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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

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※ 核酸配對錯誤修復系統之小鼠模式 ※

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※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

計畫類別:■個別型計畫

□整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC 89-2314-B-002-297-

執行期間:89 年 08 月 01 日至 90 年 07 月 31 日

計畫主持人:方偉宏

共同主持人:

本成果報告包括以下應繳交之附件:

□赴國外出差或研習心得報告一份

□赴大陸地區出差或研習心得報告一份

□出席國際學術會議心得報告及發表之論文各一份

□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告書一份

執行單位:國立台灣大學醫學院醫事技術學系

90

10

25

(2)

行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

核酸配對錯誤修復系統之小鼠模式

Pr epar ation of NSC Pr oject Repor ts

計畫編號:NSC 89-2314-B-002-297

執行期限:89 年 8 月 1 日至 90 年 07 月 31 日

主持人:方偉宏 國立台灣大學醫學院醫事技術學系

計畫參與人員 : 黃耀民,王薔惠,王柏堅 台大醫技系碩士班

一、中文摘要

核酸配對錯誤修復系統在維持生物體

遺傳恒定中扮演者關鍵的角色,如果失去

這項功能將會造成突變率的大幅上升,在

人類中甚至會引發癌症及其它遺傳疾病,

因此極受重視。

本計畫建立一套實驗系統,以人工的

方式將噬菌體f1製成雜雙股核酸,用來測

試小鼠細胞核萃取液的修復反應。我們構

建了八種可能出現的配對錯誤,被修復的

程度可用限制酵素測定,同時已完成小鼠

修復系統的特異性評估,我們發現小鼠的

修復反應與人類的反應十分類似,主要發

生在含有缺刻的一股,反應中需要ATP,

dNTPs及鎂離子,八種配對錯誤被設計在想

同的環境中,但是修復的程度卻有差異,

如同人類及細菌的系統,C-C配對修得最

差。我們改變配對錯誤與缺刻間的距離,

發現距離加長修復的能力降低,而與兩者

間的方向性無關,由此可看出小鼠的修復

系統具有雙方向性。

關鍵詞:核酸修復,核酸複製錯誤,核酸

配對錯誤修復,小鼠模式

Abstr act

To evaluate the activity of mismatch

repair in mouse cell extracts, we have

constructed a set of DNA heteroduplexes and

each of which contains one of

eight

possible

base

pair

mismatches.

The

mismatched bases of each heteroduplex

residing at overlapping recognition sites of

two

restriction

endonucleases

allows

independent assay of repair on either DNA

strand. Our results show that the repair of

base-base mismatches in mouse cell extracts

is very similar to human mismatch repair,

being strand specific and highly biased to the

nicked strand. The in vitro activity is

dependent on ATP, dNTPs, and magnesium

and being inhibited by aphidicolin but not

ddTTP. Although all eight mismatches were

located at the same position within

heteroduplex molecules and were embedded

within the same sequence environment, they

were not corrected with equal efficiencies in

vitro. Similar to bacterial and human pathway,

C-C mismatch was a poor substrate. The rate

of repair of a circular A-A heteroduplex was

found to decrease with increasing separation

between the mismatch and the strand break

that targets repair, as viewed along the

shorter path joining the two sites in the

circular

substrate.

This

decrease

is

independent of the polarity of the strand

break, suggesting that the mouse pathway of

mismatch repair may posses bidirectional

repair capability similar to that of the human

mismatch repair system.

Key wor ds: DNA repair, Heteroduplex DNA,

Base-base mismatch, mouse cell-free extracts

二、緣由與目的

在核酸複製的過程中,由於核酸聚合

脢的的錯誤,有可能出現鹼基配對錯誤。

在基因重組(recombination)的過程中,形成

雜雙股核酸(heteroduplex)是一個重要的步

驟,其引介兩條雙股核酸進行核酸鍊的交

換, 這時如果交換中的核酸不全然相同,

則鹼基配對錯誤(base-base mismatch)就可

能形成於雜雙股中(Lichten and Fox,

1984),修復這類的錯誤一直被認為與基因

還原(gene conversion)等遺傳現象有關。而

(3)

這些錯誤的修復與維持基因的恒常性息息

相關(review, Radman, 1986; Modrich, 1989,

1991, 1995,1996)。

核酸配對錯誤修復的活性被發現在各

種不同的生物中,包括原核生物的大腸菌

及鏈球菌,在真核生物的酵母菌,昆蟲細

胞,兩生類,乃至於哺乳類及人類細胞中

(review Modrich, 1996)。近年來若干人類

的遺傳性大腸癌與其它偶發性癌症,經過

分子生物學研究之後,發現與異常的核酸

複製有關,特別是疾病細胞產生重覆核甘

序列多樣化(short tandom repeat

polymorphism)的病例,如遺傳性非多息

肉直腸癌(Hereditary Non-polyposis Colon

Cancer, HNPCC) 病人的腫瘤中,也發現微

衛星核酸有重覆雙核甘序列小量增長變短

的現象(Aaltonen et al., 1993; Thibodeau

et al., 1993; Wooster, 1994)。在HNPCC的病

例中,的確發現自病人所分離的癌細胞,參

與核酸配對錯誤修復的基因產生突變

(Fisher et al., 1993),而癌細胞所發展出來

的組織培養也缺乏試管中核酸配對錯誤修

復能力(Parsons et al., 1993)。

核酸配對錯誤修復系統中的基因在演

化上很保守, 有許多研究顯示在原核及真

核生物中核酸配對錯誤修復系統在功能上

的相似性, 例如範圍寬廣的受質識別能力:

細菌可修復C-C以外的七種鹼基配對錯誤

及1到4個的核酸插入或刪除, 而人類系統

可以修復所有的配對錯誤及小段插入刪除

(Modrich, 1996; Thomas et al., 1991; Fang

and Modrich, 1993)。MutS 同質體 (MSH1

to 6) (Marsischky et al., 1996; New et al.,

1993; Reenan and Kolodner, 1992;

Ross-Macdonald and Roeder, 1994;

Hollingsworth et al., 1995) 幾乎在被研究

過的物種中都可以找到,證明這種蛋白質

在演化上十分的保守 (Fishel and Wilson,

1997)。這些蛋白間有許多會形成雙合體,

用以識別各式各樣的核酸配對錯誤:

MSH2-MSH6 (Drummond et al., 1995;

Palombo et al., 1995; Gradia et al., 1999)

會與鹼基配對錯誤結合,而MSH2-MSH3

(Palombo et al., 1996; Genschel et al., 1998)

則好與插入或刪除型錯配結合(Acharya et

al., 1996; Alani, 1996; Marsischky et al.,

1996). MutL 同質體 (MLH1, MLH2,

MLH3, and PMS1) 則被在酵母菌及其它

物種中被找到過 (Prolla et al., 1994b;

Prolla et al., 1994a; Flores-Rozas and

Kolodner, 1998). 而這些參與修復的蛋白

質同樣也會形成異雙合體: 在酵母中形成

MLH1-PMSI (Alani, 1996) 而在人類細胞

中形成 MLH1-PMS2 雙合體 (Li and

Modrich, 1995). 根據核酸配對錯誤修復

蛋白的核酸序列同質分析,真核細胞間像

是人類和小鼠的同質蛋白質的相似性,要

超過人類和原核細胞如大腸菌的相似性

(Fishel, 1995)。而且在真核細胞中,MutS

及 MutL 的同質體,都是以異雙體

(heterodimer)的狀態進行其功能(Li and

Modrich, 1995; Drummond et al., 1995),這

一點與細菌的 MutS 及 MutL 有所差異

(Modrich, 1996)。

最近基因剔除的技術己被用在小鼠的

核酸修復系統,因此探究小鼠核酸配對錯

誤修復系統,在協助我們進一步認識高等

生物修復系統而言,應有極高的價值。小

鼠中存在有與人類類似的核酸修復系統,

這一點可以由最近核酸修復基因剔除小鼠

的觀察得到印證,這些帶著突變基因的小

鼠,提供我們檢驗核酸配對錯誤修復系統

與遺傳恒定性及腫瘤發生的關聯。

本計劃希望運用研究核酸配對錯誤修

復系統的經驗,配合最近在小鼠細胞研究

的進展,利用一整套配對錯誤的雜雙股核

酸, 以及一組含單股未配對的雜雙股核

酸,以探討小鼠在試管中對核酸配對錯誤

修復的修復機制。

三、結果與討論

為了證明小鼠細胞萃取液是否含有核

酸配對錯誤的修復能力,我們設計了含有

一個各種配對錯誤的雜雙股核酸(如表

一)

,以此雜雙股核酸進行試管中反應,我

們發現無論是含那一種配對錯誤的鹼基,

都可以被修復,但是修復能力必須有一個

股缺刻的存在。而缺刻的位置可以出現在

5’端或是 3’端。如果提供的雜雙股核酸為

完整連續的核酸環,則修復的效率則大大

的降低。

為了確認配對錯誤被修復的特異性,

(4)

我們將不同的配對錯誤與修復較佳的 C-T

和修復較差 C-C 置入同一試管進行競爭實

驗,結果發現在 C-T 在其它修復較強的配

對錯誤存在時,被修復的量會降低,而在

較弱的配對錯誤存在時,則不太受影響,

這一點證明配對錯誤的修復是具有專一性

的。所有的反應中以 C-C 的修復最差。

就反應需求方面,小鼠核酸配對錯誤

修復系統需要外加鎂離子、ATP、4 種

dNTPs。對於核酸聚合脢的抑制而言,會

受到外加 aphidicolin 的抑制,但不會受

ddTTP 的影響,這些特性與人類的修復系

統很接近。

為進一步了解缺刻對於修復效率的影

響,我們以 A-A 雜雙股核酸,分別將缺刻

置於 5’-75bp,5’-1052bp, 5’-3027bp,以及

3’-165bp,3’-211bp 等位置,結果發現,

只要缺刻的位置與配對錯誤越近,則修復

的結果越好,缺刻遠在 3kb 以外仍有相當

高的修復。

由以上的結果結論出小鼠細胞核的萃

取液中,可以測出核酸配對錯誤的修復活

性,而修復的特性人類配對錯誤修復系統

有許多相似之處。近來許多以小鼠進行核

酸配對錯誤基因剔除,做為癌症動物實驗

的模型,本研究中所發展出來的測定系

統,將是很有用的研究工具。

表一、修復反應中含 24fmol 反應物,修復

結果以 fmol 表示。

配對錯誤 3’-NICK

5’-NICK

T-G

10.3

10.4

T-T

11.7

11.0

C-T

11.9

11.6

A-A

11.1

11.2

G-A

10.4

9.3

G-G

9.7

10.0

A-C

11.4

10.9

C-C

7.6

5.8

四、計畫成果自評

本研究成功完成原計畫申請書中的目標。

本研究已發表於 J Biomed Lab Sci 2000

Vol 12 No 2, pp 35-45

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Alani, E. (1996). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 and Msh6 proteins form a complex that specifically binds to duplex oligonucleotides containing mismatched DNA base pairs. Molecular & Cellular Biology 16, 5604-5615.

Drummond JT, G-M Li, ML Longley, and P Modrich (1995) Isolation of an hMSH2-p160 heterodimer that restores DNA mismatch repair to tumor cells. Science. 268: 1909-1912.

Fang, W.-H., Modrich, P. (1993). Human strand-specific mismatch repair occurs by a bidirectional mechanism similar to that of the bacterial reaction. J. Biol. Chem., 268 11838-11844. Fishel, R., Lescoe, M. K., Rao, M. R., Copeland,

N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Garber, J., Kane, M., Kolodner, R. (1993). The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell, 75 1027-1038. Holmes, J. J., Clark, S., Modrich, P. (1990).

Strand-specific mismatch correction in nuclear extracts of human and Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 87 5837-5841. Flores-Rozas, H. and Kolodner, R.D. (1998). The

Saccharomyces cerevisiae MLH3 gene functions in MSH3-dependent suppression of frameshift mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12404-12409.

Genschel, J., Littman, S.J., Drummond, J.T., and Modrich, P. (1998). Isolation of MutSbeta from human cells and comparison of the mismatch repair specificities of MutSbeta and MutSalpha. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19895-19901.

Gradia, S., Subramanian, D., Wilson, T., Acharya, S., Makhov, A., Griffith, J., and Fishel, R. (1999). hMSH2-hMSH6 forms a hydrolysis-independent sliding clamp on mismatched DNA. Molecular Cell 3, 255-261.

Hollingsworth, N.M., Ponte, L., and Halsey, C. (1995). MSH5, a novel MutS homolog, facilitates meiotic reciprocal recombination between homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 9, 1728-1739.

Holmes, J., Jr., Clark, S., and Modrich, P. (1990). Strand-specific mismatch correction in nuclear extracts of human and Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5837-5841. Lahue, R. S., Au, K. G., Modrich, P. (1989). DNA mismatch correction in a defined system. Science. 245 160-164.

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and characterization of two Saccharomyces

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Ross-Macdonald, P. and Roeder, G.S. (1994). Mutation of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog decreases crossing over but not mismatch correction. Cell 79, 1069-1080.

Parsons, R., Li, G. M., Longley, M. J., Fang, W.-H., Papadopoulos, N., Jen, J., de la Chapelle, A., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., Modrich, P. (1993). Hypermutability and mismatch repair deficiency in RER+ tumor cells. Cell:75 1227-1236.

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參考文獻

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incapable to extract any quantities from QCD, nor to tackle the most interesting physics, namely, the spontaneously chiral symmetry breaking and the color confinement.. 

(1) Determine a hypersurface on which matching condition is given.. (2) Determine a

• Formation of massive primordial stars as origin of objects in the early universe. • Supernova explosions might be visible to the most

The difference resulted from the co- existence of two kinds of words in Buddhist scriptures a foreign words in which di- syllabic words are dominant, and most of them are the