-)&~'8~{J;1.!¥J!*Fim) ]J*~. I¥J] . 0. f'FlIt~I3)H&. (R6);fO (R7) I¥Jg}G',"i1J .L-)~~t!Or: :. '. (R6*) t!O!fHi£1i:iJ-f@A x ftffl f£fEiJ -1J!ln~A a :*mmpff1lf1¥J ~ -T lffl il1~mm~ -T] * l'1i1UE: I¥J ' :/mit! [[x Pff1:re ffll¥J a f~mf~mpff~!¥J~+lfflilf~f~m~T] , x::ff'M' a /q]/f,f mmffi~I¥J~-T~/f,f~J:t~®il.mm~-T~/f,f~J:t ~] (J;J1SUt'E~fj;Ja/l*i!9). 0. (R7*) t!O*[[x pffftJ1:J!¥J a t~mmmpff1lfI¥J*-TlfflilgH~m~ -T] , 7Ffi~ a /f,ff~mpfffrl¥J~T~/f,f~J:H~lfflil~ t~m~-T~~~J:t~J ' :/m~;!t~jf,:-!!t~-T~il~~E *-f@~-TZ/f,f~J:t~(J;J.&~'8Q}~g~mWD. (R8*). 5M1ftf£fEiJfl~. 0 ' 0. -T1¥J/f,f~J:tt!J:. '. ' 0. 'M II fI:~ 0. 0. *-@~. ~-OO~-T*7}lml¥J$5t~ . ~o. ~WT~;g~ (R6*). I¥J ' #HP (R8*). , 1N~::tt1&f4:~lY3mi~~89 lffl (R7*) *~ #HP (R6*) 1¥J1&f4:- ~~I¥J ' lffl::tt1&f4: ~@89 (R6*) 891&f4:zpffJ;JfBt1t;g~~~1¥J ' ~~ 0. 0. ~~1&f4: (f~f4:{]J) r:pl¥JiWf4:IE~l'"i1J?JIUfl!~pff=GJE89. 0. (R6*) 891&{4:~89* ' t!O:!f1:[x pfffreffl!¥J a f~mmmpJT:ff89~ -TOO ll, ~mm~~m~I¥J'mM~ffiftJ1:Jl¥Jammmmffi~~-T~/f,f~ J:t$!J:lfflll f.lif~m~ +Z~~J:t~] (.L-)&~'8~1tJI¥J*j!!D tgf8J/f,f~ o. ret~(R7*)*fI!ll¥J. '. ft1rUi!"i1JJ;J7f'f1f~(R8*). ~WTl¥Jm1ll~t!OTl¥J~~@. 0. :tE~WfI¥J~~r:p. 0. , @'~MU[2;[I¥J- .. ®·~#·'~~~~.~{]JI¥J~A~~~~'~.I¥J~~fre. ~®JJR*Q}~g~~~tr'9~m, Q]f~Jix~~-~I¥JMA ~WT~It!flt{ 0. ,.

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(18) •. iI ~ It.]!~ :Uf It. 123. ,. ~1r'B~~ Jti~1¥J. , il/j~~:f:E~*i~IHtlfiJfliJl:I¥J~~PJm~lS;l'£/J"l"jffll~J ' ~1r'~§f131:itftl!~(Pl)' (P2)fO(Cl) r 1PJ3JL J KI~(C2)Mf '. ftl!.*¥~~.oo~.m*'~~~~U~TMMKI~;l'£fi~R 1¥J·-M.1:it~ft• • ~&.~M.~· ~lj,Y6mft.. I. ,. \. Q ~m~lt~~~ff:f:E~ (C4) : mm[1PJ.p.]~1~ N~~fit • ll/jtlll;]:f:Eli~U~~:l1l!;?!Jtf:\m~t5~ (C2) W(C3) l¥J~mZ1& (1969: 48-49) , J~HfHflM~-Mftl!Wl~PJtJ~ffl¥~tJtl¥J:1::nt ' M1J$;l'£t~mfOff~~I¥J~§W,tillJl.~ (the relativity of reference and ontology) ~Mlffi~ifB~-Mlt~;l'£ , 1:itt~m~Mfflf~~ r ~W J (absolutelY)~m ' E;l'£riif~~I¥J(nonsense) , fE!.;l'£1:itt~m;l'£ 0. ffl~~¥.~~~~~*.lffiffl¥IfiJ'~E~;l'£~~.fitl¥Jo.1l;]. I. ~-m~tt~.~MUT~ft.:Q. • • I¥J§I¥J~~mtf:\,~. mm~M.ffif~~llt[ffl¥~~Wl¥Jt~m ' Mf'ft~1r'~~ (C2) ~Mm~ 1¥Jt5=': ' 19~~OJjfU~m~lffim~mWl¥Jt~m ' ~1'1f~tf:\ (C2) .~Z, 1JOO~=,:mm~llt[mm~Wl¥Jmm'w~.~I¥J • • ~;l'£,~f-Ft~m.ffif~~-@~~~~~ifBm (~wr:f:E:tt[1999: 345-348] 0. ~T~OOR.);~-1JOO~.mm£llt[mmmW~mm'M~OO ~ifB.~~-@~~.~~. , fffl~1'l":f:E~m~l'&:4~~ (C2) ~@m~ t5*({ijf.,~UM~!P. F011esdalJ~Jt[1990: 105H'FTIi1PJI¥JR.) ~ ~ 1'l" *:fi&'ff~ ~ @illlt[I¥Jt:I\!. 0. I. I. 0. ~~*lM.~@~~mml¥J.fit°~-ftftft~-~.~+. ). A~=,.~~~~m~~~mftl!Mmtf:\l¥Jm~.tJt'~~Wft ~m~l¥J-m. ~~:. rum~. I¥J.~*~'~OO~~~. (terms) , IDlJ~PJf[)~f!tII~ (auxiliary devices) pfT*RfiX:~~~ , ;l'£~1'l" ~mm • • ~m.~M·mW~g'ft~PJUfffl •• ~m~~~ ~:!:tYf[J~ 7tl.lllj:~~~ifB~ rf[Jffi:s7t ' li~f[J0A J ' ~ElW ~-Mmm • • '.~~~~~~.PJU~.fit~W~7tm:!:tY. 0. 1. i I "';. ~ " ~!:" .'. j;. ,'~~:~. [:"',. ;. ,. ,;'.

(19) 1!l;.,*l1f~. 124. ~ifij~~i'Ut¥Jf~ffij, ~1I'13irpJJ;). uniquely) (1995a: 259). 0. '.-j;fB. JE!M~J. (fix the object. 6. .~mmmffijt¥J-mmffij • • ~m.~a,~.~~-mm o. m~~?iPJ.L-:I.t:E-mm;\jt¥J!tm~(semantic. holism)t¥J:fEJJ3r?*_. .:-mm§t¥J$~~~z~t¥Jmffij,~m~~ffi~t¥Jmi$~. n~~ffi. ,.ft~~m~mi'~~W@~~z~t¥Jmffij~. .~m'~~PJ~*@~t¥J,m~$m~&t¥Jffi!Mtt,. fflS:frW*aZrdJt¥JIm{*. 0. ~Wlm~lIt~~ijifijt¥J*~ii]-. , ....... ~#ffi!M~-m~.*.'mM~&~~.t¥Jo~mMffi!MttW JlrJ$~~~M~1I"t¥J~~[t¥J1J7:!]. J. 0. IE~~lmijifijffiffl~t±:lt¥JfIW1ttWJlrJ. 0. , ~ftffiim- (in general) , ~ 11'1 t¥J~i'U ~Jl. '. $ f!IT i t¥JfEl!MttWJlrJ ' ~mMmUliJT ' iiijff~~R~ , Ii' ~ T Jl ' U' ~ Tfm:fr Jl ' r ~. ~=&.a9*J¥itM~m~T' ~Tfm:fr' I&~~~ 'rrn. ~F--~mJ5~~t¥Jf!1iWH?] J (~lm5ffi.m*Y:~1JO) ~15i~;\j.. t¥J ; ftlLit:zm '~1I'tR~~fEl!M~~1;f~~ i :mWlmJ;)T ~iiijU~tzOllt±3~t¥J:@El3. ~~~r",~ [W~-119l r",~m]. •. 0. ~*:m~~. ~~-119lmi$$~~~Z~t¥JmM. A'W~m.~~ffi!Mtt~~,. ~t¥J~~~n*@~;. ~M~~ffi!M~W@~~ffi. ,~~~t¥J~.~~~-119lmi$m. fl~~i'Ut¥Jf!1im~. , tzD*:m1l"J;)~~fEl!MttJJjUW*@~ , :liFf:;;fjg1l -~-,~mB • • ~.~~-ft~ft~-Y:Hli+=mmt±:l~. ' ••@. 1f,1;~4>'t-, rmmm1f!]l!'I1:ZmJ;):.f£@Irc~m, ~l2Slm~M:·lI::mM1Illll!. ~~M~$m~&t¥Jffi!Mtt~m-119lIm~mffijt¥J ~. , ~fl'1d6\gJi~ ,~f:lttUt¥J~~ J (1969: 53)~m~-$3§::p-M~ gi'Ut¥Jf!1im G~M7f,;~~f§!MttWJlrJt¥J1iffim ' ~;'ll1-!H§~'ITi. 6. +H~ ~(H. Putnarn)::jUIi1~WJijU!-(1981: 52). 0. II.

(20) I. iJ /Ell/.] ~g.;t. **t. 125. m~'& •• oo~~~~~~~~-Mm~$ffi~~~~mM~ ~. •• $*~~.. ,.~~~~. •• ~~~. ~A~mM~,~~~~~~m~&~Mm~U~~.~' M.~,a.~~m~tt~~, J. r. ·~~~.~I. ·~@m*W~mffi~~.~E~ZOO~~.~.~'~~. •• m~,~ frH:H~;f§ti~53-Mm~ ::t~~~g~~Jt$~ff~~lfIj , ~~~illitJ ~ff~~~mtitt'~~~ffi~'ff~~~m~tt~~~ ••• m~tlJ~;f§~'I1:~~IJ . fJE~-MftEll:t*~ , .~fr'~r",~ •• rMtl~ ~~.-Mm~·. ,.~~~ti.m~.-. -Mm~$ffi~¥~~mffi~,~~~~~~~~mm~.m~ A~m.m.,oo.~~.®~.mmT~~-.~~:~.®. ~.~~.$,.~~~~~mM.~~.I:t~'~~~fi~m ti~-.~.~m§~-.u~~~~.~~.~$~' lm~5]t~ffi{tM::t~.~. (makes sense, meaningful) (1969: 48, 50) ,. .-MmA.~·Mti~·.~~mMff~~N~.~~·. m.~~.~$~~.~~m.Rm~M.~.'.~*~ ~±~ § ~~~~WP{~®~M.~ • . ~fr'~~~ § ~ , ~"FW. •• ~~M~mM.~mm~mffi.~·~~~OOH.ffim'~ ~~U.ffinm~~mffi~~ •• ~:.~~~~~-Mm~Z ~¥@~A~mM~m~'~@~A~mtimffi.mE~mti~ Jtffi~m~ffimffi~~.;~~~~~~~-Mm~ffi~¥~~ mM~'. '.mEfrM§ti~¥Mg.m~~. ¥.U~Mg.m~.~~~.~$ffimffi~ti.·M~~mffi ~u~.~m~~mffi~~~'~~Eili~~M.m:.~~. ~.-.m~z~¥@¥~~'~@~~~M~mffi.mE~.. 'ffimffi~~.;~.~~~~.-.m~ffifi. ~A~mM~'~~*~~Mtimffi'.mE~.ft~ffi~g..

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(37) 142. 1k~b/t'A:. rfuTfi13:5t J B91i~lijjrJfu1'1t~m:~a}3 .~~mr~~a~ ••• g.$~$~~B9m.B9~mm ~~ •• B9,~ma~~~~~-~B9~~'~~$a~m~m l±\~@J~wr",~m J (1969: 54) t§:m~mWffiB9fF'm~-fl1mllB ~Dltt-*'. r. ;fO. J. 0. 0. B9~.,ml±\w.B9~.·. ·.~w~m~,~~a~1'~~ •. ~~a~.~~mB9°. •. ~tia~. '~W~~RB9m.,. ••• B9~~~g.mmm.~~~.~B9~.'. ffi~,a~m.~t§:fln~~~~B9om. •• ~·. , 15t~f3:{PJ~tH§ , ~~fffPJg.B9~~.mmt).m:~ (specified) • w!{j]ffi§~ , irr~l't;gma{l" ••• B9J]1!.~~;;;; (ff.}:. ti~-~~. )B9~~.~1'm~m:~~B9'ffi~*N~~~.mm~m:. ~B9,a~~{PJ~m. rfuTJB9m.1'~~rfuTB9$:5tJB9m. .~?~ltt'.~B9~m.~~t§:.B9~.:~*a~1'~~~. ' ~lJa{l"1'ti~~a}3ff{j:iJ~~. ; ~-n ,~*a~~.~~-~j§~~~a~ ••• ~j§B9~~.' ~~~~.~B9~.B9~~·a~ill•• m~~ff{PJ~~.D. f~{I" • • • ~j§B9~~.. n*~~B9J]1!~~~.B9·~ma~B9.~~~.m~~ ( 11:JJi!:~rJ~mB9~n) Wri~a{l"B9.~. .. . iU ~ 1:?& l' l'fgm a {I". .~B9WiJ]'t. *. 0. ~.~{PJ'.~~m~~.B9m.11:JJi!:~~M~ft~.~B9. fBlfI: (1969: 61) , ~rttfjg~;gmJlUI/~ft;f§.'lipJT?J3&B9.~lU&~ ~.~~M~'@$:5t/~ftm.11:B9~*~~.B9.~~.fu o~.~.Wfl~.·.~~@~ff.}:m$.tt~~o.. 1974: 200-228; *4.t(S. Leeds}1973: 485-503;. !t~. 1995: 42 •.

(38) .. Ni!~{jI]1i:t:iHt. 143. lZil~mtE~-;f~)\ijt~1?VB"Jr",~~. , lJ(;1rrfl~1'F~ (in practice) ~P).~m.lJ(; iMffl:atF'F~li]l¥J::f:Uii~fffi[ (face-value)' * CPlt~~N13t~B"J r,-,~Jm (1969: 0. 49){glt~~£J:~::f:~li]l¥J::f:Uii~1iR. :(f ;ff "ti.} BIJ ;ffl it '11. •••••• R. ?. BIJ it aJt~M,a~a~h.~~*._~BIJ.M'~aJt • • Jt ~~, BIJ Ib'] A..fa. 0. ~ -1m A:t~ "ti.}. ~·.~~BlJe~t·a~Jt~.~'~~$.A~~~A. .~.~I~.~BIJ:. r • • Ja • • • · rA~Ja~A ~·~T~(~)~~~Mo~aJt.~ • • ·.aBIJ~~ t ' a~~E.fF-i!t'*BlJWf.;ff T (1986b: 367) .~ ~BIJ~ .. t ,[aJJt.1f,Al I ~ij}!'vJi:ltf:fJt4JtAfl$.A .J!.~JJ~~! ' (JJ~MfF)IIt~Jt8JJ~A.BIJ ' ~~jE.;i.;ff r~' "! • r ~ 1t J ~Ii.~ ~ [~ T ~ ~ it M 1 r A ~ J ~Ii i!,V A ~ [~ T~~Jt1tM lor ~ij }lJi'BIJ ~ ariil'llt~J R i".~~'t~i.. (1990: 52 ; e~t .It!,;.] ~ 1969: 64; 1981a: 20; 1992: 51-52). .i:.". 0. I. 0. JJ~~:. r tl[J~lJ(;1rtl~~~rtl]~'ttit! (identity transformation) mllm~-¥ffI:t . zjJ\lWP)'::f:llii~1iR*ll]tmlJ(;1l"I¥J£J:~ (taking the home language at face value) I m!MttgtmmT J (1990: 52) ~fII!. I 0. ~~~~~(~::f:W~::f:~~l¥J~~)l¥J~N*~::f:lliim~~@~ ~. 19~. I mfI'iJ~~~l¥J~N*;;g . fEl!MtEEt!tffiijIJEel¥J~W1& ~r",~Jm:gtt!~mVi: ? lJ(;~-gmiIJ~B"JI.IEB~~f.ll¥J : ~~$I¥J~N* .~.r~~JmMffM·~~.rr~~JmM~~J. ma,. JmM~~$*J-~m®olJ(;~ffi~~. rr. mrr~~JmM~~J. I~m.lJ(;.~lJ(;~Bl¥Jm • • ~'. ~~~al¥J~mr~~JmMfI'iJ~,m@~.mft~~ffi~l¥Jr ~B.lrJ.~ft~ J. 0. ~m@~N*;;g'. r r ~~ J. t~M~ ~ J. tilJ(;®§~aB"J,ti~m~-~~~~~::f:l¥J~MA~.~a l¥J'®!M~§B"J~imEl. , :tEf§~B"J*~~f~14=r!M~WT£m.

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(40) iJ IN {M~ t;. *11.. 145. l~~.~m.m~~.&.&~~~'~~'.~moom~~* tf.~~m~$. , ffQ~Wf:*:tn-M:.ftg El c~t1~fJl~~*~ ~ tl ~ r<l, mi:!:U:±ffJ?:t£:iiWI ~ -M:.;fi] IUJ ;*~ r-! rp ~ WI~i!~ (1999: . ~48·350) , Hiitl~~E13 Q ~mpJT~±.~~-fflilmm~~~ : 1lt11" I3 c.fJ!:t£~~ a z.mmr",'mpJT¥!Jl&~t~fpj~~~-M~ij IliJJC~m m (disquotational reference) (v'F!!PtJ~IffiiU~¥l:~te~t~ffi~ 0. 0. ~). ,ffijt-t~ftg~ i§ , ~rj¥!Jl &~ij IliJJC~t~ffifDJm~~. 0. ~{j]~E~. ,. moo• • ~'.~~~~~mtemMmM~~.*mm~ • • ijl :iiWTt-tij[liJJC~mffifFTtJl'~~a}j : 0. 1t.ft. l:i e.. J)t:1f ag :f 1ii] ag ~ I ~ ag {~::flIl. (Disquotational Reference of My Present Words "D RMPW" ) : jf M':1f .ft. l:i e.. ~:1f.~agffl:1f~:fn~a.ao·na::flll.o.A • • n= r *liJ ::fu 0 P:*li . tv.4:- 0= r +s J fJ..a 0 P:+s ' tv. 4:- ...... 1t.ft. l:i e.. J)t:1f t~ ~ ag M':$i 11HaJ P VJ.. a 1t a 0 ' P {Ii ::flIl.(~m~)o.A • • p=r~TJ~aO -~~T·tv. o 4:- ...... :ftl.tll DRMPW· (i) 1tM':$i1ta 0' r ~T J -ff-.ft. agJ)t:$i.~ tf ::flIl. 0 • Ai!. 0 P: - ~~T (i)~:$i(ii):it 100 R Z. • (ii) • M' :$i 1t a 0 • ~ Ji- r ~ T J r ~ T J VJ.. a 0 0. 0. P:-~~T'~}iF ~T J=r4~JvJ..ao. ~"4~,~N""'". .A.-tOP:-~~To. *WI~ (1999: 350):. r ~D*~11"1N~. . tm:@'ffipmffiMf&:~~~-E:!. M£*~~$.~~r~~J=r~~~~r~~J*r~J ' w~1lt11"mtJ~:@.j:t!!~~ (ii) ~![o/J:@.~:@'[ffiMf&:]~~~~-@lJm. .*6* ' ~ ffij ~B([i:E:tt!t~~. 0. J. 1lt~~.WImMm.~ • • ~o~*ftgA~~~mM~~m ~~¥!Jl&Jm.,~~~~~~~lffijm-Affi~mffi~ruffi~~. ~~~·w~~~a*~u~~~~~.o~WIfiMm@l~m'.

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