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生物技術在醫學上的應用

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(1)Stem Cells (幹細胞) - Definition. Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation分化). ew al. ¾. lf re n. Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal). Se. ¾. Stem cell. Stem cell. te. ‘Master cells’ (unspecialized). ia nt re ffe Di. ¾. Specialized cell (e.g., white blood cell). 1.

(2) 人類胚胎幹細胞. 由胚胎幹細胞分化 而成的神經元細胞. 2.

(3) The Major Types of Stem Cells A. Embryonic Stem Cells (胚胎幹細胞 ESC) •. From blastocysts left over from In-Vitro Fertilization in the laboratory. B. Fetus Stem Cells (胎兒幹細胞) •. From aborted fetuses. C. Umbilical Cord Stem Cells (臍帶幹細胞) B. Adult Stem Cells (成體幹細胞) •. Stem cells have been found in the blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscle, salivary gland . . . . 3.

(4) Stem Cell Differentiation 全能性幹細胞 (胚胎初期). 複能性幹細胞. 多能性幹細胞. Unipotent Stem cell. 單能性幹細胞 4.

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(7) Stem Cell Cultivation. 7.

(8) 複製人類胚胎引發爭議. 8.

(9) History of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research „In 1998, John. Gearhart (Johns Hopkins University) derived human embryonic germ cells from cells in fetal gonadal tissue in culture.. Aborted fetus. 9.

(10) First Success of Human Embryo Cloning „. In 2001, the first cloned human embryo created by US researchers died at the 4-6 cell stage — too early to obtain embryonic stem cells.. 10.

(11) First Success of Human Embryonic Stem Cell „. On February 12, 2004, South Korean scientists, Dr. Woo Suk Hwang and Dr. Shin Young Moon of Seoul National University, reported the successful creation of 30 cloned human embryos developed to the blastocyst stage and then destroyed by stem cell extraction, yielding one embryonic stem cell line.. 11.

(12) How Many Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are There? „ The actual number of human embryonic. stem cell lines is a matter of some debate. „ To date, more than 100 human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived worldwide. „ However, most of those lines are not adequately characterized yet. „ Only 22 cell lines are eligible for federal funding in the USA. 12.

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(14) Drug screening. 14.

(15) 未來幹細胞或許可以用來治療以 下常見疾病 Parkinson’s disease(巴金森氏症) Alzheimer’s disease(老人癡呆症) Spinal cord injury(脊髓損傷) Stroke(中風) Burns(燒傷) Diabetes(糖尿病) Liver failure(肝衰竭) Heart disease(心臟病) Osteoarthritis(骨關節炎) Rheumatoid arthritis(風濕性關節炎) End-stage kidney disease(末期腎臟病變) 15.

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(18) 自體幹細胞 培育氣管移植 瀕危肺結核女獲救 科學家:20年內會普及 2008/11/20 蘋果日報 【蔡佳慧╱綜合外電報導】幹細胞療法新突破,開 啟「外科治療新紀元」!歐洲科學家替一名支氣管 受損的30歲婦女,完成全球首例的自體幹細胞培育 器官 移植手術,成功解決免疫系統的排斥問題。 科學家聲稱,未來20年內,病患移植以自體細胞培 育出的心臟、肺臟等器官,可望變成普遍的療法。 現年30歲的哥倫比亞婦女卡絲蒂約(Claudia Castillo)現居西班牙,她在2004年感染結核病, 今年3月時,左支氣管連接肺部一端嚴重阻塞,幾 乎完全塌陷,導致她連走路都有困難,甚至恐怕得 摘除左肺。不過,歐洲醫界攜手合作,以創新的幹 細胞療法,從她骨髓幹細胞培育出新氣管進行移植 ,讓她重拾健康生活。. 18.

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(20) 神奇 幹細胞「茶包」2周治癒癱男 置入大腦起藥廠作用最快5年內上市 2008年12月04日蘋果日報 „. 【蔡文英╱綜合外電報導】長久以來,研究人員不斷尋找修補中風病患受損大腦的方法,先前研究顯示,移 植人類胚胎幹細胞製造的腦細胞,有助修復老鼠大腦的損傷。德國專家前天宣布,一名中風病人在接受將裝 有幹細胞的「茶包」放到大腦內的新療法兩周後,不但恢復說話能力,癱瘓的右臂也能動了。神奇的茶包幹 細胞療法最快5年內上市,將嘉惠無數出血性腦中風患者。. „. 「我覺得很幸運」,現已出院的49歲德國人貝斯特(Walter Bast)是全球首位接受此一革命性幹細胞療法的 人,他在手術後一周如此表示。他今年10月因出血性腦中風(俗稱腦溢血)住院,短期內二度中風,語言能 力受損,右手臂也不聽使喚。漢諾瓦的國際神經科學學會教授布林克(Thomas Brinker)替他進行由英國 Biocompatibles International藥廠研發的「細胞珠」(CellBeads)療法。. „. 癱瘓右手恢復知覺 布林克將1個2公分×2公分聚丙烯製「茶包」,放進貝斯特大腦內血管受損處,茶包內有500顆藻酸鹽製的膠 囊,每顆小膠囊內含100萬個取自健康成人捐贈者骨髓的間葉幹細胞(mesenchymal stem cell),間葉幹細胞 能形成脂肪和肌肉。 這些間葉幹細胞經過基因改造,能產生具有抗細胞死亡功能的蛋白質GLP-1(專利藥品名為CM1),能使因 中風受損的細胞再現生機,其作用有如「大腦內的藥廠」。將幹細胞置於膠囊內,是為避免身體免疫系統將 它們視為外來組織,遭到破壞。 14天後,醫生將茶包取出,以防移植的細胞對患者造成可能的長期副作用。如今手術過了6周,貝斯特不但能 再開口說話,右手也恢復活動。. „. 目前仍處臨床階段 布林克說:「我們在如此少數的患者身上看到這麼好的復元之路,這是令人鼓舞的開始。最重要的是,我們 發現這種治療無副作用。」臨床測試第一階段,共20名患者接受實驗。 製造商Biocompatibles的史崔福博士指,茶包療法可儲存於醫院冷藏室,以備患者不時之需。現階段實驗目的 僅在確定其安全性,要上市還得通過效用和道德上種種障礙。該公司執行長賽門接受路透電話訪問時強調, 目前還稱不上有正式結果,但這名患者的復元情況良好。但因該患者還動了中風患者通常會接受的大腦減壓 手術,還無法確定是哪種手術起作用。 20 出血性腦中風佔所有中風的15%?20%,是最難治療的一種,死亡率與發病率最高,只有44%患者能活過發病 之後的30天。.

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(22) Safety. 22.

(23) International Legislation ¾ South Korea – refined nuclear transfer or therapeutic cloning ¾ China – supports research ¾ Singapore – stem cell research a national priority ¾ Israel – leaders stem cell disease ¾ Great Britain – leader Dolly – active support of research ¾ Japan – supports research 23.

(24) 瑞士(2004/11/29)就一項允許 對人類胚胎幹細胞進行醫學研 究的法律舉行複決公投,有三 24 分之二選民投下贊成票。.

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