© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Finished Herbal Product as an Alternative Treatment for
Menopausal Symptoms in Climacteric Women
JUNG-NEIN LAI, M.D.,1 JING-SHIANG HWANG, Ph.D.,2 HUEY-JENG CHEN, M,D.,3
and JUNG-DER WANG, M.D., Sc.D.4
ABSTRACT
Background: There is a paucity of scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of herbal medicines in
treat-ing menopausal symptoms.
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of the finished herbal product TMN-1
in the treatment of menopausal symptoms in climacteric women.
Design and setting: A multicenter, prospective, observational follow-up study was conducted from July 2003
to December 2004 in four hospitals in Taiwan.
Participants: Initially, 126 women were included who were between 45 and 55 years of age, were
experi-encing hot flashes, and were without hormone replacement therapy. Women were excluded if they had any signs of active cancer. Of the participants, 82% completed the study. The reasons for withdrawal included
ad-verse effects (n 7), failed to return (n 7), lack of efficacy (n 6), and from protocol deviation (n 3).
Intervention: Every participant received TMN-1 treatment 4 g, 3 times per day, for 12 weeks.
Main outcome measure: Primary measures were change in frequency of hot flashes and severity of
menopausal symptoms measured by Kupperman Index (KI). Secondary outcomes included changes in quality of life and adverse events.
Results: Significant improvement in scores of hot flashes and KI were found at weeks 4 and 12 in the 50
peri- and 53 postmenopausal women who completed this study (p 0.001). Logistic regression analyses showed
that perimenopausal women with hot flashes had sevenfold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–28.0) odds of improvement in favor of treatment, whereas that of the postmenopausal group was 1.5 (95% CI, 0.5 to 4.2). Further analyses showed that TMN-1 produced superior benefit in women with moderate and severe menopausal
symptoms (KI21), compared to those with mild symptoms. It also improved symptoms of insomnia,
ner-vousness, melancholia, and palpitation in perimenopausal women. Five (5) adverse drug reactions were de-tected: three single events of nausea, abdominal pain, and abdominal fullness; and two events of diarrhea.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence that 12 weeks of TMN-1 therapy is a viable alternative
treat-ment to consider in perimenopausal women with hot flashes, particularly in those with palpitations, emotional disturbance, and insomnia.
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1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Municipal Yang Ming Hospital, Taipei, Tai-wan.
2Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
3Integrated Division of Menopause, Taipei Municipal Chinese Medical Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
4Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Department of In-ternal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
INTRODUCTION
H
ot flashes are a hallmark of the menopausal transition.1They occur in about 75% of perimenopausal and re-cently postmenopausal women, and typically persist for up to 4 years.2–6Despite this high prevalence in half of the
pop-ulation, the full extent of neuroendocrine events surround-ing this life transition is not completely understood. The per-imenopausal phase is characterized by fluctuations in a woman’s hormonal milieu,7,8 and eventually the
post-menopausal phase is characterized by hypoestrogenism.8,9
The climacteric phase is sufficiently challenging for many women that they seek medical assistance.10Treatment of the
primary symptom—hot flashes—has therefore become a therapeutic challenge for many clinicians.11,12
Estrogen or hormone therapy has long been considered a preferred treatment and is effective both in treating hot flashes and in improving quality of life.13,14Recent findings
of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), however, indicate that the benefits of taking estrogen plus progestin are out-weighed by serious risks, including coronary heart disease, stroke, pulmonary embolism, breast cancer, and
demen-tia.15,16These clear limitations of hormonal therapy have led
clinicians to search for alternative options. These have in-cluded nonhormonal therapies such as clonidine, venlafax-ine, fluoxetvenlafax-ine, and paroxetine.17–20 Although few studies
have been conducted, these alternatives have been found to be less effective than hormonal therapy in treating symp-toms, in addition to producing troublesome side effects.21,22
Not surprisingly, many women have turned to traditional medicine to manage their own symptoms.15,23
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been an im-portant part of health care in Taiwan for hundreds of years and remains popular today.24,25 Finished herbal products
such as Jia-Wey Shiau-Yau San (JWSYS), Zhi Bo Di Huang Wan (ZBDHW), and Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang (XSLJT) are commonly prescribed by TCM practitioners for menopausal symptoms. These are currently covered by the Taiwan National Health Insurance. China and Korea have a similar history of TCM use. Their current insurance programs also cover these three ancient herb formulations. In the United States, these same herbal mixtures are avail-able but as over-the-counter dietary supplements.26,27
De-spite the long history of wide use of TCM, the fact that few formulations have been clinically characterized has re-sulted in uncertainty in the medical profession26,28 about
their use.
TCM practitioners in Taiwan have accumulated consid-erable experience in treating climacteric women with hot flashes, but these menopausal formulations also remain clin-ically uncharacterized. A new formulation called TMN-1 has been created using a combination of the three herb mixtures mentioned above. The purpose of this study was to docu-ment the effect of TMN-1 on menopausal symptoms, espe-cially frequency of hot flashes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Herbal preparation and treatment schedule
TCM clinicians use the TMN-1 product primarily to re-duce menopausal hot flashes. This product contains a fixed ratio of the three commercially available traditional Chinese medicines, JWSYS, ZBDHW, and XSLJT. All three prepa-rations have traditionally been individually prescribed and are well documented in ancient Chinese medicinal texts (e.g., JWSYS in Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping Peo-ple’s Welfare Pharmacy; ZBDHW in Key to Therapeutics of Children’s Diseases; and, XSLJY in Collected Exegesis of Recipes).29Documents on these exact preparations have
existed for more than two centuries. All three preparations have also been approved in Taiwan by the Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health. They are also reimbursed by the National Health Insurance system of Taiwan.25 TMN-1 is a mixture of the following
21 plant species: Angelicae sinensis, radix; Atractylodis macrocephalae, rhizome; Albus paeoniae lactiflorae, radix; Glycyrrhizae uralensis, radix; Poriae cocos, sclerotium; Bu-pleurum chinense, radix; Paeonia suffruticosa, cortex; Gar-deniae jasminoidis, fructus; Mentha haplocalyx, herba; Zin-giberis officinalis, rhizome; Rehmanniae glutinosae, radix; Alismatis orientalis, rhizome; Dioscoreae oppositae, radix; Anemarrhenae asphodeloidis, rhizome; Phellodendri, cortex; Cornus officinalis, fructus; Panax ginseng, radix; Citri retic-ulatae, pericarpium fructus; Pinellia ternate, rhizome; Amo-mum villosum, fructus; and Aucklandiae lappa, radix. Extracts were manufactured by a Taiwan pharmaceutical company (Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Company, Taipei, Taiwan) certified in herbal Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). The manu-facturing procedure and formula, including the amount of cipients, have been documented in detail. Plants were ex-tracted with hot water. The extraction was filtered and lyophilized, then transformed in specific ratio into granules. Granules were packed in aluminum foil packages and ad-ministered orally at a dose of 4 g, 3 times per day.
The identification of specific active principles is not part of this current research. However, to enable it at a future stage, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fin-gerprints were performed to identify substances in the final mixtures. This also ensured consistent quality of the prod-uct. No animal products, endangered species, or restricted herbal ingredients were used in this study. The pharmaceu-tical company simply supplied whole-batch TMN-1 and was not involved in sponsorship, study design, or monitoring of participants.
Participants
This multicenter, prospective, observational follow-up study was administered through a coordinating center at the National Taiwan University with enrollment done through four academic clinical research sites located in northern and
middle Taiwan. The institutional review boards at each site and at the coordinating center approved the study protocol. After receiving written and verbal instructions about the type, importance, implications, and duration of the study, as well as information about alternative therapies, all willing participants were requested to sign the informed consent.
Women were recruited from the general population through newspaper advertising, flyers posted in clinics, and health fairs. Participants were enrolled between July 2003 and December 2004. Eligible participants between the ages of 45 and 55 years had hot flashes with such severity that they sought therapeutic intervention. Post-menopausal women were defined as being 1 year with-out menstruation, and other women fitting the participant qualifications were defined as perimenopausal. To be el-igible, women could not have participated in any other medical trial for at least 3 months before enrollment. Any current medications had to have been discontinued before screening: 2 weeks for herbal or Chinese medicinal mix-tures that did not contain any herbs in TMN-1; and 12 weeks for estrogens, progestational agents, tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, isoflavone, and anti-depressants.
Women were excluded from the study if they presented with any sign of cancer or were receiving either chemother-apy or radiation therchemother-apy. Other criteria for exclusion were as follows: having evidence of renal or liver dysfunction, as defined by a level of at least 1.5 times the upper limit of reference (serum creatinine: 1.3 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen: 22 mg/dL, serum aspartate–aminotransferase (AST): 25 in-ternational units [IU]/L, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT): 29 IU/L); uncontrolled hypertension; diabetes; or undiagnosed vaginal bleeding.
Study design and procedures
All study nurses at the four clinical sites attended a stan-dardized 4-month training organized by the coordination center. This ensured consistent high quality and fulfilled re-quirements for good clinical practice in the study protocol. Participant eligibility, according to the selection criteria pre-viously described, was assessed during the first two clinic visits. At the first visit, nurses measured each woman’s weight, height, pulse, and blood pressure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kg) divided by the square of height (in meters). Information on demographic charac-teristics, reproductive history, smoking, and alcohol con-sumption were collected by self-administered questionnaire and verified by a study nurse. After the initial screening visit, participants entered a run-in phase to obtain baseline data. These consisted of symptoms, quality of life, physical ex-amination, complete blood count, and tests of biochemical function and hormones. These data were collected to ensure the minimum eligibility criteria for each woman and to screen out respondents with potential poor compliance.
Af-ter the run-in phase, every participant received sufficient TMN-1 to begin treatment of 4 g, 3 times per day, after meals for the 12-week treatment phase (Fig. 1). Study vis-its were scheduled for the following 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. Both menopausal symptoms and adverse events were assessed at each visit. At weeks 4 and 12, the partici-pants had full evaluations including physical examination and blood tests. The following hormones were determined for the evaluation of endocrine changes: serum estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Participants were contacted by telephone 1–2 days before each visit to encourage compliance. Left-over package count was conducted throughout the study to monitor participant compliance.
Treatment efficacy and tolerability
The primary outcome measure of the 12-week TMN-1 treatment was the Kupperman Index (KI). The KI consists of 11 items that were rated on a four-point scale (0 none to 3 severe) that predominantly quantifies the incidence or severity of hot flashes, sweat, sleep disturbance, and ner-vousness.30Weightings were introduced to add the 11 items
together in a total-sum score.30 Useful categories for
de-scribing clinical relevance of the index were: 20 (moder-ate and severe complaints), 15–20 (mild complaints),31and
1–14 (very mild complaints). Participants were considered to have an improvement response when their KI severity sta-tus decreased at least from severe and moderate to mild or mild-to-very-mild; all other participants were classified as having no response. However, to distinguish one symptom from another, both total sum score and hot flashes were sep-arately analyzed. Hot flashes measured at a given time point were treated as indicating an improvement response when
the score was at least 1 point reduction of the baseline sever-ity scale; the subjects were classified as having no response (no improvement response with regard to hot flashes).
The Taiwan version of the World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire on Quality of Life, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF), was used as the secondary efficacy measure. It has previously been validated with other med-ical populations.32,33The WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version
contained 26 items, including one item (G1) for general quality of life, one item (G4) for health-related quality of life, and 24 items pertaining to four domains (physical, psy-chologic, social, and environmental), with higher scores in-dicating a superior quality of life.34
Safety assessment
Routine hematology, biochemistry, and physiology data were collected at weeks 0 (baseline), 4, and 12. The study nurse also actively monitored adverse events (AE) and recorded any unexpected signs, symptoms, and feelings (that had not occurred prior to the trial) during the treatment pe-riod. To prevent loss of information, we designed a ques-tionnaire in the case report form to be filled out at each clinic visit, which contained the following symptoms: abdominal pain; abdominal fullness; diarrhea, vomiting; nausea; skin rash or urticaria; itching; purpura; jaundice; skin vesicle or local reddish swelling; edema; hypotension (systolic blood pressure100 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure 60 mm Hg); bradycardia (50 heartbeats per minute); dyspnea, fever (body temperature 38°C); cough, runny nose; sore throat; muscle cramping, or any other active symptom(s). Causality of any adverse event was scored using a 5-point relatedness scale (0 definitely unrelated; and 1 un-likely, 2 possibly, 3 probably, and 4 definitely re-lated). The clinician and a team of epidemiologists reviewed each event according to the process of conjecture and refu-tation35to clarify possible causal relationships.
Statistical analysis
Peri- and postmenopausal groups of women were com-pared using Wilcoxon rank sum test on scores of hot flashes and KI. The later was divided into three levels according to the severity (very mild: KI14; mild: KI 15–20; mod-erate and severe: KI21). Further analyses were done for scores of hot flashes and KI after stratification by menopausal status. A two-tailed p value 0.05 was consid-ered statistically significant.
The treatment effects were described as the probability of improvement at each visit among climacteric women. Esti-mates of odds on improvement with two-sided 95% confi-dence intervals were obtained from logistic regression mod-els. With Yitas a dichotomous random variable representing improvement status, the study investigators defined Yit 1 if subject i had improvement response at the tthtime point
compared to baseline measurement at time 0, and Yit 0 if the subject did not. Exploratory data analyses showed that
the probability of improvement might depend on items such as the subject’s complaint status at baseline and menopausal status. The logistic regression model is given by
ln
1Z1i 2Z2i 3Z3i1Wi 2Wi Z3i Xi where Z1i, Z2i, and Z3iare dichotomous random variables
indicating whether the ithsubject’s baseline complaint was
respectively very mild, mild, moderate, or severe. The in-dicator variable Wiis 1 if subject i is perimenopausal and 0 if she is postmenopausal. Other covariates such as BMI, E2, and FSH are represented by the vector Xi. The co-variate to be included in the model each time depended on the AIC of the fitted model. Parameter estimates were obtained using the free statistical package R (Auckland, New Zealand; www.r-project.org). If no covariate was se-lected for the final model, the estimated probability of im-provement for participants with baseline severe complaint and in peri- and post-menopause conditions would
respec-tively be and .
RESULTS Study population
Among the 143 women screened at all four research clin-ics, 17 were ineligible. The principal reasons for ineligibil-ity included lack of hot flashes (n 8), no interest in par-ticipation (n 2), presence of medical conditions and medications (n 4), and failure to show up for further study (n 3). In all, 103 (82%) of the initial 126 subjects partic-ipating on an intent-to-treat basis (ITT) completed the 12-week study without any major protocol violation. These were included in the per-protocol data set for safety and ef-ficacy analyses. Reasons for the 23 withdrawals were: ad-verse effects (n 7), failure to return (n 7), lack of effi-cacy (n 6), and deviation from protocol (n 3) (Fig. 1). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study sub-jects were stratified by peri- and postmenopausal status (Table 1). The proportion of women with moderate or se-vere symptom scores in KI and hot flashes were slightly higher in the peri- than in the postmenopausal group.
Treatment effect of hot flashes and QOL
Among those participating on an intent-to-treat basis, 38 of 126 women who originally had very mild symptoms (KI 15) had the same status at the end of the study except four subjects who reported mild symptoms. Of the remaining 88 women with KI 15, 60% began to show significant im-provement of KI scores after 1 week of treatment, as de-picted in Figure 2. Among the 103 subjects who completed the study (29 women originally had KI 15), 55% (22/40)
exp(ˆ3) 1 exp(ˆ3) exp(ˆ3 ˆ1 ˆ2) 1 exp(ˆ3 ˆ1 ˆ2) Pr(Yit 1) Pr(Yit 0)
of postmenopausal women and 76% (26/34) of peri-menopausal women with KI 15 had improved significantly by the end of the study.
In addition, the proportions of hot flash improvement were higher in the perimenopausal group than in the post-menopausal group (52% versus 33%) among the 103 women who completed the study. Logistic regression analyses showed that perimenopausal women with hot flashes had sev-enfold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–28.0) odds of im-provement with treatment as assessed by KI score; if assessed based on hot flashes, the odds of improvement increased to 8.6 (95% CI 2.2–33.7). However, the improvements were in-significant in the postmenopausal group (odds 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 4.2 versus odds 1.2, 95% CI 0.5 to 3.0, respectively). This effect was same pronounced in peri- than in post-menopausal women based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test and using scores of hot flashes and KI (Table 2). Further analy-ses based on the severity levels (very mild: KI14; mild: KI 15–20; moderate and severe: KI 21) showed that TMN-1 produced a superior benefit in women with severe menopausal symptoms compared with women with mild
menopausal symptoms. The treatment significantly improved symptoms of insomnia, nervousness, melancholia, and palpi-tation in perimenopausal women (Fig. 2).
Hormonal changes
There were no significant changes in DHEA and LH throughout the study (Table 3). Although estradiol levels seemed to rise in some peri-menopausal women, these women did not complain of any vaginal bleeding, breast ten-derness, or bloating throughout the treatment. There was no report of vaginal spotting or breast tenderness or of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardinal infarction, stroke, fracture, or gallbladder disease throughout the trials for these 126 participants. There were significant differences in levels of FSH and E2 between the peri- and post-menopausal groups (Table 3).
Safety issues
There were five adverse drug reactions that were judged to be probably related to the treatment. These were single
TABLE1. DEMOGRAPHIC ANDCLINICALCHARACTERISTICS ATBASELINE FOR126 PARTICIPANTS
Perimenopause Postmenopause
Variables N Mean (SD) N Mean (SD) p-valuea
Demographics
Age (year) 63 49.8 (2.3) 63 51.1 (2.8) 0.01
Height (cm) 63 157.0 (5.4) 63 154.8 (5.0) 0.02
Weight (kg) 63 55.6 (5.9) 63 56.2 (8.3) 0.64
BMI (kg2/cm2) 63 22.5 (2.3) 63 23.4 (3.4) 0.11 Serum hormonal level
FSH (mIU/mL) 63 47.1 (31.8) 63 77.0 (30.9) 0.001 LH (mIU/mL) 63 26.8 (18.0) 63 36.5 (15.6) 0.01 E2 (pg/mL) 63 93.5 (69.7) 63 62.2 (61.2) 0.01 DHEA (pg/mL) 63 126.5 (67.4) 63 111.6 (52.3) 0.17 Hematology WBC (10e3/uL) 63 5.1 (1.2) 63 5.0 (1.3) 0.52 RBC (10e6/uL) 63 4.5 (0.5) 63 4.4 (0.4) 0.48 Hgb (g/dL) 63 12.9 (1.2) 63 13.3 (0.8) 0.04 Hct (%) 63 38.6 (3.0) 63 39.4 (2.3) 0.10 Endpoint (scores) 63 5.1 (1.2) 63 5.0 (1.3) 0.52
Kupperman Index at baseline
Very mild (1–14) 20 11.3 (2.0) 18 12.6 (1.5) 0.22
Mild (5–20) 19 17.3 (1.6) 28 18.0 (1.6)
Moderate and severe (21) 24 24.9 (3.0) 17 25.6 (4.3) Severity of hot flashes at baselineb
Mild 34 1 (0) 42 1 (0) 0.20
Moderate and severe 29 2.2 (0.4) 21 2.1 (0.4) Domains of QOL
Physical 63 14.1 (1.9) 63 14.4 (2.1) 0.39
Psychologic 63 12.7 (2.1) 63 12.9 (2.7) 0.58
Social 63 13.3 (2.2) 63 14.1 (2.4) 0.05
Environmental 63 14.1 (1.9) 63 14.3 (2.6) 0.77
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body–mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; E2, serum estradiol; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; Hgb, hemoglobin; Hct, hematocrit; QOL, quality of life.
ap-values are calculated for the comparison of difference between peri- and postmenopausal groups by t-test.
bSeverity of hot flashes is an item of Kupperman Index rated on a 4-point scale: 0 is no hot flashes; mild (1) is perception of daily hot flashes less than 3 times; moderate (2) and severe (3) perceive 3–9 and 9 times of hot flashes per day.
events of nausea, abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, and two events of diarrhea. One participant withdrew from the trial because of abdominal fullness. All others had reactions at mild and tolerable levels of severity, and causality was assessed as either “doubtful” or “possible” in relation to the treatment. Although there were slight reductions in serum cholesterol, hemoglobin, and blood pressure in peri-menopausal women, the magnitudes were relatively small and indicating no major adverse effects (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
The study results demonstrate a significant improvement of hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms in climac-teric women after 12 weeks of TMN-1 treatment. Although
self-comparison was used to rule out potential confounding by BMI, smoking, exercise, and socioeconomic status,36the
possibility of a placebo effect might still exist. Thus a more restrictive definition of improvement in total KI scores was applied and the data were stratified into those for peri- and postmenopausal groups. A similar severity pattern in hot flashes and total KI scores was found at the baseline exam-ination for these two groups (Table 1). However, more pro-nounced improvements were found in perimenopausal women at both weeks 4 and 12 for KI, hot flashes, insom-nia, nervousness, melancholia, and palpitation (Fig. 2).
In the postmenopausal group, total KI scores were im-proved on average by 4.6 points at the end of the study and 18% of the participants who completed the treatment per-ceived no hot flashes at least for the last 2 weeks. Although head-to-head comparisons were not available, these results
0.5 2 8 0 1 2 3 4 postmenopause perimenopause 6 Week Kupperman Index Odds of improvement 8 10 12 0.5 32 2 8 0 1 2 3 4 6 Week Hot Flashes Odds of improvement 8 10 12 postmenopause perimenopause 0.5 2 8 32 128 512 0 1 2 3 4 postmenopause perimenopause 6 Week Insomnia Odds of improvement 8 10 12 0.5 32 2 8 0 1 2 3 4 6 Week Nervousness Odds of improvement 8 10 12 postmenopause perimenopause 0.5 2 8 32 0 1 2 3 4 postmenopause perimenopause 6 Week Melancholia Odds of improvement 8 10 12 0.25 16 1 4 0 1 2 3 4 6 Week Palpitation Odds of improvement 8 10 12 postmenopause perimenopause
FIG. 2. Odds and 95% confidence interval of improvement for Kupperman Index and selected menopausal symptoms at each visit
compared favorably with the historical placebo groups in previous studies,14,37 suggesting that the hot flashes and
menopausal symptoms of postmenopausal women did not become worse during treatment. Although there was no placebo group or randomization in this study, the significant difference in improvement of hot flashes and KI scores in-dicated a positive effect of TMN-1 treatment in peri-menopausal women. Further stratification of KI severity at baseline suggested that the potential TMN-1 effect was more pronounced in perimenopausal women with moderate or se-vere menopausal symptoms (Table 2).
The consistent trend of decline in E2 levels in post-menopausal women during the study implied that the med-ication did not contain any estrogen itself. Moreover, had TMN-1 followed an estrogenic pathway, a marked decrease of LH and FSH levels because of the negative feedback mech-anism would have been found.38,39As the TMN-1 was
toler-ated well and there was no major adverse drug reaction after 3 months of TMN-1 treatment (Table 3), it can be concluded that TMN-1 has potential utility in the treatment for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms in climacteric women.
The parameters in both physical and psychologic domains did not show any beneficial effect from TMN-1 throughout the regular assessment using WHOQOL-BREF. Further item analysis showed statistically significant improvements in “negative feelings” and “quality of sleep” in self-com-parison for both the peri- and postmenopausal groups. There was no significant difference in quality of life between the two groups. The results are consistent with those from other studies that reported that improvements in hot flashes or menopausal symptoms were not associated the change of
quality of life.13,14,40–42A major reason for this result is that
mean scores of the WHOQOL-BREF at baseline were com-paratively high. Consequently it may be unrealistic to ex-pect a further marked increase in such scores. Another explanation was that because of its generic nature, the WHO-QOL-BREF domain scores are not sensitive or responsive enough to detect changes.
A major limitation of this study is its observational na-ture or lack of a randomized placebo group. Therefore a claim of efficacy associated with TMN-1 might be not as valid as from a randomized clinical trial. Future studies of randomized placebo-controlled trials are still needed to doc-ument unequivocally the efficacy of this treatment. More-over because the subjects in this study were all climacteric women with hot flashes, the results were not applicable to women without hot flashes. However TMN-1 seemed to have a more pronounced effect on menopausal symptoms in peri- than in postmenopausal women. As Asian women are known to exhibit less severe menopausal symptoms (par-ticularly vasomotor symptoms) than women in other ethnic groups,37,43,44it would be interesting to compare treatment
responses among different ethnic groups in future studies.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion TMN-1 appears to be a well-tolerated and valuable, short-term alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of hot flashes in climacteric women, especially those in the perimenopausal stage experiencing palpitations, emotional disturbance, and insomnia.
TABLE2. MEDIAN OFDIFFERENCE OFSELF-COMPARISONS ASASSESSED ATWEEKS4 AND12a
Severity of hot flashesb
(N) Median p-value Median p-value Median p-value
All participants Peri (63) 1 0.13 1 0.00 1 0.00 Post (63) 1 0 0 Initial KI scorec (N) Very mild (1–14) Peri (20) 1 0.17 0.5 0.14 1 0.33 Post (18) 1 0 0 Mild (15–20) Peri (19) 1 0.43 1 0.08 1 0.07 Post (28) 1 0 0
Moderate and severe (21)
Peri (20) 2 0.79 1 0.21 1 0.03
Post (18) 2 0 0
aStratified by menopause status. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were performed to determine significant difference (p-values 0.05) of measurements between the two groups (peri- and postmenopause).
bSeverity of hot flashes is an item of Kupperman Index rated on a 4-point scale: 0 is no hot flashes; mild (1) is perception of daily hot flashes 3 times; moderate (2); and severe (3) perceive 3–9 and 9 times of hot flashes per day. Reduction from baseline score represents an improvement.
cThe Kupperman Index (KI) includes 11 items rated on a 4-point scale for which 0 is no perception of any symptom and 3 is the most severe. Reduction from baseline score represents an improvement.
T ABLE 3. S UMMARY OF M AJOR V ARIABLES M EASURED AT B ASELINE AND W EEKS 4 AND 12, AND S TRATIFIED BY S TATUS OF M ENOPAUSE a Baseline Week 4 Paired t test Week 12 Paired t test Mean Mean Mean (SD) Mean (SD) difference (95% CI) Mean (SD) difference (95% CI) Kupperman Index b Peri 18.3 (6.2) 12.9 (6.0) 5.2 ( 6.3, 4.1) c 11.7 (5.8) 6.7 ( 8.2, 5.2) Post 18.5 (5.6) 14.6 (6.0) 4.0 ( 5.3, 2.6) c 14.2 (7.4) 4.6 ( 6.3, 2.9) FSH (mIU/mL) Peri 47.1 (31.8) 41.3 (30.5) 5.3 ( 11.0, 0.5) 36.4 (30.0) 8.7 ( 15.3, 2.1) Post 77.0 (30.9) 75.4 (30.9) 0.7 ( 4.4, 3.0) 72.7 (28.9) 2.6 ( 6.0, 0.9) LH (mIU/mL) Peri 26.8 (18.0) 23.7 (16.3) 2.8 ( 7.2, 1.6) 20.7 (16.0) 5.3 ( 9.5, 1.1) Post 36.5 (15.6) 35.9 (14.7) 0.8 ( 2.8, 1.2) 34.0 (14.2) 2.9 ( 5.6, 0.2) E2 (pg/mL) Peri 93.5 (69.7) 102.4 (86.3) 8.6 ( 15.3, 32.5) 115.8 (87.7) 13.6 ( 12.5, 39.7) Post 62.3 (61.2) 51.1 (35.1) 11.9 ( 28.8, 4.9) 49.2 (25.6) 16.0 ( 31.7, 0.2) DHEA (pg/mL) Peri 126.5 (67.4) 121.0 (56.1) 6.4 ( 17.3, 4.5) 125.3 (59.2) 5.1 ( 19.4, 9.2) Post 111.6 (52.3) 116.2 (54.5) 3.0 ( 2.6, 8.5) 110.5 (52.5) 3.3 ( 9.5, 2.9) CHOL (mg/dL) Peri 205.4 (32.7) 199.7 (34.6) 6.9 ( 11.2, 2.6) d 198.6 (37.9) 7.7 ( 12.8, 2.6) Post 207.0 (28.6) 203.9 (34.3) 2.3 ( 7.5, 2.8) 207.2 (37.3) 1.7 ( 8.0, 4.6) TG (mg/dL) Peri 95.8 (75.7) 81.0 (33.9) 13.8 ( 30.6, 10.7) 85.0 (36.5) 10.6 ( 30.58, 9.5) Post 90.7 (46.4) 96.0 (60.0) 6.1 ( 1.9, 14.2) 102.5 (57.0) 9.9 (1.4, 18.3) Hgb (g/dL) Peri 12.9 (1.2) 12.8 (1.2) 0.1 ( 0.2, 0.0) 12.7 (1.2) 0.3 ( 0.4, 0.1) Post 13.3 (0.8) 13.1 (0.9) 0.2 ( 0.3, 0.0) 12.9 (1.0) 0.4 ( 0.6, 0.3) Systolic BP (mm Hg) Peri 114.0 (11.0) 109.9 (8.3) 4.2 ( 6.8, 1.7) d 111.8 (8.9) 2.8 ( 5.3, 0.2) Post 113.0 (11.2) 111.9 (11.4) 1.3 ( 3.4, 1.0) 112.5 (8.8) 0.9 ( 3.5, 1.7) Diastolic BP (mm Hg) Peri 72.6 (8.4) 70.4 (7.2) 2.4 ( 4.5, 0.3) d 70.3 (6.9) 2.1 ( 4.3, 0.0) Post 72.9 (7.5) 72.4 (7.9) 0.6 ( 2.6, 1.5) 70.4 (7.8) 2.6 ( 4.8, 0.4)
CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation;
FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; E2, serum estradiol
; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; CHOL, cholesterol;
TG, triglyceride; Hgb, hemoglobin; BP, blood pressure.
aSelf-comparisons of the measurements between weeks 4 and 12 and baseline are summarized as mean difference with a 95% confidenc
e interval.
bThe Kupperman Index includes 11 items rated on a 4-point scale for which 0 is no perception of any symptom and 3 is the most se
vere. Reduction from baseline score represents an
improvement.
cp
0.001 by paired
t
test compared to baseline.
dp
0.05 by paired
t
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The TMN-1 study was funded by a grant DOH93-TD-I-111-004 from the Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan. The authors appreciate the staff of the individual sites for their hard work and devotion to quality, and are most grateful to all the subjects of this study for their valu-able participation.
The study concept and design were contributed by J.N. Lai, H.-J. Chen, and J.-D. Wang. J.-N. Lai and H.-J. Chen were responsible for data acquisition. J.-N. Lai, J.-S. Hwang and J.D. Wang performed the analysis and interpretation of the data, and the manuscript was drafted by J.-N. Lai and J.-D. Wang. Critical revisions for vital intellectual content were handled by J.-N. Lai and J.D. Wang, and J.-S. Hwang contributed statistical expertise. J.-D. Wang obtained the funding for the study. Administrative, technical, and mate-rial support were provided by J.-N. Lai and J.D. Wang. J.D. Wang was responsible for supervising the study.
Investigational sites for the TMN-1 trial included the In-stitute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health (co-ordinating center): Jung-Der Wang (principal investigator), Jung-Nien Lai (project director), Shu-Ching Hsieh (clinic manager), Chia-Lin Liu (clinic coordinator). Taipei Munic-ipal Chinese Medical Hospital, Taipei: Huey-Jeng Chen (principal investigator), Hsiao-Hui Chang (supervisor of study nurses). Taipei Municipal Yang Ming Hospital, Taipei: Jung-Nein Lai (principal investigator). China Med-ical University Hospital, Taichung: Ya-Yin Chen (principal investigator). Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou: Chia-Jung Hsieh (principal investigator).
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