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語言、思想與戴維森的三角測量隱喻

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(1){~jLi!i~t;;k~-tg-"'*~a> "'''K~A+1L~it~. ~:1\jtjJ. ~. 67-110. ~:lt.. m-a "J[\mJ!_tlil~~jfjtllt~PiJ' ;f*tt­ .~. •• ~ •• ~~~a~?.9.*.a' •• ~ •• ~.~~~ •• ~M~~ ~~~: ••9.*.a' •• R~~ ••• '~~.~ •• '~.~~ •• ~~~ ~ ~ ~ (Thought and Talk) -:5c 0/ ' .Uft ~ JllJ!tft-1m:t 1fA.:ti1116 ~ 31 it : ,!,~, ~.~~.a •• o~~~_a,._~itft'R.ft~.~k ••• 'd'R.~ A~~ •• ft~~~.~, •• *•• ~o.1m3l •• ~1~'~~J.~.~k' .1m~~ ••- •• a.Ks.1~~"# •• «"~.*'~~'~A ••• ~~ ~ •• ~A~~~.,~a~*.~A.fi •• ~.~A,.m~*~A.~~ •. m.. 0. • o~~,~~ • • ~._~~~.ft.1m~it_-1~k.~.o*:5c~§~k.. •••• ,*g«ili._~itfto/m.a~.~~ ~~~.'~A~~.itft~ •• ~o~*:5co/,ft.~M ••• ~~.~~m.:5c .. -- (Thought and Talk) ~ (Rational Animals) -- 0/ P)f!tili ~.ft : *MI1f~~.~ kA ••• ~~~.#'~~ •• fi •• ~.,ft~~~*MI1f~~.~o~~ •• • m~~~.ftRk~.~~'*:5c~~~.~I~~t~.~~M~~.ft~ •• ~* •• ~~.ft*~o*:5c~ ••• mk.M•• ~~.*~~.~~~I.~. *~~ ••••• ~.~~o~~I.~.~_~.£~~~ •• ~.M.ft~~~ ~A'.~~~·~~~'~~I.~.m!t~~.~0k_ ••• ~~o~~I • •• ~31 •••••• ~k •• t~~,~at~~k •• ~ •••••• ~.~~ ~~~.ft, t-&k~.,!,~,~ •• ~~#'Ii(f1.1i)' ~a~~~.(~ ftl~t:~ ~.~~~._~~.1m~M~~. .'~A~t:~.'.~~~.)~_K.~~,~~~itfto. §.. •• ~·§.~ ~.tIt.ff-~.$ .. A_~:~$~.$·.m~.$·~s tIt.ff-~.$ · '. • *":st ~. 1!9. BP ~ 1]-.t..~.. * to :st. ~ i~. ••. m~.$·s.. El .. '*.t..1t ± 1ie:st THE FIRST PERSON AND PRIVATE. LANGUAGE: A CRITIQUE OF QUINE AND DAVIDSON'S THEORIZATION APPROACH TO M~NmG¥;~~-~~-~~~I~$~~~~§K#L.~'ed~~b~a~~*~'. #rJt£*.!It­.

(2) ~. (~~.kA*.*. •• ).**. Language, Thought and Davidson's Triangulation Metaphor Chung-I Lin Abstract Donald Davidson advocates the view that the constitutional involvement of language in thought is universal -- there cannot be any thought without language. More specifically, he argues that a creature cannot have thought, unless it is a member of a linguistic community, and an interpreter of the speech of others. The thesis invites many critics, mainly because it entails some seemingly counter-intuitive and counter-scientific consequences, like the idea that non-language-using creatures, such as animals and infants, and socially isolated people are not able to entertain any thought. In this paper, I however do not 'intent to join those critics, nor attempt a defense for Davidson from them. It is because that it has never been entirely clear in the first place how Davidson's argument works. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive picture and examination of Davidson's argument for the thesis that only a language interpreter can be a thinker. To achieve my goal, I first analyze in detail the relevant ideas and argument in his early works "Thought and Talk" and "Rational Animals". In the two papers, Davidson argues that a creature cannot have a thought if it does not have the concept of belief, which no one can have unless he is a member of a speech community. Even though it is decided that the argument founded in the early two works is at best only suggestive, a full understanding of it nonetheless leads to a better understanding of Davidson's most mature argument for the dependence of thought on language, which is suggested in his triangulation metaphor. The triangulation metaphor manifests in a holistic way the internal connections among the concepts involved in Davidson's early argument, and so bridges some of the gaps appeared among them. The study of Davidson's triangulation metaphor by itself is interesting, for the metaphor offers ground not only for the accepting of the thesis at stake but also for Davidson's ideas that language and thought are public, and our knowledge of self, other minds, and the external world are interdependent.. Keywords: the concept of belief, the concept of truth, the concept of objective truth, the concept of intersubjective truth, the concept objective. world,. the. concept. of. intersubjective. subjective/objective contrast, triangulation metaphor.. world,. o~. the.

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(10) ~. ( @~.~~ • • • • • )'~M. r~{='&-~_ A-. 1~'F3 EL~, Z11=A. ;~\. 0. {B a~ _r'lh~ ~ *~~ & ~-+l'-~~~~~~{=A--' _ ~ r'lh1 4 - fEJ..B.1~J:l~ft7(dA~1.:>( 'F.) t=l PJl':f)(J-1I J1J...,( ~ 'F3 I'9FJ ,~, Z1l=A;i3\Q~/ ~t. 0. ~ ,-+l'-Jl3E1 -illl lr.D~*{~.&- r'Ih £Jl1.'I'lt-mr---b.L>.l:c.lr.D~*{-= .&--':d:BU:A-r'lh!l::tr'1A~ -:f)(J1l Jrm~-" l§ aJcl, J=J~ - JuX J: -~---1 f1~}\ @ a;l~hK.-1}:A J~dJ~1'I II..:t.. 0. ~ffij. , f;£.-tilltJ5JTiJ I~Utt1~\j~gZP§f1ijI¥J'§~~r:p , iJt1r~-a-J~) ~ - &~m ' lUff~~ ~~~~~~~~I¥Jf!~ffiMi1I¥J~ • • ~oH~~~~.~'~.~~ • • 7~~I¥J - ~I¥J/f~~~l¥Jtt.,~ft~~m~~~~I¥J~~.I¥J~~~~. liT. 0. ffijfj£lUff~t)~m:tj:,:a~. rA. ~~¥U(aware) P J. fD r A. ~~¥U A ~~¥U P J. 1¥J~:5t*~g}]~JlBjj{-tQ El ci1~~(~ J~, ~~HD~~(~JtSt~~) ~*~~~I¥J~:5t. ' tX& fj£{t.!!.ffi1&~) r ~~&j~~I¥J J~'~~J (having reflective thoughts)fD r EliJt~~J (self­ conscious)~gqj310f~ ~ffi!.~{§~;f!lf~I¥JA ' 7iJt1r~~t)I\!~¥UlUff~~~f~*i~ ;£-(D ~ . R osenthaI). F1r::.+;J l"£ nh:n-IT~""'-".'-·¢~EH=h·. JR:T83*B--'7F1r::.f ' f a= ~r'lh83*§. -n., a. r)I...:cJ.IX:U~7JP'T5£ /~,a~J.::E.fitfH · --- ·Il9JJD'J D--K-rJJY.A)::E,li!,Iif3XO'j'Ci\/ D \ ' / JJ.E. lZ9~'2~- OO~Il"'~~, ~~(higher-order ~a btru d ~=~'I'lt-83~. thought)I¥J!lJ.. - 1~~~4t~ = ~I'lt-83~. t:. 1:§g::AE!li ;f.J-::tt-}CS.. cf.JX -=t:JI.J' /~ ,. r:tJ~~!E ;E'J}~" il~ -=t.JLJ, /D,. 8~DIJ;t. 0. 0. '. t\t*ff~B~f.ffi§f1ij~/f. ~a ~~. ~~*~ ~ r'Ih. J..e.7E~M ' ~iJil-t;f(*[jfmiifl.l=I ~. , (l)~~JFf1if~ffi- ~~~~~ , ~~Ij/ffi~Hfj{§ ~ ; (2)~~JF~ - @JgB § I¥Jfifffl ~ , ~~Ij::ffi~fn~{§~~f~~~ ffij~~JFrn~t)f§~ ~ tJ.B~~~~ , f~tJ~Ui~ ~ 8~f!~ , iJt1r~::ffi~fn1'r~~'Ij:{§~ ~§ ~ , iJt1r~~~)I\!~¥U ' ftJtUff~ffij. ~. 0. 0. = a. ~h~=n=. ' L3(.' f=j. il t:l. a '. -+l'-Jl3E1o'i+"T S ~iff~l+I-~d~.xr."t¢I'lt-nh83*§ j'"~ II JiJYL -' I"7'!: ' F3 J ~, ilijX/I.:t:. ~-:fr- }crta~ 1 ::t:.1:r~J J!.J' JD \. 0. ~*iJtl¥Jl\!~~K&I¥J,~~.a~I¥J.m~- oo~~W~/f~I¥J~~: _~*~~~~ ~a ~~~~ .&- r'lh , N~I~{4. ~iI'lf:**I7G:lllO'[:o1jjj:1 a. ~fl~Htf:. 0. &\~{'*{tf:. *~~ ffi= ad~ ~ ~ 'I'It-~'&-r'lh, N. 7E,~, ii~I.:t:.H:i ID,p~X,\:>CII,* ,. , :JI'.iJEJ.v<.,JJj:1 i57E?'r}0ii~ .:t:.IB JD ' P~~\. ~r:p -@~mj!&~~~~~. ' ZJFElP , ~PX~- OOJtSt~~. , ~1'r -~6;-g~'Ij:{§~~~~{ffPJ~ ~ i¥J , :$fC~PX~ -OO El iJt~~~(self-conscious)8~. ~~~ o ~B,~~@~.r:piJt~~~~~'ffifjm~~~B~tt~~,~~. ~OO~.~~1'r£*ffi~0.~~~#• • riJt~~J~OO.~~~f!.o~ @I~if$i:l1 Y9.~. , ~D.a~pJT~ , iflt~&'iJtfr~1=J- lMl~, ;I'~~{§~B~ , iJt1r~&\~Ji1=J. -{l?JJt)'2~f.t.I¥JJ~,~~{-g~ ~~:{£&,{~g~ J~, 5~~:t-'J'JJD\/ D ". , ~D*iJtB~~$~K&1¥J ' lUff~~ , ill~~~Y ~I¥J ' -~I¥J~ r:t;~ , :$fC1=JJF. ---b~f ' f-~~~er'lh83~. ...-:1'F3Y..A~ - IIJ~'jj!'J*Q'J J LJ\ JD \ '. 7. *-,If 1:. U.• 324-26. 8. *-,If . Gli4* . [1993] , 158 ~~4. 9~~~D~. , ¥:r]jlj~~~g~r:p. e~'I'lt-r'lh83~. 9t-,lf .. 0. 0. ' [1982] , 326. 0. 0. ~---b~{~{~= ~ 'I'lt-r'lh83~·fm~. ~..-:f " F3 I IlJ J~" il~.:t.J.J'J".:J" D". :3:..P=l.

(11) *1> '. ,~,~,~tx.,~A{(.J-=-ftJ iMJ:It~. 77. .'~~~ff~~Wti.I¥J~~·A~'~0~~~~.~~~A~~I¥J.~ B9m'~~ , tzO:R-¥~¥-J(D, Dennett) [1996] , !mLi'@f(P. Carruthers)[1996]fOlt*1t~, (M.. Davies)[1992] , 1lmtt~{*~tj:gg;>g~ , ~~x~g~tE~,;t~I¥J.~L:tID~. ~~I¥J~~'~- ®Mg~tt~~I¥J.~L'~~~m~l¥Jo~~,~~ ~~tzOfPJ1~¥U{*;f§~~¥-JI¥J*5~1fIi. '. ~~-@1NWj@I¥JI{'F. '. ••. 1B§jIcijl~fr'@]¥U. }E" A.6{111'm:4. '1~7B~Q :.J1-':A.,D'. j1cM~~~~'xW.M~~I¥J-~I¥J~m~~l¥Jtt.,:t~.M~~1¥J. • 1B~f§~~W{t~fl-~I¥J~m~~I¥JJ~~ ? PJT~~{§~ , gt~J.r t7]1~~~iliW a]lgA~I¥JJ5ttf{ • lZ9llt ' ~~~ , ~fr':f!mW®~fr'I¥J,IGJ,;t~~W m~~~~~ , ~~iJ ' ~fr':Mz19.W~~{§~~m't~· 10$JfL ' ti.Ut~ffiJ~ , ~mm5ll1m~Mlgttzo~~fmW{§~~.~ ~~, ~lt*1E~ffiJ~ , &'~fr'f!M ttl ' W®(~f~~~~*ms5t)~fr'tJ~~$JfI¥J$ , Wm~~$.L:Mz~~jj:~. .~I¥J¥-Jti. 0. ~,~~gt~RW~~~.~o~~'~~~~.MMW~~~~~$.I¥J$. fJJ -. tzO-®J!iihfp~fDf9:~$~. ~g~~fr~RW{§~~f~l~. 0. 1B~. , 1lmWm~~$JfL:Mz~tzo~fr'tJ~I¥Jjj:~f~ , :t , ~~~-@Ag;>g~¥U{*w®{§~m~~@r~.~. .g- , =@~Ij , {*::f~~iJf!tj:g~1*ffilW{§~~.~. 0. , It.~I¥J~~1fIi(2)mtJ~miiitj:g~~~ , ~~~~fr'~M 7~fr'W®JGI,;t~Wm~~~~'I§'~1¥J ' =@9W~fr'~~MmWf§;% .*t~~tzDfPJffi1ijgIl it~..!iI¥JO~? 1£[1982]$ , It.~~tJ5t;ffT r_M(surprise) J * rffifH~J ~@W m5M~fr'mt)~DJ[. 0. ~ ; ~7@@5t;ffT ' It*t~19.W~~tj:gmC±Hf{pJA@I¥J~Bjj. :~lHa~IfIi~'. 0. {*5t;ffT_~~:fJi.. r ~:t-®~Hm~~.~~L~.W]~,~~I¥JJE5t&\~11*1* J 11 ~~lt.~~tz01PJt).~~:fJ!.~ ,IGJ,~~~l;%~*5¥tl ,IGJ,~~ • fili~ : 12. 10. 1i]J:. '326. 0. 0. -tUH!. ' afrHE.~-t-*-1mA.1ft-:t:j£?Jf~1t:t{(.J~~.. '. ~fr'*. ~~.i.fiE.~1t1t:t{(.J#. W~-1m~~{(.J~~o~~'~fiE..~~fiE..~n:t{(.J.£*{(.J#I'~~:t:j£~~,a~~ ~t~~~~~n:tAfia{(.J~~~.'~~~~n:t{(.J.:t°. 111i]J:.o 12 Ii] J:.. 0.

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(14) w. (~~.~*. CP1~~i!1t&. '. ••••• )'*AA. ~~l¥Jf§{§iMtMl¥J1§~W~l¥J~;1J~HtJ\15L/fr~. [~D~]~~. [­ 00111 1L 1n ~ l¥J 1§ ~ l¥J ~ e Jf1:E ) (the idea of an objective reality which is independent of my belief) l¥Jm~ J 15 i§::fI ' ~*~ffl [-@Il1i1LD~~l¥J1§~!¥J 0. 0. ~eJf1:E)m@lm~,*~~~e.g.~l¥Jr~eJm@l®~o.~~~~ &Bl¥J".g»®~,~e.g.~.W~E~:~~A~7B'~~.m,. ~l¥J{§~l¥J.~~~~-@Il1i~1n~l¥J{§~Z~l¥J~e.1:E°~~~7 [ -@ 1Ii1L1n~l¥J1§~l¥J~eJf1:E) i§:@1.~ ,. l¥JUlf '. ~~~M-J~l¥J1§~~Q}ij~~. .l¥Jfu~Q}~~~l¥Jo~7i§:~,m1:E~~l¥J~mti.~'~ff~~#A~. [ -@Il1i1LD~~l¥J{§~l¥J~e.1:E ) m@lm~ , ~~IJ~fr~/fA~13:{i1J{§~? 1:E [1982]CP~*t~Mz15i~m{~~fr~-@Ii§~ ~~f ' ~fr~Q}l:)1'Fmfll¥J5tfJT ~ ~A.~ti!!~f-IM§1§ p ~ , 1ili-~I!U~7~1iliffflB p ~YQ}ij~~.l¥J ' 1Z9~~ fr~/f~f§{§~fr~3lJm~l¥J*~ ; i§:fugt~IDt~~fr~f§1§ p ~ , ~fr~-~3,>g~ p 0. 0. ~Q}~~Jf~&~-@Il1i1L~~~{§~Z~l¥J~e.1:E°lZ9a'~~/fA~ [ -@1I11L1n~l¥J{§~l¥J~e.1:E)i§:@I.~'~~~/fti/f~IDt~~A~ff {i1J1§~. 0. ~@Ifr3mIDt. '. ~~fr~IDt~fr~f§1§ p ~ , ~fr~-~ffi~ p ~Q}ij~~~. ~JlIJIDt~fr~~O~ p tt~~fr~f§1§ p ~~. 0. ~D~fr~e~l¥J. '. ,. .m7~fr~' l¥J1§~~. Q}~~~,ti~ • • 7{§~l¥Jm~o@~i§:@5tm~m~~~l¥Jrn.N~M. WJ. 0. IZSJ~. , i§:~~~-@Ie*~~El~l¥J{§~~pJT&JGI,l¥JAPJTf'Fl¥J5tfJT. m~. , ijft~fr~*~~::t~e~tt(the. 0. subjective-objective contrast)i§:OO. • • ::t~e~tt 16 1:E[1982Jep , ~.. , A~Fa~~*(requires) *~1~-¥R~'§'mm~~ , ffflfC~15i~~~fr~ff{i1J~!±I*5z:fflB ~D*.f£::t~ ft~tt ' RW,&1'F• • ~ft.~zm~~Fa~Zmtftl¥J-OO&'~1~1t ' ~tt~ ~. 0. ~*l~g,>g~. 0. 0. N~~~l¥Jo~~~~.f£~ft.gZm~~{§~Zm~,gt~.M~~l¥J{§. ~~~~l¥JQ}ijg'~. ' ~fr~~/fQ}ijg.M~fr~ l¥JFa~~~~l¥JJ:ijijgtt ~* ' ~~fffl~ , JJ1tJpOj1;J5/fff}frDJJ1tJPOitlif/lZ(JP1tJ (l;jSjZPOff}) , Zra'l¥J5t53IJ(the distinction between things in fact being the case and things seems to be the case) ~/ff¥1:El¥J ; ~gt~$f!.fiJlPJ1o/J~D;¢~~D{i1JQ}ij~W. ~O/)~D~ff~Z~pJT/f~ , ~$t!!mi§:@IQ}ijgl~ , {i1~~fr~~$f!.m~fr~l¥J{§~~ 0. fffl~:}F • • 7::t~ftZra'l¥J~tt 0. IS. fli]..t. •. 16. fli]..t. •.

(15) t~1; , .w.~~~~~fI-J-=-fll iM./l!;~. iT~l¥J~ijg'l1:. 0. ~ii]§3~ , fF~-1lJEI~B~I¥J~§{§1f. '. 81. ~fr1&:<AE:¥:m7±'~. , ~?Mm~I¥J~.R /fU~H~:f1~ffiji§{~-'f~D~I¥J$fo/J ~ ffij , ~D*~/fijg:Elm!til ' $~foJt~fD$~fotftJjiJlZ($~{JXSPfO~)~Fs~~5t )]Ij , ~1J!/f~ijg~-@$~fott;ffJlZI¥J~l~ 1Z9~ , ~~F~ $~foJt,PJf~1lJ ~~{'F~-OO~ijgl¥J~tt ' ~~rj$~fOt€/ffJlZi§:1lIm:~:Mz1~~B~ i&1&~~!Ui ili~8}]7m{iiJ¥:m~I5[~:EI~WE~ -- ( -oo1;tr[1i~~I¥J{~~I¥J~I5[.1£ ) , ~ llf1tt. 0. ~A~§t1f~. 0. 0. 0. ~~±. ~l5[tl;f ttl¥J - 1lJ&:\~{L~Wf:. 0. 1£[1975]CP , lUfE~?JTJ1H5-I¥J~i§:{~~ifB~ : ~~1a~--¥:m±'~I5[~tt-­ ~~~I5[~:EI~m:~o~~M~,~~.m~m.~I¥J~* o ~~ , m~~~ ~{~~~*(requires) ¥:m±'~W~tt? ~*fE~~1£~7~~§3~1&{'F7 ~~I¥J. '§'ffij17 : - 1m 1. #J ft -af. t:.J.. 1! ::f ~ ~. * M... propositions)t:.J..~ ~ 7J ~*.&.JJI i!!-.J. ~ I~' ~, 0. r. (without entertaining any. t -af t:.J.lldH::f!ill ~UJH~.. ' ,*:il '. .-f*,~~ 0 t-aft:.J. ' . , ' , ~~, ~~t~ff~*$"~:lf7Jll*#J 0 t -af t:.J. ' . ~ it' (generalize) - t ... 1f.tN 1~ ~~ 'AU t J')f .&. JJI ~ ,Ol ~ iii" ,~ ~~m.&.JJlo$W'. •• 1!~~~'rtffl~~~~,tffl~~~AA~~. 1m1.li*Jfl*tli.*ltlf~ .... i~J~~3~~7~Tii~OO /IjSl,~ .~*fE~. ,A. 0. 0. ®~-oo~~o/Ja A 1~~¥:m±'~W~tt. J~~~~-~~~i:J!!fj\i5lI¥Jj1[~&J~I¥J{tj~. ~i:J!!fj\i5ll¥J&l¥~fM. ,A. '. tJ:B~fN. J~~~~-~~. ' fD?g&HI¥J1mt!j{~l¥fDm~~*ti1~~. it~I¥J~J~ tJ:[)~ , ~fr1~~illD~ffijtJ:l300~~o/Jmm-OO~§1a1f? ~D* ' ~fr1 /fijg-g-:Eltth~~~m-OO~§ffi1f ' tJ:I3~ , ~fr1~1f~~ , ¥:m±'~fi~tt~~ ~ffi~I¥J-1lJ~~.~ o ~. ~ijg~.~~.~.oo~ • • ~m~om-,. ftj1[W:~tJ:I3~~fo/JE/f~~{§~ , {B~~®{J\g~_BP~/frnJl¥J~$; IZ9llt ' ~*fE~~~~ftlEz~~{UJ?JT~tJ:I3~l¥J~fo/J/f~~ffi~I¥J:ElEEB}]a~f~I±D~ m ~fr1.~~8}] , m {UJ1~~¥:m±'~fi~tt ' -OO~fo/JEJ~~~~-~f1~ '. ~~&l¥~*ti. 0. 0. 0. ='. Ui5ll¥J&l¥~*ti. 0. J;J~~~fr11£[1982]CP?JTijg~f~. J7~..LO. , ~~*fE~~D{UJ~ifB~1§~{1( !~~1§~~~1.

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(40) 106. ( It11LJli ~~ }v".tg '" -$ ~) ~ '" AA. ~~ffi§~~m~m~,u&~-*~~~~~wm~~~~'~~~~o~ ~.U1U~pJfi0t~, ~~(socially. ~f5z~~. r tlD*iZ1f'R~.t~5f\{§U( ostension)f&ln'<~ -@Iffi±Wrt~PJ ffliYJ meaning)~f5z~[15$]. viable. , ~jJ~~~:ffrm B '. ,. [jJ~~]iZ1f'~~ T ~~~f¥J~~. lH~5f\{§U::f~~~~@lB*~fFftf¥J*~. iffft~(£-I/!j;lfflflf1<Jj¥ai!l'jJ(.The learner is in at a meaning baptism). ii~7tm*3tpJf1Jo. 0. 0. ,. jjfJ!jl?J,3/. J 50. (~4m. ). ~~~A • • • '~iZ~f¥J~§.m~.$'~~B~n'<~~B~~& 7 -~~~f¥JA~~~~~A~~~~~~~ttfim'~U*m~wum.~, ~~'iZ~f¥J~§~m~.~~ill.m~~~~§rm~~f¥J~moiZ~~m@ ~.. 0. {EI~. ,. ~D*iZ1f'tejJ~lt9~~tH:ym~1'F-ti~g§~-ii~15J. E1f'f~1'F~JHt)f¥J~a§~m~.. 0. !RfE~. , iZjj(g~mM~~::f~J]f¥J. '. iZ1f~PJt)~. 0. li'~ • • • ~®f¥J ~ ~~ • • ~$~~f¥J - @l~~~,U~~~~w~ language)fDfl~J~J'&l(Private thought)f¥J::fPJ~~tE. @I~=AIE{iit~~~. ,. ~~lJE::fA~1:f1PJ~~. ~~JEl,fJtfD~ B f¥J~~f¥J-@lf~n'<~*. 0. 0. ~:1F-@IJEl, f&l~gg ~ ~* ­. J§:~Il?K~. , -@Iffi±wrf¥J~a§.. r ~iZ1f'~~~~~f¥Jf~fflf¥Jt~i;-[~. 0. ~D. ' ~a§~~]$~:JtffEiU(abstract)tfj*ZlW ' iZ1f'::fjOili~~j!1t~ J 51 ­ @lg§] , ~D r ~ J ' R~1£~aB .~$ , :.:t~~1!fi)t:Jt:PJf~f¥JW,tft~~ 1OO:U:~. 0. 0. ~~f¥Jf~m~i;-,. r 4- J 1£gg~J:j!J!W~f¥J. 0. ~ - ~~• •~$iZ~&PJum~-@l.~f¥J~~:iZ~~~ttf¥J~mw Bm~~m~af¥Jo~~,-@I~~ttf¥Jmm~~~~~*~ = AIE{ii~~.. :t A~~~ ~~. 50. ,. ~ j/l4. ' (1997) , 26. ,sJj-~1L~*E!iJ 51. , iZ1f'f¥J~.1ffD*iZ1f'~~~A ' f~1f'~~~tif¥J'1SUJt~~a~f¥J rm ' {N~llt*1E. '. ~j,-'fDiZ1f~f¥J~~ttf¥J,'6l, f&l~§a~f¥J~~*iiM§~. ~j/l4. 0. it 11Il tlU!- tHli 1~ j/ltEutlT~!i E(.J1H~: r q: to] ~ i:!t 1'1- E(.)iVt k. 0. J Ujl;ffi.JtIT~!i.. ' (1993) , 145. 0. 0. ' [1974], IV, sec . 56). t~"t E!iJ ~ ~.

(41) t~-r. ' .~, ~~~Ht410;.fll iM-t-""jf,J. 107. m~tt~~~~m~~~~'~ -~~~~m~~~~~¥.,~~,~~~ ;fDf1Z~~~iJtEtW~ JEGt~;fDm~:1J1!~*g~t§~~. §JJJUW(the principle ffl<:~-OO~~i*~IJ. 0. ~f~1~~Ut~pJT3:.~~J[. of charity):;rfif1Z~ffl<:~-llI~~~&;;~ffl~. , m[QJ~f1Z~~. 0. ~~U'*~M~~~:;r~=~~ • •~~~.~~~~llI~* o ~~M~ ~~~=~~U• • ~$(Df~ l~JJUB,EjSI, ~$(Df~{iX~!~m ~. 5;Dili '. $(D*&ff§i~~JW~. 0. ~=~~U • •~r:p~fr~. , $(D*1~ffAJ~Zra~~m~1~~ , ~fr~~ifJ(zJff~. ¥.*~-llI&~~m~~ffffWM~~~~o~~OOM~~X~~'~~~ m ~ &;\~tili~A-OO JEjSI,;fJ!~~~. 0. *~~~~~~~~**~*~~±~~~~.

(42) 108. (@.tL;ttif;A.~-U~~:#l) ~t\AA. fj~ffJ4 Carruthers, P. (1996) Language. Thought and Consciousness: An Essay in Philosophical psychology. Cambridge University Press. Davidson, D. (1975). "Thought and Talk", Mind and Language, ed., S. Guttenplan, Clarendon Press, pp. 7-23. Reprinted in Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, D. Davidson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Page numbers cited refer to the last book. (1982). "Rational Animals", Dialectica, 1982, 36, pp. 317-27. Reprinted in Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. E. Lepore and B. McLaughlin, 1985, Blackwell, pp. 473-80. Page numbers cited refer to the first book. ---- (1983). "A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge", Kant oder Hegel, ed. D. Henrich, Klett-Cotta Stuttgart, 1983, pp. 423-38. Reprinted in Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. E. LePore, Blackwell, 1986. (1987). "Knowing One's Own Mind", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 1987, pp. 441-458. ---- (1989). "The Conditions of Thought", Le Cahier du College International de Philosophie, Editions Osiris, Paris, pp. 165-171. Reprinted in The Mind of Donald Davidson, ed. J. Brandl & w.L. Gombocz, Editions Rodopi (GrazerPhilosopiche Studien Band 36), 1989, pp. 193-200. ---- (1991 a). "Epistemology Externalized", Dialectica, 45, pp. 199-202. ---- (1991 b). "Three Varieties of Knowledge", A.J Ayer: Memorial Essays. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement: 30, ed, P.A. Griffiths, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1991, 153-66. ---- (1991 c). "Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective", Merkur, 1991, 512, pp. 999­.

(43) t~1; , .~!t~~~411-J-=-fil )Mi:f.!~. 109. 1041. (in German, trans. by J. Schult.) Reprinted in Current Issues in. Idealism, ed. Coates, P. & Hutto, 0.0, Bristol: The Thoemmes Press, 1996, pp.155~77.. ---- (1992). "The Second Person", in Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol XVII, ed. P.A. French, T.E. Uehling jr. and. H.K. Wettstein, University of Notre. Dame Press, 1992, pp. 256-67. ---- (1993). "Replies to seventeen essays", in Reflecting Davidson: Donald Davidson. Responding to an International Forum of Philosophers, ed, R. Stoecker, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993. ---- (1997). "Seeing Through Language". Thought and Language, ed. J. Preston, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.15-27. (Proceedings of the 1996 Conference of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.) Davies, M. (1992). "Anty's own argument for the language of thought". In Cognition,. Semantics and Philosophy, ed., 1. Ezquerro and 1. Larrazabel, Dorsrecht: Kluwer Academic press, 1992, pp. 235-71.. Dennett, D. (1996). Kinds of Mind, New York: Basic Book. UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Dretske, F.I. (1981). Knowledge and the Flow of Information. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Dummett, M. (1973). Frege: Philosophy ofLanguage. London: Duckworth. ---- (1991). Frege and O{her Philosophers. London: Duckworth. ---- (1993). The Seas ofLanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fodor, J. (1978). "Propositional attitudes". Reprinted in RePresentations, J. Fodor, Hossocks: Harvester Press, 1981. Grice, H.P. (1969). "Utte~er's meaning and intention". Philosophical Review, 78..

(44) 1\0. (IfI1l..Jlii~ .:k*~**~). 1ft "'WI. ---- (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Locke, J. (1690). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. McDowell, J. (1994). Mind and the World. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press. Rosenthal, D. (1993). "Higher-order thoughts and the appendage theory of consciousness", Philosophical Psychology, Vol. 6, No.2. Russell, B. (1921). The Analysis ofMind. London: Allen and Unwin. Searle, J. (1983). Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stalnaker, R. (1984). Inquiry. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Stampe, D. (1977). "Toward a Causal Theory of Linguistic Representation". In. Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language, eds., P.A. French, T.E. Uehling & H.K. Wettstein, Minneapolis : Univers ity of Minnesota Press, 1979, 42-63. Talmage, C.J.L. (1997). Linguistic & Philosophy, 20, 139-45. Verheggen, C. (1997). "Davidson's Second Person". Philosophical Quarterly, 47, 361-9. Wittgenstein, L. (1921). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London: Routledge. ---- (1951) . Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell. ---- (1974). Philosophical Grammar, Oxford: Blackwell..

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