風能與太陽輻射能獨立與混合發電系統的實驗分析與數值模擬(I)

行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

風能與太陽輻射能獨立與混合發電系統的實驗分析與數值

模擬 (I)

研究成果報告(精簡版)

計 畫 類 別 ： 個別型 計 畫 編 號 ： NSC 100-2221-E-151-058- 執 行 期 間 ： 100 年 08 月 01 日至 101 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 ： 國立高雄應用科技大學機械工程系 計 畫 主 持 人 ： 李順晴 共 同 主 持 人 ： 王啟祥、李宗恩、李旺龍 計畫參與人員： 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：李萌稻 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：姚正一 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：邱盈風 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：劉倉江 公 開 資 訊 ： 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 101 年 10 月 03 日

中 文 摘 要 ： 研究成果分為理論分析與實品製作兩部份。理論部份已發表 於國際知名期刊 Solar Energy，實品製作部分則將於 2012 年底發表於中國機械工程學會論文發表會。本報告以中文呈 現實品製作部分，以英文呈現理論分析部分。 本研究製作垂直軸風力發電機，利用發電機產生交流電，配 合橋式整流器轉換成直流電。針對風力發電機之電能和轉速 是否成正比關係，因此使用傳統銑床，配合齒輪比關係，當 成風能來驅動發電機。發電機則是自行開發之 12 極 12 繞組 三相永磁式無矽鋼片之盤式發電機。葉片結構利用玻璃纖 維，以玻璃纖維特性使葉片輕量化。 本研究也瞭解風力發電機的發電特性，以便未來能應用於風 能轉換系統和風能與太陽能複合發電系統。本實驗所用的設 備，包括加工、組裝、測試以及微調等工作皆為自己動手完 成。待風力發電機組裝完備後，即開始測量在各種不同的風 速和轉速下的電壓、電流、功率，用以探討風力發電機的發 電特性。 本研究並開發太陽能雙軸追日系統，透過控制程式、8255 控 制卡與雙軸式追蹤機構系統，以提高太陽能電池的發電效 率。首先經由文獻公式來推算太陽的運動軌跡，其中包含傾 斜角、面方位角與日出日落時間等資訊，再使用 Visual Basic 來撰寫控制程式，接著利用控制卡傳送訊號給步進馬 達來動作。 中文關鍵詞： 太陽能、雙軸追蹤，風力、發電特性、風速、轉速 英 文 摘 要 ： This article presents a numerical model which can

estimate the energy conversions of separate and hybrid solar–wind systems under variable weather. The model integrates the equations associated with the characteristics of photovoltaic generation, wind energy conversion, energy balance, and battery bank, and uses the local database for radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature. The condition of hybrid action is shown, and the solutions are certain to be found.

英文關鍵詞： Hybrid system； Wind speed； Ambient temperature； Clearness index； Numerical estimation model

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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫

行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫

行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫

行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫

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風能與太陽輻射能獨立與混合發電系統的實驗分析與數值模擬(I)

計畫類別：■個別型計畫 □整合型計畫

計畫編號：NSC

100－2221－E－151－058－

執行期間：

100 年 8 月 1 日 至 101 年 7 月 31 日

執行機構及系所：國立高雄應用科技大學機械工程系

計畫主持人：李順晴

共同主持人：李旺龍、李宗恩、王啟祥

計畫參與人員：李萌稻、邱盈峰、姚正一、劉倉江

本計畫除繳交成果報告外，另含下列出國報告，共 ___ 份：

□移地研究心得報告

□出席國際學術會議心得報告

□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告

處理方式：除列管計畫及下列情形者外，得立即公開查詢

□涉及專利或其他智慧財產權，□一年□二年後可公開查詢

中 華 民 國一 O 一年 七 月 日

目錄 目錄 目錄 目錄 中文摘要 英文摘要 一、前言 2 二、文獻探討與研究目的 3 三、研究方法 4 四、結果與討論 6 五、參考文獻 7 報告自評表 8 附錄 9

中文摘要 中文摘要中文摘要 中文摘要 研究成果分為理論分析與實品製作兩部份。理論部份已發表於國際期刊Solar Energy，實品 製作部分則將於2012年底發表於中國機械工程學會論文發表會。本報告以中文呈現實品製 作部分，以英文呈現理論分析部分。 本研究製作垂直軸風力發電機，利用發電機產生交流電，配合橋式整流器轉換成直流電。 針對風力發電機之電能和轉速是否成正比關係，因此使用傳統銑床，配合齒輪比關係，當 成風能來驅動發電機。發電機則是自行開發之 12 極 12 繞組三相永磁式無矽鋼片之盤式發 電機。葉片結構利用玻璃纖維，以玻璃纖維特性使葉片輕量化。 本研究也瞭解風力發電機的發電特性，以便未來能應用於風能轉換系統和風能與太陽能 複合發電系統。本實驗所用的設備，包括加工、組裝、測試以及微調等工作皆為自己動手 完成。待風力發電機組裝完備後，即開始測量在各種不同的風速和轉速下的電壓、電流、 功率，用以探討風力發電機的發電特性。 本研究並開發太陽能雙軸追日系統，透過控制程式、8255 控制卡與雙軸式追蹤機構系統， 以提高太陽能電池的發電效率。首先經由文獻公式來推算太陽的運動軌跡，其中包含傾斜 角、面方位角與日出日落時間等資訊，再使用 Visual Basic 來撰寫控制程式，接著利用控制 卡傳送訊號給步進馬達來動作。 關鍵詞：太陽能、雙軸追蹤，風力、發電特性、風速、轉速 英文摘要 英文摘要英文摘要 英文摘要

This article presents a numerical model which can estimate the energy conversions of separate and hybrid solar–wind systems under variable weather. The model integrates the equations associated with the characteristics of photovoltaic generation, wind energy conversion, energy balance, and battery bank, and uses the local database for radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature. The condition of hybrid action is shown, and the solutions are certain to be found. Keywords: Hybrid system; Wind speed; Ambient temperature; Clearness index; Numerical estimation model 一 一一 一、、、 前言、 前言前言 前言 全世界能源短缺，各國積極發展再生能源，此能源又稱為乾淨能源。比方說太陽能、 風能、水力發電、生質能、潮汐能等。這些能源最大共同點來自於大自然的資源，像太陽 能的能源是太陽光輻射能量。風能的能源是風，利用風把動能轉變成機械能來發電。德國 環保部分析再生能源，可以看出單單是太陽光可以滿足全世界 2850 倍的能源需求。風能可 滿足全世界 200 倍的能源需求，水力可以滿足全世界 3 倍的能源，生質能可以滿足全世界 20 倍的能源，地熱可滿足全世界 5 倍的能源需求[1]，由此可看出再生能源的重要性。 風能的歷史在亞洲、歐洲都有足跡，亞洲和歐洲都是利用風力來驅動磨坊或者灌溉水 田，現今則是利用風力來發電，人類利用自然風將氣流的動能轉為機械能，並且接上帶動 發電機運轉來發電，最早利用風力發電的技術是在 19 世紀末歐洲。20 世紀，丹麥、瑞典、 蘇聯和美國應用航空工業的旋翼技術，研製了小型風力發電機，此類風力發電機廣泛使用 在多風海島以及偏僻鄉村使用，獲得電力成本比小型內燃機的發電成本低很多。人類最早 運用風力來發電是丹麥設計的垂直軸風力發電機，水平軸風力發電機最早也出現在歐洲。 在台灣，目前有雲林麥寮，及澎湖中屯，竹北春風，新北市石門，屏東恆春等，五處大型 風力發電機組，小型風力發電機組在岡山本洲工業區入口以及橋頭糖廠可以看的到。 風能具有環保、不破壞生態特色，不會產生汙染，風力發電機組的安裝和其他再生能 源比較，前者會比較容易多了，並不會產生輻射和殘渣物，且不需要大興土木，是一個乾 淨自然的能源。

二 二二 二、、、 文獻探討、 文獻探討文獻探討與研究目的文獻探討與研究目的與研究目的與研究目的 2.1 風力機製作 從葉片的特性分類為阻力型與升力型。更深入分析可以討論葉片數目與各種葉片型式 以及不同形狀的風車特性影響。 （1）Savonius 型葉片 此風車的名字是為了紀念芬蘭技師而命名的，於 1920 年發明，Savonius 葉片一開始是 先從 2 個半圓型葉片構成風車，後續發展出 3~4 葉片、或者是單層與雙層之應用，此類型 風車的效率可達到 20％[4]，並且擁有較大的轉矩啟動風車。不過近年來發展出螺旋葉片設 計的 Savonius 葉片，為螺旋式 Savonius 型風車。 （2）Darrieus 葉片

法國人的 Georges Jean Marie Darrieus 所發明的葉片，其使用名字命名為 Darrieus 葉片。 使風車的構造很簡單，成本低且具有高升力，但是低轉矩的特性使動力不足，效率約有 40 ％左右，Darrieus 設計一種葉片型式類似打蛋器的垂直軸葉輪，在 1931 年取得美國專利[6]。 Φ _{型 Darrieus 的風車葉片加工相當困難。另外還有一型是屬於 Darrieus 葉片，此葉片具有} 高效率，稱做為 Darrieus 直葉片型。

當風流經 Darrieus 葉片上時，會產生垂直於相對風速（relative wind）方向的升力與平 行於相對風速方向的阻力。而且當壓力不平均時，升力必須大於阻力使其推動葉片產生旋 轉。

（3）混合式葉片

混合式葉片的設計主要彌補 Darrieus 葉片轉矩不足的地方，需要使用 Savonius 型葉片 加強轉矩，但是此設計會阻礙 Darrieus 葉片在高轉速下能發揮的額定功率特性，其效率損 失高達 15％左右，它是 Savonius 與 Darrieus 葉片混合體。孫耘[10]使用高性能 Darrieus 葉 片與低轉速易啟動 Savonius 葉片兩組葉片性能搭配，以提升風能的利用率，但是混合式葉 片效率並沒有 Darrieus 葉片效率來的高，在台灣平均風速約為 2~4m/s 很難讓 Darrieus 葉片 自行啟動來發電，在本文中採用半球殼葉片比 Savonius 葉片阻力還要小，所以採取 Darrieus 葉片與半球殼葉片混合型風車之因素。提出該葉片效率為 28％，並配合發電機搭配半球殼 葉片可發揮效率為 95.6％的情況下，此風車的整體效率達 26.77％，是半球殼葉片與 Darrieus 葉片混合型風車。 介紹 3 組葉片後，統整起來由下表得知葉片特色以及優缺點分析，也可看出葉片的外 型是屬於升力型或者是阻力型，更能判斷葉片輸出的選擇性。 特性 種類 _{優點 缺點 運用} Savonius 型葉片 製作葉片簡單 低風速啟動容易 擁有高轉矩、低噪音 擷取的風能效率有 限 馬達發電機使用 Darrieus 葉片 高風速且效率高 低風速無法啟動 發電功能 混合式葉片 具有低風速容易起動， 且高風速有高效率 葉片製作較複雜 發電功能 目前國內研究垂直軸風力發電機相當少，其中陳建信[12]利用 3 組葉片的特性進行分析 與製作，實際製作出的葉片分別製作平面葉片、半圓形葉片、以及活動式平面葉片，最後 在利用可活動式葉片設計出垂直軸風力發電機，其葉片的材質為帆布，擁有高轉矩，無須 加裝迎風系統，結構簡單、製作容易以及成本低， 此風力發電機的葉片可移動，所以有最大受風力與減少受風阻力，其效能可達到 10％左右， 因此實際效能不佳。孫耘[10]所開發的半球殼葉片與 Darrieus 葉片混合型，改善以往傳統的 Savonius 型葉片與 Darrieus 葉片混合型，能有效改善低風速葉片的阻力，並在高風速時獲

得更高的效率，雖然此型是會影響 Darrieus 效率降低，但依照台灣地區平均風速不高的情 況下，可大幅增加了受風的機率。

在國外研究垂直軸方面，J.-L. Menet[13]研究 Savonius 型葉片，著手設計並且自行開發 出一個轉子，將此設計當成一個轉子的原型。取車用發電機與倒葉片形狀組合，經由實驗 證明，針對在法國使用 Savonius 轉子會有高效率和低技術性這兩樣的特性。Paul Cooper 和

Oliver C. Kennedy[14]介紹一台新型垂直軸風力發電機，說明風力發電機的葉片可以針對風

向判斷轉角度為 0-180 度，此風力發電機已具備自行啟動與較高的力矩。Robert Howell[15] 等人製作出垂直軸風力發電機，此發電機的葉片為 3 組，並且放入風洞進行實驗，利用風 洞的性能測試，做出了不同的風速數據，實驗證明，葉片表面粗糙度對於風力發電機來說 會有影響，除此之外，也運用了 Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)做流場分析，更能完整 抓住風力發電機的性能。 在全球所有能源中，只有風力發電機發展最為穩定，也最有歷史性，在 1980 年，Jesch 和 Walton[24]提出轉動角度(θ)與尖端速度比(λ)會改變葉片的相對攻角(α)，也証實多數 Darrieus 風力機不可自行啟動，必須尖端速度比大於 3，葉片流場持續保持不會分離，才能 達到最高效率。接著在 1982 年工研院能資所研究員季永炤，經過理論分析後，認為風力發 電機的葉片對空氣摩擦力是會隨著尖端速度比的增加而變大，而在同一個發電轉速下若增 加了風車的葉片半徑，將會導致效率下降。1919 年德國物理學家 Betz[26]提出風車效率C_P 最大值為 0.5926，表示還沒有進入葉片前風速為V ，風速已經過葉片後為_a V ，而風速比為_b b V /V 有最大效率 59％。丹麥氣象學兼物理學家拉柯爾[27](Poul La Cour)，於 1891 年在阿_a 斯科夫國民高等學校設立風力發電研究所，有『丹麥的愛迪生』之稱。改良荷蘭型風車的 風車翼，讓風車可以得到更高轉速，另外風力都呈現不穩定的能量，所以設計轉速調整器， 使風車可以達到一定轉速的發電機，接著設計蓄電池的充放電自動式繼電器，不單是使用 蓄電池，更藉由水電解產生氫氣，藉此儲蓄電力。2004 年 Bussel 等[28]提出現代垂直軸風 力發電機可應用於建築風場的概念裡，舉出垂直軸風力發電機的優勢，包含複雜風場下擁 有良好性能、可安全的環境操作、低噪音、簡易架設與維修費用低、兼具美感。 2.2 理論研究與研究目的

Photovoltaic (PV) generator transforms directly the solar radiation into electricity, and wind turbine produces it by way of the energy in wind prompted by solar energy. The weather conditions, which include radiation, wind speed, and ambient temperature, are easily changeable and large affect the powers output of separate and hybrid solar-wind systems. For a solar-wind system connected to a large power station, the engineers are very concerned about the system power reliability under varying weather conditions, and the optimal sizing and the annualized cost of system must be found when the fixed load demand is given (Yang et al., 2007). But generally, the configuration of a small hybrid solar-wind system is determined according to the variable load demands, for example, charging the battery bank or driving an electrical device. If the estimation model of energy conversion for small hybrid solar-wind system is established, the choice of the configuration of hybrid system will have proof and evidence.

三 三三

三、、、 研究方法、 研究方法研究方法 研究方法

During the day, the solar radiations arriving at the surface outside of the atmosphere are split up into beam and diffuse radiations when they go through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the earth. The solar radiation incident on a horizontal plane outside of the atmosphere can be determined according to the equations presented by Duffie and Beckman (2006), and the actual total energy incident on the earth is indicated by clearness index. Hottel (1976) and Liu and Jordan (1960) have presented the equations which can determine the amount of beam and diffuse radiations in clear day. This amount is the maximum of radiation incident on the earth, and the maximum of clearness index at any time is found. The local behavior of radiation incident on the earth is indicated by the clearness index at random, and once it is sampled, the local total radiation is determined. The current study correlates the possible range of diffuse fraction with the clearness

index according to the measurements accomplished by Reindl (1990), and then determines the diffuse fraction at random. Accordingly, the diffuse radiation is the product of total radiation and diffuse fraction, and the beam radiation is found by subtracting diffuse radiation from total radiation.

Beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and radiation reflected from the ground contribute energies to the PV module, which are determined by the incident angles. The incident angles are evaluated at the surface slope of the PV module according to the equations presented by Duffie and Beckman (2006) and Brandemuehl and Beckman (1980). For finding the maximum of effective radiation absorbed by the PV module, the two-axes tracking (Seme and Štumberger, 2011) is considered in the current study, that is, the tilted angle of PV module is equal to the zenith angle, and its surface azimuth angle is equal to the solar azimuth angle. Thus the effective radiation absorbed on the tilted surface of PV module with one glass cover can be determined by the air mass modifier, the transmittance-absorptance (TA) products, and the HDKR model (Hay and Davies, 1980; Klucher, 1979; Reindl, 1988). In addition to the level of solar radiation, the temperature of PV module also affects the power output of PV generator. The equation for energy balance on the PV module has been established by the considerations of the power output of PV module and the loss of energy converting to the air (Lee, 2011). Combining the equation representing the characteristics of PV module with the equation for energy balance, the power output of the PV generator can be determined while it meets a load demand. But before the estimations, the equations and database for presenting the daily profiles of wind speed and ambient temperature (Bertini et al., 2010) must be established.

For estimating the power output of hybrid solar-wind system meeting a load demand, the equations should be determined which can simulate the daily profiles of wind speed and ambient temperature using the local database. Air convection is promoted by solar radiation after sunrise, reaches to the peak after solar noon, and is moderating after sunset. Thus the daily profiles of wind speed can be presented by two piecewise cosine functions, one for that before the peak and one for that after the peak. The local database used in the equations includes the average wind speed during the night, the time when the wind is apparently promoted after sunrise, the time when the wind apparently moderates after sunset, the maximum of wind speed, and the time when the maximum occurs. The times representing the effective promotion after sunrise or moderation after sunset may be defined by some percentages of maximum wind speed, 5% for example. Ambient temperature presents the minimum at about midnight and reaches to the maximum at about solar noon. The daily profiles of ambient temperature can be presented by two piecewise cosine functions according to the database which includes the daily maximum and minimum, the difference in temperature between the maximum and the minimum, the time when the average temperature occurs before the maximum, and the time when the average temperature occurs after the maximum. Accordingly, the wind speed and ambient temperature at any time are determined.

If the establishments of numerical model and local database have been accomplished, the numerical estimations of energy conversions for the separate and hybrid solar-wind systems provided with different configurations can be found. Generally, the hybrid system needs a battery bank to decrease the influence of weather uncertainty on driving an electric device. If the rang of voltage for driving the electric device has been chosen, the battery cells in series will be requested to supply the same range of voltage under charge and discharge limits, and the PV modules in series must match the battery cells on condition that the open-circuit voltage of PV array is greater than the voltage limit of battery bank. The characteristics of WEC process for wind turbine provided with different radii of blade must be determined because the numerical estimation model finds all solutions according to the characteristics of all devices used in the system. As a fundamental research, the small hybrid solar-wind system is considered here which meets a demand of charging lead-acid battery bank. Thus the hybrid system comprises the controller, the PV generator, the wind turbine with converter and transformer, the battery bank, and the resistors. The characteristics of battery bank change when its fractional state of charge changes (Shepard, 1965), and the charging power reaches to the maximum when the current is at charging limit and the battery bank is reaching to the full state of charge. This maximum power is defined as the rated power supplied by the wind energy conversion (WEC) system. The energy in wind is

proportional to the cube of speed, but the actual power output of WEC process is decreased due to the mechanical transmission, tip speed ratio, and pitch angle of turbine blade, in addition to the effect of Betz limit. Subtracting all loss from the energy in wind, the critical wind velocity is found which provides the battery bank with the rated power, and the wind turbines provided with different radii have different critical velocities. WEC system supplies power to load from a start wind speed accompanying a start voltage. Accordingly, the characteristics of WEC system for different radii of wind turbine can be found, because the voltage output of WEC system is proportional to the wind velocity under fixed tip speed ratio.

Once the weather conditions are given including wind speed, ambient temperature, and level of radiation, the hybrid solar-wind system needs an operation strategy to integrate the powers output of PV generator and WEC process. But the hybrid system works as a separate WEC system before sunrise and after sunset, and works as a separate PV system if the wind is moderating during the day. According to the given weather conditions, the power output of WEC process is found, and the critical voltage of hybrid action is determined by the simultaneous solution of the characteristics of PV generator and battery bank. If the voltage output of WEC process is less than the critical voltage, the hybrid system will work as a separate PV system. If the hybrid behavior is effective, the currents output of PV array and charging battery bank are re-found respectively according to the voltage output of WEC process. If the hybrid current, defined as the amount of currents output of PV generator and WEC system, is greater than the charge current, the hybrid behavior is active and the resistor receives the excess current. If the hybrid current is less than the charge current, the characteristics of hybrid system must be re-found via iterative calculations until satisfying the condition that the charging current is equal to the hybrid current. And the other resistor helps decrease the voltage output of WEC process. The simultaneous solutions are certain to be found, because the range of characteristics of WEC process matches that of battery bank.

研究方法的數學部份請參考文獻[11]或附錄。 四 四四 四、、、 結果與討論、 結果與討論結果與討論 結果與討論 本研究以製作垂直軸風力發電機，親自製作發電機與葉片為目標，再分析風力發電機的性 能與測試，其研究成果如下： 1. 發電機的線圈盤有很大的因素，通常希望磁鐵盤與線圈盤間隙緊密一點，所以本研究 團隊製作線圈盤厚度為 0.5mm，主要是希望達到緊密要求，不僅厚度為 0.5mm，就連 線圈也是 0.5mm。 2. 3. 估算纏繞線圈圈數多少，會產生多少發電量。電源部分使用三相交流發電，搭配橋式 整流轉變為直流電。 4. 葉片製作輕量化，葉片結構使用玻璃纖維，並且使用簡單模具製作出國家航空諮詢委 員會（National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics，NACA）規範的葉片。

5. 量測發電量時，必須在電路上面接上負載，並考慮負載與發電機效率，沒有一個簡單 的公式可以從風速求得發電量。 6. 葉片的弧度會影響風力轉換成電力部分，這一點必須要注意的。 7. 風機輸出端接上負載會使得扇葉的轉速變慢，負載的電阻值越小時，轉速變慢得越明 顯。短路時，扇葉轉速的轉速最慢。 8. 負載為 5Ω、風力為 5(m/s)以下時，扇葉的轉速有 99%會在 200rpm 以下。 9. 轉速在 200rpm 以下時，使用 10~12Ω 的電阻當作負載產生的功率較佳。 10. 負載為 5Ω 時，風機的啟動風速約在 2.2(m/s)，和理論比較有著良好的一致性。 11. 本實驗所使用的風機，在不同的風速下，最大功率點的電壓雖然不一樣，但是葉尖速 比皆在 3.5~4.5 之間。 12. 風車轉動快時，未必能達到最大功率，也未必能夠從空氣中擷取最高比例的能量。要 讓風機能維持在最大功率產出的話，就要將葉尖速比控制在 3.5~4.5 之間。 13. 利用太陽能電池、8255 控制卡與步進馬達結合雙軸追蹤機構，則可建構出雙軸追蹤系

統來進行追蹤太陽已提提高太陽電池的發電效率。 14. 在實際戶外追蹤太陽光時，單軸追蹤系統可提高 8%的發電量；而雙軸追蹤則可提高 10%的發電量。 15. 由於驅動裝置為大功率步進馬達，所以一天所需耗電量將佔發電量的極大部分。若是 更改為單軸追蹤方式，預計將可節省相當多的能源消耗，而僅需適時調整傾斜角即可。 另外，以數值分析模型預估太陽光能與風力能複合發電系統的能量轉換成效，可以預先找 出各地區最佳的光電模組數與風力機葉片長度的組合值。這個預測模型需建立每日的氣溫 變化模型，風速變化模型，陽光多變照射的模型，風力機特性與電池組特性的整合模型， 以及找出複合發電的啟動條件。本模型也同時預測出光電系統與風力發電系統各自單獨運 作的結果，以做有利選擇。本研究改進了以前以天氣晴朗為研究條件的缺點。相關結論與 圖形可參考文獻[11]，排序發表是2012年11月。 五 五五 五、、、 參考文獻、 參考文獻參考文獻 參考文獻 [1] http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/uploads/media/AEE_Durchblick_Erneuer

bare_Energien_jul10.pdf, "Dervolle Durchblick --in Sachen Ernererbare Engergien".（德國

環保部網站上資料）。

[2]關和市，牛山泉，2010，小型風車手冊，林輝政，臺大出版中心。

[3]孫耘， 2007，新型垂直軸風力發電機系統之設計與實現，淡江大學，碩士論文。

[4]陳建信，2005，垂直軸式風力發電系統設計有效擷取風能葉片研究，明道管理學院，碩

士論文。

[5] J.-L. Ment ,2004 ,“Adouble-step Savonius rotor for local production of electricity: a design study”,Renewable Energy , vol.29, pp.1843-1862.

[6] Paul Cooper , Oliver C. Kennedy , 2004 , “Development and Analysis of a Novel Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, Faculty of Engineering – Papers , University of Wollongong Research Online.

[7] Robert Howell, Ning Qin, Jonathan Edwards, Naveed Durrani ,2010, “Wind tunnel and numerical study of a small vertical axis wind turbine”,Renewable Energy , vol.35, pp. 412 -422.

[8] Jesch, L. F., and Walton, D., 1980,Reynolds number effects on the aerodynamic performance of a vertical axis Wind turbine, International Symposium on Wind Energy Systems, 3rd, Lyngby ,Denmark.

[9] 關和市，牛山泉，2011，垂直軸風車，林輝政，臺大出版中心。

[10] Bussel, G.J.W. van, Mertens, S., Polinder, H. and Sidler, H.F.A., 2004 , “TURBY: concept and realisation of a small VAWT for the built environment” EAWE/EWEA Special Topic Conference, The Science of making Torque from Wind, pp. 509-516.

[11] S.C. Lee, 2012, “Numerical estimation model of energy conversion for small hybrid solar–wind system.” Solar Energy, 86, pp. 3125–3136. (SCI, IF= 2.475)

[12] S.C. Lee, 2011, “Characteristic analysis of a photovoltaic system flying at fixed latitude,”

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補助專題研究計畫成果報告自評表

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專題研究計畫成果報告自評表

專題研究計畫成果報告自評表

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請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況、研究成果之學術或應用價

值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）

、是否適

合在學術期刊發表或申請專利、主要發現或其他有關價值等，作一綜合評估。

1.

請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況作一綜合評估

■達成目標

□ 未達成目標（請說明，以 100 字為限）

□ 實驗失敗

□ 因故實驗中斷

□ 其他原因

說明：

2.

研究成果在學術期刊發表或申請專利等情形：

論文：■已發表 □未發表之文稿 □撰寫中 □無

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3.

請依學術成就、技術創新、社會影響等方面，評估研究成果之學術或應用價

值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）（以

500 字為限）

(1)發表國外期刊論文 3 篇，國內期刊論文 1 篇，研討會論文 5 篇。但其中國外期刊論文 2 篇 在被接受時，尚未獲得國科會計劃通過之通知，因此無法在誌謝中列編號。 (2)技術研發成果說明： 以數值分析模型預估太陽光能與風力能複合發電系統的能量轉換成效，可以預先找出各地區 最佳的光電模組數與風力機葉片長度的組合值。這個預測模型可配合每日的氣溫變化模型， 風速變化模型，陽光多變照射的模型，風力機特性與電池組特性的整合模型，以及找出複合 發電的啟動條件。 (3)技術特點說明： 本研究也同時預測出光電系統與風力發電系統各自單獨運作的結果，以做有利選擇。本研究 改進了以前以天氣晴朗為研究條件的缺點。本研究提出如何預估 ECSC 的特徵曲線，並找出 如何以 PVEC 順利運轉電動機械的方法。 (4)可利用之產業及可開發之產品：

本研究的引申研究[12]，將PV電池與超級電容ECSC結合成PVEC模組，被Elsevier S&T Journals 推薦為2012 The Zayed Future Energy Prize的候選人，以表揚研究者在產品革新方面的創見。

(5)推廣及運用的價值：如增加產值、增加附加價值或營利、增加投資/設廠、增加就業人

數………等。

將 PV 電池與超級電容 ECSC 結合成 PVEC 模組，不再須要空間放置電池組，有助於降低光 電系統的價格，簡化綠建築與無人飛行器的設計。

附錄 附錄附錄 附錄 1. Wind speed representation

A lot of factors affect the capacity in wind, but they all are prompted by solar radiation. Due to heat convection effect, the wind speed is strengthened after sunrise, reaches to the peak after solar noon, and goes down to the minimum after sunset. By time representation, the wind speed apparently changes from the time by ∆t_i after sunrise, arrives at the maximum at t_peak, and backs to the minimum from the time by ∆t_o after sunset. Sunrise is 12-12

ω

_s/

π

and sunset is

π

ω

/ 12

12+ _s , where

ω

_s is sunset hour angle. Accordingly, the average wind speed can be presented by two cosine functions:

) / 12 12 2 ( cos ) ( i min max min peak s peak t t t t -W W W W − ∆ + − − ⋅ + =

π

ω

π

, when 12-12ω_s/π +∆t_i <t≤t_peak (1) )] / 12 12 ( cos 1 )[ ( 2 1 min max min peak o s peak t t t t -W W W W − ∆ + + − ⋅ + + =

π

ω

π

, when o s peak t t t < <12+12ω /π +∆ (2) min W W = , otherwise (3)

where the average wind speed is on the increase from 12-12ω_s/π +∆t_i to t_peak and on the decrease from t_peak to 12+12ω_s /π +∆t_o, and both W_max and W_min follow the changes of season and latitude. The equations from (1) to (3) form a global model, and all parameters, which are affected by local geographical feature, are determined by actual measurements all year round. In the current study, a sample is considered and shown in Fig. 1, which presents the profiles of average wind speed W accompanying the velocity W_rand at random sampled per 5 min on the days of summer solstice (SS), autumn equinox (AE), and winter solstice (WS). The wind speed always moderates to the minimums at about 22:00, which means 12+12ω_s /π +∆t_o=22 in Eq. (2). The maximums of wind speed, W_max, are between 7 and 10m/sec, the minimums of wind speed, W_min, are between 2 and 3m/sec, ∆t_i is about 2 hours, and the peak is at about 14:00. For statistical presentation, the factors at random are between 0.95 and 1.05 in Eq. (1), between 0.96 and 1.04 in Eq. (2), and between 0.9 and 1.1 in Eq. (3). The daily W_max and W_min in the year are determined by interpolation of two Lagrangian polynomials. One is based on the data on the three days, including the first day of the year, the day of spring equinox (SE), and the day of SS. The other is based on the data on the three days, including the day of SS, the day of AE, and the last day of the year. Both W_max and W_min on the first day of the year are equal to those on the last day, and those on the day of SE are equal to those on the day of AE. Thus, the two polynomials can be determined by the following method. Both W_max and W_min on the last day of the year are found on condition that the data determined by the polynomial for those on the day of WS must be the same as those presented in Fig. 1. But the local database searched and collected all year round for many years is a top priority.

2. Ambient temperature representation

If engineer is short of local database for presenting the daily profiles of ambient temperature, a model is suggested in the current study. Based on the interpolation method the same as that for wind velocity, the daily ranges of ambient temperature are determined by the maximums and the minimums obtained by two Lagrangian polynomials according to the data on the days of SS, AE, and WS. Generally, the daily ambient temperature has the maximum at solar noon and the minimum at midnight. Thus the profile can be represented by

π /12) cos( 5 . 0 T t T T_a = _m − ∆ (4)

T

∆ is the difference in temperature between midnight and solar noon, 6oC at the latitude of 20o for example. If the average temperature is not at 6:00 or 18:00, Eq. (4) must be split up into two piecewise cosine functions. The annual range sampled and employed in the current study is shown in Fig. 2, which has two peaks because the temperatures reach to the extremes on the day of SS.

3. Radiation representation

Although the solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth is easily changeable, the energy, which radiates from the sun to the earth, follows a fixed relationship between them. The solar radiation incident on a horizontal plane outside of the atmosphere can be found via the parameter, B=360(n−1)/365, on the nth day of the year (Duffie and Beckman, 2006):

z o B B B B G θ cos ) 2 sin 10 7 . 7 2 cos 10 7.19 sin 10 280 . 1 cos 10 3.4221 .000110 1 ( 1367 5 -4 -3 --2 × + × + × + × + = (5)

And the incident angle of beam radiation,

θ

_z, on the horizontal surface at latitude

φ

can be determined by (Duffie and Beckman, 2006)

ω

φ

δ

φ

δ

θ

sin sin cos cos cos

cos _z = + (6)

where

ω

is the hour angle, and the declination of the sun at solar noon,

δ

, is evaluated by (Spencer, 1971): ) 3 sin 48 . 1 3 cos 679 . 2 2 sin 907 . 0 2 cos 758 . 6 sin 257 . 70 cos 399.912 -(6.918 001 . 0 B B B B B B + − + − + × = δ (7)

The radiation G passes through the atmosphere and contributes beam radiation, _o G_b =G_oτ_b, and diffuse radiation, G_d =G_oτ_d, to the horizontal plane on the earth. Under clear atmosphere, the transmittance for beam radiation has been found by Hottel (1976):

) cos 950 3 . 0 exp( 417 7 . 0 17 12 . 0 z b _θ τ = + − (8)

And the transmittance for diffuse radiation in clear day was found by Liu and Jordan (1960):

b

d τ

τ =0.271−0.294 (9)

Accordingly, the total radiation is G_oτ_b+G_oτ_d and treated as the maximum of instant radiation on the earth: ) 706 . 0 271 . 0 ( max Go b G = + τ (10)

Because the sky may be clear with a low diffuse or have a thin cloud cover leading a high diffuse fraction, the maximum of diffuse radiation is not G_oτ_d, but the maximum of beam radiation

max ,

b

G is G_oτ_b.

According to the measurements about diffuse fraction versus hourly clearness index accomplished by Reindl (1990), the diffuse fraction is confined to different ranges at different clearness indexes. Although the data measured by Reindl are based on hourly index, the ranges of diffuse fraction are synonymous for those based on instant index. As shown in Fig. 3, the current study presents the ranges of the diffuse fraction at any clearness index, K_T =G/G_o, by two Lagrangian polynomials: 42 . 0 , 0 . 1 ) / (G_d G _max = if K_T ≤ (11) 1075 . 0 / ) 60 . 0 )( 42 . 0 ( 165 . 0 045 . 0 / ) 85 . 0 )( 42 . 0 ( 8 . 0 0774 . 0 / ) 85 . 0 )( 60 . 0 ( 0 . 1 ) / ( _max − − + − − − − − = T T T T T T d K K K K K K G G 85 . 0 42 . 0 <K_T < if (12) 85 . 0 0.165, ) / (G_d G _max = if K_T ≥ (13) and 2 2 . 0 0.9802, ) / (G_d G _min = if K_T ≤ (14)

2961 . 0 / ) 38 . 0 )( 2 2 . 0 ( 165 . 0 752 0 . 0 / ) 85 . 0 )( 2 2 . 0 ( 5 . 0 1008 . 0 / ) 85 . 0 )( 0.38 ( 0.9802 ) / ( _min − − + − − − − − = T T T T T T d K K K K K K G G if 0.22<K_T <0.85 (15) 85 . 0 0.165, ) / (G_d G _min = if K_T ≥ (16)

Figure 3 also shows the correlation of Erbs et al. (1982). For proving the reliability of the representations, the diffuse fraction, G_d / G_max, and the clearness index, K_T,max =G_max/G_o, from sunrise to sunset in clear day at the latitude of 20o and on the days of SS, AE, and WS are plotted in Fig. 3. Although they are the data determined at the latitude of 20o, the current study found that the data at any latitude are also presented in the same range.

At any instant during the day, the maximum clearness index K_T,max is determined by

b τ 706 . 0 271 .

0 + , but the actual index may be between 0.22 and K_T,max if the sky is partly clear, between 0 and K_T,max if it is cloudy and clear, between 0 and 0.22 if it is rainy. Once the clearness index K_T,s at random is sampled, the total radiation is found by G_s =K_T,sG_o, and the diffuse fraction G_d,s/G_s at random can be sampled within the range presented by the equations from (11) to (16) at the given clearness index. Thus the diffuse radiation G_d,s is determined, and the beam radiation G_b,s is equal to G_s−G_d,s. But if G_b,s >G_b,max, G_b,s is reduced to G_b,max

and G_d,s is re-found by G_s−G_b,max. In the current study, G , _o G_max, and G_b,max are evaluated per 5 min, but the factors at random all are re-sampled every half an hour for avoiding the strong radiation variation. The samples shown in Fig. 4 are determined by choosing the sky as partly clear, 0.22≤K_T ≤ K_T,max. The daily original factors are 0.22 for clearness index and 1.0 for diffuse fraction, and the average of the old and new factors at random, f =0.5(fnew+ fold), is used. Figure 4 also shows that diffuse radiation is often larger than beam radiation.

4. Wind energy conversion

Wind energy can be transformed into electricity by wind turbine with horizontal or vertical axis, and the power output of WEC process is determined by air dynamic pressure, effective area covered by the rotating blades, and power coefficient of the wind turbine:

3 5 . 0 _{p rand} w C AW P = ρ (17)

where the density of the air is obtained by the equation of state of the ideal gas. The wind turbine with horizontal axis needs a vane to obtain the effective area of 0.25D2

π

, but wind power can drive the wind turbine with vertical axis at any direction by the effective area of DH . According to the Betz limit, if the wind speed far downstream behind the rotor is one third of the velocity of free stream, the maximum fraction of the power in the wind stream that can be extracted is 16/27. In performance, the power coefficient of wind turbine with horizontal axis is determined by tip speed ratio and pitch angle according to a nonlinear relationship between them (Wang, 2006). The power coefficient has a maximum accompanying a tip speed ratio if pitch angle is fixed, and the maximum will decrease if pitch angle increases. When the pitch angle is zero, the power coefficient of the wind turbine with horizontal axis at a given tip speed ratio λ can be obtained by ) 21 exp( ) 5 64 1.9( λ λ − − = p C (18)

It shows that when the tip speed ratio is 7.95, the maximum of power coefficient is 0.412 which is 69.7% of the value determined by Betz limit.

The power coefficient of the wind turbine with vertical axis is different from that of the wind turbine with horizontal axis. For the small wind turbine with vertical axis, Chen et al. (2010) indicated that the power conversion coefficient is only about 0.3 because the wind turbine cannot control the ratio of lift and drag to a maximum. Healy (1978) employed the multiple-stream tube model to analyze the air flow around the blade and showed that the maximum of power

coefficient can reach to about 0.5 at the tip speed ratio around 3. According to the results derived by the method of computational fluid dynamics for a small wind turbine with vertical axis, Howell et al. (2010) found that due to the presence of the over tip vortices the power coefficient is greater in the response for two-dimensional analysis than three-dimensional analysis. According to their numerical and experimental results, the peak of performance coefficient is always less than 0.25 accompanying the tip speed ratio of about 2.1. The current study considers the wind turbine with horizontal axis, and fixes the tip speed ratio at 7.95 to get the maximum power coefficient of 0.412. But for the same diameter of wind turbine, the wind turbine with vertical axis also gets the same wind power, if its height is

0.25

π

C_{p ,r}D, where C_p,r is the ratio of the power coefficient of wind turbine with horizontal axis to that of wind turbine with vertical axis.

5. PV generator

The effective radiation converted into electricity by PV module is determined by beam radiation, anisotropic diffuse radiation, radiation diffusely reflected from the ground, slope of module surface, effect of air mass, and air convection. For minimizing the angle of incidence of solar beam radiation, the PV module tracks around two axes to simultaneously satisfy two conditions: it has a slope equaling to the zenith angle,

β

=

θ

_z, and the surface azimuth angle is equal to the solar azimuth angle,

γ

=

γ

_s. Using a sign function, sign(ω)=±1, to indicate that the solar azimuth angle is positive when the hour angle is positive, and negative when the hour angle is negative, the solar azimuth angle is determined by (Duffie and Beckman, 2006)

      ₋ =

φ

θ

φ

δ

θ

ω

γ

cos sin sin sin cos arccos ) ( z z s sign (19)

As an example, Fig. 5 shows the profiles of angles for the module located at the latitude of 20o, and presents that the absolute solar azimuth angle is greater than 90o on the days around SS. For exact tracking, PV module will turn from the east to the west passing the south if the absolute azimuth angle is less than 90o, and passing the north if it is greater than 90o.

Based on the laws found by Snell, Fresnel, and Bougher, the TA product for the beam radiation entering the PV module with one glass cover is determined by

                + − + + − − = − ) ( tan ) ( tan ) ( sin ) ( sin 2 1 1 ) ( ₂ 2 2 2 cos / θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ τα θ r r r r KL b e r (20)

where θ and

θ

_r are the angles of incidence and refraction, K is the glazing extinction coefficient, and L is the glazing thickness. For the radiation normal to the surface, the TA product (τα)_n is 0.949 obtained by θ →0 and

θ

_r →0. Furthermore, Brandemuehl and Beckman (1980) found the average angles of incidence of diffuse and ground-reflected radiations,

d

θ

and

θ

_g, which are separately evaluated at the slope of the surface:

2 001497 . 0 1388 . 0 7 . 59

β

β

θ

d = − + (21) 2 002693 . 0 5788 . 0 90

β

β

θ

g = − + (22)

The TA products of diffuse radiation (

τα

)_d and ground-reflected radiation (

τα

)_g are also determined by Eq. (20).

Different air masses induce different spectral distributions of the solar radiation incident on the PV module. King et al. (2004) presented an empirical equation to predict the changes in spectral content due to changes in air mass from the reference value of 1.5, and the air mass modifier for monocrystalline silicon cells is (Fanney et al., 2002)

4 4 3 3 2 2 1 10 11 . 0 10 527 . 0 10 8677 . 0 10 54289 . 0 935823 . 0 m m m m M_air − − − − × − × + × − × + = (23) where considering the effect of the earth’s curvature, the air mass m is given by (Kasten and Young, 1989)

634 . 1 ) 080 . 96 ( 5057 . 0 cos 1 − − + = z z m

θ

θ

(24)

The actual beam radiation incident on the tilted surface is determined by the geometric factor

b

R which is the ratio of the beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on a horizontal surface at

any time: z b R θ θ cos cos = (25)

where R is equal to _b cscθ_z for two axes sun tracking. Accordingly, the effective radiation absorbed on the tilted surface of PV module can be determined by the HDKR model (Hay and Davies, 1980; Klucher, 1979; Reindl, 1988):

            − + + + − + + = ) cos 1 ( ) ( 5 . 0 )) 5 . 0 ( sin 1 )( cos 1 ( ) )( 1 ( 5 . 0 csc ) ( ) ( z 3 , , ,

θ

τα

ρ

θ

θ

τα

τ

θ

τα

τ

g g s z s z d b s d z b b s d s b air G f G G G M S (26)

where the surrounding diffuse reflectance for the total solar radiation, ρ_g, is 0.15 on the road laid by asphalt (Wolfe and Zissis, 1989), the view factor (Maor and Appelbaum, 2012) to the sky for a surface tilted at slope

θ

_z is 0.5(1+cos

θ

_z), the view factor to the ground is 0.5(1−cosθ_z), and the modulating factor for horizon brightening is

b b s f τ τ 706 . 0 271 . 0 + = (27)

The power output of PV generator is determined by effective absorbed solar ratio,

ratio

S =S /S_ref , module temperature, T_mod, and operation voltage, V_mod. Under the reference conditions, G_ref =1000W/m2, m=1.5, and T_mod= 25oC, the air mass modifier M_air,ref is equal to 1.0, so S_ref =M_air,ref G_ref (τα)_n= 949W/ m2. Based on the equivalent circuit, the

V

I− characteristic of PV module is given by

sh s PV PV s PV PV d L PV R R I V a R I V I I I _− +      −       + − = exp 1 (28)

The five parameters, including the light current I_L, the diode reverse saturation current I , the _d

series resistance R , the modified ideality factor _s a, and the shunt resistance R , are dependent _sh

on the effective absorbed solar ratio and the module temperature: ) 10 6 . 2 ( _L,ref 4 _d ratio L S I T I = + × − (29a) ] ) / ) 10 677 2 1 ( 43.57 57 . 43 [ exp 4 3 , d r -r ref d d I T . T T I = − − × (29b) ref ra T a= (29c) ratio ref sh sh R S R = _, / (29d) ref s s R R = _, (29e) where the difference in temperature, T_d =T_PV −25 , and the ratio of temperature,

273.15)

( +

= _PV

r T

T /298.15 , are evaluated at the module and reference temperatures. The PV module employed has the characteristics at reference condition (Duffie and Beckman, 2006):

5 . 4 = sc I , A V_oc =21.4 , V I_mp =3.95 , and A V_mp =16.5 . V

The variations in temperature of PV module are found by an energy balance (Lee, 2011): ) ( ) 3.8 (5.7 _{rand PV a} PV PV PV _{W T T} A V I S= + + − (30)

where I_PVV_PV is the power output of a single PV module which has the surface area A_PV of 0.633 m , wind speed 2 W_rand is predicted by the equations from (1) to (3) and used to find the

convection coefficient on the surface (McAdams, 1954), and the ambient temperature T is _a

determined by Eq. (4) combined with the profiles in Fig. 2.

6. System configuration

The hybrid system shown in Fig. 6 comprises the controller, the PV generator, the wind turbine with converter and transformer, the battery bank formed by 6 cells, and the resistors. The characteristics of battery bank from F =0.2 to F =1.0 are shown in Fig. 7 according to the Shepard model (Shepard, 1965). The battery bank admits the capacity of 250×6 Ah, the maximum current of 11 A , the limiting voltages of 12.3 V and 14 V , the minimum state of 0.2, and the charging efficiency of 0.95. While the wind speed is greater than 2.5m/sec, the wind turbine supplies power to the battery bank. The battery bank has a critical voltage of 14.18V

determined by substituting maximum charge current, 11 A , into the characteristics of battery bank at F =1. Provided that the mechanical efficiency of WEC process is 0.9, the power output of WEC process should be P_w =11×14.18 /0.9 W . According to Eq. (17), the critical wind

velocity is 9.70m/sec when the radius of wind turbine is 0.5m, and the critical radius of wind turbine is 3.82m determined at the velocity of 2.5m/sec. The wind turbine provided with different radii has different critical velocities, and these critical values will change if the capacity of battery bank changes. If the voltage output of WEC process at the wind speed of 2.5m/sec is 12.67V , the characteristics of WEC process for a given radius of blade can be presented in Fig.

7. In addition, Fig. 7 also shows the profile of maximum power points (MPP; Liu and Huang, 2011;Bennett et al., 2012) at 50oC to schematically present the characteristics of PV module. The weather conditions considered include wind speed, ambient temperature, and solar radiation, and they are evaluated by equations using parameters at random. According to the database of weather conditions presented in the current study, the yearly energy converted by the wind turbine with radius of 0.5m, and that transformed by one PV module under MPP tracking are shown in Fig. 8. They show that the hybrid system is feasible, combining a wind turbine of

5 . 0

=

R m with a PV module which has the surface area of 0.633 m2. Different time integrations are considered in Fig. 8, but the estimations of energy conversions gotten by the time integration per 5 min are presented in the current study. Four systems are considered, including the separate PV system provided with MPP tracking, the separate PV system without MPP tracking, the separate WEC system, and the hybrid system without MPP tracking.

7.參考文獻參考文獻參考文獻參考文獻(已發表論文已發表論文已發表論文) 已發表論文

1. S.C. Lee, 2012, “Numerical estimation model of energy conversion for small hybrid solar–wind system.” Solar Energy, 86, pp. 3125–3136. (NSC 100－2221－E－151－058)

2. S.C. Lee, Y.F. Chiu, J.Y. Tong, and Z.H. Peng, 2012, “Characteristic Analysis for Photovoltaic Lighting System in Kaohsiung,” Kaohsiung Normal University Journal, 32(Science and

Technology), pp. 75–100. (NSC 100－2221－E－151－058)

3. S.C. Lee, 2011, “Operation Analysis of a Photovoltaic Lighting System with Battery and Heater,” Solar Energy, 85, pp. 2144–2153.

4. S.C. Lee, 2011, “Characteristic analysis of a photovoltaic system flying at fixed latitude,”

Energy Conversion and Management, 52, pp. 3337–3346.

5. 李順晴，彭志豪，林佳均，2011，光伏電池驅動直流馬達之分析，35th 屆全國力學會 議。(NSC 100－2221－E－151－058) 6. 李順晴，李萌稻，姚正一，邱盈峰，劉倉江，2011，垂直軸風力發電機發電量之探討， 35th 屆全國力學會議。(NSC 100－2221－E－151－058) 7. 李順晴，邱盈峰，李萌稻，姚正一，劉倉江，2011，風力發電機的發電特性，35th 屆全 國力學會議。(NSC 100－2221－E－151－058) (NSC 100－2221－E－151－058) 8. 李順晴，姚正一，李萌稻，邱盈峰，劉倉江，2011，太陽能雙軸追蹤系統之設計與製作， 35th 屆全國力學會議。(NSC 100－2221－E－151－058) 9. 李順晴，童進義，劉倉江，姚正一，邱盈峰，李萌稻，2011，光伏照明與加熱系統之分

析，35th 屆全國力學會議。(NSC 100－2221－E－151－058)

國科會補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表

日期:2012/10/02

國科會補助計畫

計畫名稱: 風能與太陽輻射能獨立與混合發電系統的實驗分析與數值模擬 (I) 計畫主持人: 李順晴 計畫編號: 100-2221-E-151-058- 學門領域: 能源科技

無研發成果推廣資料

100 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表

計畫主持人：李順晴 計畫編號： 100-2221-E-151-058-計畫名稱：風能與太陽輻射能獨立與混合發電系統的實驗分析與數值模擬 (I) 量化 成果項目 實際已達成 數（被接受 或已發表） 預期總達成 數(含實際已 達成數) 本計畫實 際貢獻百 分比 單位 備 註 （ 質 化 說 明：如 數 個 計 畫 共 同 成 果、成 果 列 為 該 期 刊 之 封 面 故 事 ... 等） 期刊論文 1 1 100% 研究報告/技術報告 1 1 100% 指國科會報告 研討會論文 5 5 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 0 0 100% 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 4 3 87% 一 研 究 生 參 與 半 年 後 因 個 人 因 素 辦休學 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國內 參與計畫人力 （本國籍） 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次 期刊論文 3 3 100% 含引申研究論文 2 篇 ( 論 文 接 受 時 , 尚 未 獲 得 計 畫 通 過之通知,因此未 將 計 劃 編 號 列 於 論文中) 研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 研討會論文 0 0 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 0 0 100% 章/本 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國外 參與計畫人力 （外國籍） 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次

其他成果

(

無法以量化表達之成 果如辦理學術活動、獲 得獎項、重要國際合 作、研究成果國際影響 力及其他協助產業技 術發展之具體效益事 項等，請以文字敘述填 列。) 無 成果項目 量化 名稱或內容性質簡述 測驗工具(含質性與量性) 0 課程/模組 0 電腦及網路系統或工具 0 教材 0 舉辦之活動/競賽 0 研討會/工作坊 0 電子報、網站 0 科 教 處 計 畫 加 填 項 目 計畫成果推廣之參與（閱聽）人數 0

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請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況、研究成果之學術或應用價

值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）

、是否適

合在學術期刊發表或申請專利、主要發現或其他有關價值等，作一綜合評估。

1. 請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況作一綜合評估

■達成目標

□未達成目標（請說明，以 100 字為限）

□實驗失敗

□因故實驗中斷

□其他原因

說明：

2. 研究成果在學術期刊發表或申請專利等情形：

論文：■已發表 □未發表之文稿 □撰寫中 □無

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值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）（以

500 字為限）

以數值分析模型預估太陽光能與風力能複合發電系統的能量轉換成效，可以預先找出各地 區最佳的光電模組數與風力機葉片長度的組合值。這個預測模型可配合每日的氣溫變化模 型，風速變化模型，陽光多變照射的模型，風力機特性與電池組特性的整合模型，以及找 出複合發電的啟動條件。本研究也同時預測出光電系統與風力發電系統各自單獨運作的結 果，以做有利選擇。本研究改進了以前以天氣晴朗為研究條件的缺點。本研究提出如何預 估 ECSC 的特徵曲線，並找出如何以 PVEC 順利運轉電動機械的方法。本研究的引申研究， 將 PV 電池與超級電容 ECSC 結合成 PVEC 模組，被 Elsevier S&T Journals 推薦為 2012 The Zayed Future Energy Prize 的候選人，以表揚研究者在產品革新方面的創見。將 PV 電池 與超級電容 ECSC 結合成 PVEC 模組，不再須要空間放置電池組，有助於降低光電系統的價 格，簡化綠建築與無人飛行器的設計。