如何開始你的研究論文之路
張靜芬
語言教學研究中心暨英語教學研究所 副教授兼主任 國立交通大學浩然圖書館 Sep. 10, 2014Speech outline
• 認識學術英文寫作
學術英文寫作
academic writing (AW)
• 課堂作業
(class reports)
• 技術報告
(technical report)
• 碩
/博士論文(thesis/dissertation)
• 會議論文摘要
/報告 (Conference abstract/
paper)
• 期刊論文
(journal papers/articles)
• 學術書籍
(Book/book chapters)
Important characteristics of AW
• 閱讀對象
(Audience)
• 目的
(Purpose)
• 架構
(Organization)
• 風格
(Style)
• 寫作流程
(Flow)
• 呈現與表達
(Presentation)
Audience, purpose & strategy
•
Audience knows less than you
Your purpose tends to be
instructional
•
Audience knows more than you
You tends to display
familiarity, expertise,
organization
•
Problem-solving pattern
– Description of a situation – Identification of a problem – Description of a solution – Evaluation of the solution
•
Comparison-contrast
•
Cause-effect
Organization of research paper
Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion/conclusionPost-Silicon Code Coverage for
The college majors most and least likely to
lead to underemployment
Employees with degrees in fields like English, general studies, and graphic design are among the most likely to
report feeling "underemployed" at their current jobs. This is according to a recent survey of 68,000 workers by salary
information firm PayScale.
Liberal arts majors (I'm one of them!) are used to being the punchline in jokes about un- and underemployment. But more unexpectedly, majorities of graduates with more
"practical" degrees in fields like business administration also said their jobs didn't put their education, training or experience to work as much as they should.
Why Is Academic Writing So Academic?
(Joshua Rothman, Washington Post, Feb. 20, 2014)
A few years ago, when I was a graduate student in
English, I presented a paper at my department’s American Literature Colloquium. (A colloquium is a sort of writing workshop for graduate students.) The essay was about Thomas Kuhn, the historian of science. Kuhn had coined the term “paradigm shift,” and I described how this phrase had been used and abused, much to Kuhn’s dismay, by
postmodern insurrectionists and nonsensical self-help
gurus. People seemed to like the essay, but they were also uneasy about it. “I don’t think you’ll be able to publish this in an academic journal,” someone said. He thought it was more like something you’d read in a magazine.
style
•
Formal
•
Concise
•
Precise
•
Impersonal
•
Sophisticated
•
Specialized
Flow
•
Successful communication also relies on
logic
flow
, which means that moving one statement
to the next make sense and reasonable.
A.
Lasers have found widespread
application in medicine. Lasers play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery. Most of the eye tissue is transparent. The frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue. The beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue –even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are effective in treating some causes of blindness. Other
treatments are not. The interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.
B.
Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. For example, theyplay an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery
because most of the eye tissue is
transparent. Because of this transparency,
the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam “cuts” inside the eye with minimal
damage to the surrounding tissue –even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are also more effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. However,the
interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood.
presentation
1. Does the format of your written work match
the requirement (of your class instructor, the
form of a thesis/dissertation, the journal)?
2. Do you proofread for
– basic grammar mistakes? – Misspelled words
Organization
research paper/thesis/dissertation/conference paper
Abstract Introduction
Method Results
Rhetorical moves (文步)
Moves, functional components, or information
unit, are communicative purposes of text
producer
Knowing these moves or components, you can
easily find the patterns in each section of a
research papers.
A dopt ed f rom C hang & K uo (201 1)
Post-Silicon Code Coverage for
Academic writing style
•
The vocabulary shift
•
More formal nouns and part of speech
•
Formal grammar style
Vocabulary shift– single verbs
Phrasal verbs/prepositional
verb Single verb
According to some biologists, coming up with clear proof of the decreasing numbers of frogs has been difficult.
According to some biologists, __________ clear proof of the decreasing numbers of frogs has been difficult.
The purpose of this paper is to try to figure out what is lacking in our current understanding of corrosion and corrosion
protection in concrete.
The purpose of this paper _________ to __________ what is lacking in our current understanding of corrosion and corrosion protection in
Vocabulary shift—reporting verbs
• John told me he was going to stay late at work.
• Peter said he wanted to visit his parents that weekend.
• The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the basic architecture of a 64-bit scalar MAC and explains the modifications required to “vectorize” the MAC using the new shared segmentation method and an existing method called the shared subtree method [12]. Section 3 briefly discusses the other alternative methods for implementing vector MACs or multipliers that exist in the literature. Section 4 presents delay and area results for vector MAC implementations using the shared
segmentation method and the shared subtree method, along with …
Formal vocabulary
Crash test dummies
are really important for an integral part of
automotive crash tests.
There has been a lot of
considerable
interest in how background sounds such as music affect an individual's ability to concentrate. Allergic reactions to local dental anesthesia do not happen very often. ______________
Collocation of words
• With social networking sites _____________ an increasingly important role in today’s society… • The study _________ on the perspectives of the
students, the instructor and an outside observer to explore the intended and unintended outcomes of
Ning use.
• The scheduling logic accounts for the majority of the chip area, with the packet memory consuming much of the remaining space, as ____________ in Table 5.
Free online collocation tool
http://collocation.stringnet.org/High-frequency academic words
•
Academic word list
Formal grammar style
1. Avoid contractions
2. Use more formal negative forms
3. Limit the use of “run-on” expressions
4. Avoid addressing the reader as you
5. Be careful about using direct questions
6. Place adverbs within the verb
Studies on this issue haven’t been
examined. Studies on this issue have not been examined.
The analysis didn’t yield any new
results
This problem doesn’t have many viable
solutions.
These semiconductors can be used in
robots, CD players, etc. You can see the results in Figure 1. What can be done to solve the
problem?
Actually , very little is known about the general nature and prevalence of
scientific dishonesty.
There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.
Impersonal structure
Avoid personal involvement in sentences
1. passive structures (omit by + noun)
2. it-structures
Passive structure (被動語態)
We observed this component to be the major consumer of datapath energy. The optimization of multiple responseproblems in the Taguchi method is achieved by the propose procedure.
It-structure
It is + adjective + to + verb
• For data traffic, it is clearly desirable to use a simple, but fast, VC rerouting policy.
It + (is + adjective/participle) / verb + that-clause
• From the figures, it is clear that for shorter duration calls using either of the policies gives comparable path delay degradations.
inanimate subjects with active verbs
• These microarchitectures split programs into
speculative threads and, then, they execute them concurrently.
*However, this structure does not apply to every inanimate subject. For example, in the following sentence, the verb must be in passive.
• In this work, several hardware-based schemes for
partitioning the program into speculative threads are analyzed and evaluated.
This + summary words
1. Population homeostasis is common among many animals. If food supplies are short, for instance, mice reduce their numbers. ______________
shows the need of any living substance to maintain internal constancy and independence of the
environment.
2. The number of road accidents in this city in 1990 was 25. It rose to 30 in the next year. In 1992,
shockingly, ten more accidents were reported.
______________ is an indication of serious traffic
