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N-Methyl-D-Aspartate受體之調控與難治型精神分裂症---以Glycine Transporter為標的

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

N-methyl-D-aspartate 受體之調控與難治型精神分裂症—

以 Glycine Transporter 為標的

計畫類別: 個別型計畫 計畫編號: NSC93-2314-B-039-023- 執行期間: 93 年 08 月 01 日至 94 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 中國醫藥大學附設醫院精神科 計畫主持人: 藍先元 共同主持人: 張玉坤,張文和 報告類型: 精簡報告 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 94 年 10 月 30 日

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

N-methyl-D-aspartate受體之調控與難治型精神分裂症

— 以 Glycine Transporter為標的

計畫編號: NSC-93-2314-B-039-003

執行期限:93 年 8 月 1 日至 94 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:藍先元 中國醫藥大學附設醫院精神醫學部

主持人電子信箱:

[email protected] 一、中文摘要 近年來,N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 受體的功能低下被認為是精神分裂症的可 能成因。目前已有少數臨床研究探討將 NMDA 促進劑作為輔助治療的效果,例

如,D-serine (內生性 NMDA-glycine site 致 效劑)、sarcosine (即 N-methylglycine,一種 內生性 glycine transporter 抑制劑),均顯示 其能加強傳統及新一代抗精神病劑(除了 clozapine 之外)對活性、負性症狀及認知功 能障礙的療效,且相當安全。難治型精神 分 裂 症 ( 特 別 是 對 最 後 一 線 抗 精 神 病 劑 clozapine 療效不佳者)目前在臨床上仍相當 棘 手 , 過 去 發 現 補 充 D-serine 或 其 他 NMDA 致效劑對此類患者並無顯著效果。 本研究進一步探討 sarcosine 輔助療法對難 治型精神分裂症之效果及安全性。 我們已完成收案 40 位對於 clozapine 療效不佳的精神分裂症患者,在 clozapine 劑量不變的情況下,以雙盲方式隨機給予 sarcosine (2000 mg/day)或安慰劑,為期六 週。我們每兩週評估其療效、安全性、生 活品質、glycine 與 sarcosine 等胺基酸血中 濃度。 結果如同其他 NMDA 致效劑,glycine transporter 抑制劑(sarcosine),並無助於難 治型精神分裂症患者之活性、負性症狀改 善和認知功能表現。血漿 clozapine 濃度未 受 sarcosine 影響。 本研究結果預期可以發表於國外重要 學術期刊。此外,我們以本計畫之經費支 持,已有 6 篇文獻被接受發表,請參考 < 五、參考文獻> 所列。 關 鍵 詞:N-methyl-D-aspartate 受體,glycine transporter,sarcosine,精神分裂症

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Abstract

In recent one decade, hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Hence, enhancing NMDA neurotransmission was considered as a new approach for schizophrenia treatment. To date, there have been a few pilot studies exploring the efficacy of NMDA enhancers as adjuvant therapy for schizophrenia, for instance, D-serine (an endogenous agonist of the NMDA-glycine site) and sarcosine (N-methylglycine, an endogenous glycine transporter I inhibitor). They were not only well-tolerated but also synergistic in improving positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in those receiving typical and atypical antipsychotics (except clozapine).

Refractory schizophrenia (particularly clozapine-resistant) is still a difficult clinical issue at present. Previous studies revealed that add-on treatment of D-serine or other agonists of NMDA receptor failed to give significant benefits in such patients. The goal of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of sarcosine adjuvant therapy in refractory schizophrenia, and to identify the predictors for treatment response to NMDA enhancers.

This is a one-year proposal. Forty clozapine-resistant schizophrenic patients were enrolled in a 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of

sarcosine (2000 mg/day), were added to their stable clozapine regimens. Measurements of clinical efficacy, side effects, quality of life, serum glycine and sarcosine levels were performed biweekly. At the beginning and end of the trial, we evaluate plasma levels of clozapine for confirmation of therapeutic concentration. The efficacy and safety of sarcosine were analyzed.

For these refractory schizophrenic patients, sarcosine produced no greater improvement when co-administered with clozapine than placebo plus clozapine at weeks 2, 4, and 6. Sarcosine was well tolerated and no significant side-effect was noted. Plasma clozapine levels were not be altered by sarcosine treatment.

The study results can be published in relevant outstanding journals. During this year of the study, we have published 6 papers (please see the ref).

Key words: Atypical antipsychotics,

neurotransmitter, pharmacogenetics, schizophrenia 二、緣由與目的 精神分裂症的成因至今尚未明朗。近 年來,N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)受體的 功能低下被認為是精神分裂症的可能成 因,於是,促進 NMDA 受體的功能漸成為 治療精神分裂症的新思維。目前已有少數

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臨床研究探討將 NMDA 促進劑作為輔助治 療 的 效 果 , 例 如 , D-serine ( 內 生 性 NMDA-glycine site 致效劑)、sarcosine (即

N-methylglycine , 一 種 內 生 性 glycine transporter 抑制劑),均顯示其能加強傳統 及新一代抗精神病劑(除了 clozapine 之外) 對活性、負性症狀及認知功能障礙的療 效,且相當安全。 難治型精神分裂症(特別是對最後一 線抗精神病劑 clozapine 療效不佳者)目前 在 臨 床 上 仍 相 當 棘 手 , 過 去 發 現 補 充 D-serine 或其他 NMDA 致效劑對此類患者 並無顯著效果。最近,我們針對急性發作 患者的研究則發現,sarcosine 明顯優於 D-serine,能更快速有效地改善活性及負性 症狀。本研究目的即在探討 sarcosine 輔助 療法對難治型精神分裂症之效果及安全 性。 三、結果與討論 本案為 1 年期計畫,我們已完成收案 40 位對於 clozapine 療效不佳的精神分裂症 患者,在 clozapine 劑量不變的情況下,以 雙盲方式隨機給予 sarcosine (2000 mg/day) 或安慰劑,為期六週。我們每兩週評估其 療 效 、 安 全 性 、 生 活 品 質 、 glycine 與 sarcosine 等胺基酸血中濃度。在研究開始 及結束時,我們並測定血漿 clozapine (及其 代 謝 物 ) 濃 度 以 確 定 其 在 治 療 濃 度 範 圍 內,及是否受到研究用藥的影響。 結果如同其他 NMDA 致效劑,glycine transporter 抑制劑(sarcosine)組(n = 20)與 安慰劑組(n = 20)於各方面的臨床表現皆 無顯著差異,也就是說 sarcosine 並無助於 難治型精神分裂症患者之活性、負性症 狀、與一般精神病理之改善。 Sarcosine 組則於活性症狀(Positive

and Negative Syndrome Scale 之 Positive

Subscale)之平均分數由 18.0 降至 17.7;

安慰劑組則由 16.5 降至 15.8。Sarcosine 組 於 負 性 症 狀 ( Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 之 Negative Subscale)之平

均分數由 27.0 降至 25.1;安慰劑組則由 26.6 降至 24.2。Sarcosine 組於一般精神病理 (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 之 General Psychopathology )之平均分 數 由

35.1 降至 31.2;安慰劑組則由 33.7 降至

32.1,且這些差異皆具統計顯著意義。我們

也 分 析 兩 組 患 者 間 於 Continuous performance test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 以及 Tower of Hanoi 等認知功能的差

異,結果兩組之間也未見明顯差異。兩組 之間於副作用方面的表現也無顯著差別。 血漿 clozapine 濃度未受 sarcosine 影響。 四、計畫成果自評 本案為 1 年期計畫,我們已完成收案 40 位對於 clozapine 療效不佳的精神分裂症 患者。研究結果預期可以發表於國外重要 學術期刊。此外,我們以本年度計畫之經

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費支持,已有 6 篇 SCI 文獻被接受發表, 請參考 <五、參考文獻> 所列。

五、參考文獻

1. Liu YC, Huang CH, Lane HY* (2004): N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry 18: 172-180 [*corresponding author]

2. Chiu CC, Lane HY*, Huang MC, Liu HC, Jann MW, HonYY, Chang WH, Lu ML (2005): Regular-dose risperidone on QTc intervals. Journal of Clinical

Psychopharmacology 25:391-393 (sci) [*corresponding author]

3. Sun HS, Fann CSJ, Lane HY, Chang YT, Chang CJ, Liu YL, Cheng ATA (2005). A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1) gene is associated with alcohol dependence in one aboriginal group in Taiwan. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29:1-7 (sci)

4. Lane HY, Lee CC, Liu YC, Chang WH

(2005): Pharmacogenetic studies of response to risperidone and other newer atypical antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics 6:139-149 (sci)

5. Chen CM, Lane HY*, Wu YR, Ro LS, Chen FL, Hung WL, Hou YT, Lin CY, Huang SY, Chen I C, Soong BW, Li ML, Hsieh-Li HM, Su MT, Lee-Chen GJ (2005): Expanded trinucleotide repeats in the TBP/SCA17 gene, but not the

KLHL1AS/SCA8 and PPP2R2B/SCA12 genes, are associated with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 78:131-136 (sci) [*corresponding author]

6. Lane HY, Chang YC, Liu YC, Chiu CC,

Tsai G (2005): Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind,

placebo-controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry (in press) (sci)

參考文獻

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