计算机专业英语 - 万水书苑-出版资源网

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(1)Unit One Introduction to Computers. Section 1 Situational Dialog Computer Festival Section 2 Passages Passage A. Evolution of Computers Passage B. Computers and Our Life Section 3 Skill in Focus Reading Skills, Part 1—Characteristics of Computer English Text Section 4 Extended Reading Getting More Comfortable with Computers Part I of Commencement Speech at Stanford Given by Steve Jobs Part II of Commencement Speech at Stanford Given by Steve Jobs Tips: A Desktop, Netbook, or Laptop?. Section One: Situational Dialog Computer Festival Zhang Ning and Li Bin are student leaders from the Computer Society of Chuzhou Vocational College. They are discussing the coming College Computer Festival. Zhang Ning: The slogan for this year’s Computer Festival has been decided at the meeting. We agreed on “I’m crazy about computers”. Discussions about the planning are drawing to a close. Have you got any further suggestions? Li Bin: Well, we can do more voluntary work. I mean the computer festival is not just to promote computers and peripheral digital products of our sponsors. We can also set up an inquiry desk to promote computer knowledge and help solve problems for our schoolmates. Zhang Ning: I totally agree with you. We may even establish a voluntary team for computer service to help them in their dorms..

(2) 计算机专业英语. Li Bin: Good idea! There are still problems with the sites for our Webpage Design Contest, Computer Assembly and Maintenance Contest and Computer Quiz. We should settle these quickly so as to begin publicizing our computer festival. Zhang Ning: All right. Let’s consult Miss Yang for site arrangement after class this afternoon, and maybe show her our complete planning book. Is 4 o’clock alright for you? Li Bin: Sure! I’ll be here at 4 o’clock. See you then. Zhang Ning: See you!. 1. slogan ['sləugən] n. 标语，口号 2. crazy ['kreizi] adj. 疯狂的，荒唐的 3. draw to a close 结束（告终） 4. voluntary ['vləntəri] adj. 自愿的，志愿的 5. peripheral [pə'rifərəl] adj. 不重要的，外围的 n. 外围设备 6. assembly [ə'sembli] n. 装配，汇编 7. maintenance ['meintinəns] n. 维护，保持，维修 8. consult [kən'slt] v. 商讨，向……请教，查阅. Section Two: Passages Passage A: Evolution of Computers The term computer originally meant a person capable of performing numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical computing device. Its history may date back about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a device, usually of wood (plastic, in recent times), having a frame that holds rods with freely-sliding beads mounted on them. When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Categories of Computers Computers can be categorized according to their processing speed and power into the following types: Supercomputers: the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computers used for applications that require complex and sophisticated mathematical calculations. Minisupercomputers: supercomputers a quarter to a half as fast in vector processing as the most powerful supercomputers.. 2.

(3) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. Mainframe Computers: large, expensive, but powerful computers that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected users at the same time. Workstation Computers: computers with more computing capacity in its CPU than a typical personal computer. Typical users of workstations include architects, engineers, and graphics designers, since the processors can handle the huge amounts of data associated with graphic files.. Minicomputers: mid-sized computers, usually fitting within a single cabinet about the size of a refrigerator, having less memory than a mainframe. Micro Computers: also called personal computers, computers that can perform all of its input, process, output, and storage activities by itself.. Development of Computers Modern development in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by Charles Babbage, a mathematics professor. He began to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine called a difference engine, but in 1833 he lost interest because he thought he had a better idea -- the construction of a fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. Babbage called this idea an Analytical Engine. The ideas of this design showed a lot of foresight, although this couldn’t be appreciated until a full century later. 3.

(4) 计算机专业英语. The First Generation: The first generation of computers is generally considered to include machines built between 1946 and 1959, of which the ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the prototype. ENIAC was built by two professors at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. It included 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed more than 30 tons, occupied 15,000 square feet of floor space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power. The ENIAC could perform 5,000 additions or 500 multiplications per minute. In the early 1950s, the first mass-produced machines became available. The IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was the first commercially successful computer. The first generation of computers was characterized by the use of vacuum tubes and regenerative capacitor memories. These expensive and bulky computers used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time. They did not support multitasking. The Second Generation: The second generation computers employed a new technological innovation: the transistor. In 1956, transistors were first used in the building of computers. In the 1960s, transistor-based computers replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors had numerous advantages over vacuum tubes: they were smaller, cheaper, and gave off less heat. The second generation computers used magnetic cores as their primary memory. They used punched cards for input and assembly language. These computers gave users a significant increase in available memory (about 20x). Calculation speeds also increased. IBM dominated the market of the second generation. Two of IBM’s product lines were especially successful: the large 7000-series, and the small 1400-series. The Third Generation: On April 7, 1964 IBM released its System/360 line of computers. The System/360 release marked the beginning of the third generation of computers. The System/360 computers used integrated circuits rather than individual transistors. This increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input-output devices. Magnetic core memory was replaced with semiconductor memories. The notion of upward compatibility was introduced during the third generation. (This means that applications made for a given computer/system will work with the 4.

(5) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. next model, just like an Excel 97 spreadsheet will work with Excel 2000.) Sophisticated operating systems were introduced, giving used unprecedented control over the computer. IBM’s System/360 and System/370 dominated the third generation computer market through the 1970s. The Fourth Generation: Changes after the IBM System/360 were evolutionary, building on existing technology rather than completely replacing existing technology. Introduction of microprocessors (thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip) was the hallmark of fourth generation computers. In the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The “shrinking” trend continued with the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. One significant innovation of the fourth generation is the placement of multiple processors on a single machine. Other significant innovations include communications between terminals and computers, and communications over extended networks. The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers offering the promise that in the near future, computers or terminals will reside in most, if not all homes, offices, and schools.. 1. numerical [nju:'merikəl] adj. 数字的，用数字表示的 2. abacus ['æbəkəs] n. 算盘，圆柱顶板 3. vector ['vektə] n. 向量，矢量 4. foresight ['f:sait] n. 远见，深谋远虑 5. prototype ['prəutətaip] n. 原型，雏形 6. vacuum tube n. 真空管，电子管 7. regenerative [ri'denəreitiv] adj. 再生的，更新的，倾向于再生的 8. capacitor [kə'pæsitə] n. 电容器 9. punch [pnt] vt. 以拳重击，开洞，按（键） 10. transistor [træn'zistə] n. 晶体管 11. interface ['intəfeis] n. 界面，接口 12. magnetic [mæg'netik] adj. 有磁性的，有吸引力的 13. semiconductor [.semikən'dktə] n. 半导体 14. compatibility [kəm.pætə'biliti] n. 兼容 5.

(6) 计算机专业英语. 15. spreadsheet ['spred.i:t] n. 电子表格，数据表 16. unprecedented [n'presidəntid] adj. 空前的，前所未有的 17. microprocessor [maikrəu'prəu'prəusesə] n. 微处理器 18. hallmark ['h:lm:k] n. 标记，标志，特征 19. shrink[riŋk] vi. 收缩，退缩，萎缩. Exercises I. Choose the best answers according to the passage. 1. Introduction of ______ was the hallmark of fourth generation computers. A. IC chips B. semi-conductors C. microprocessors D. transistors 2. Charles Babbage began to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine called ______ in 1833. A. a difference engine B. the ENIAC C. an Analytical Engine D. a microprocessor 3. The second generation computers used ______ as their primary memory. A. magnetic cores B. semiconductor memories C. integrated circuits D. regenerative capacitor memories 4. The ______ generation computers used punched cards for input and assembly language. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth II. Match the items in Column A with the translated versions in Column B. A 1. Algorithmic Language 2. Basis of Software Technique 3. Communication Fundamentals 4. Computer Interface Technology 5. Computer Architecture 6.

(7) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. 6. Digital Signal Processing 7. Experiment of Microcomputer 8. Digital Image Processing 9. Microcomputer Control Technology 10. Software Engineering B ( ) a. 计算机接口技术 ( ) b. 数字信号处理 ( ) c. 软件工程 ( ) d. 计算机系统结构 ( ) e. 软件技术基础 ( ) f. 算法语言 ( ) g. 微机控制技术 ( ) h. 通信原理 ( ) i. 数字图像处理 ( ) j. 微机实验 III. Complete the paragraph with the right words or expressions given in the box. assembly computing computer. introduction. programming. development. The age of computers saw its biggest change ever in 1953 with the 1._________ of International Business Machines known today as IBM. The company has always been a key player in the development of new systems. This was the first real competition to be seen in the world of 2._________ and helped to encourage faster 3._________ of better computers. The first contribution of IBM was the IBM 701 EDPM Computer. A year after this the first high level programming language was brought to the centre stage. This was a 4._________ language that had not been written in “5._________” or binary languages and was called FORTRAN which was written to enable more people to be able to program computers. In the year 1955 Bank of America, Stanford Research Institute and General Electric joined hands to introduce the very first 6._________ for use in banks. Passage B: Computers and Our Life The Computer Era glows before us with the promise of new and improved ways of thinking, living and working. The amount of information in the world is said to be doubling every six to seven years. The only way to keep up with these increased amounts of data and information is to understand how computers work and the ability to control them for a particular purpose. The computer has literally revolutionized the way one person does his job or an organization operates their businesses. For this reason and many more, computers are considered more than just an essential piece of fancy equipment. Whether or not people know anything about it, they invoke 7.

(8) 计算机专业英语. computers in almost every aspect of their lives. Today, millions of people are purchasing fully functional personal computers for individual reasons, to keep track of bank accounts, communicate with friends and associates, access knowledge, purchase goods and many other countless tasks. Computers are very productive, efficient and make our personal and professional lives more rewarding. These “magical” machines can do just about anything imaginable, moreover they really excel in certain areas. Below are some of the principal applications of the computer systems: 1. Businesses. Businessmen make bar graphs and pie charts from tedious figures to convey information with far more impact than numbers alone can convey. Furthermore, computers help businesses to predict their future sales, profits, costs etc. making companies more accurate in their accounts. Computers may also play a vital role in aiding thousands of organizations to make judgmental and hard-provoking decisions concerning financial problems and prospective trends. 2. Buildings. Architects use computer animated graphics to experiment with possible exteriors and to give clients a visual walk-through of their proposed buildings. The computers provide architects a numerous number of facilities to create different buildings with greater accuracy, better designing and editing tools, and work done at the fastest speed possible. Finally, a new kind of artist has emerged, one who uses computers to express his or her creativity. 3. Education. Most good schools in the world have computers available for use in the classroom. It has been proved that learning with computers is more successful, for this enhances the knowledge of the student at a much faster pace than the old traditional methods. Likewise, colleges and various universities have extended the use of computers as many educators prefer the “learning by doing” method - an approach uniquely suited to the computer. 4. Retailing. Products from meats to magazines are packed with zebra-striped bar codes that can be read by the computer scanners at supermarket checkout stands to determine prices and help manage inventory. Thus, a detailed receipt of the groceries can be made, which is useful for both the customer and the retail store, especially for the stock control system. This is referred to as POS (Point of Sale) transaction where a precise account of all the stocks available is recorded and manipulated. 5. Law Enforcement. Recent innovations in computerized law enforcement include national fingerprint files, a national file on the mode of operation of serial killers, and computer modeling of DNA, which can be used to match traces from an alleged criminal’s body, such as blood at a crime scene. In addition, computers also contain a complete database of all the names, pictures and information of such people who choose to break the law. 6. Transportation. Computers are used in cars to monitor fluid levels, temperatures and electrical systems. Computers are also used to help run rapid transit systems, load containerships and track railroads cars across the country. An important part is the air control traffic systems, where computers are used to control the flow of traffic between airplanes which needs a lot of precision and accuracy to be dealt with. 7. Money. Computers speed up record keeping and allow banks to offer same-day services and even do-it-yourself banking over the phone and internet. Computers have helped fuel the cashless economy, enabling the widespread use of credit cards, debit cards and instantaneous credit checks by 8.

(9) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. banks and retailers. There is also a level of greater security when computers are involved in money transactions as there is a better chance of detecting forged cheques and using credit/debit cards illegally etc. 8. Health and Medicine. Computers are helping immensely to monitor the extremely ill in the intensive care unit and provide cross-sectional views of the body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to watch the patient twenty-four hours a day, which is greatly tiring and error prone. Doctors use computers to assist them in diagnosing certain diseases of the sort. This type of computer is called the Expert System, which is basically a collection of accumulated expertise in a specific area of field. Computers are now able to map, in exquisite detail, the structure of the human cold virus the first step towards the common cold. Furthermore, computers are used greatly in managing patients, doctors, wards and medicine records, as well as deal with making appointments, scheduling surgeries and other likes. 9. Scientific Research. This is very important for mankind and with the development of computers; scientific research has propelled towards the better a great deal. Because of high-speed characteristics of computer systems, researchers can simulate environments, emulate physical characteristics and allow scientists proof of their theories in a cost-effective manner. Also many test lab animals are spared since computers have taken over their roles in extensive research. 10. Communication with the World. The computers are most popular for their uses to connect with others on the World Wide Web. Therefore, communication between two or more parties is possible which is relatively cheap considering the old fashioned methods. Emailing, teleconferencing and the use of voice messages are very fast, effective and surprisingly cheaper as well. When connected to the Internet, people can gain various amounts of knowledge, and know about world events as they occur. Purchasing on the Internet is also becoming very popular, and has numerous advantages over the traditional shopping methods. There are so many applications of computers that it is impractical to mention all of them. Computers are all around us and we interact with them in our daily lives. This is the Computer Age and these machines are sure to affect our lives in more and more ways.. 1. literally ['litərəli] adv. 逐字地，不夸张地 2. bar graph 条形图 3. pie chart 饼形图，圆形分格统计图表 4. tedious ['ti:diəs] adj. 沉闷的，单调乏味的 5. retail ['ri:teil] vt. 零售 6. bar code 条形码 7. POS 出售点（=Point Of Sale） 9.

(10) 计算机专业英语. 8 alleged [ə'lədd] adj. 被说成的，声称的，有嫌疑的 9. transit ['trænsit] n. 经过，运输 10. instantaneous [instən'teiniəs] adj. 瞬间的，即刻的 11. accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit] vt. vi. 积聚，累加，堆积 12. surgery ['sə:dəri] n. 外科，外科手术，诊所 13. emulate ['emjuleit] vt. 效法，仿真 14. extensive [iks'tensiv] adj. 广泛的，广阔的，广大的 15. cost-effective adj. 有成本效益的，划算的 16. teleconference ['telə.knfərəns] n.（通过电话、电视等的）电讯会议. Exercises I. Tell whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. ( ) The amount of information in the world is doubling each year. 2. ( ) Computers are considered just a piece of fancy equipment. 3. ( ) Computers can help businesses to predict their future sales, profits, and costs. 4. ( ) It has been proved that learning with computers is more successful. 5. ( ) Expert System can be used to match traces from an alleged criminal’s body. 6. ( ) The traditional shopping method has numerous advantages over purchasing over purchasing on the Internet. II. Fill in the blanks with the information from the passage. 1. Businessmen make ____________ from tedious figures to convey information with far more impact than numbers alone can convey. 2. The computers help architects create different buildings with greater ____________, better ____________, and work done at ____________. 3. Products are packed with bar codes that can be read by ____________ at supermarket checkout stands to determine prices and help manage inventory. 4. The computer doctors use to assist them in diagnosing certain diseases is called ____________. 5. Because of high-speed characteristics of computer systems, researchers can ____________ and allow scientists to proof of their theories in a cost-effective manner. 6. The computes are most popular for their uses to connect with others on ____________. 7. ____________ is also becoming very popular, and has numerous advantages over the traditional shopping methods. 8. Computers are used to control the flow of traffic between airplanes which needs a lot of ____________ to be dealt with.. 10.

(11) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. Section Three: Skill in Focus Computer English Reading, Part 1 计算机英语的文体特点从类别来看，计算机英语属于科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称 EST），是不同于日常英语和文学英语的专用文体，科技文章是反映客观事物的，不掺杂作者个人的主观意识，对客观事物的陈述必须客观、准确，具有客观性、准确性和严格性的特点。科技文体又可分为专用科技文体和普通科技文体，二者又体现出不同的特点。一、专用科技文体专用科技文体是交流科技的发现与发明、理论与概念、问题与进展、职责与规范等信息时采用的文体，包括技术性法律条文、基础科学理论、原理，涉及科学试验及科学技术研究等领域，一般特点是表述客观、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词正式、句式严谨。专用科技文体的客观性体现在以下方面： 1．语义结构显性化专用科技文体由于正式程度高、逻辑严密、层次分明、条理清晰，在语义结构上排除歧义，语义关系表现在字面上。在词汇衔接上，专用科技文体以同词重述为多，也用上义词替代，例如： Database connection pooling allows an application to reuse an existing connection from a pool instead of repeatedly establishing a new connection with the database. This technique can significantly increase the scalability of an application, because a limited number of database connections can serve a much larger number of clients. This technique also improves performance, because the significant time required to establish a new connection can be avoided. 在照应方面，人称照应和指示照应均少使用。用得较多的是比较照应，比较照应是两个事物在比较中互相照应，使语句上下衔接。比较是人们在认识客观事物过程中所采取的基本方法之一。事物是在空间和时间表中运动的，事物有它的过去、现在和未来，也必须在和其他事物的相互联系中获得自己的规定性。常用的连接词语如 same，similar，equal，such，identically， likewise，different，other，else，differently，otherwise，in contrast，此外，常用副词、形容词作比较。大逻辑连接词方面，由于专用科技文章逻辑性强、论证严密，需要经常表达逻辑思维的各种模式，例如时间与空间、列举与例证、原因与结果、强调与增补、比较与限定、推论与总结等，因此各种逻辑连接词大量使用，其词频之高，是因为表达式复杂思想和铺陈文章逻辑新闻系的必须结果。 2．非人称化专用科技文体陈述客观规律和原理、反映客观现象和变化、描述客观过程和事实，突出 “客观”两字，力戒主观意念和个人好恶。代词少用，即使使用，跟其他文体也有所区别。如 it 在句法上以作形式主语为多（偶作形式宾语），偶见人称代词 we 的出现。但是近几十年来，也有人主张在学术论文或报告中适当使用人称代词，以加强学术交流中的亲和力，如：Here we 11.

(12) 计算机专业英语. would like to direct our attention to what we believe are the major advantages of this type of tool, and to indicate which features have been most successful, and which we think are worth incorporating in other similar systems. 一般地说，为了表述客观，专用科技英语多用被动语态。但是在某些方面使用主动语态表达更清晰、明确、亲切。如国际标准化组织 1982 年颁布的 ISO 5966-1982（e）Documentation Presentation of Scientific and Technical Reports，6.3“Abstract”一节中明确规定： Normally employ complete sentences, active verbs, and the third person. 例如“This study investigates …”，“This paper discusses …”之类的句型已成俗套。 3．名词化早在 1924 年，传统语法学家叶斯泊森（O. Jespersen）在其所著的《语法哲学》（The Philosophy of Grammar）一书中专门研究了名词化现象，特别是“行为抽象名词”。他指出： “这种不带人称、时间、语气特征的抽象而令人费解的文体主要用于学术研究。它有利于表达深刻的哲理，却不适用于人们的日常生活。”他还说，这种名词“是表达科学思想的一种工具”。名词化指词性作用的名词性转化，如起名词作用的非谓语动词和与动词同根或同形的名词，也包括一些形容词来源的名词。这些词可起名词的作用，也可表达谓语动词或形容词所表达的内容，常伴有修饰成分或附加成分，构成短语。这种短语称为名词化结构。名词化结构的组合方式多，意义容量大，适宜于表达精细复杂的思想，使文章具有庄重感和严肃感。名词化的词主要是指表示动作或状态的抽象名词，或起名词作用的非谓语动词，它们一般由动词派生，但也包括由形容词加后缀 -ability ， -ity ， -ness 等构成的名词，例如 possible-possibility，available-availability，clean-cleanness 等，例如： The methods adopted in the STAB utility to achieve comprehensive and concise output are described. 本文叙述了在 STAB 用法中所采用的几种方法。用词正式体现在专业术语、大词、专用缩略语等方面。如： XDM is the foundation of XPath 2.0 and defines the Data Model for XPath 2.0 (and consequently XQuery 1.0 and XSLT 2.0, which are both based on XPath 2.0). XDM is built on top of the XML Info set (the abstraction of an XML document), PSVI (type annotations in the XML Info set as the result of XML Schema validation), the simple data types of XML Schema, and additional concepts. The most important additional concept is that of a “sequence”, which embraces both simple data types and the XML-derived nodes. XDM 是 XPath 2.0 的基础，它定义了 XPath 2.0 的数据模型（因此 XQuery 1.0、XSLT 2.0 也就基于 XPath 2.0）。XDM 建立在 XML 信息集（从 XML 文档中抽取）和 PSVI（作为确认 XML Schema 结果的 XML 信息集合的注释类型）的顶端、属于简单的 XML Schema 的数据类型，是一个附加的概念。其中，它最重要的附加概念就是“顺序” ，即包括简单数据类型和 XML 的源节点。结构严密主要体现在专用科技英语的词法特点和句法特点上。总地来说，专用科技英语在词法和句法上有以下特点：词法方面：谓语动词常用一般现在时态，表示真理的普遍陈述，在时态上属于“零时态” ，常用被动语态，普遍使用名词词组和名词化结构，宁用单个动词而不用短语动词。句法方面：“无灵主语+及物动词+宾语（+宾语补足语）”的句型比较常见，常用 it 作形式主语或宾语，宁用紧缩性状语从句而不用完整句，割裂修饰比较普遍（包括短语或从句被割裂）， 12.

(13) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. 句中并列成分较多；句子长而复杂，句套句的情况较多。如： The Java runtime system is designed to enforce a security policy that prevents execution of malicious code. It does this by remembering how objects are stored in memory and enforcing correct and secure access to those objects according to its security rules. It performs bytecode verification by passing compiled classes through a simple theorem prover that either proves that the code is secure or prevents the code from being loaded and executed. The class is Java’s basic execution unit and security is implemented at the class level. 4．程式化程式化是指同类语篇大致相同的体例和表达方式。科技论文的结构一般包括 Title（标题）、 Abstract（摘要）、Introduction（引言）、Materials and methods（材料与方法）、Equipment and test/experiment procedure（设备与试验/实验过程）、Result（结果）、Discussion（讨论）、Summary （结论概要）、Acknowledgements（致谢）和 References（参考文献）等几部分，条理清楚、文字规范、格式规范、逻辑性强，如下面这篇论文： Stabdump─A Dump Interpreter Program to Assist Debugging D. R. Nc GREGOR and J. R. MALONE Department of Computer Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland 本部分为论文的标题，其特点是语言简练、主题明确，在结构上以名词短语居多。 Abstract Program development can be greatly speeded by a dump analysis program which makes the state of a program more visible to the programmer. A single comprehensive analysis presenting as much of the relevant material in as concise a manner as possible has proved superior in use to the alternative of interactive analysis one item-at-a-time. The methods adopted in the STAB utility to achieve comprehensive and concise output are described. The system and compiler modification necessary to support this type of system are discussed. Key words: program, development, differential, dump, debugging aids 以上为该论文的摘要与关键字，是论文内容的概括和总结，文字精练、陈述客观、提纲挈领、重点突出。 Introduction This paper describes a programming tool which we have been using for nearly two years. It is very effective, both for finding “bugs” and also for checking that a program is in fact operating correctly. The tool works in conjunction with our STAB-1 program development system (STAB-1 is a software writing language derived originally from BCPL). A similar tool could be constructed for use with virtually any language or program development system. Here we would like to direct attention to what we believe are the major advantages of this type of tool, and to indicate which features have been most successful, and which we think are worth incorporating in other similar systems. 13.

(14) 计算机专业英语. 这里是引言部分，是论文的开头部分，介绍论文所涉及课题的研究目的、背景、情况、范围和重要性，以及研究结果和方法，以便让读者了解全文，是全文的主题与总纲。 Stabdump Program The STABDUMP dump analysis program picks up the program’s symbol table information (preserved for it by the compiler), the store image, and returns dump values for all variables including the contents of data-structures such as arrays and records. The STAB language has global variables as well as own (static) and local (stack-based) variables and the STABDUMP program has corresponding sections each of which carries out one stage of the analysis of the dump file. The first is the stack interpreter which “unwinds” the stack printing out the current routine calling sequence, and the contents of all local variables and calling parameter values. The second deals with the STAB language global and own variables. For each global variable the program prints the name, address and the contents (for a simple variable in decimal and octal, for an array in decimal and characters). This degree of display is unusually large compared to other systems. We should like to stress however that it is very valuable to have all the information presented in this variety of ways. Many problems can be solved after only a cursory inspection of the dump report and the programmer does not require to convert information from one from to another. In order to present a concise and comprehensible report at this level of details however, we have to take steps to reduce the amount of irrelevant information being output. … 以上选取了正文的一段。正文是论文的主体，一般包括实验部分、结果、结果讨论。结构严谨完整，语言准确科学，完全是客观的事实描述，不带任何感情色彩。 Conclusion To summarize our experiment: 1．Systems should be arranged so that it is not possible for a program to terminate incorrectly without producing a store image dump in a backing-store file. The more automatic this is, the better. The overhead is low and well worth incurring provided the necessary dump analysis aids are available. 2．A comprehensive postmortem analysis is more convenient and more effective than an interactive item-at-a-time one. 3．The printout should indicate the contents of all variables – not merely simple (scalar) variables. 这里是论文的结论，是对科技论文全文的总结，目的在于总结和突出研究的成果，语言简明扼要。最后来看致谢部分： Acknowledgement Many people have contributed to the development of the STSB-1 system over the last seven years. We should like to thank our colleagues in the Department of Computer Science for their advice and helpful discussions. 当然，科技论文还需列出参考书籍和论文的目录，注明作者、专著/论文名称、出版地点、 14.

(15) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. 出版时间等，此处不再举例。再如，专利文献也是一种重要的科技信息资料，其词汇具有浓厚的法律色彩，句子长，结构复杂，含有很多的非谓语动词。一份完整的专利文献一般由专利文摘（abstract of disclosure）、发明背景（background of invention）、发明摘要（summary of the invention）、附图简述（brief description of the drawing）、发明详述（detailed description of the invention）、专利权利要求范围（claims）、引用文献（references cited）等。了解了科技文献的一般程式，对于阅读和理解科技文献具有十分明显的促进作用。二、普通科技文体普通科技文体主要包括两方面：科普文章及技术文本，其目的是为传播科技知识、描写生产过程、说明产品的使用方法等，如通信类的电子邮件、备忘录、公司与客户间的商务信件，经营管理文件和推销促销材料，产品操作指南和使用说明书，对实施新项目或改变生产过程的建议书和请示报告、项目可行性研究报告书、实验报告和项目进度报告等，往往使用自然语言，偶用人工符号，用词生动，句法简易，文风活泼，多用修辞格。无论是科普文章或是技术文本都有较强的劝导性，即劝导读者干什么、怎么干；劝导读者相信什么或不信什么。所以，普通科技文体常以简明的语言、生动的方式把信息传递给读者。与专用科技文体不同，普通科技文体的主要特点是用词平易、句式简单、多用修辞格。用词平易体现在普通科技文体往往常用词代替专业术语，用动词代替抽象名词和多用代词等方面，如： Quite soon, in only 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble a machine as complex as the human brain, and if we can we will. （句中用“machine”这样通俗的词语来表达“计算机” 的概念。）很快，也许仅需 10 至 20 年的时间，我们就有能力装配一台和人脑同样复杂的计算机，只要能力允许我们一定办到。 The property was acquired through long and hard negotiations. （句中用动词“acquire”而不是抽象名词从而简化了书面语体“the acquisition of the property was completed”，使行文更简洁易懂。） When you choose the Shut Down command from the Start Menu, you see a dialog box that asks, “Hey, what do you mean, ‘shutdown’”?（使用人称代词可拉近作者与读者的距离，有亲切感。）句式简单是指普通科技文体多使用短句，避免使用形式主语“it”和引导词“there”，多用主动语态，如： A few contributions have appeared on this subject at home and abroad. 这一课题已有一些论文在国内外发表了。 Since the computer came into being science and technology have made great advances. 自计算机问世以来，科学技术已取得巨大进展。 In order to complete this chapter and our overview of the Internet, we need to spend a few moments talking about TCP/IP. As you know, the Internet is built on a collection of networks that cover the world. These networks contain many different types of computers, and somehow, something must hold the whole thing together. That something is TCP/IP. 为了结束本章，完成对互联网的概述，我们需要花点时间谈论一下 TCP/IP 协议。众所周知，互联网建立在连接世界的网络集合之上，这些网络包含了很多不同类型的计算机，必须有 15.

(16) 计算机专业英语. 某种东西通过某种方式把它们联系起来，它就是 TCP/IP。不同于专用科技文体，大多数修辞格在科普文体中都有应用。 1．明喻英语明喻是通过 like、as 等比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特点的事物联系起来，以说明事理，如： Using this instrument is like trying to pick up one grain of rice with chopsticks: possible, but difficult for the uninitiated. 使用这一仪器就像要用筷子夹一粒米那样：能用，但对外行来说是困难的。 2．暗喻不用比喻词，使人直接产生联想，形象而深刻地明晓事理，这一点主要体现在计算机词汇上，如 windows（窗口）、menu（菜单）、network（网络）、traffic（通信）、explorer（浏览器）、Trojan Horse（木马）、virus（病毒）、download（下载）、upload（上传）、mask（屏蔽）等。 3．拟人现代高技术中机器人、计算机的目标就是模拟人的行为功能，使之高度智能化。许多术语由拟人而来，如计算机中的 instructions（指令）等。再如下面两句： It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally. 这就很像和一丝不苟的机器人讲话，它只有很少词汇量，而且你怎么说它就怎么做。 Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. 一旦超过我们，它们（指智能计算机）就能够进行自我设计。 4．借代借代是不直接说出所要表达的人或事物，而是借用与它有密切相关的人或事物来代替，可以用特征代事物、具体代抽象、部分代全体、整体代部分。突出事物的本质特征，增强语言的形象性，引人联想，使表达做到形象突出、特点鲜明、具体生动的效果，如： In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon’s long control. 它们将能在真正意义上进行自我复制，计算机将终结的长久统治。（句中用芯片材料硅代计算机，以构成机体的主要元素指代人，语言幽默生动。）除上述修辞格外，排比、对照、反复、省略等在科普文体中也属常用，科技语言的修辞目的是根据题旨情景需要，利用多种手段来加强劝导力度，提高表达效果。. Section Four: Extended Reading Getting More Comfortable with Computers When I stepped onto campus my freshman year of college with my one semester of C programming beneath my belt, I had no clue that I would be appointed my floor’s computer genius. 16.

(17) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. Maybe it was my willingness to help my floor mates hook up their computers, but suddenly everyone on my floor was turning to me for their computer problems. Rarely a day passed by without someone asking me to install some new piece of software, to get their printer up and running again, or teach them how to use some new program. At first, I didn’t have a clue why they would turn to me. It wasn’t like I was a true computer guru who programmed for fun and could read binary. I was just your average computer user who sometimes knew the right combination of buttons to help retrieve a “lost” paper. Then, one day after helping a friend squeeze far more programs than we probably should have onto her computer, the answer hit me: I understand the three fundamental rules for dealing with computers. Understand these rules and you too can have dozens of people convinced that you are THE source of computer knowledge. Rule 1. Save It! When computers, or computer programs decide to shut down or otherwise fail you, it is almost always when you’re on page 29 of your 30-page research paper. If you’ve been saving all along, you’ve lost half a page, maybe a page, both of which are a lot easier to recreate from memory than the 29 pages you would have lost if you hadn't been saving at all. Yes, some programs have an auto-save feature, and some programs can even recover material you never saved. But often, these features fail. Saving often will save you a lot of headache. The general rule is to hit save every half-page or so. Never have the only copy of your work saved on a single floppy disk. Floppy disks are sensitive to everything from magnets. They can and do fail. Save copies of your work on two separate floppies. Rule 2. Help!! Almost every computer program has a help button designed to provide information about how to use the program. Many also come with a tutorial step-by-step guide that walks you through the basic use of the programs. Hardly anyone uses them. Using the help feature is not like asking for your directions. There’s no stigma attached to using it, and no one but you and the computer even have to know that you used it. So use it, and embrace it, you’ll be better off for it. Granted, sometimes the help feature won’t be able to answer your question, but that’s when you turn to other sources of help, e.g. online tutorials, tech support lines, or that tech kid down the hall who hasn’t left his room in a week. Rule 3. Practice. If the only time you approach a computer is to type up a paper or check your e-mail, you won’t ever get comfortable with them. To get comfortable use them a lot. Play with programs you’ve never tried before, learn a programming language, build your own web page. You’ll find out that computers almost follow a pattern. As colleges and businesses in general becomes more and more computer based, it’s becoming mandatory to have a great working knowledge of computers. And while there are software packages (like Microsoft Office) that everyone should know how to use, being comfortable using computers isn't about memorizing how to use every computer program out there. Anyone can teach you to use a program, but unless you get the gist of what you’re doing when 17.

(18) 计算机专业英语. the technology changes, you’ll be left computer illiterate. Learn the fundamental rules, and use them, and you won’t be left in the technological dust.. 1. beneath one’s belt 被自己获得（掌握，记住） 2. hook up 安装 3. guru ['guru:] n.专家，权威 4. binary ['bainəri] n. [数]二进制 5. retrieve [ri'tri:v] vt. 使恢复，使再生 6. squeeze [skwi:z] vt. 硬塞 7. shut down 关闭，停工 8. recreate ['rekrieit] vt. 恢复 9. feature ['fi:tə] n. 特点，特色 10. floppy disk [计] 柔性塑料磁盘，软磁盘 11. magnet ['mægnit] n. 磁体，磁铁 12. tutorial [tju:'t:riəl] adj. 辅导的，指导的 13. stigma ['stigmə] n. 耻辱，污名 14. embrace [im'breis] vt.（欣然）接受，利用，采取 15. mandatory ['mændətəri] adj. 强制的，必须履行的 16. gist [dist] n.要点，实质 17. illiterate [i'litərit] n. 文盲 18. in the dust 受辱的. Part I of Commencement Speech at Stanford Given by Steve Jobs I am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. And this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college. 18.

(19) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college. This was the start in my life. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting. It wasn’t all romantic. I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5-cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating. None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. Because believing in the dots will connect 19.

(20) 计算机专业英语. down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart even when they leave you off the well-worn path. And it has made all the difference in my life.. 1. commencement [kə'mensmənt] n. 开始，毕业典礼 2. drop out of 退出，退去，退学 3. drop-in n. 偶然到访者，旁听生 4. unwed [n'wed] adj. 未婚的 5. dorm [d:m] n.（集体）宿舍 6. stumble into 同……相碰，无意中卷入，偶尔走入 7. intuition [intju:'iən] n. 直觉，直觉的知识 8. calligraphy [kə'ligrəfi] n. 书法 9. serif ['serif] n. [印刷]衬线字体 10. san serif [sæn'serif] n. [印]无衬线字体 11. typeface ['taipfeis] n. 字型，铅字样 12. typography [tai'pgrəfi] n.（活版）印刷术 13. proportionally [prəu'p:ənəli] adv. 按比例地，配合地，相应地 14. font [fnt] n. 字体 15. gut [gt] n. 肠子，内脏，胆量，勇气 16. karma ['k:mə] n.（佛教或印度教中）业，因果报应，缘分，命运 17. well-worn adj. 用旧了的，陈腐的，平凡的. Part II of Commencement Speech at Stanford Given by Steve Jobs My second story is about love and loss. I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Steve Wozniak and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didn’t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of 20.

(21) Unit One. Introduction to Computers. entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith. I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking. Don’t settle.. 1. diverge [dai'və:d] v. 分歧 2. falling out 冲突，争吵 3. side with 站在……一边，支持 4. devastating ['devəsteitiŋ] adj. 毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 5. entrepreneur [ntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家，主办者，承包商 6. baton [bæ'tən] n. 指挥棒，接力棒，警棍，权杖，短棍 7. screw up 拧紧，强迫，加强，弄糟，搞砸 8. dawn on 开始理解（渐渐明白） 9. start over 重新开始 10. renaissance [rə'neisəns] n. 文艺复兴，再生. 21.

(22) 计算机专业英语. Tips for common PC problems * A Desktop, Netbook, or Laptop? With computers and the internet playing a significant role in education, you may be thinking about buying a computer while heading to school, college or university. Here are some suggestions to find great deals. The first choice seems simple: desktop or laptop? If there is no requirement for the computer to be portable, a desktop will usually be better value, giving more processing power and higher hard disk capacity, usually for less money than the cheapest laptops. That has begun to change recently with a new range of ‘netbook’ computers which are smaller and often cheaper than standard laptops. They are designed for portability, generally suitable only for quite basic computing tasks, and are light too, rarely exceeding 1.5kg. Yet the small size of the netbook screen can make browsing some websites and documents tricky and the keyboard is too small. And they use processors that draw less power so battery life tends to be impressive, but the majority of study will be done at a desk close to the mains. Furthermore, most netbooks also lack a disc drive, which means you will need a USB disc drive to install software. Laptops tend to be better value than netbooks. Spend up to about £500 on a laptop today and you are likely to find a relatively low-powered processor such as one from Intel’s cheaper Celeron range, although some cheap laptops do include dual-core chips. Either is fine for everyday tasks, but generally you can forget most games. Netbooks use very low-powered chips such as the Atom. For OS we would recommend Windows 7, XP or Vista for education purposes because getting drivers for printers and other peripherals is easier. It’s also worth noting that while Vista can scrape by on 1GB of memory, 2GB will make a difference to performance. Other vital features include built-in wireless networking and at least two USB sockets. A CD or DVD writer is preferable for accessing education material and provides an easy way to back up your work.. 22.

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