色彩調和的探討及其在產品設計上的應用(I)

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(8) . The purpose of this study is to investigate two issues of color harmony, i.e., the relationship between color interval and color harmony, and the influence of area factor (area balance) on color harmony. In this study, color harmony is defined as the degree of preference for color combinations; color interval of a color combination is defined as the color difference in the CIELAB color space between the two component colors ( ∆ ); area factor is defined as the area ratio between the component colors in a color combination. At the first issue, we assumed that the degree of color harmony is, in some manner, the function of ∆ . To verify this hypothesis, an experiment displaying 2-color combinations with different values of ∆ was conducted on CRT display. And the subjects’ preferences for these color combinations were recorded and analyzed. The experimental results reveal a cubic-curve relationship between color interval and color harmony. At the second issue, we assumed that a color combination will be harmonious when the area ratio between the two component colors is inverse to the “color intensity” ratio between them. Another experiment was conducted on CRT display to record the relative preferences for varied combinations with the same component colors but different area ratios. The experimental results show that no matter what the “color intensity” ratio of a color combination is, the relative preference for the combination is the highest when its area ratio is 1:1. In the first part of this study, four different shapes are adopted in the experiment to reveal their influence on the perceived degree of color harmony. The results show that the differences of the degree of color harmony among these four shapes are statistically significant. Moreover, we found that the combinations with complementary colors have higher degree of color harmony. Also, the combinations with “equal-hue” component colors will lead to higher degree of color harmony, while the combinations with “equal-luminance” component colors or “equal-chroma” component colors will lead to lower degree of harmony. The combinations with subject’s favorite colors have higher degree of color harmony, in which the combinations with 2 favorite colors have higher degree of harmony than those with only 1 favorite color. Keywords: color, color harmony, color preference, color psychology, color. ii.

(9) interval, area factor, area balance, uniform color space, UCS.. ?@ ¡ 1.1. ……………………………………………………………………………. 1. 1.2. ……………………………………………………………………………. 1. 1.3. …………………………………………………………………………… 2. ?'¢£ 2.1.

(10) …………………………………………………………….… 5 2.2.1. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. 2.2.2. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. 2.2.3.

(11) …………………………………………………………………………………….. 9. 2.2.4. ………………………………………………………………………….. 11 2.2.5. . ……………………………………………………………………………… 12. ?CD¤¥ 3.1. …………………………………………………………………………….14 3.2. …………………………………………………………………………….16. ?¦ " #$ 4.1. ………………………………………………………………………………… 17 4.2. …………………………………………………………………………… 19 4.2.1. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 4.2.2. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 4.2.3. . ! ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 29. 4.2.4. "# ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30. iii.

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(30) D 4-18.

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(33) K CIELAB

(34) K<Q«C*U3W_gD ………………… 43 D 4-21.

(35) K 95%W CIELAB a<Q«H*U3W_gD ……… 43 D 4-22.

(36) K 95%W CIELAB ¬K<Q«L*U3W_gD ……… 44 D 4-23.

(37) K 95%W CIELAB

(38) K<Q«C*U3W_gD ……… 44 D 4-24.

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(41) KI Munsell

(42) K<3 ¡sDQR2 = 0.673U ……………….. 50 D 4-27. 15 BI`m®¯ om®¯ 3# {°®¯K± ²…………………………………………………………………………………… 55 D 4-28. Iòm ®¯ 0m/¢®¯ m°¢®¯ 3# {7 ®¯K±²……………………………………………………………………… 58. D 5-1. ³´ µ¶NOPDT(a) Munsell N{(b) Moon and Spencer N …… 63 D 5-2. BCD>@A …………………………………………………………….. 66 D 5-3. 689 ………………………………………………………………... 68 D 5-4. aI

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(53) K_g …………………….. 92 D 6-9. aI

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(57) KÁ¶±3W_g …………………………………….. 98. viii.

(58) Ê 2-1.

(59) Ë(Burchett, 1991) …..…………………………………... 6. Ê 2-2. Moon and Spencer ÌÍN (Moon and Spencer, 1944a) …………………. 8. Ê 4-1. IJ`Î¢ awxg …………………………………………………….. 27 Ê 4-2. ?¢ <£nHIJ

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(69) K<Ï t &Ð ……………………….. 54 Ê 4-10. Ò

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(74) 1.1. s¬B®¯°/±.²H³D±´µ¶·¸/¹º®»¼& ½¾¿ªÀÁÂÃÄÅ/Æ[ÇÈÉ ,ÊË. ÌÍ8 ÎÏE/ q/ÐÑ:ÒÓ¬ÔÕ: 4: 5/Ö<0 ×ØÙÚ&DÛÜÝcRÞß"à,áÚ®/q@àâã0 (color harmony) ä, }/ 20 åæ%ç/Rè ¡éê8ën¬ ìO/ì M[ípîMï (process of trial and error) RvðÒØ,ñnqò¡óô õáQö/÷²±øù[ú(\/ }Nûeü®/ýþn¬/} [0éRa, q/%ùST ¡/K"×®RÒ : 7STO/p^Ò@

(75) Ý¡%& : 7,. 1.2. 1944 Moon and Spencer Ò?@ /p@ H{ í (Moon and Spencer, 1944a~1944c),}/- ácüNOP%Qgh/q¡"nNû: fb®/K[ t/. }¹ (Pope, 1944; Granger, 1953, 1955a),q. xi. !mF.

(76) @c/p^%"Ø ä (Granger, 1955b)/o#$ %&F É<h, 'Ø/F()ác*0 íE+¬/},: 8@H Ü-Mï (Birren, 1985; Granville, 1987)6omFác*0./ q/%²H" ä/0¼12AB*3 4 (Kuehni, 1989; Sivik and Hard, 1994),ën(\5/AB(6 í /K7 8[E6%" ä/mK78 8[¼T, ~AB9:Rè/AB;<= >?.@S, FAnq/AB#$ 3BC . ! DD . ! . ! DD E0CFGH/IJ%NO"/Ø3. !" #$,Mï./ABKL Moon and Spencer ¡ M5/NOP[O (pleasing/displeasing color intervals) % & :Q (scalar moment) ,qr/ABm"@ : 7/ RNOghSTQ,S. 7Ò@TU}´V: 7,. @/STMï./AB%@HWbp^+ØSTNO/ 0XABNOgh´ø¯:/ABmYZ*+. !" #$N. O/%[\*+ØST®[3/RÉ*+. !NOØ\]. NOgh/K\[\*+" #$ïf,. 1.3. C8ñR^</?¦?§ ?¨.P%_[/`þïa^^ 1.1 Ri,4?@5bc øde%&à^,É?'¢£fg./ %hác <hvZ/iën<h/Ò. 1.

(77) CD¤¥, ?@8 . ! =2/_[n?. ¦,./AB%UVWXYZ] : bp^+/_àb c"[\: Rde ïf4.q: f5/. %jktu. "lÒ;< CIELAB q: f/3c2",q ./\m¬ " #$/K"n : 7%& Moon and Spencer ¡tnSTQ, ?'8 . ! =2/n?§._. [,./AB\o%UVWXSTNO/_àbc": (\ o>[\bp^+/Rde(" ïf4.q: (" f5,NOghp" Moon and Spencer Munsell ¡/STQ> {, ?8*+. !" #$/_[n?¨,. ./AB%Kqrstu[Y7)l¦H[\*+/tn ST . !NO,NOgh%Ûtu¦H*+Rdef. 2v, ?©0g¡/®[Rw¹gh/Ý@`Vv `/KÒ@xNü: 7,qr"n.[ú y=z/mÒ¡ &{yª«/|}". ~FR2,. 2.

(78) ¡. ¢£. CD¤¥. ?@(). " #$. ?'(). ?(). . !" #$. ' ()*+" #$. g¡ª«. 3. D 1.1Ú LMÚ.

(79) 2.1.

(80) (harmony) 8933%®Á/}F @-6}/ ;/8 4/ 19935, Burchett (1991) s@ (./% tuù (content analysis) #$ (similarity) . !k< 6 òn . ! (order) 2(v. ! (area) ¬¢. 2xÝü (interaction)%& *+. ! (association) . ! (configuration) ,. !-. BCvP%/7 2-1 Ri, %ABö 6 ò. !/Ø-. . 2(v¬¢ <hvZ,#n *+. ! . !. !%& 2xÝü%háÚ® !/ñn-R#$Mn/qz[. ¡G¡,. 4.

(81) Ê 2-1.

(82) Ë (Burchett, 1991).

(83) 3Ë $EË (original) ¥Þ®¯ intuition +ß appropriateness

(84) à´ system < interval há_g juxtaposition >â proximity and configuration. ¿ÛË (revised). ÜeÝ (%). ¥Þ<Ï+ß association. 27.2. ÌÍ order. 23.4.

(85) f> configuration. 16.9. µ¶ area. 11.2.

(86) WåæçÃ interaction. 10.7.

(87) Wa_Ý similarity. 10.2. µ¶ area [ã angular size of color field µ¶± relative size of color field ä_g dynamics a_Ý family aèÝ affinity. 5.

(88) 2.1.1. Ostwald ¡" . !¢0B£/-, 2wF@. E/}¤¬¥¦§/¨§: "}6©Î ø/n4/ 19935,Ostwald *0/ªC8« ¬ %& ½®²H /ê}·Ê/ ^ 2-1 Ri, qr/Munsell ¡% 20ë®/Ò ©ù7¯° (vertical harmony) (interior harmony)± ²® (circular harmony)³ (oblique harmony)³´ (oblique side harmony)µ¶+ (spiral harmony) %&·±+ (oblong harmony) 4/ 19935,¸=/ªC Munsell ¹V.ºÉ GHFY»¼½¾¿ /À¼Ñ:Ò: , Ostwald Munsell . !¡FÌéÁÂH/8. B²ÖRª¹ ¹V./ªC@7¾¿ /À¼Ñ:Ò: ,}/¾¿7KÆÃÐ¡ë®/mÄFÃÐQöP%/ª }ø78/ü Ostwald Munsell ¹V@HÀÅ¾ KL,. îïðñòóô õöZÒ aµÚ. Òé ê á Òë ê á Òì ê á Ò~ í. 6.

(89) D ÷øùúÚ Ú îïðñòóô

(90) NOPDQRSDjðûüÚ ýþÚ ïðòýUyDZ/ á

(91) ¼º#{ Q {Ú ù

(92) UyÚ. Moon and Spencer (1944) 7Ò{´V M5,B*0: ¼;< =2/t<òÆ4.HO5\@ (identity) òÇ (similarity) %&"> (contrast)6}[: 7¼t0?@ÈÉ (1st ambiguity) ?'ÈÉ (2nd ambiguity) Ê (glare) H[O, Moon and Spencer ;< 2%²H Ëu (color interval) 12®P%Ì/ 2-2 Ri, q@M5¢FÍ=znOP[OCDÒ DD C D@H í,o¼Î8/Moon and Spencer ¡ Ò=. /-ác%NOùSTQ/ghK[-¡bv. (Granger, 1955a),. Ê 2-2.. Moon and Spencer ÌÍN (JND : just noticeable difference){ TMunsell

(93) à´ (Moon and Spencer, 1944a). . o . Ç/ identity / 1st ambiguity Ëè similarity. ¬K<.

(94) K<. a<. 01 JND. 01 JND. 01 JND. 1. 1 JND3. 1 JND7. 35. 712. 57. 1228. 1JND . 6 2nd ambiguity. . 2. . . 7.

(95) I± contrast. glare. . . >10. 8. >7. 2850.

(96) 2.1.2. n . !/ç{ÉÏ¡F3HMunsell ¡%& Moon and. Spencer ¡, Munsell *0~;< -ffÐ<d>/q: Ñ} (Granger, 1953). = . (2.1). ". 0 i j 6 0 i j Munsell f6 0 i j Munsell f, @/Moon and Spencer 7*0#$ . !0 :Q (scalar. moment in color space) DD : .²;< :Q=2/Þß(<0© Î`J>Ñ} (Moon and Spencer, 1944b)/Ò.. = . (2.2). ". 0 i j 6 0 i j 12® ÓqH¹ÔeH (adaptation point, N Munsell N5) ÕÖ/ã0 : ×4 = + − / tn0q Munsell f f56Moon and Spencer *0~ 0 12 3 Ñ}, 2.1.3.

(97) 2(v-Ì89: .;< =2/´FG(\(Çv 4/q: À},N~;< ((\/ABã-0 (: 6. 9.

(98) ~;< ff(/7ã0: ,qrmFf: f: ,8 ¡.ýØ@: 7 (Heddell, 1988), ç[Ostwald Munsell ¡./\omÙÚ7 4Ostwald ÛÜë®8%v40¾ ë®5,}/7" #$/#$%&F¬%NOP%Q, qr/Moon and Spencer ö Birkhoff ÝáÞ" M = O / C 4MÝ ïf/ O f/C f5/Ò@ 2(vF Þ" (Moon and Spencer, 1944c). M =. O C. ". M 0 ïf C = ( J) + (F Munsell ( "J) + (F Munsell f "J) + (F Munsell f "J) 5 H i + nivV i + n ci C i O = A + ∑ nh i i=1 4A 0 ßJ/A = m1 + 0 5m2 + 0 25m3/-. m1 m2 m3 t n0~ :Q0 1, 2, 3 "J6 i i²H 1 0\@/2 0òÇ/ 3 0">/4 0?@ÈÉ/5 0?'ÈÉ6 0tn (f %&f/´F? i H "J6H i V iCi 0tn ( f%&f/´F? i H ýJ,5 N 5R 6/8 5R 5/8 3H /%·Ê( :Q>;<@:. 10.

(99) (. = )/7 C=2+0+1+0=3 O = 1 + 1 (1.5) + 1 (0.7) + 1 (0.8) = 4.0 -. 1.50.70.8 tn0 (\@fòÇf\@ýJ,q : f0 M = O / C = 4.0 / 3 = 1.33, }/qÞ"K[0-ácQghR (Granger, 1955a),[MA B0(6 2(v ¡./eFBC#$:,#n-. àÐ#$/7FáS@U, 2.1.4. . ! Burchett tò.8BCvS|@4 2-15,â/[. \¢ã¿#$/[\c"\@H: /¢¼}Fä[\§a, N®/./Êå(\¢æO/" ¬0FE¼ },m;. q/ Ñç#$è%é%vðÒ{¡. , 0\"Î ¬%&": ¬/3cFÐ /Fác (Granger, 1955b; Hogg, 1969) ST%cê@ë¬" ²HÎ ïf/=Ot0| f. fì fò/ií[ \ fÎ ;<²H: /. "n[\: "4| f î|. f /| f î. f /| f îì f ….5 abc"q: f/3c=2ØP%, Granger % (ranking) "ST®[NO/gh-(ïfK[ É,}\o/Hogg %ï-nù (semantic differential rating) STNO/ -ghðF É;(,!3cgh[ñ@ò/oAB*0¬"n. 11.

(100) 4 5#$ez8E,. 12.

(101) 2.1.5. 2 x Ý ü t ó ô ~ " > (successive contrast) \ " > (simultaneous contrast) õh,qòxÝü"n #$/#$%&F ¬P%, Chen and Yu (1996) ¬ò£ö÷øf (visual acuity) \"> =2./ùü OSA 12E0NOtu ú/\ OSA 12.Ã-3 H=2ÕÖ/Ì0q3H ">,- gh i OSA ¼E0 ">û, r Chen üý¡¢./m/ü CIELAB úª¹ ">û 4_þ/19965, CIELAB ú./3 =2 4 ∆ 5.0 q' CIELAB 12.H=2ÕÖ . ∆ = ∆ + ∆ + ∆ . (2.3). ". L*, a*, b* 0 CIELAB 12.4^ 2-25, OSA CIELAB 12ê8çeü®¢0Â 12 4Uniform Color Space; UCS5,Rè 12/89q 12./ ÕÖÃ3 /¬R§ö 8(\, q/AB¼%ü3 q12.ÐÕÖ/Øiq3 /Ò. ,}¹ç0 / 8 12K[E/ABª}ZF'Ç 12P%/ ü/N OSACIELAB /}¡¢.0ã=0 12, ñ®[ Chen gh i/Rè \">/Ç+¼%ü 12. Ø %Z6 =/~AB [@" =2 / ABm\ [" \">ïf,. 13.

(102) 14.

(103) 2-2.. CIELAB (Wyszecki and Stiles, 1982). 15.

(104)

(105) 3.1. s®[¢£fg./é ¼Ò#$ (#$É, . !

(106) /AB¾ -. . !5 . !*+. !4 Burchett tò.n. !/E0/-ñ8AB*. 0 ./. !8SBCm8Së. ¬.m8Sýâ,p"3 1. n . !8ÐÐx. !/\ç. !/ABRÒCD. !CDMoon and Spencer ¡% Munsell . 12®ff (0û/tn" O[OP %Ì4^ 3-15,÷[¡-.OP[OËu; vÐ/AB"q@M54OP[OM558a,}/A B*0¬"n 8`Vv/K[£öMï./Ot< ( ffHx(Ï¹=fØP%L,qz/ABCD 12 ./3 H2ÕÖ4 5¼%\ÙÚff (/c ®-Ì6Ò.~Ã-3 ()/w-¼}. !#$/- . f4H53 4 ∆ 5=2EFGHIJ4^ 3-25. = ∆ 2. n . (3.1) !CDAB*0~;< (A) z;< . ïf (S) <d>/-: Ñ},Ò.. = . (3.2). Munsell ¡./

(107) Rèïf (S) âÌ0;< f. 16.

(108) fÐ4" 2.156}" Moon and Spencer } /798 :×4" 2.25,}3H¡./àÐcÑ8{;ABNOgh.ST> {/Kp^kÒ¦~Ì, 3. n*+. !CD3 ()/[\*+" f*. <#$, . (3.7). 1.0. (0.7) (-0.2) (-1.0) (-1.3). . 1.0. 10 Munsell

(109) . (0.4). (0.8). (0.1). (0.0). 7 Munsell

(110) . . (1.5) (1.1) 1.0. (0.0). (1.7) (0.65). (0.0). 50 Munsell . ^ 3-1. Moon and Spencer ¡i-^. 17.

(111) . . . . ∆ . ^ 3-2. CDi-^. 3.2. 1. ñn#$ . !¢/w@jRFä/F¬:. :&2®é, q/ . ! . !*+. !/". #$/\m¬ " #$, 2. p"] : ÆP%/. }gh¼}{[¦ün. : +,!ABÊË.{ýØ: Æ8 : 4Ò.\F H%® Ñ:@Æ5/osSë] : /ØST /IJ] : ¡ë®=. /n. ~. ./}ô~vðÒ : ¡, 3. ùüUVWX (CRT) E0YZ ù/CÉnUV. Àvv,}/!ìM@. !J"/UVWXRYZ. #$ (tristimuli) ® % #$¼}(/oñnUV WX 8@H & /n7 & ÁV /3c0EF£ö®, qgh¼}{¦ün : =KL, 4. *+. !NO./ABªKqrstu[Y7)l¦H. *+ST/CL8Cút'RF' ()=*+,}/ 0ÆùRF*+8(t'/-ghª}\]RC. 18.

(112) «/KÝ0*+. !" #$ë®,. 5. NO.abc0()æOaé*+,ïf%®=-.//÷0n 2ì1¤¥/é%23{abc, q/gh{}ø() æO-./" deZ4,.

(113) 4.1. Moon and Spencer ¡./íG@: 8/8%;< 2 (f%&fØtnP%L5 (Moon and Spencer, 1944a),}/oíù@ë¬ £öìOK[(6,~ AB"G@: §¹74iq: "AB} 85/ABK[8 0tn§a¹-;< =2 (éfé%&fé. /8. Û9-f/-|nGHïf/Ñöw76:;ø/AB£ö MïK[0í: </}âOt<Hx(Ï¹íû/S ghP%84^ 4-15,. (. f. 19. f. 8Û9. i.

(114) 4-1.. Moon and Spencer . 3.1 =./ABÒoCD 12./3 H=2Õ Ö4 5¼%\ÙÚff (c ®-Ì/ CD'-89¬a¹RØ: ./²;< =2 é> #$/}"q: §¹[\ ïf,ABws Chen and Yu (1996) £ö÷ øfØ/®[CDÇ+¼ñ ">H}w¹¬"[ \ïf">: /F[\£de DDChen and Yu 8p"Êd e} /78p"de} , N@ñ 5R 4/14 N10 ;<: /@ñ N4 N10 ;<: / 3c({=/ çc;< =2 ">4 5> deØ/AB?çc£ö÷øf>. cé/8. cØwé,sÊ. 0çc ">4 5. {é@A6BC/wsdeØ/7çc8. ">4 5{é. @A/}·Ê{|fD4^ 4-2 Ri5. 4 ">5. 4-2. . !"#$%. 20. f.

(115) p"CDEä/AB.DÛ@xNO/XabcUVWX ®´F²H ;<: 4] : 5/_àbc": ï f4Ò.q: f5,NOgh%ÛùSTtu/OQA BCD4FÒ f=25=r/m\¬ G " #$/K" Moon and Spencer ¡%& : 7/tnSTQ,. 21.

(116) 4.2. . 4.2.1. NOC] : Æ/;< f=2 ,-.ÖßJ0;< =2 /- v4 (f f5/. ßJ70q: = f,. (1) ÖßJ NO?@;ÖßJ0: .3;< =2 /-Ì03;< 12./-H=2ÕÖ,Rùü 120 CIELAB 12/- 4 ∆ 5Ì0 . ∆ = ∆ + ∆ + ∆ . (4.1). -.. = . − . = . − . = . − . (4.2). (L*, a*, b*) 0 CIELAB 12.6X, Y, Z 0q #$ (CIE 1931)6 70« #$,".

(117)

(118)

(119) Þßén 0.01,. 22.

(120) NO?';ÖßJ0: .3;< =2 v/Ò. (ff,;ÖßJ.üØ vtn . !.("BCv=r/müØQZF ¡,AB/ü3. H úØÌÖßJ/. Munsell ú CIELAB ú,. c. f4L*5HÌn" 4.2 ./}f4C*57Ì0 . = + . (4.3). 3 2f4 ∆ 5f4 ∆ 5¼eü" 4.2 " 4.3 tnlw,# n (4 ∆ 5Ì/ùü Seve RIJÛ9" (Seve, 1996). ∆ =. (2). − + + . . (4.4). ßJ NO. ßJ0: 4] : 5 f/AB-Ì0. c"q: ïf, NOMï./ABXabc 1035 ;ñ[\ ;<] : /K abc0: P%t4tJËu0 0L100 t/% 10 t02M5/t 0®7: ïf, STN%tu/tâ9< 0L1.0 =2J,. 23.

(121) 4.2.2. ABNOçRO² /tóbp^+DÛ o¾¿W X P;NOþïQ¥N%zù½¾:qRSD /é _[ (1) bp^+DÛ 0TU*+. !"NOR¼}·ÊVW/ABDÛ@NO.X. Y[ßbp^+/^ 4-3 Ri,^+80}úÙÚ 2 ()² H¼}ÒZ*+/}WnP%DÛ, 2 ()²H*+./ SCF¦HKqrstu%&[Y7)l/^ 4-4 (a) L (d) Ri,. 24.

(122) 4-3. &'(. 25.

(123) 4-4.. (a). (b). (c). (d). ) *+,-("./(a) 012(b) 342(c) 562(d) 789): ;<. (2) o¾¿ 0Xbp^+4^ 4-35. 4 o5}úÙÚ` 12 ¼} /ABcs PCCS ú. 8 H vivid, bright, deep, dull, pale, light-grayish, dark %& achromatic /^ 4-5 Ri,ö /is Munsell ú² (.ST¾ /@Á¾¿ 46 H o, ®[8H ./vivid °¾Ö Munsell 10 (. 6achromatic 4.Æ 57¾Ö Munsell N10, N8, N6, N4, N2, N0 6 6pale, light-grayish dark % Munsell fPf0 8/4, 5/4 2/4 ctnP% Ì/s Munsell ë 5 (.¾ 6bright, dull deep 7ö Munsell ² (+Z/[ `Nû¾ ff= /tns Munsell ë 5 (.P%¾ 4N bright ./5YR f> 5PB Øw|6dull ./5R. 26.

(124) f> 5G Øw|5,RFì¾¿ o\`@Ri, NO.Rùübp^+ñ 46 H 33;}</. q]@ `. NOtó = ;pO (trials),qr/AB% Munsell N5 0bp^+ ²uã¿ ,. achromatic. Munsell (. N10. pale N8. 8/4. bright N6 Light-grayish 5/4. dull. vivid. ã¿ N5 N4 deep dark N2. 2/4. N0. 27.

(125) 4-5. =>?. 28.

(126) (3) WX P; ñnNO8UVWX®ST/ q"nWX ^vvÞß P%_`,}/[\UVWX4./\@±aÅ5- Æê[@o/ b#\@(WX]jce=. /mêF ,0\WX . ^ v ä / A B ¾ ü ^ v { |UVWX (ViewSonic 15GA Monitor)/]jSTNO=çXWXÇtde4#Í 30 te5,qr/N O=ç/êc%@xP;ù/ST Jf;,ABP;ù a. %t b R (PR-650 SpectraColorimeter) bWXg (R=255, G=0, B=0)WXh (R=0, G=255, B=0) WXi (R=0, G=0, B=255) HWX Nû #$ ,ö ;J/¼lwWX RGB RjYZ =#$ (X, Y, Z)/3c=2 lv". .

(127) = .         . .   .   . . −. (4.5). AB¼cñê?RjYZ X, Y, Z #$/iö" 2.5 9 <WX RGB /ñWXP%YZ,}/ABvZNû®WXRYZÒ X, Y, Z #$4%t b Rbw5/ABRIJYZ #$=20 FR,AB*0-.. 0 WX RGB Nûbw X, Y, Z #. $/3c2K7lv,. q/p"ñ" 2.5 RÛ9ÒØgh/ÞßST. f;,f;ùt0Æ f;F f;3H, b. Æ f;ù8/ST®[HWX b= /i%t b Rb 7 HWXkl mf4. #$. Y 5/K%jk". 29.

(128) lwklmff;IJ/qIJ+"4Âý0'jï"5. = . (4.6). ". O 8ABRIJnÒ (output) WX®klmf6I 780o¹q /}ÞßcnG (input) mf, ^ 4-6 Ri/&ìf;çnGmfînÒmfklK[8l v DD~ABnGjYZklmf /WXK[YZABR|Jm f /}8YZmf ,wABIJWXYZmf Æ /7ÞßnG mf,. q/~" 4.64^.Nûkljk"5lw=. /wABIJWX. nÒGHkl 4 5/¼cklmf4 5LM" 4.6 "< f;mf k /qk X, Y, Z #$nG" 4.5. /"<WX RGB. /YZWX®/.w¹ABRklmf4 5,. nÒ O (Output). 1.0. O2. kl Nûkl. O1. nG I (Input) I1. I2. 30. 1.0.

(129) 4-6. @AB

(130) CDEF<GHIJKLMNOPIJQRS@AB

(131) TKH IUK9LRSVWXY@AB

(132) ZN[\&]VW&^_. 31.

(133) c. F f;7%®[Æ f;ù0ë®,ñn&f;çnÒ FfG|+4^ 4-7 Ri5/ qABc%pîù (trial and error) F ÒNOüWX f;J / 4-1 Ri/. F . f; (x’, y’, Y) RjYZ (x, y, Y) =2Ì0 x’ = ⋅ − + y’ = ⋅ − + . (4.7). Y’ = ⋅ ∆ + ". ∆ 0Æ mff;/Ò.RjnÒmf0 Y Æ /-nG mf4Ò. Y pG" 4.6 . O = /Rlw I 5jnÒmf2, f; (x’, y’, Y’) nG" 4.5. /"<WX RGB /YZWX®/. .w¹ABR|J ,}/ñn®[ f=2"Mï0lv "/Nû+F/ qf;gh0FG4NO./é[F 1.04 % qG/rØ\`5,qr/ 4-1 f;Jmª¦ün R/üNOüUVWX/-[\WXf;JF,. A A: f;ç f (x, y, Y). B. B: f; 0.33. f (x’, y’, Y’). W: «. W. 0.33. 32.

(134) 4-7. `

(135) CDEFZCIE

(136) _. 33.

(137) a 4-1. b#cdCD.TZefg#. !VhgOPRS_. . . . R. 0.58. 0.67. 0.77. YR. 0.63. 0.87. 0.77. Y. 0.90. 0.95. 0.87. GY. 0.97. 0.70. 0.86. G. 0.79. 0.63. 0.83. BG. 0.78. 0.87. 0.73. B. 0.75. 0.53. 0.77. PB. 0.65. 0.53. 0.88. P. 0.37. 0.55. 0.91. RP. 0.55. 0.95. 0.65. (4) NOþïQ¥N%zù RFNOþï/tó [\ ú2" P; YZ NOST%&NOJö_`/% MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes)s </UVWX®tT,qr/NOgh% C ï STJu9`/Kìñ SPSS ÛvVSTÛtu,`N%u9þï/^ 2-8 Ri,. MFC P;. C. NOJö=. NOST. 34. SPSS. Ûtu.

(138) 4-8. Vhijklm. (5) ½¾:qRSD. 0TU[ÞC lVW/NO@%¬ wxMyrz l{2 ST4UVWX8q{2|@ lØ&5,NO.ROS}D tó ~V PR-650 SpectraColorimeter 586 Personal Computer System ViewSonic 15GA Monitor VGA Card, Super-3 805, 16.7 M (True Color) vV Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Visual C++ 4.0 (Standard Edition) Borland C++ 2.0 SPSS 7.0. 35.

(139) 4.2.3. KNOabcÁ 30 Ó/0é*+,ïf%® £ö;ý¬, -n 20 ¹ 31 =2/q0 25.33 6.v 20 Ó//v 10 Ó6 DÛã¿c 19 Ó/7DÛã¿c 11 Ó, 0 babcNO6f (reliability)/ABNOMï.%BpO (test-retest) deghÛ9]Óabc(J/q(JÌ0ab c6f,abc6ftw+^ 4-9 Ri,AB¾¿-.(J0 0.5 %®cSTNOtu¡/ÁÛ 15 Ó,- 15 ÓabcNOJö7[ ù ,. 8. 6. 4. 2 St d . De v = .2 7 Mea n = . 4 8 N = 3 0. 0 0. 0 -.1 3. 0. 0 0. .1 3. .25. .38. .5 0. Correlation between 2 responses. 36. . 63. .75. .88.

(140) 4-9.. 30 no&p test-retest q

(141) ".T[r. 37.

(142) 4.2.4. (1) P;]jNOçSTWX P;4rØ 2.2.2 =5, (2) £öbKabcSGNO{2/K% öýê (Ishihara chart) abc £ö;ý= /iST%NOU, (3) NOçb%UVWXYZNO@R/ü 46 H o4\`@Ri5/ Kabcs-.¾ÒS7H /^ 4-10 Ri,qçb[ nêçþT /}80tuÎ f": f#$,. 4-10.. Vhs&RSXY. 38.

(143) (4) NO <NOçb= /cSTNO,%UVWXYZjbp: 4^ 4-115/XabcK_`"z: ïf,_`"0s 0 t ¹ 100 t=24tó 0102030….100 t 11 HtJ5¾¿@ab c*0S¦~tJ/E0"z: t,t0®7 : ïf ,]jt. F@jf{te,]ÓabcÁST 1050. ;tpO (trials)/-.tó 1035 ;NûpO/ 15 ;BpO, 1050 ;pO./AB 3 jabc26Ò.? 263 ;? 525 ;? 788 ;pO/F 1L5 te2,NO.RYZ^+: jYZ=%J,`NOSTé[OC 1 >,. 4-11.. VhRSXY. 39.

(144) 4.3. AB15Ó6f{|abc¾ÒØ4"BpOde(J0.5 %®c5/"-NOJöST@úÛtu,NOgh¼t0 4 ()(1) (2) " Moon and Spencer ¡Q(3) " : 7Q%& (4) : , 4.3.1.

(145) bc 15 Óabc"n: fP%q/.lwz: q f4. f5,AB%: .3;< =2 4 ∆ 50q/ R"e: f0¯°/7Ò^ 4-12 ^,s^®Ø/ -"eHÖ+7ýB/+[Ò f =2FÐH, }/AB0¼vZ-.Ç+'ÉGH , .80. Color Harmony. .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10. 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. C o lo r difference in C IE LAB 4-12..

(146) t CIELAB uv".wx. 40. 140. 160.

(147) 41.

(148) 0}÷Òq@' à0Ð/ABq® ( ∆ ) %] 10 ∆ Zt@;,\@;./RF"eHâ£0 (/ "eH f8(q%. /.lwz;q f,. =/ABcX . i"en[\ 4ì. fì/. f. 5q f/q=2EÉÐH ,-gh^ 4-13 Ri/A B¼% ÒGH É 4q5[íP/-R"eq f4¯°6H 5Ç+ºÉ@

(149) ±kl{ßDDc8|/ ì/. . |,

(150) ±kl¼üjk"lw,^ 2-14 Ri/8@.

(151) jkl/-jk"0. = . H = ∆ . = + × − ∆ − × − ∆ +

(152) × − ∆ (4.8) Óqkl'jJJ0 0/7lwqkldkH (inflection point)/Ò.. ∆ =

(153) × × − + ×

(154) × − × ∆ = ⇒. ∆ =

(155)

(156) = . wsdkH4 0 75.27/ f0 0.50545 @

(157) ql/7 qklnH4t'dkH5,Hqtn0. ∆ .   = 

(158) 

(159) . J¼ìñl\ ∆ = }Û9¡w,. 42.

(160) 95% CI Color Harmony. .80. .70. .60. .50. .40 .30. 7. 26. 45. 65. 85. 1 04. 123. 14 9. C o lo r D ifference in C IE LAB 4-13..

(161) 95%qyzvt CIELAB uv".. .80. = Color Harmony. .70. .60. .50. .40. .30. 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 10 0. 12 0. C olor D ifferenc e in C IELA B 4-14.. {|

(162) CIELAB u}~;. 43. 140. 160.

(163) 44.

(164) Color Harmony .80. .70. .60. .50. I. .40. .30. 0. 20. II 40. 60. III 80. 100. IV 120. 140. 160. Color Difference in CIELAB 4-15.. d 6ZI, II, III, IV_. ABöH/klZt<¦H Ëu/^ 4-15 Ri,¦H Ëu (I, II, III, IV) Ç+ Moon and Spencer (1944a) ¡.? @ÈÉ (1st ambiguity)òÇ (similarity)?'ÈÉ (2nd ambiguity) %&"> (contrast)¦O¢("e, Ëu I IV ./ f É P}|/o Ëu I q f > Ëu IV Øw ì, Ëu II ./ fc P}|/°¹O¢S|H0/ . c£¤/#dkH0, Ëu III klW¥ Ëu II ¦ ®. (d/oçcq f{. c0ì,. 0\¦H Ëu=2ïf/AB% t-test ST¦H Ëu. fqÛ,gh i É 0.05 +/² Ëu fq=2 4 Ëu I II =26 Ëu II III =26 Ëu III IV =25NF É/ 4-2 Ri,. 45.

(165) 46.

(166) a 4-2. d 6b

(167) HG{|K t Z* aE p<0.05_ Region No.. N. Mean. Std. Deviation. Std. Error Mean. I. 1395. 48.4731. 21.95678. .587870. II. 9480. 51.1593. 18.14350. .186345. III. 4380. 50.2808. 19.34267. .292267. IV. 270. 54.0741. 19.69267. 1.198458. t-test for Equality of Means Sig.. Regio n. t. df. Mean. Std. Error. (2-tailed) Difference Difference. 95% Confidence interval of Mean Lower. Upper. I - II. -4.356 1685.7. .000 *. -2.6862. .6167. -3.8957. -1.4765. II - III. 2.534 8048.5. .011 *. .8785. .3466. .1989. 1.5579. III - IV. -3.124. .002 *. -3.7933. 1.2142. -6.1736. -1.4129. 4648. ¼Ø¦H ËuZt8F-ÌDD~AB>{3H: f/w3c;< tnn Ëu I II/7¼%bçc f>. cØwì,. ®[tu% 15 Óabc`VqghØP%L/ghÇ+´FGH @ò W¥,}/^.4^ 4-125/-"eHtwZÆð tÖ,0\8ñnabcn}Jògh/AB%®[Zt ;ù/ 15 Óabcnkl/^ 4-16 (a)-(o) Ri,-. é(tklê´F®[¦H ËuW¥/}Fkl/- Ëu II III O¢S|HO¢SìHK[t /b#FO¢S|HO¢SìH[ E+/^ 4-16 (h), (k), (l) Ri, ABö 15

(168) kljkJ4 4-35/tnÛ9nkldkH. 47.

(169) /ghvZ-.abc k jkkldkHÓqWn¢§%r/- 14 dkH CIELAB 4 ∆ 57F3. 4^ 4-17 Ri5/q 74.5 `VkldkH 75.27 7ý', ñq¼Ø/./abcnP%L5/®[¦H ËuW¥ 8E,qr/ABvZdkHÇ+8@´F@òv"eH/W¥ Ç+¼%AB/dkHE0¦H Ëu=ZtöEù, qr/®AB ô~¨t< (ffc,BC c"®[¦H ËuW¥/²´F©Co#$:DABc f=2^4^ 4-18L^ 4-205/K%òÇ®[Zt; ù/c f 95%6ªO2^4^ 4-21L^ 4-235, s^®>{c"eHtwZÆ/Ç+f4^ 4-195t{03./m{F DD~f«>/-R"e f7 «>,ABi 95%6ªO2^/\ovZf4^ 4-225´F òÇ®[¦H ËuW¥,ñqAB¬ P%Ií (f fc./f8 fSBC. 48. !,.

(170) Su bje ct a.. Su bje ct b.. .90. .90. = 0.934. .80. = 0.656. .80. .70. .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. .30. .20. Observed. .20. .10 0. Cubic. .10 0. 20. (a). 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Observed 20. (b). Color Difference in CIELAB. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Cubic. Color Difference in CIELAB. Su bje ct c.. Su bje ct d.. .90. .90. = 0.869. .80. .80. .70. .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. .30. .20. Observed. .20. .10 0. Cubic. .10 0. 20. (c). 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Cubic. Su bje ct f.. = 0.860. .80 .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. = 0.896. .30. .20. 4-16.. 40. .90. .70. (e). 20. Color Difference in CIELAB. Su bje ct e. .90. .10 0. Observed. (d). Color Difference in CIELAB. .80. = 0.750. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. Color Difference in CIELAB. 140. 160. Observed. .20. Cubic. .10 0. (f). Observed 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. Color Difference in CIELAB. o&pH{|

(171) CIELAB u}~;. 49. 140. 160. Cubic.

(172) Su bje ct g.. Su bje ct h.. .90. .90. = 0.805. .80 .70. .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. .30. .20. Observed. .20. .10 0. Cubic. .10 0. 20. (g). 40. 60. = 0.989. .80. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Observed 20. 40. (h). Color Difference in CIELAB. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Cubic. Color Difference in CIELAB. Su bje ct i.. Su bje ct j.. .90. .90. = 0.526. .80 .70. .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. .30. .20. Observed. .20. .10 0. Cubic. .10 0. 20. (i). 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Cubic. Su bje ct l.. = 0.888. .80 .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. = 0.932. .30. .20. 4-16.. 40. .90. .70. (k). 20. Color Difference in CIELAB. Su bje ct k . .90. .10 0. = 0.753. Observed. (j). Color Difference in CIELAB. .80. . .80. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. Color Difference in CIELAB. 140. 160. Observed. .20. Cubic. .10 0. (l). Observed 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Color Difference in CIELAB. o&pH{|

(173) CIELAB u}~;Z_. 50. Cubic.

(174) Su bje ct m.. Su bje ct n.. .90 .80. .90. = 0.803. .80. .70. .70. .60. .60. .50. .50. .40. .40. .30. .30. .20. Observed. .20. .10 0. Cubic. .10 0. 20. (m). 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. (n). Color Difference in CIELAB. = 0.612. Observed 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Color Difference in CIELAB. Su bje ct o. .90 .80. = 0.762. .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 0. (o) 4-16.. Observed 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. Cubic. Color Difference in CIELAB. o&pH{|

(175) CIELAB u}~;Z_. 51. Cubic.

(176) 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. S t d. Dev = 11 . 54 M ean = 74 . 5 N = 14 . 00. 0 6 0. 0. 6 5. 0. 70. 0. 75. 0. 8 0. 0. 85. 0. 90. 0. 9 5. 0. 10 0. 0. C o l o r d if fe r e n c e in C IE L A B. 4-17. a 4-3.. 14

(177) 15 no&pH

(178) t CIELAB uv".}~[ Independent:. No.. Mth. Rsq. d.f.. a. CUB. .934. 11. b. CUB. .656. c. CUB. d. F. Color difference in CIELAB Sigf. b0. 51.69. .000. .42. 7.3E-03. -1.2E-04. 5.6E-05. 11. 7.01. .007. .38. 7.6E-03. -8.2E-05. 2.8E-05. .869. 11. 24.28. .000. .44. 5.5E-03. -1.2E-04. 6.9E-05. CUB. .750. 11. 10.99. .001. .24. 7.9E-03. -1.6E-04. 7.8E-05. e. CUB. .860. 11. 22.45. .000. .52. 5.7E-03. -9.3E-05. 4.4E-05. f. CUB. .896. 11. 31.44. .000. .33. 1.2E-02. -1.7E-04. 7.8E-05. g. CUB. .805. 11. 15.15. .000. .56. 5.4E-03. -9.8E-05. 4.8E-05. h. CUB. .989. 11. 324.60. .000. .58. 1.8E-02. -2.0E-04. 7.7E-05. I. CUB. .526. 11. 4.08. .036. .58. 1.8E-03. -4.0E-05. 2.2E-05. j. CUB. .753. 11. 11.16. .001. .24. 1.7E-02. -2.8E-04. 0.0001. k. CUB. .888. 11. 29.14. .000. .26. 8.0E-03. -7.0E-05. 1.6E-05. l. CUB. .932. 11. 50.34. .000. .22. 9.2E-03. -1.2E-04. 5.6E-05. m. CUB. .803. 11. 14.92. .000. .21. 1.0E-02. -1.9E-04. 9.3E-05. n. CUB. .612. 11. 5.78. .013. .32. 1.1E-02. -1.7E-04. 6.8E-05. o. CUB. .762. 11. 11.73. .001. .27. 1.4E-02. -2.0E-04. 8.3E-05. 52. b1. b2. b3.

(179) .90 .80. Color Harmony. .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. H ue Difference in C IE LAB 4-18..

(180) t CIELAB Z ∆. _uv".wx. .90 .80. Color Harmony. .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10. 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. Lightnes s Difference in C IELAB Luminanc 4-19..

(181) t CIELAB

(182) Z ∆ _uv".wx. 53. 100.

(183) .90 .80. Color Harmony. .70 .60 .50 .40 .30 .20 .10 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. C hrom a D ifference in CI E LAB 4-20.

(184) t CIELAB

(185) Z ∆ _uv".wx. 95% CI Color Harmony. 80. 70. 60. 50. 40 N = 3675. 2145. 1890. 1650. 1200. 1005 1020. 945. 825. 465. 375. 180. 120. 15. 15. 3.8468 24. 7995 44.9482 64.6859 84.9301 103.9255 125. 3423 141.2555 14.5866 34.9015 54.8734 74.5109 94.7171 114.8370 133.9382. Hu e Dif f e re n c e in CI E L A B. 4-21.

(186) 95%qyzvt CIELAB Z ∆. 54. _uv"..

(187) 95% CI Color Harmony. 70. 60. 50. 40 N=. 3870. 2745. 4.3565. 2535. 3120. 25.4771 14.8514. 1260. 810. 43. 8999 34.8808. 840. 240. 66. 7237 54.3738. 105. 88. 1398 71.5249. L u m in a n c e D if fe re n c e in C I E L A B. 4-22.

(188) 95%qyzvt CIELAB

(189) Z ∆ _uv".. 62. 95% CI Color Harmony. 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 N=. 3855. 2910. 5.0154. 2895. 2610. 1500. 24.9046 14.8892. 930. 44. 5970 34.6354. 465. 300. 64. 3800 54.7780. 60. 81. 4658 74.5523. Ch r om a D if fe re n c e in CI E L A B. 4-23.

(190) 95%qyzvt CIELAB

(191) Z ∆ _uv".. 55.

(192) 4.3.2. Moon and Spencer .

(193) I, II, III, IV Moon and Spencer . (1st ambiguity)!"# (similarity)!"$. (2nd ambiguity)!%&'( (contrast)!) *+,-'./0123. 45 6789:;</=>?@ABCDEFG9 Moon and Spencer @HI JK -"LM%&M )%&N@'. M 9OP2QRS-T/ UVWX9Y Moon and Spencer @HIZ