「桃花園」外徘徊的孩子：中輟與復學問題研究

ψ௒क़Ⴜω؆ൖ৲ऱ৘՗Κ

խᔗፖ༚ᖂംᠲઔߒ

ڬ┐ቢ

*

_ǵ஭ᝬύ

**

ኴʳ ʳ ૞

ءઔߒؾऱ੡ΰԫαൕᖂسΕ୮९Ε۔ஃऱߡ৫Δ։࣫խᔗ༚ᖂس༚ᖂፖآ ༚ᖂ଺ڂΙΰԲαᛵᇞᖂسፖ୮९ኙᖂس༚ᖂࢬᏁհ࠰ܗΙΰԿα։࣫༚ᖂسፖᖂ ீඒஃΕಝ᎖Գ୉ኙؾছխտඒߛհየრ৫ፖᏁޣΙ່৵ݦඨ༼נઌᣂ৬ᤜΖ੡ ሒګڼؾऱΔءઔߒא௒Ⴜᗼ੡ࠏΔࠌشം࠴ᓳ਷ 83 ଡխᔗ༚ᖂسΔࠀאת࿨ዌ ڤം࠴෡৫๶ᓫ 53 ۯխᔗسհ୮९֗ 30 ۯಝΕ᎖ࢨᖄஃΖ ઔߒ࿇෼ᔗᖂسࢨ୮९ኙᔗᖂ଺ڂऱ઎ऄᏅ੡ԫીΔהଚ݁ਐנ່ൄߠհԿ Օխᔗ଺ڂਢൄࠩ؆૿नᑗΔኙᓰ࿓լტᘋᔊΔಲ୮ΖឈྥছԿՕ଺ڂ।૿Ղ઎ ۿ੡ᖂسଡԳڂైΔ܀ᖞ෻ࢬڶᔗᖂױ౨ڂైΔ၌መԫתאՂ༚ᖂسࠐ۞இႨ୮ அΰڕΚ଺۰اΕ؆ᤄئᘣΕ܅ඒߛ࿓৫ΕՠԳΕྤᄐፖ௽௘۩ᄐΕ໢ᘣࢨሶז ඒ塄Ε܅گԵΰ٤୮گԵ֟࣍Կᆄցα࿛ীኪ୮அαΔ୮அڂైսڶૹ૞ᐙ᥼Δ ׊ຍጟᐙ᥼ࠀॺࠐ۞׀ئᘣψլუωᨃ৘՗ᦰ஼ΰԮګն୮९սݦඨᖂسݙګᖂ ᄐαࢨլᣤ௑ጥඒ৘՗ΰնګ׀ئ।قᄎᣤ௑ጥඒ৘՗αΔۖਢψྤऄωપޔ৘ ՗۩੡ࢨψጥඒྤֱऄωࢬીΔຍଡڂైፖ۔ஃऱრߠֺለᣊۿΔ۔ஃԫ౳ᎁ੡ ୮அΕլߜٵᕦਢᖂسᔗᖂ׌૞଺ڂΔᖂீᓰᄐઌኙլਢૹ૞ڂైΖ ᔗᖂཚၴΔքࠩԮګᔗᖂس۰ڇ֖ࣛ୮ࢨڇጻ࠼խ৫ֲΔᔗᖂழհ੒೯լਢ ڇ୮խΕ֖ࣛ୮Δ༉ਢڇ؆ၵஷΔৰ֟ڂ੡༉ᄐࢨ࠰ܗ୮೭ۖᔗᖂΖ༚ᖂ଺ڂֱ ૿Δ࠷൓ฅᄐᢞ஼Ε׀ئ୮ԳΕړ֖ࣛ੷ࢨਢஃ९ऱቔᚐਢ່ૹ૞ऱڂైΖԫ؟ ༚ᖂ৵ΔԮګᖂسݦඨᖂீ౨ജፂ਍ޢ֚۟֟ת֚ऱݾᢌᓰ࿓Δڂ੡ຍࠄᓰ࿓១ ໢Εەᇢ܂ᄐ֟Δ׊౨֧ದהଚఎڇᖂீऱᘋᔊΖٵழΔהଚՈݦඨᖂீ౨ജᏺ

* ഏم؀קՕᖂحᆞᖂઔߒࢬඒ඄ **ᇷ࿜ᄎઝݾऄ৳խ֨റூᆖ෻

ףषቸ੒೯Εீ؆ඒᖂΕকᙠᓰ࿓Δ྇֟ࢨ࣋ᐈەᇢ܂ᄐࡉࣚᇘᏚ୲հ๵ࡳΖ! ءઔߒאം࠴࿨࣠Δ፹ګנխᔗΕ٦ᔗٲᙠڂ՗ᗴᛀ।Δ৬ᤜٺீױ೶ᅃᇠ ।Δᓮᖄஃൄኪࢤऱေ۷ఄ్խᡦᜯխᔗࢨױ౨٦ᔗհ೏ٲᙠᆢᖂسΔ༼ছቃ߻Ε ᎖ᖄࢨ᠏տԵᔞᅝխտඒߛᇷᄭ༉ᦰΖࠡڻΔءઔߒՈ৬ᤜኔਜ۩೯ڤᘣ៭ඒߛΙ ೈԱ୮९ᚨ࠹ᘣ៭ඒߛ؆Δ۔ஃՈᚨൎ֏ᛵᇞᖂسፖ୮९ऱ઎ऄΔᝩ܍אඒஃࢨ ᖂீߡ৫໢ֱ૿ᇭᤩᖂسࢨࠡ୮९ംᠲΙڼ؆Δױᐘࢤଥإᖂீᓰ࿓ፖጥ෻ຍࠄ ᖂسࣚᇘᏚ୲հ๵ࡳΙ່৵Δᦸ࣍୮९ࠀॺਚრլᨃխᔗ՛৘ՂᖂΔۖਢլव৻ ᑌ࠰ܗࠡՂᖂհྤ࡜ൣݮΔءઔߒ৬ᤜઔߒ࠷௣ൎ૰Եᖂයࠏխհ۩ਙፆයཱིΖ

ᣂ᝶ڗΚᔗᖂΕխᔗΕ٦ᔗΕխᔗ༚ᖂ

ψ௒क़Ⴜω؆ൖ৲ऱ৘՗Κ

խᔗፖ༚ᖂംᠲઔߒ

ڬ┐ቢǵ஭ᝬύ

໸Εছߢ

ڕ࣠ᖂீਢ৘՗ऱψ௒क़ႼωΔխᔗऱᖂس༉ڕٵಲᠦ௒क़Ⴜऱ৘՗ΔګԳլ ឰܘԺனఎהଚΔথൄൄྤൕထԺΔณ઎הଚڇ௒क़ႼխၞၞננΔࠐࠐװװΖ խᔗംᠲլਢԫଡᄅᘋऱംᠲΔ്Գໃڇࠡᓵ֮խ༼נᜤٽഏऱᇷறΔڇ 70 ڣז ٤෺תᑇഏ୮խΔڶԫתऱᖂس޲ڶݙګᆠ೭ඒߛܛᠦீΙࠩԱ 80 ڣזΔભ੊چ ೴ऱᔗᖂ෷ሒ 21иΔࠅ੊چ೴ঞڶ 9иΙխഏՕຬ࣍ 1992 ڣΔഏխسऱᔗᖂ෷ሒ 4.8иΔࠩ 1993 ڣழ֒೏ሒ 10иΰ്ԳໃΔ1994αΙڼ؆Δભഏᖂृ Dupper Ո༼ ᙌ׈੺ࣹრΔܛࠌ᥆࣍೏৫ၲ࿇ഏ୮ऱભഏΔڇ 1985 ۟ 1986 ڣ৫ΔՈ༓׏ڶࠟ ۍᆄᖂس۟֟ڶԫڻאՂऱᔗᖂൣݮΰDupper,1993αΖݺഏऱൣउլڕ׈੺ٺഏ հൣݮڕڼᣤૹΔԯڂ੡ഏԳԫऴ࠹ࠩψᆄ౳ઃՀ঴Δഄڶᦰ஼೏ωႚอ৸უऱ ᐙ᥼Δኙ࣍ඒߛॺൄૹီΔഏاխ՛ᖂԵᖂ෷༓׏ሒࠩۍ։հۍΔ܀ਢᖂسኔᔆ ऱڇᖂ෷ױ౨܅࣍ຍଡݙભऱᑇڗΖ ഏփڶᣂխᔗګڂऱઔߒ࿨࣠࿇෼Δ壆ڕΚ۞ݺ൳ࠫԺլߩΕ܅षᄎᆖᛎچ ۯΕ໢ᘣ୮அΕ୮அጥඒլᅝΕ୮அ᧢ਚΕᖂ฾ګ༉܅Εᖂ฾ᘋᔊ܅Εᖂீࠉॵ Ժ܅Ε֒ᖂ׌ᆠΕᖂீጥ෻؈ᅝΕ૤૿ᑑ᧘܂شΕլߜٵᕦΕށڴᏝଖᨠΕլߜ ٖၵ੒೯ΕՕฒ໾᧯ᙑᎄقᒤΕຆ༄஁၏࿛ਢՕຝ։ඒߛᖂृᎁ੡ທګխᔗऱ׌ ૞଺ڂΰࡌ⚰ᐂΔ1999αΖངߢհΔઔߒਐٻ૤૿ऱଡԳΕ୮அΕᖂீΕٌ֖ڂై ਢݮګᖂس୲࣐ᔗᖂऱ׌૞଺ڂΖഗءՂΔ૎ΕભΕଉཽ࿛ഏኙ࣍խᔗᖂسݮګ ംᠲհ઎ऄፖݺഏڶ๺ڍ٥ٵհ๠ΰ٤ഏխᔗխ֨Δ3115αΔլᓵਢଡԳఐ෻Ε୮ அࢨᖂீംᠲΔٺഏઔߒ᧩قΔ૤૿ऱଡԳࢤ௑ፖᛩቼᐙ᥼ਢݮګխᔗऱૹ૞ڂ ైΖ ኙ࣍խᔗسױ౨ኙषᄎ൅ࠐհᐙ᥼ຝ։Δڶԫ੔਍ጹ്෻ᓵᓵរृΔᎁ੡ೣ ஁۩੡ਢኙᖂீ૤૿ऱᆖᖵ஫މհڃᚨΙ׽૞ᖂسᔗᖂΔࠡᚘԺمܛ൓ࠩއᇞΔ

ᖂீᓰᄐऱ஫މፖൕࠃೣ஁۩੡ऱ੒೯ڂۖ྇֟Ζ܀ڇ Elliot ፖ Vossΰ1974αऱ ઔߒխਐנΔᔗᖂᆖ᧭ኙೣ஁۩੡ࠠڶإٻऱᐙ᥼ΔഏփऱኔᢞઔߒՈ᧩قᔗᖂ ৵Δॺ܀լᄎڂۖ྇֟ൕࠃೣ஁۩੡Δ֘ۖᄎআၞೣ஁۩੡հ࿇سΰᔥᅇ࿇Δ 2001αΖ ڇຍࠄ٥ٵऱᔗᖂګڂ૿ᎎՀΔᝫڶԫࠄڂچΕڂழΕڂԳۖڶհาპ஁ฆΖ ᤝڕΚאֺለᣤૹऱ଺۰اᖂس೏խᔗ෷հംᠲ੡ࠏΔመװઔߒᎁ੡ Sellin ऱ֮ ֏ᓢડ෻ᓵױᇞᤩڼᗑ௽ऱගᆢംᠲΰChow al et., 1996ΙSmith, 1996Ι്ࡗၢΔ 1997αΔࠏڕΚᄵࢣႅਐנψ଺۰اගᆢ֮֏ऱ஁ฆΔᖂீඒߛመװൄ࢙ฃ଺۰ا ٺගᆢ֮֏௽ࢤΔ٦ףՂ଺۰اऱषᄎᆖᛎچۯ܅ᆵΔس९ऱچ෻ᛩቼ৞ຨΔ౒ ׎षᄎᇷᄭፖ֮֏ࠨᖿΔࠌ൓଺۰اඒߛڇਙࢌՕၦᇷᄭᇷܗՀս෡ະ٭ႨΔፖ ԫ౳؀᨜षᄎઌֺΔࠡඒߛ࿇୶սڶԫ੄ઌᅝՕ஁၏Δࢬא଺۰اᖂسڇޣᖂመ ࿓խࢬᔡሖࠩऱܺቼ۞ྥڍ࣍ዧගᖂسΖ଺۰اᖂسࢬᔡሖࠩऱඒߛംᠲ֗ᖂீ ᔞᚨംᠲΔຟױ౨ທګ೏ࡺլՀऱխຜᔗᖂ෷Δۖ׊଺۰اᖂسխຜᔗᖂംᠲޓ ਢֺዧගᖂسᣤૹωΰᄵࢣႅΔ2000αΖ׼ڶᖂृਐנΔഏխᔗᖂسऱ୮அषᆖچ ۯֺለ܅Δڼᣊ୮அࢬݮګऱढᔆයٙΕඒߛኪ৫ΕඒߛֱڤΕࣄ૤ֽᄷΕګ༉ ೯ᖲ֗ᖂ฾ᛩቼڂై࿛ױ౨ऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ᐙ᥼՗Ֆኙඒߛऱࣄ૤ΰ႓ᐚ壁Εٻ֚ৠΔ 1999ΙܨاⷠΔ1990αΖຍࠄઔߒ᧩ق଺۰اᖂسխᔗംᠲΔೈԱࠆڶፖዧගᖂس ԫᑌऱ୮அᆖᛎፖଡԳڂై؆Δᝫڶֺዧගᖂسխᔗޓ੡ᓤᠧऱ֮֏Εषᄎᆖᛎ چۯΔא֗س९ᛩቼऱംᠲΖ ڼ؆Δ࿝ृམאඒߛຝಝࡡᄎ 9544 ټխᔗᖂس੡ኙွΔಾኙ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫Ղ ᖂཚխᔗ֗༚ᖂ଺ڂၞ۩ઔߒΰ೶ߠ।ԫαਐנΚߊسΕ଺۰اΕ௒ႼᗼᖂسΔ ֺለ୲࣐ᔗᖂΔথլ୲࣐༚ᖂΖಾኙຍࠄچֱΔլ܀ᖂீႊ૞ᾄࣹޓڍऱᇖඑඒ ᖂࢨൎ֏ᖂ฾೯ᖲֱூΔՈᚨᜤٽषᄎݝΕषᄎᖲዌᇷᄭ࠰ܗᇞެࠡ୮அΕषᄎ ംᠲΔۖ௒ႼᗼՈᚨ๯ਙࢌ٨੡ᚌ٣࠰ܗچ೴Δ࿯ղޓڍᇞެխᔗᖂسംᠲհᇷ ᄭፖ࠰ܗΰࡌ⚰ᐂΕ്ᤌխΔ2004αΖ

।ԫʳ ᔗᖂ෷ፖ༚ᖂ෷ऱٌյ܂ش ೏ᔗᖂ෷ ܅ᔗᖂ෷ ೏༚ᖂ෷ ϥ ໢ᘣ୮அ ϥ ഏխس ϥ ءᖂཚᔗᖂृ ϥ ଡԳڂైທګृ Ֆس ዧԳ ܅ڣ్ ܅༚ᖂ෷ ϥ ߊس ϥ ଺۰ا ϥ ௒Ⴜᗼ ---- ᇷறࠐᄭΚࡌ⚰ᐂΕ്ᤌխΔ2004Ζ ࠠ᧯ۖߢΔءઔߒ׌૞ؾऱڶԿΚΰԫα։ܑൕᖂسΕ୮९Ε۔ஃऱߡ৫Δ։ ࣫խᔗ༚ᖂس༚ᖂፖآ༚ᖂ଺ڂΙΰԲαᛵᇞᖂسፖ୮९ኙᖂس༚ᖂࢬᏁհ࠰ܗΙ ΰԿα։࣫༚ᖂسፖᖂீඒஃΕಝ᎖Գ୉ኙؾছխտඒߛհየრ৫ፖᏁޣΖ

၁Ε֮᣸൶ಘ

ԫΕխᔗګڂፖቃ߻࿜ฃઌᣂ֮᣸

ൕ࿝ृᖞ෻२؄ڣഏ؆խᔗઌᣂ֮᣸ΰࡌ⚰ᐂΕ്ᤌխΔ2004α։࣫࿇෼Δ խᔗઌᣂհઔߒᤜᠲપฃױ։੡ԿጟΚ։࣫խᔗ଺ڂΕ։࣫٦ᔗ଺ڂΔא֗༼נ ቃ߻խᔗ࿜ฃ৬ᤜ࿛Δጵٽٺഏઔߒ༼נհޏ࿳խᔗംᠲ࿜ฃࢨ৬ᤜΔױូ౏੡ Հ٨᝟ႨΚ ΰԫαխᔗຏ໴ߓอհ৬مΚڇխᔗ෼उ༳༽ՂΔڍᑇઔߒ৬ᤜᚨ৬مଡூ੡ ഗ៕ऱຏ໴ߓอΔא٣༳༽෼ွΔթ౨ၞۖᓫ֗ംᠲᇞެΖ܀ڼֱ૿ፕ ᨜բᆖݙګऄחፖጻሁຏ໴৬ᆜΔױᘯለٺഏΰڕΚભഏαઌᣂᖂृհ ৬ᤜޓ੡ࡌ࢏Ζ ΰԲαڍᑇઔߒᎁ੡ਙࢌኙխᔗᖂسհψ႕ᑇωΰࡴֱآवऱᔗᖂᖂسԳᑇα ༳༽լߩΔᏁ૞٣ᇞެڼംᠲΔթ౨ᚵࡳޓڶயऱᇞެ࿜ฃΖࠃኔՂΔ խᔗ႕ᑇױ౨ਢٺഏຟژڇऱംᠲΔݺഏܛࠌڶൎࠫຏ໴ऱ๵ᒤΔՈլ

ࠏ؆Ζ௅ᖕፕ᨜ءچᖂீհ֘ਠΔױ౨࿇س႕ᑇऱ׌૞ගᆢਢᓮ९೗Ε ፖ׀ࢨئ९ཚנഏΕא֗ᆖൄࢤ࿍ཚլՂᖂհᖂس່ڍΔຍࠄᖂسࠀլ ฤٽऄ৳ՂኙխᔗسऱࡳᆠΔ܀ڇᓰᄐՂፖխᔗྤฆΔ܀ؾছথॺऄ৳ ױጥհᒤ໮Ζ ΰԿα๺ڍઔߒՈ༼נԱԫࠄֱூࠐᇞެխᔗംᠲΔ׊ಘᓵࠩڶᣂψቃ߻ωֱ ூֺψࠃ৵ڜᆜ༚ᖂωհֱூޓڍΖངߢհΔᖂृᎁ੡٣ڇᖂீބࠩ೏ ٲᙠऱᑨڇխᔗᖂسΔمܛףאեቃΕቃ߻Δᄎֺᖂسխᔗ৵٦ಳ᠋Ε ༚ᖂ੡ૹ૞Δࠏڕڶᖂृ৬ᤜຘመψଡԳ࿇୶ၦ।ωאᗴᙇ೏խᔗٲᙠ հڇᖂᖂسΙભഏയ۫௅ऱψխᔗጟ՗ֱூωঞݦඨൕڶխᔗٲᙠհᇄ ऱᖂسխΔ٦ᗴᙇנ೏ٲᙠհᖂسΔലᇷᄭދԵຍࠄᖂسߪՂΔאཚሒ ࠩޓڶயऱխᔗቃ߻ய࣠ΖאՂਙ࿜Ꮕଖ൓ݺഏڇ๻ૠ߻एխᔗംᠲਙ ࿜ழհ೶ەΖ ΰ؄αೈԱ৬مᖂீ֖࿳ऱᛩቼΕᓰ࿓ޏ࿳ΕᇖඑඒᖂΕᇖீࠫ৫࿛؆Δ֧ش اၴΕ׹ऄΕषՠ࿛ᇷᄭ࠰ܗխᔗᖂسᇞެࠡהംᠲΔՈਢٺഏൄൄ༼ ֗ऱᇞެխᔗᖂس୮அംᠲऱൻਜΖۖڕ۶ലᓰ࿓๻ૠऱฤٽᖂسհᏁ ޣΔࢨਢڕ۶ຘመᓰ࿓ᏺףᖂسհ۞ॾ֨Δא߻ֲַ৵հխᔗΖ݁ڶઌ ᅝڍհ֮᣸ၞ۩ಘᓵΖ ٺഏᇞެխᔗᖂسംᠲհ࿜ฃፖֱٻΔ஁ฆࠀլՕΔ܀าຝऱᏁޣ๵ቤፖച ۩຃ኧԺঞਢެࡳԱ࿜ฃګפፖܡऱૹ૞ᣂ᝶ΖངߢհΔ׽ڶࠉᖕᡦᜯխᔗٲᙠ ᖂسհᏁޣၞ۩าᒯ๵ቤΔא֗ᖂீፖࠡהຝ॰ᾄࣹᇷᄭΔך։ٽ܂຃ኧΔൎԺ ച۩Δթ౨྇֟խᔗᖂسԳᑇΔࠀނ༚ᖂᖂسఎՀࠐΔլᄎ٦৫ᔗᖂΔຍࠡխԾ אભഏ 2002 ڣ 1 ִၲࡨኔਜऱψno child left behindω࿜ฃ່ࠠڶז।ࢤΖ

ԲΕᛀுխᔗٲᙠڂ՗ઌᣂ֮᣸

ছ૪֮᣸ڍထณ࣍խᔗګڂፖቃ߻ൻਜΔۖ׼ڶԫᣊऱઔߒঞထณ࣍խᔗࢨ ٦ᔗቃྒྷڂ՗հઔߒΖڼᣊઔߒݦඨຘመ৬ዌԫଡױشࠐቃྒྷᖂسᔗᖂױ౨ࢤհ ၦ।Δא༼ࠎᖂீ֗ઌᣂ໢ۯ೚೶ەΖ௅ᖕഏ؆հઔߒΔೠྒྷ೴ܑխᔗسऱՠࠠ પױ։੡؄ᣊΚΰԫαᛀு।Κ༼ࠎ۔ஃΕ᎖ᖄԳ୉ࢨ۩ਙԳ୉֍ᙇᖂسऱ۩੡௽ ᐛࢨહན᧢ႈऱٲᙠڂ՗ΔאᗴᙇᏁ૞᎖ᖄऱ೏ٲᙠᆢᖂسΖΰԲα۞ຫၦ।ࢨം ࠴Κᨃᖂس۞۩ჄᐊΔא൓ࠩԫଡխᔗႜٻࢨխᔗٲᖲ։ᑇΖΰԿαطᑵᢝऱᖄஃ ࢨ᎖ᖄ۔ஃ׌ᨠܒࡳΖΰ؄αאᖂ೴/ᖂீ෼ګऱᇷறࢨਢ९ཚಳ᠋ᓳ਷ઔߒऱᇷ

ற஄Δࠌشಱូ։࣫ࢨਢ೴ᙃ։࣫࿛อૠՠࠠΔޣנٺٲᙠڂ՗ኙխᔗ۩੡ऱቃ ྒྷֱ࿓ڤΰີ໏ໃΕຫ८ᗊΔ2003αΖ

Alpert & Dunhamΰ1986α๶ᓫ 57 ټٺֱ૿ฤٽխᔗ೏ٲᙠᆢথսఎڇᖂீ ऱᢰᒴᖂس֗ 70 ۯբᆖխᔗऱᖂسΔא๶ᓫࢬ൓հԿՕᣊ٥ 11 ଡਐᑑऱ۞᧢ႈ ၞ۩೴ᙃ։࣫Δ઎ਢܡ౨ലխᔗፖॺխᔗᢰᒴᖂسإᒔ։ᣊΖהଚאດޡಱូ։ ࣫ല᧢ႈᜍ྇ګ 5 ଡਐᑑΔսڶ 92%ऱإᒔ෷Ζຍնଡਐᑑ։ܑ੡ΰԫαਢܡױ ᝩ܍ᖂீऱሔ๵۩੡ΙΰԲαਢܡઌॾՂᖂڶܗ࣍آࠐ༉ᄐΙΰԿαڇᖂீਢܡڶ ګ༉ტΙΰ؄α׀ئਢܡ጑ᅮ՗ՖՂᖂΚΰնαਢܡ౨ፖխᔗٵᕦሶᠦΖຍնଡ᧢ ႈࠀॺႚอᎁࡳհ܅षᆖچۯΕࢤܑࢨගᆢ࿛᧢ႈΔ֘ۖፖଡԳॾ࢚Εᖂீ܂੡Ε ୮அ܂੡࿛ਙࢌᖙ܂ᒤ໮փհ᧢ႈڶᣂΔחᣂ֨խᔗቃ߻ਙ࿜ृΔॾ֨ՕᏺΖ

Morris, Ehren,ፖ Lenzΰ1991αቫᇢאᖂسൕ 4 ڣ్ࠩ 8 ڣ్ऱᖂᤄᇷறࠐቃ ྒྷהଚڇ 7 ڣ్ࠩ 12 ڣ్խᔗऱױ౨ࢤΖઔߒ࿇෼༉խᔗسᑌءۖߢΔٺڣ్ᑓ ীऱإᒔ෷ڇ 73%ࠩ 86%հၴΙۖॺխᔗᑌءۖߢΔٺڣ్ऱቃྒྷإᒔ෷ڇ 73% ۟ 88%հၴΖהଚࢬࠌشऱቃྒྷ᧢ႈץܶԱ౒ᡛᓰ᙮෷Ε୮அ࿨ዌΕਢܡམఎ్ ࿛Δਢᖂீءࠐ༉ڶऱᖂسᇷறΖ׼ԫۯᖂृ Frazerΰ1992αՈຘመ೴ᙃ։࣫ऱ อૠֱڤࠐ೴ܑխᔗسፖॺխᔗسհ஁ฆΖהᎁ੡࿳شᖂீբڶऱᇷற༉ജᄷᒔ ऱ೴ᙃխᔗسፖॺխᔗسΔᤝڕΔהऱઔߒխႛאᖂீᇷறխհګᜎΕڣ᤿Εנ ஂ෷࿛ 13 ଡ᧢ႈΔ༉౨ڶயቃྒྷխᔗΔ٤᧯ᖂسؓ݁ቃྒྷإᒔ෷ڇ 84%ؐ׳Ζ ഏփ׆ભୠΰ2000αམຘመڻ్ᇷற։࣫հֱڤΔ࿇෼׀ئദৗᣂএΕᖂᄐ ।෼Εՠ܂ᏝଖᨠΕ؈᧐ᆖ᧭Ε۞ݺཚඨፖ׀ئง࢙࿛քଡ᧢ႈΔኙխᔗᐙ᥼࿓ ৫ሒ᧩ထΔࠀױإᒔቃྒྷ 71.6%ऱխᔗسΖ܀ط࣍ڼԫઔߒࠌشऱᇷறءڇ൶ಘ ॹ֟ڣൕࠃ௽ጟ۩ᄐऱڂైፖኙ࿜Δࠡ࿨ᓵૉ૞ංᓵࠩԫ౳ഏխسऱխᔗቃྒྷঞ ڶࠡૻࠫΖ܇ᣝᖧΕຫ԰նፖພԯ֮ΰ2001αאהଚ۞۩࿇୶հᔗᖂႜٻᗴᙇၦ ।։ᑇΔףՂૹ૞ऱᖂسહན᧢ႈኙᖂسऱᔗᖂፖܡၞ۩᧤ᙀಱូ։࣫Δ׽ڶլ ᔞᚨ۩੡Ε׀ئ܅ཚৱΕ܅ᓰᄐދԵፖ୮அ࿨ዌݙᖞࢤሒࠩ᧩ထΖۖڼಱូᑓڤ ቃྒྷऱإᒔࢤઌᅝհ೏Δᖞ᧯إᒔ෷ሒ 90.6%Ζ܀ڼ֮հઔߒኙွΔএط᎖ᖄ৛ ᠏տڶխᔗψհᇄωᖂسΔॺኔᎾբᆖ࿇سխᔗ۩੡հᖂسΔਢܡױإᒔቃྒྷխ ᔗհᖲ෷Δսৱە᧭Ζ ີ໏ໃፖຫ८ᗊΰ2003αঞಾኙ؀ࣟᗼ 201 ۯམ๯ຏ໴խᔗᖂسΔא֗։ᐋ ᙟᖲࢼנհ 299 ټॺխᔗس੡ઔߒኙွΔ࠷൓הଚഏ՛քڣ్ऱᚾூᇷறၞ۩ቃ ྒྷઔߒΖઔߒޣ൓່ᔞ᧤ᙀಱូࠤᑇΔץਔքڣ్ᑇᖂઝؓ݁ګᜎΕ׀ئദৗΕ

୮அᆖᛎणउΕքڣ్᎖ᖄધᙕ࿛᧢ႈΔᖞ᧯ቃྒྷ෷੡ 72%Ζ ጵٽࠐ઎Δഏփᖂृቃྒྷխᔗ۩੡ऱ᧢ႈΔֺለൄ֘៿๯᧭ᢞګפृڶΚ׀ ئദৗᣂএլࠋΕ܅ᖂᄐ।෼ΰᖞ᧯ࢨᑇᖂઝαΕᖂீլᔞᚨ۩੡Δፖ׀ئ܅ཚৱΖ ء֮ല೶ەຍࠄઔߒ࿨࣠Δቫᇢ༼נխᔗᖂسٲᙠڂ՗ᛀྒྷᑑᄷΖ

ᆥΕઔߒ๻ૠ

ءઔߒലא௒Ⴜᗼ੡ࠏΔ։࣫խᔗፖ༚ᖂઌᣂംᠲΖאՀ٣༉௒Ⴜᗼؾছխ ᔗᄗउ೚ԫᎅࣔΔ٦ᎅࣔᑌءᙇ࠷ፖઔߒֱऄΖ խᔗԳᑇছնټᗼؑ 479Գ (0.44%) 651Գ (0.22%) 661Գ (0.45%) 754Գ (0.28%) 1732Գ (0.36%) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 ؀קᗼ ௒Ⴜᗼ ೏ႂᗼ ؀קؑ ৠࣟᗼ Գ ᑇ ቹԫʳ 92 ᖂڣ৫խᔗسԳᑇছնټᗼؑ ΰਔᇆփ੡ᇠᗼؑխᔗسֺࠏΔᇷறࠐᄭΚඒߛຝಝࡡᄎጻీα ௅ᖕඒߛຝၞ۩ऱ٤ഏٺᗼؑհอૠΔ௒Ⴜᗼ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫խᔗᖂسᑇ೏ࡺ ٤ഏรԲټΔ٥ڶ 754 Գΰ೶ᔹቹԫαΔႛڻ࣍؀קᗼ 1732 ԳΖ܀ڂ੡௒ႼᗼԳ ՑڍΔᖂسᑇڍΔխᔗ෷ፂ਍ڇ 0.28%ΔֺದࠡהᗼؑΔ᥆࣍խ৫ᣤૹհᗼؑΖ ೈԱխᔗᖂس࿪ኙԳᑇฒڍ؆ΔቹԲ᧩ق௒Ⴜᗼᖂسᔗᖂ෷ൕ 89 ᖂڣ৵ڶດ ڣՂ֒հ᝟ႨΔۖ༚ᖂ෷ঞຑᥛԿڣፂ਍ڇ 5 ګ 2 ؐ׳Δྤࣔ᧩༼֒հ᝟ႨΖ

ˇˈ ˆˌ ˆ˃ ˄ˉ ˄ˊ ˅ˇˁˌ ˅ˋ ˅ˋ ˇ˅ ˉ˅ ˆˉ ˋˈ ˇˊ ˈ˅ˁˊˋ ˈ˅ˁˇˋ ˈ˅ˁˋˉ ˃ ˅˃ ˇ˃ ˉ˃ ˋ˃ ˄˃˃ ˋˈ ˋˉ ˋˊ ˋˋ ˋˌ ˌ˃ ˌ˄ ˌ˅ ᔗᖂ෷ΰ̂˂̂̂̂α ༚ᖂ෷ΰ̂˂̂α ˁ˃ ቹԲʳ ௒Ⴜᗼ 85 ᖂڣ۟ 92 ᖂڣᔗᖂ෷ፖ༚ᖂ෷հֺለ ΰᇷறࠐᄭΚ௒Ⴜᗼඒߛݝα ڕՀ।ԲࢬقΔࠉᖕඒߛຝಝߛࡡ୉ᄎࢬֆؒհψ٤ഏ଺۰اխᔗᖂسխຜ ᔗᖂ֗༚ᖂอૠ।ω᧩قΔ௒Ⴜᗼհ᜔ᔗᖂ෷Δլᓵഏխࢨഏ՛Εԫ౳سࢨ଺۰ اΔ݁ለ٤ഏ܅Δ܀௒Ⴜᗼ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫ഏխسԫ౳سհ٦ᔗ෷੡ 37.74иΔለ٤ ഏഏխԫ౳سհ٦ᔗ෷ 28.36и੡೏Ι଺۰اຝ։Δ௒Ⴜᗼ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫հ٦ᔗ෷ ੡ 119.05иΔለ٤ഏհ 49.46 ೏נԫ଍אՂΖڇ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫ऱ༚ᖂ෷ຝ։Δ௒ ႼᗼհᔗᖂسΔॺ଺۰اृ༚ᖂ෷੡ 41.22иΔለ٤ഏհ 47.72и੡܅Ιڇ଺۰ا ຝ։Δ௒Ⴜᗼ଺۰اխᔗسհ༚ᖂ෷੡ 34.43иΔٍለ٤ഏհ 54.24и܅๺ڍΖ ।Բ ௒Ⴜᗼፖ٤ഏ԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫٦ᔗ෷Ε༚ᖂ෷᜔֗ᔗᖂ෷հֺለ Ӧ୔ ୯ύǵλ ௼ဂ ӆ፷౗ ൺᏢ౗ ᕴ፷Ꮲ౗ ਲ༜ᑜ ୯ύғ ΋૓ғ 37.74% 51.71% 0.61% চՐ҇ 119.05% 34.43% 4.38% ӄ୯ ୯λғ ΋૓ғ 6.49% 70.64% 0.06% চՐ҇ 10% 76.92% 0.41% ୯ύғ ΋૓ғ 28.36% 64.91% 0.65% চՐ҇ 49.46% 54.24% 4.73% ୯λғ ΋૓ғ 7.31% 76.03% 0.07% চՐ҇ 9.60% 80.82% 0.45% ΰᇷறࠐᄭΚ௒Ⴜᗼඒߛݝα

ጵٽՂ૪Δ२༓ڣ௒Ⴜᗼऱխᔗᖂس௽ۥڶ༓ႈΚรԫΔ࿪ኙԳᑇฒڍΙร ԲΔխᔗ෷ڶ਍ᥛՂ֒հ᝟ႨΙรԿΔ༚ᖂणउথآߠದۥΙร؄Δ԰ԼԲᖂڣ ৫ഏխၸ੄հ٦ᔗ෷೏נ٤ഏؓ݁๺ڍΙรնΔഏխᔗᖂᖂسխΔא଺۰اᖂس ֺࠏ່೏ΙรքΔ଺۰اᖂسᔗᖂسհ༚ᖂ෷ೣ܅ΖڂڼΔء֮ᇢቹൕڼထ֫Δ ๶ᓫ௒Ⴜᗼխᔗس֗ࠡ୮அΔאޣᛵᇞխᔗسխᔗ଺ڂ֗હནΖ ௅ᖕ௒Ⴜᗼඒߛݝอૠ໴ܫΔ௒Ⴜᗼ۟԰ԼԿᖂڣ৫੡ַڶ 754 ټխᔗᖂ سΔࠡխڶ 396 Գ੡༚ᖂسΔ358 Գ੡آ༚ᖂᖂسΖ396 ټ༚ᖂسຏൄ۟Κΰԫα १ڃཏຏఄ༉ᦰΙΰԲα᠏տ۟ᇷᄭڤխຜఄ༉ᦰΙΰԿα᠏տ۟სᔕᖂீ༉ᦰΖ ءઔߒܛൕڼԿጟຜஉΔࢼ࠷إڇ༉ᦰऱխᔗ༚ᖂسၞ۩๶ᓫΖ ઔߒቃࡳհᑌء։܉ڕ।ԿࢬقΖؾছ௒Ⴜᗼհᇷᄭڤխຜఄ٥ૠڶᅗ଺ഏ խΕؓ᠜ഏխΕՕዧഏխΕၺࣔഏխΕոࡉഏխΕԶᐚഏխΕՕګഏխΔא֗ᄅ ๻مտኂഏխ࿛ٺԫఄΔ۟԰ԼԿڣร؄ࡱ੡ַΔᅗ଺ፖտኂഏխآڜᆜᖂسΔ ਚඈೈ࣍࠹๶ᑌء؆Ζࠡ塒ٺீڜᆜհխᔗᖂس੡ 79 ԳΔڂԳᑇլڍΔਚءઔߒ ല٤ຝ౏Ե࠹๶հᖂسᑌءխΖࠡ塒ڇཏຏఄ༚ᖂسխΔ٦ࢼ࠷ 41 ټΔਚ᜔ૠ༚ ᖂسհᖂسᑌءᑇ੡ 120 ԳΖ200 ۯᖂسᑌءΔ۾٤ᗼᇠڣ৫խᔗ༚ᖂسհԿ։ հԫΰપ 30иαΔࠡრߠᚨࠠז।ࢤΖ ।Կʳ ءઔߒհᑌء։಻। ᜪձ Ꮲਠ Կ 93 ԃۭύ፷ ᏢғӼ࿼ᕴኧ ႣीᏢғ ኬҁኧ ৎߏኬҁኧ Ꮴ૽ᇶ Ȑ؂ਠ 2 Տȑ ၗྍԄύ೼੤ ྷচ୯ύ 0 0 0 -- ѳᙼ୯ύ 12 12 6 2 εᅇ୯ύ 6 6 3 2 ໚ܴ୯ύ 7 7 4 2 Ϙک୯ύ 11 11 6 2 Ζቺ୯ύ 9 9 5 2 εԋ୯ύ 14 14 7 2 ϟტ୯ύ -- -- -- -- ཁ፵੤ ླྀఘ୯ύذωϩਠ 20 20 10 2 ද೯੤ൺᏢғ ᒿᐒܜኬ 317 41 20 16 ҂ൺᏢᏢғ ᒿᐒܜኬ 358 -- 40 -- ӝी 754 120 101 30 ಾኙՂ٨ 120 ټᖂسΔء֮אຘመ৞ຨڤം࠴ၞ۩๶ᓫΔം࠴փ୲ץܶΚᇠ س୮அહནΙխᔗհ଺ڂΙ༚ᖂհ଺ڂΙ٦ᔗհױ౨ࢤፖ଺ڂΙኙؾছᖂீΕඒ

ஃΕᓰ࿓ፖඒޗඒऄհየრ৫Ιኙآࠐᓰ࿓֗ࠡהᏁޣΖ אՂԯಾኙխᔗ༚ᖂسऱຝ։Δۖಾኙآ༚ᖂ׊؈᠋ऱ 358 ټᖂسຝ։Δء ઔߒቃૠൕآ༚ᖂᖂسټ໢խᙟᖲࢼ࠷ 40 ۯխᔗآ༚ᖂհᖂس୮९֗բ༚ᖂᖂ س୮९ 61 ۯΔ٥ૠ 101 ۯ୮९ၞ۩๶ംΖಾኙຍ 101 ۯᖂس୮९Δءઔߒຘመം ࠴ၞ۩๶ᓫΔ๶ᓫփ୲ץਔΚᛵᇞ୮அહནΙᖂسᔗᖂ଺ڂΙآ༚ᖂࢨբ༚ᖂ଺ ڂΙױ౨֧ದࠡ՗Ֆ༚ᖂრᣋհයٙ֗ࢬᏁ࠰ܗΖ ڼ؆Δ੡Աᛵᇞᖂீඒஃኙխᔗᖂس᎖ᖄፖᓰ࿓ඒᖂհ෼उፖܺቼΔءઔߒ Ոലࢼ࠷խտඒߛ๻ਜፖཏຏఄհᖄஃፖಝ᎖Գ୉Δၞ۩๶ംΖ๶ᓫփ୲ലץਔΚ ᛵᇞ۔ஃ᎖ᖄխᔗᖂسऱ෼उፖܺቼΙᛵᇞ۔ஃኙխᔗᖂسࢬᏁհᓰ࿓ΕඒޗΕ ඒऄ઎ऄΙ։࣫۔ஃኙխᔗᖂس༚ᖂګயհ઎ऄΙᓳ਷۔ஃኙխᔗ༚ᖂسհ᎖ᖄ ࢨඒᖂࢬᏁհ࠰ܗΖ

ٔΕઔߒ࿇෼

ءઔߒ᜔٥ګפ๶ᓫ 83 ۯխᔗ༚ᖂسΰ۾խᔗسԳᑇհ 11иαΕ59 ۯ୮९ፖ 30 ۯᖄஃፖಝ᎖۔ஃΖઔߒ࿇෼ᎅࣔڕՀΚ

ԫΕᖂسऱ઎ऄ

ΰԫα࠹๶ᖂسऱଡԳፖ୮அൣउ։࣫ ء֮٥๶ംګפ 83 ۯڶᔗᖂᆖ᧭Εբ༚ᖂΕ׊ؾছ༉ᦰ࣍௒Ⴜᗼٺچհსᄇ ఄΕխຜఄፖԫ౳ఄ్հᖂسΔ।؄ਢᖂسഗءᇷறፖ୮அ։࣫Ζ ڕ।؄ࢬقΔ83 ۯ࠹ᓳ਷հբ༚ᖂ׊൷࠹ڜᆜհᖂسխΔՖسֺߊسڍΖڇ ڣ᤿ຝ։ΔપԶګնਢտ࣍ 14~16 ᄣհၴΔڣધ່Օ੡ 17 ᄣΖ࠹๶ᖂسऱ୮அહ ནຝٝΔڶԿګ؄ऱᖂس׀ᘣ੡ᎸতԳΔࠡڻ੡଺۰اΔรԿृ੡ড়୮ԳΔ؆ઊ Գ່֟Ζڇئᘣᤄ຃ຝ։ࢬܧ෼ऱ࿨࣠ঞא଺۰اፖᎸতԳ່ڍΔ٦ृ੡ড়୮ԳΔ ۖࠉ៱א؆ઊԳ່֟Δᝫڶ 3 ۯ࠹๶ृ।قࠡئᘣ੡؆ᤄᄅ୞Ζᖂس׀ᘣऱඒߛ ࿓৫ຝٝΔא೏խ៭ඒߛ࿓৫ृ່ڍΔࠡڻ੡ഏխ࿓৫Ζڇئᘣऱඒߛ࿓৫ຝ։Δ Օીፖ׀ᘣऱඒߛ࿓৫։ؒઌۿΔאഏխፖ೏խ៭ඒߛ࿓৫ृֺࠏ່ڍΖڇ៭ᄐ ຝٝΔ׀ᘣऱ៭ᄐאՠԳࢨՠ່֖ڍΔࠡڻ੡׹ᖲΔ٦ृ੡ߏԳֆ׹ՠ܂Ιئᘣ ऱ៭ᄐঞאڇߏԳֆ׹Ղఄृ੡ڍΔࠡڻ੡୮ጥΔ٦ृ੡ՠԳࢨՠ֖Ζ

।؄ʳ ᖂسᑌءհഗءᇷறፖ୮அणउ ໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК ໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК ܄ձ Рᒃᙍ཰ ت܄ 38 45.8 љᐒ 11 13.3 ζ܄ 45 54.2 ៽ೡ 3 3.6 ԃស Ծρ໒Ϧљ 3 3.6 13 ྃ 10 12.0 Ծρ໒۫ 3 3.6 14 ྃ 33 40.2 πΓπ϶ 14 16.9 15 ྃ 24 29.3 πำৣ 2 2.4 16 ྃ 14 17.1 Ϧ୍঩ 3 3.6 17 ྃ 1 1.2 ৎᆅ 1 1.2 Рᒃᝤೣ ၭ݅ᅕށ᝜ 3 3.6 Ѧ࣪Γ 9 10.8 Ծҗ཰ 3 3.6 መࠄΓ 29 34.9 دΓϦљ 8 9.6 ࠼ৎΓ 21 25.3 คڰۓπբ 1 1.2 চՐ҇ 22 26.5 Ѩ཰ 5 6.0 ځд 2 2.4 ଏҶ 3 3.6 ҆ᒃᝤೣ ځд 6 7.2 Ѧ࣪Γ 3 3.6 ҆ᒃᙍ཰ መࠄΓ 27 32.5 љᐒ 2 2.4 ࠼ৎΓ 23 27.7 ៽ೡ 2 2.4 চՐ҇ 27 32.5 Ծρ໒Ϧљ 1 1.2 ځд 3 3.6 Ծρ໒۫ 2 2.4 ӕՐޣ πΓπ϶ 6 7.2 Рᒃ 54 65.9 ߥ҆ 1 1.2 ҆ᒃ 60 73.2 ৎᆅ 15 18.1 л׌ۆۂ 58 70.7 ᄽ᛬Γ঩ 1 1.2 ઒Р҆ 19 23.2 دΓϦљ 25 30.1 ᝩȐᎦȑР҆ 4 4.8 คڰۓπբ 2 2.4 Рᒃ௲ػ ੝ਸՉ཰ 3 3.6 όޕၰ 4 4.8 Ѩ཰ 2 2.4 ό᛽ӷ 2 2.4 ځд 6 7.2 ԾᏢ܈୯λ 17 20.5 ҆ᒃ௲ػ ୯ύ 25 30.1 όޕၰ 9 10.8 ଯύᙍ 31 37.7 ό᛽ӷ 5 6.0 ஑ࣽ 1 1.2 ԾᏢ܈୯λ 11 13.3 คРᒃ 3 3.6 ୯ύ 26 31.3 ଯύᙍ 26 31.3 ஑ࣽ 2 2.4 εᏢ 2 2.4 ค҆ᒃ 2 2.4

լᓵൕගᆢΰ଺۰اΕ؆ᤄئᘣαΕ׀ئᘣඒߛ࿓৫ΰഏխאՀ۾Անګαࢨ ៭ᄐΰՠԳࢨሎᙁᄐΕྤᄐࢨ௽௘۩ᄐαΕ୮அ࿨ዌΰԫתᖂسլፖ׀ئᘣٵ۰α ࠐ઎Δ၌መԫתאՂխᔗ༚ᖂس݁ࠐ۞இႨ୮அΔຍଡ௽ᐛΔլ܀ਢխᔗᖂسଡ Գྤऄޏ᧢ऱࠃኔΔՈਢᖂீৰᣄထԺװޓޏऱࠃኔΖ૞ኧࢍᇞެംᠲΔױ౨ս ૞ൕ୮அհ׀ئᘣፖਙࢌᐋ૿Հ֫Ζ ΰԲα࠹๶ᖂسհᔗᖂᆖ᧭։࣫ ।ն੡ؾছ࠹๶ᖂسհᔗᖂᆖ᧭Ζ२԰ګ࠹๶ृڇഏ՛ࠀ޲ڶᔗᖂᆖ᧭Δ܀ ڶԫګ؄ऱ༚ᖂسΔڇഏ՛ܛڶᔗᖂᆖ᧭Δڶԫڻᆖ᧭ृڶ 3 ۯΔڶ 2 ڻאՂृ ঞڶ 4 ۯΖ ڇഏխၸ੄ऱᔗᖂᆖ᧭ᇙΔ49.4%׽ᔗᖂԫڻΔᔗᖂ၌መԫڻृΔঞڶ 46.2%Δ ֺለ௽ܑऱਢΔڶ 2 ۯ࠹๶ृ।ق۞աऱᔗᖂڻᑇ၌መ 10 ڻΖຍႈᑇڗ᧩ق२ն ګऱᔗᖂᖂسΔᆖൄψԫᔗ٦ᔗωΔԫ؟ڶԱรԫڻᆖ᧭Δᔗᖂױ౨ګ੡ԫጟ฾ ክ۩੡ΔڂڼΔڕ۶ቃ߻รԫڻᔗᖂΔױ౨ֺቃ߻٦৫ᔗᖂޓ੡ૹ૞Ζ ᔗᖂ଺ڂຝٝΔ࠹๶ृ۞ᎁᖄી່२ԫڻᔗᖂ່ૹ૞ऱ଺ڂΔאᓰ࿓լტᘋ ᔊृ່ڍΙࠡڻ੡ൄࠩ؆૿नᑗ֧ದΙรԿ੡׀ئᠦദࢨ։ࡺΙ׀ئጥඒ֜ᣤΕ ಲ୮ࢨਢڰՂದլࠐ࿛ڂైΔٺڶ 5 ۯ࠹๶ृ।قਢᖄીࠡᔗᖂऱ׌૞଺ڂΙࠡ 塒଺ڂֺࠏ݁܅Ζ։࣫࿨࣠᧩ق୮அ׀ئᣂএլࠋΕფनᑗΕᓰ࿓ྤᘋᔊΕൄಲ ୮ױ౨ਢᖄીຍࠄᖂسᔗᖂऱૹ૞᧢ႈΖ ।նʳ ࠹๶ᖂسհ۞ຫᔗᖂᆖ᧭ፖ଺ڂ ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ୯λ፷Ꮲ ፷Ꮲಃ΋চӢ 0ԛ 76 91.6 Р҆ᚆஆ܈ϩۚ 7 8.4 1ԛ 3 3.6 தډѦय़ވ኷ 8 9.6 2ԛ 2 2.4 ჹፐำόགᑫ፪ 9 10.8 3ԛ 1 1.2 ό᠋Р҆ৎΓޑ၉ 4 4.8 4ԛ 1 1.2 Р҆ᆅ௲ϼᝄ 5 6.0 ୯ύ፷Ꮲ Р҆֐ࢎѺࢎ 3 3.6 0ԛ 2 2.5 ΢ፐ᠋όᔉ 4 4.8 1ԛ 40 49.4 Ԑ΢ଆόٰ 5 6.0 2ԛ 13 16.0 ৎ္วғ࿶ᔮᡂࡺ 1 1.2 3ԛ 12 14.8 ৎኪ܄ߟ 3 3.6 4ԛ 6 7.4 Ꮲਠᚆৎϼᇻ 2 2.4 5ԛ 6 7.4 Р҆ᜢ߯ᡂৡ 2 2.4 10ԛа΢ 1 2.4 Р҆ৎΓόᆅך 2 2.4

໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ፷Ꮲය໔தѐӦБ Դৣό഻៿ך 2 2.4 ᚆৎрو 49 59.8 ӕᏢ௨Ѿך 1 1.2 ᆛڜ 52 63.4 фፐᓸΚϼε 4 4.8 ݰݣआૡ۫ 2 2.4 ӳȐتζȑܻ϶፷Ꮲ 2 2.4 ናౚ໔ 29 35.4 Ծρғख़ੰ 1 1.2 ຉᓐၯᑲ 22 26.5 ଒ৎ 5 6.0 தѐܻ϶ৎ 57 69.5 ᠐ਜؒԖҔ 1 1.2 KTVǵMTV 16 19.5 ୖуΖৎஒ܈ቴ཮ 1 1.2 ࡑӧৎ္ 30 36.6 Р܈҆Εᅢ 1 1.2 ቴӹ 8 9.8 ததၴϸਠೕ 3 3.6 ځдӦБ 9 11.0 Р҆Ж໸ཚৎ 1 1.2 നதӧ΋ଆޑΓ Ꮲਠ׆ఈځҶᙯᏢ 1 1.2 Р҆ 9 12.2 ԴৣӕᏢ኱ᠸ 1 1.2 ځдৎΓ 4 5.4 Դৣᆅ௲ϼᝄ਱ 1 1.2 ӕᏢ 9 12.2 ځд 2 2.4 تζܻ϶ 9 12.2 ፷Ꮲය໔த଺ޑ٣ ӳܻ϶ 39 52.7 ᔅৎ္ᖺᒲ 9 11.0 ځдΓ 4 5.4 Ѥೀၯᑲ 26 31.7 Р҆ჹך፷Ꮲᄊࡋ Ꮲಞמૈ 6 7.2 όᆅך 4 5.1 ᆂৎ္ 35 42.7 ׆ఈךൺᏢ 59 74.7 ᆂܻ϶ৎ 38 46.3 ׆ఈךπբ 2 2.5 ځд 8 9.8 ъπъ᠐ 6 7.6 ځд 8 10.1 ।նՈ᧩ق࠹๶ृ່२ԫڻᔗᖂᆖ᧭խΔམᠦ୮נߨृપ׭ԱքګΔߩߠಲ ୮ፖಲᖂൄ੡࿨ٽऱ۩੡ΖڇᔗᖂཚၴΔᖂس່ൄװऱچរאৱڇ֖ࣛ୮ֺࠏ່ ೏Δપ۾ԮګΙ܀ٍڶ२քګ࠹๶ृ।قൄৱڇጻ࠼ΙԿګնؐ׳।قൄৱڇ୮ ᇙࢨࠩᐳ෺ၴΙڶ२Բګ।قൄװ KTV ፖ MTVΙۖڶԫګऱ࠹๶ृ।قൄװᐔ 㠪೶ףԶ୮ല੒೯Ζຍଡ෼ွ᧩قԱጻ࠼Εᐳ෺ၴΕKTVΕԶ୮ലऱᒔڇֲၴࢨ ࡙ၴگ୲Ալ֟ᔗᖂᖂسΔ׊ࠉᅃຍଡᑇᖕංᓵΔጻ࠼ΕKTVΕ֖ࣛ୮Εᐔᇙ੡ քګಲ୮ᖂس࡙ၴ່ױ౨ऱװ๠Δࠡխጻ࠼ΕKTV ࿛໱ࢬ࡙ၴԼԲរ৵լᚨւ๺ آየԼԶᄣृၞԵΔױطਙࢌൎԺտԵ਷ኘΔ܀֖ࣛ୮Εᐔᇙথਢਙࢌֺለᣄא ਷ኘࢨᆃַऱچֱΖ ۟࣍ᖂسڇᔗᖂཚၴ່ൄ೚ऱࠃΔ।ն᧩قΔאৱڇ֖ࣛ୮ࢨਢڇ۞ա୮ᇙ ່ڍΔ٦ृ੡؄๠ሏᘒΔ່ൄڇԫದऱԳΔٍא֖ࣛࡺڍΔڶ२քګ।قᄎᇿړ ֖ࣛڇԫದΖطڼױߠΔᔗᖂسᔗᖂཚၴՕຝ։ਝآ༉ᄐΔՈྤ௽௘ᘋᔊΔॹ֟

ڣךުऱ壄ԺΔথᖞ֚ྤࠃױ೚Δፖࠡהٵᕦ؄๠ၵஷΔऱᒔױ౨ະԵٲᙠࢨᎈ ༝հխΖ ׀ئኙᖂسᔗᖂ۩੡ऱኪ৫Δ।ն᧩ق२ԮګնऱᔗᖂسΔࠡ׀ئݦඨ࠹๶ ृ౨ജ༚ᖂΔ।قڍᑇ୮९ᝫࠠڶႚอᏝଖᨠΙ܀ڶࠄ२ԫګհ׀ئঞᄎආ࠷լ ጥऱኪ৫Δຝ։ঞᄎݦඨהऱ՛৘౨ജՠ܂ࢨתՠתᦰΖ ।քʳ ᐙ᥼௒ႼᗼᖂسᔗᖂհছԼՕڂై ௨ׇ ፷ᏢচӢ ѳ֡ளϩ Ӣનឦ܄ ளϩ 1 தډѦय़ވ኷ .6767 ғࢲբ৲ 3 2 ჹፐำόགᑫ፪ .5301 ፐ཰ 3 3 ଒ৎ .4217 ৎ৥ᜢ߯ 3 4 Ԑ΢ଆόٰ .3012 ғࢲբ৲ 2 5 ΢ፐ᠋όᔉ .2892 ፐ཰ 2 6 Р҆ϩۚ܈ᚆஆ .2530 ஆ࠷ 2 7 Р҆ᆅ௲ϼᝄ਱ .2410 ௲Ꭶ 2 8 ό᠋Р҆ৎΓޑ၉ .2289 ௲Ꭶ 1 9 ӳܻ϶܈تζܻ϶፷Ꮲ .2169 ӕᏆ 1 10 ததၴϸਠೕ .1928 ௲Ꭶ 1 ൷ՀࠐΔءઔߒലᖄી࠹๶ृ່२ԫڻᔗᖂᖂس۞ຫհऱԿՕᔗᖂڂైࠉᅃ ૹ૞ࢤඈݧ։ܑףᦞΰรԫૹ૞଺ڂ൓ 3 ։ΕรԲૹ૞଺ڂ൓ 2 ։ΕรԿૹ૞଺ ڂ൓ 1 ։αΔ٦࠷ࠡؓ݁ଖΔᛧ൓ᐙ᥼ᖂسᔗᖂऱছԼՕ଺ڂΖ।ք᧩قٺጟᔗ ᖂױ౨ڂైխΔؓ݁൓։່೏੡ൄࠩ؆૿नᑗΖԼՕڂైխΔ᥆࣍୮அඒ塄ፖᣂ এംᠲृ່ڍΔڶ؄ႈΙس੒܂ஒംᠲፖᖂீᓰᄐംᠲٺڶࠟႈΙٵᕦംᠲፖ׀ ئദৗٺڶԫႈΖኙᅃഏփᖂृऱኙխᔗٲᙠڂ՗հઔߒ࿇෼Κ׀ئദৗᣂএլ ࠋΕ܅ᖂᄐ।෼ΰᖞ᧯ࢨᑇᖂઝαΕᖂீլᔞᚨ۩੡Δፖ׀ئ܅ཚৱ࿛ڂైΔ௒Ⴜ ᗼᖂسᔗᖂೈࠠڶઌٵڂై؆ΔᝫڶԫࠄଡԳس੒܂ஒፖٵᕦംᠲ੡መװ֮᣸ࢬ ࢙ฃΔڕൄڇ؆૿नᑗΕڰՂದլࠐΕᔗᖂٵᕦڍ࿛ΔᏅଖ൓ࣹრΖ ૉലխᔗհছԼՕڂైૹᄅࡳᆠΔലඈ۩ছԿټհൄࠩ؆૿नᑗΕኙᓰ࿓լ ტᘋᔊፖಲ୮ࡳᆠ੡ 3 ։Δඈݧ 4~7 ृࡳᆠ੡ 2 ։Δඈݧ 8~10 ृࡳᆠ੡ 1 ։Δ ࠡ塒ᙇႈृ੡ 0 ։Δ٦זڃૠጩ࠹๶խᔗسխᔗ଺ڂऱ൓։ױא൓հΔխᔗس൓ ։հؓ݁ᑇ੡ 6.8889Δᑑᄷ஁੡ 1.2783ΖٍܛΔૉאڼԼՕڂై܂੡ྒྷၦᖂسխ ᔗױ౨ࢤհေၦ।Δ׽૞࠹ྒྷᖂسऱ൓։೏࣍ 5.6 ։(ԫଡᑑᄷ஁)Δ༉ױ౨ڶխᔗ հႜٻΖڼ؆Δྒྷၦ٦ᔗᖂسհؓ݁൓։੡ 7.000Δᑑᄷ஁੡ 1.4142Δٍܛૉڶᔗ

ᖂᆖ᧭հᖂسฤٽՂ૪հڂైΔ׊൓։၌መ 5.6 ։אՂृΔঞᄕڶױ౨٦৫ᔗᖂΖ ΰԿα࠹๶ᖂسհ༚ᖂᆖ᧭։࣫ ।Ԯ੡࠹๶ृຫ૪۞աऱ༚ᖂᆖ᧭Ζط࣍ؾছ๶ംࠩऱ݁੡բ༚ᖂհᖂسΔ ਚ༚ᖂڻᑇፖᔗᖂڻᑇઌᅝΖڇ༚ᖂᖂீऱᙇᖗֱ૿Δլᓵਢร༓ڻ༚ᖂΔ݁ڶ Զګؐ׳ऱᔗᖂسΔႜٻᙇᖗ଺ீཏຏఄ༚ᖂΔۖรԲଡᙇᖗਢ଺ீݾᢌఄࢨᇷ ᄭఄ༚ᖂΔรԿᙇᖗਢהீऱݾᢌఄࢨᇷᄭఄΔڇߐթ։ீ༚ᖂᖂسֺࠏ່֟Ζ ᐙ᥼ᔗᖂᖂس່२ԫڻ༚ᖂऱ່׌૞ڂైΔڶ 28 ۯ༚ᖂس।قਢڂ੡׀ئ୮ Գऱቔᚐۖ༚ᖂΔۖړ֖ࣛቔᚐፖ੡࠷൓ഏխฅᄐᢞ஼Δঞ։۾ᐙ᥼༚ᖂ׌૞଺ ڂऱรԲΕԿۯΙࠡהڕनᘈԱΕ׀ئ୮Գൎ૰Εஃ९ቔᚐ࿛ڂైΔ݁੡ᐙ᥼ຝ ։ᖂس༚ᖂऱڂైΖᐙ᥼ᖂس༚ᖂร 2 ଡ଺ڂΔঞאஃ९ቔᚐࡺଈۯΔࠡڻ੡უ ֒ᖂ֗ړ֖ࣛቔᚐΔ٦ृ੡უᖂԫݾհ९֗׀ئ֗୮ԳቔᚐΔࠡהڕ࠷൓ഏխฅ ᄐᢞ஼Εऄࡴᤞኘ૞ޣΕनᘈԱ࿛࿛Ζᐙ᥼ᖂس༚ᖂऱรԿଡ଺ڂΔঞאუ࠷൓ ฅᄐᢞ஼׭່ڍᑇΔࠡڻ੡नᘈԱΔ٦ृ੡ړ֖ࣛቔᚐ֗ஃ९ቔᚐ࿛࿛Ζ ኙ࣍ᖂس༚ᖂ৵ऱՂᓰֱڤΔ37.8%ᖂسݦඨՂᓰழԫת੡ԫ౳ᖂઝඒᖂΕ ׼ԫתழၴঞ੡ݾᢌᓰ࿓Ιࠡڻݦඨ٤֚ழၴຟڇݾᢌఄՂᓰΔڶԲګؐ׳ঞݦ ඨ٤֚ڇԫ౳ఄ్ՂᓰΔۖڶ 6.8%ݦඨڇீ؆ᇷᄭఄࢨݾᢌఄՂᓰΖངߢհΔք ګնऱ༚ᖂᖂسΔݦඨᖂீޢ֚۟֟ڶԫתழၴڜඈݾᢌᓰ࿓Δຍᑌֺለ౨ജܮ ֧הଚ༚ᖂΔ۟࣍ݾᢌᓰ࿓ᚨᇠ੡ת֚ࢨ٤֚Δᖂسኪ৫ٺתΖ ।Ԯʳ ࠹๶ᖂس༚ᖂᆖ᧭ፖ༚ᖂ଺ڂ ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ಃ΋ԛൺᏢᏢਠ ൺᏢಃ1চӢ চਠ΋૓੤ભ 68 84.0 Р҆ৎΓႴᓰ 28 34.1 চਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 7 8.6 ӳܻ϶Ⴔᓰ 16 19.5 дਠ΋૓੤ભ 2 2.5 ވᑨΑ 7 8.4 дਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 1 1.2 Р҆ৎΓமॐ 7 8.5 ذωϩਠ 3 3.7 ڗள୯ύ౥཰᛾ਜ 9 10.8 ಃ2ԛൺᏢᏢਠ ৣߏႴᓰ 4 4.9 চਠ΋૓੤ભ 31 81.6 ؒӦБѐ 2 2.4 চਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 4 10.5 ৣߏமॐ 2 2.4 дਠ΋૓੤ભ 1 2.6 ݤ۔᝾ჸा؃ 2 2.4 дਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 1 2.6 གྷϲᏢ 3 3.6 ذωϩਠ 1 2.6 ځд 2 2.4 ಃ3ԛൺᏢᏢਠ ׆ఈൺᏢޑ΢ፐБԄ চਠ΋૓੤ભ 22 81.5 ೿ӧ΋૓੤ભ 26 35.1

໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % চਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 2 7.4 ΋ъ΋ъ 28 37.8 дਠ΋૓੤ભ 1 3.7 ೿ӧמ᛬੤ 15 20.3 дਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 1 3.7 ਠѦמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 5 6.8 ذωϩਠ 1 3.7 ୯ύൺᏢ ಃ4ԛൺᏢᏢਠ 0ԛ 2 2.4 চਠ΋૓੤ભ 13 81.3 1ԛ 41 51.3 চਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 2 12.5 2ԛ 12 15.0 дਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 1 6.3 3ԛ 12 15.0 ذωϩਠ 0 0 4ԛ 6 7.5 ಃ5ԛൺᏢᏢਠ 5ԛ 5 6.3 চਠ΋૓੤ભ 7 77.8 10ԛа΢ 2 2.6 চਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 2 22.2 дਠמ᛬܈ၗྍ੤ 0 0 ذωϩਠ 0 0 ।Զਢലࢬڶ༚ᖂڂైΔࠉᖕ࠹๶ृჄ࿠հૹ૞ႉݧףᦞ৵Δࢬ൓ؓ݁ᑇհ ඈݧΖطڼඈݧՕฃױא઎נΔࠡኔՕຝ։ऱ༚ᖂسຟᝫਢݦඨ࠷൓ഏխฅᄐᢞ ஼Δۖ׀ئΕ֖ࣛΕஃ९ቔᚐᔗᖂس༚ᖂΔᄎֺൎ૰הଚ༚ᖂࠐऱڶயΔۖ׼ԫ ֱ૿ֺለ௣ᄕऱუऄঞਢΔ׽૞ᔗᖂسڇ؆૿नᘈΕ޲چֱװ࿛؆ڇᎈڂ௣؈ழΔ הଚ۞೯༉ᄎ༚ᖂΖֺۖለ௽ܑऱਢΔუᤉᥛ֒ᖂΕუᖂԫݾհ९࿛Ꮭଖᨠऱޏ ᧢Δٍڇᐙ᥼༚ᖂऱԼՕڂైհփΔՈ༉ਢΔᔗᖂऱषᄎᆖ᧭Ո๺ਬጟ࿓৫ᨃᖂ سᖂ฾ࠩඒߛࢨݾ౨ऱૹ૞ࢤΔࠌᖂسᄎ۞۩ڃࠩᖂீݙګഏխᖂᄐࢨᤉᥛᖂ ฾ΔՈױ౨ਢᔗᖂᆖ᧭ऱψឆࢤפ౨ωΰlatent functionsαࢨृਢᖂسڂڣ᤿ګᑵ ৵ऱګ९ய࣠Ζ ।Զʳ ᐙ᥼ᖂس༚ᖂհছԼՕڂై ௨ׇ ቹៜӢન ѳ֡ளϩ Ӣનឦ܄ ளϩ 1 ڗள୯ύ౥཰᛾ਜ 1.1687 ሽॶᢀ 3 2 Р҆ৎߏႴᓰ 1.0241 Р҆Ⴔᓰ 3 3 ӳܻ϶Ⴔᓰ .8193 ӕᏆႴᓰ 3 4 ވᑨΑ .6386 ѦӧᇨӢ੃Ѩ 2 5 ৣߏႴᓰ .5422 ৣߏႴᓰ 2 6 གྷϲᏢ .3976 ሽॶᢀ 2 7 གྷᏢ΋מϐߏ .2169 ሽॶᢀ 2 8 ؒӦБѐ .1928 ѦӧᇨӢ੃Ѩ 1 9 Р҆ৎΓமॐ .1807 Р҆மॐ 1 10 ݤ۔᝾ჸᢀៈΓा؃ .1687 Ϧ៾Κமॐ 1

ڕٵխᔗհቃྒྷֱڤΔૉല༚ᖂ଺ڂඈݧছԿټࡳᆠ੡ 3 ։Δ4~7 ټࡳᆠ੡ 2 ։Δ8~10 ټࡳᆠ੡ 1 ։Δᆖመૠጩױא൓հΔ༚ᖂسհؓ݁൓։੡ 7.4028 ։Δᑑ ᄷ஁੡.9670ΔٍܛᔗᖂسڶՂ૪հ༚ᖂڂ՗Δ׊൓։Օ࣍ 6.5 ։(ԫଡᑑᄷ஁)ழΔ ঞܛڶױ౨ૹڃᖂீΖ ΰ؄α࠹๶ᖂسհኙᓰ࿓ፖ᎖ᖄհᏁޣ։࣫ ڕ।԰ࢬقΔൕᖂسऱߡ৫ࠐ઎Δᖂீኙ༚ᖂسऱኪ৫ۿ׏ࠀॺԫ౳Գუቝ խऱլ֖࿳Δڕಝᖄ๠ᄎࠥრބ຾ᅀΰ20.5%αΕ᎖ᖄ۔ஃኪ৫լࠋΰ18.1%αΕ ૞ޣ᠏ᖂΰ18.1иαΕ༚ᖂ৵լ࠹ᦟ०ΰ9.6%αΕٵᖂ઎լದΰ9.6%α࿛ൣउृ ݁֟࣍ԲګΙۖڶԮګڍֺࠏऱ༚ᖂسΔ।قᖂீ᎖ᖄ۔ஃᄎ༼ࠎࠡ࠰ܗΔ׊ፖ ٵᖂΰլᓵཏຏఄࢨਢݾᢌఄαऱઌ๠݁ॺൄᘜ੓Ζ ।԰ʳ ༚ᖂسኙᓰ࿓հ઎ऄፖཚৱ ໨Ҟ ӕཀΓኧ % ໨Ҟ ሡाΓኧ %

Ҟ߻൩᠐Ꮲਠ೽ϩ

׆ఈᏢਠϷࡹ۬ගٮϐڐշ

૽Ꮴೀதפഞྠ 17 20.5 ӭᖐᒤਠѦ௲Ꮲ 45 54.2 ᇶᏤԴৣගٮڐշ 65 78.3 ӭᖐᒤޗიࢲ୏ 46 55.4 ᇶᏤԴৣᄊࡋό٫ 15 18.1 ගٮਠѦୖೖ 34 41.0 ൺᏢࡕᏢਠό៿߆ 8 9.6 ׳ӭᅿᜪמ᛬ፐำ 43 51.8 ћךᙯᏢ 15 18.1 ቚуמ᛬ፐำਔ໔ 31 37.3 ੤ભӕᏢ࣬ೀᑼࢳ 65 79.3 ቚуמ᛬ፐำ೛ഢ 34 41.5 מ᛬੤ӕᏢ࣬ೀᑼ ࢳ 39 73.6 ڐշೕჄϲᏢ൩཰Бӛ 26 31.3 ਠѦကπගٮڐշ 36 43.4 Ꮲࣽϣ৒ᙁൂϯ 32 38.6 ӕᏢ࣮όଆך 8 9.6 ගٮᏢࣽፐࡕᇶᏤ 14 17.1

চ੤Ꮲࣽ

բ཰Ե၂όाϼӭ 50 60.2 གډԋ൩ག 40 48.2 ቚуᡏػ܈௖ᓀፐำ 40 48.2 բ཰Ե၂ϼӭ 49 59 ගٮ௼ဂᇡӕፐำ 25 30.1 Ꮲࣽϼᜤ 43 51.8 ഻៿ޑԴৣ྽ᇶᏤԴৣ 36 43.4 ϣ৒ࡐԖ፪ 32 38.6 ᏢਠӭၟР҆ྎ೯ 14 17.1 ΢ፐࡐԖ፪ 33 39.8 ਠѦကπ܈ޗπᜢЈ 10 12.2

໨Ҟ ӕཀΓኧ % ໨Ҟ ሡाΓኧ % ᏢࣽԖᔅշ 41 49.4 ჹܺሺा؃όाϼᝄ 53 63.9 ፐҞϼӭ 34 41 ԴৣӭႴᓰך 17 20.5

ჹמ᛬ፐำ࣮ݤ

ԖΓڐշךೀ౛ག௃܈௃ᆣ ୢᚒ 23 27.7 ࡐԖԋ൩ག 33 68.7 ᚶѫਔԖΓڐշך 14 16.9 ϼᜤ 7 14.6 ᔅךှ،१எ 13 15.7 ϣ৒Ԗ፪ 35 74.5 ᚆ໒όؼܻ϶ 6 7.2 ΢ፐԖ፪ 35 72.9 ᔅךၟᏤৣྎ೯ 18 21.7 Ԗᔅշ 30 62.5 ᔅךၟࣽҺԴৣྎ೯ 11 13.3 ؒԖᓸΚ 32 68.1 ς࿶ى୼ 28 58.3 ।԰Ո᧩قᖂீڜඈհᓰ࿓Δᖂઝኙ༚ᖂسऱܮ֧ԺլՕΔլࠩԫתऱ༚ᖂ س।قױאڇᖂઝխᛧ൓ګ༉ტΙքګ।قᖂઝऱ܂ᄐፖەᇢ֜ڍΙ२؄ګऱ༚ ᖂس।قᖂઝऱՂᓰփ୲ፖՂᓰֱڤৰڶᔊΖ܀ݾᢌᓰ࿓ঞܧ෼ݙ٤ઌ֘ऱ࿨ ࣠Δ࠹๶ᖂسխڶքګԮ।قױאൕݾᢌᓰ࿓խᛧ൓ګ༉ტΙ२Զګऱ༚ᖂسᎁ ੡ݾᢌᓰ࿓ՂᓰৰڶᔊΕփ୲ՈৰڶᔊΕՂᓰփ୲Ոլᄎ֜ᣄΙڶ 62.5%ঞ।ق ኙآࠐᄎڶᚥܗΙ68.1%।قՂݾᢌᓰ࿓޲ڶᚘԺΙۖڶնګԶऱ༚ᖂس।قؾ ছऱݾᢌᓰ࿓բᆖߩജΔຍࠄ٤ຟ֘ਠԱᖂسኙݾᢌᓰ࿓ऱإ૿ڃ墅Ζ ༚ᖂسኙਙࢌፖᖂீऱཚৱΔڶԫתאՂऱ༚ᖂس।قݦඨᖂீڍᜰᙄषቸ ੒೯ፖீ؆ඒᖂΕᏺףݾᢌᓰ࿓ऱڍᑌ֏Ε܂ᄐەᇢլ૞֜ڍΕᏺף᧯ߛࢨ൶ᙠ ᓰ࿓ΕݦඨᖂீኙࣚᏚլ૞૞ޣ֜ᣤ௑Ζ១ߢհΔᖂسݦඨᖂீࢨਙࢌ༼ࠎڍᑌ ݾᢌᓰ࿓Ε֪؆ᓰ࿓Ε࠷௣ەᇢΔ׊࣋ᐈࣚᇘᏚ୲۩੡հጥ෻Ζ

ԲΕ୮९ऱ઎ऄ

ءઔߒ᜔٥ګפ๶ᓫ 59 ۯխᔗᖂسհ୮९ΔՕຝ։ऱ୮அ੡ݙᖞհ୮அΔ۾ 62.7%Ιۖ։ࡺࢨਢᠦദհ໢ᘣ୮அঞ׭ 22.0%Ζڇ୮அگԵຝٝΔڶ२նګऱ୮ ९।قࠡ٤୮گԵႛڇ 3 ᆄցՀΔۖڶ 15.3%ऱ୮९।قࠡ੡܅گԵ֪Ζ ڇ࠹๶୮९հᔗᖂᆖ᧭ֱ૿Δႛڶ 5 ۯ୮९।قམᆖڶመᔗᖂᆖ᧭Δۖڶԫ ۯ।قࠡ಻ೝڶመᔗᖂᆖ᧭Δֺࠏࠀլ೏Ζ܀ଖ൓ࣹრऱਢΔڶԲګאՂऱ࠹๶

୮९।قམᆖ੡Աᨃ՛৘ڶޓړऱᖂ฾ᛩቼۖᙇᖗჺ୮Δ׼ڶ२Կګऱ࠹๶୮९ ।قམڂڼۖངՠ܂ࢨ᢯װՠ܂Δطڼױߠխᔗسऱ׀ئኙࠡ՛৘հඒߛംᠲࠀ ॺ݁࣋ٚլጥΔຝ։୮९མᗨᄕ༈ޣ࠰ܗΕ᢯װՠ܂ڍक़ழၴຩ՛৘Δࢨਢ੡՛ ৘໌ທԫଡޓړऱޣᖂᛩቼΖ ׼؆Δڶնګ؄ऱ࠹๶୮९।قࠡኙ՛৘ऱጥඒኪ৫ԯආ࠷ᣤ௑ऱጥඒֱ ڤΙࠡխڶ 32.6%ऱ୮அ׀ئᠨֱ݁ආ࠷լᣤ௑ऱጥඒֱڤΔۖڶ 37.2%ऱ࠹๶ ୮९।قࠡፖ಻ೝ݁ආ࠷ᣤ௑ऱጥඒֱڤΙ׼ڶ 30%ऱ࠹๶୮९।قΔࠡፖ಻ೝ ऱጥඒֱڤլԫીΔᆖ׬ֱᛀࡳܧ෼᧩ထհ஁ฆΰX2 =6.910*αΖ ௅ᖕ๶ᓫΔࠡኔՕຝ։୮९ࠀլཚඨࠡ՛৘ױאᛧ࠷ڍ೏հᖂᖵΔڶԿګ؄ ऱ࠹๶୮९।ق׽૞ࠡ՛৘ױא೏խ៭ฅᄐ༉ױאԱΔٍڶ 27.1%ऱ࠹๶୮९। قᙟঁ՛৘հრᣋΔࠀլঠൎΖլመൕԮګऱ࠹๶୮९ݦඨࠡ՛৘ױאറ֨ᦰ஼ ऱणउ઎ࠐΔຍࠄ୮९ࠀլਢլݦඨ՛৘ᤉᥛ֒ᖂΔ܀ױ౨ഗ࣍ྤ࡜ࢨբᆖྤ౨ ੡ԺऱൣݮΔ׽౨ᙟঁ՛৘հᙇᖗۖլཊബղ֜೏հཚඨΖ ࠹๶ृ୮९ٍڶழᄎڂ੡ࠡ՛৘ᓰᄐՂऱംᠲࢨਢ঴۩Ղऱംᠲ׌೯ፖᖂீ ᜤᢀΖ௅ᖕം࠴࿨࣠ױवႛڶԲګ؄ऱ࠹๶୮९।قൕآڂ੡՛৘հᓰᄐംᠲ׌ ೯ፖᖂீၞ۩ᜤ࿮Ιۖႛڶ 24.1%ऱ࠹๶୮९।قൕآڂ੡՛৘հ঴۩ംᠲۖ׌ ೯ፖᖂீᜤ࿮Ζڼ؆Δൕ।ԼױאԱᇞΔࠡኔ࠹๶୮९ڂ੡՛৘঴۩ۖፖᖂீ׌ ೯ຑ࿮հ᙮෷Δᚨֺڂ՛৘ऱᓰᄐംᠲۖ׌೯ፖᖂீᜤ࿮հणउࠐऱ᙮᜗Ζ ।Լ ࠹๶୮९ኙࠡ՗Ֆխᔗհ઎ऄ ໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК ໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК ჹ፷Ꮲޑϸᔈ ᇡࣁλ࠸፷ᏢϐЬाচӢ ೿ᝀдൺᏢ 34 60.7 ᚆஆϩۚ 2 3.7 ೿மॐдൺᏢ 8 14.3 ଛଽԝΫ 2 3.7 ߻൳ԛᝀд 4 7.1 ғख़ੰ 2 3.7 ߻൳ԛமॐд 5 8.9 ࿶ᔮᡂࡺ 3 5.6 ᒿߡд 1 1.8 ৎ৥ኪΚ 1 1.9 ځд 4 7.1 ᆅ௲ϼᝄ 2 3.7 λ࠸ಃ΋ԛ፷Ꮲ ᚆᏢਠϼᇻ 1 1.9 ᚆৎрو 33 56.9 යఈϼଯ 1 1.9 ᆛڜ 27 46.6 ᜢ߯ᡂৡ 1 1.9 ݰݣआૡ۫ 2 3.4 όᆅд 2 3.7 ናౚ໔ 8 13.8 ό᠋၉ 2 3.7 ຉᓐၯᑲ 9 15.5 ךᆶଛଽ֐ࢎѺࢎ 1 1.9 ܻ϶ৎ 28 48.3 ΢ፐ᠋όᔉ 1 1.7

໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК ໨Ҟ ԛኧ ԭϩК KTVMTV 5 8.6 ჹፐำόགᑫ፪ 9 16.7 ৎ္ 22 37.9 Դৣό഻៿д 3 5.6 ቴӹ 3 5.1 ӕᏢ௨Ѿд 1 1.7 λ࠸፷Ꮲය໔த଺ޑ٣ фፐᓸΚϼε 1 1.9 ᔅৎ္ᖺᒲ 1 1.7 Ꮲਠ׆ఈдᙯᏢ 1 1.9 Ѥೀၯᑲ 17 29.3 Դৣдᝄ਱ 2 3.4 Ꮲಞמૈ 1 1.7 дதډѦय़ވ኷ 4 7.4 ᆂӧৎ္ 20 34.5 ӳܻ϶፷Ꮲ 2 3.7 ᆂӧܻ϶ৎ 29 50.0 ଒ৎ 2 3.7 ځд 10 17.2 ܻ϶ћдόा΢Ꮲ 4 7.4 գᇡࣁд཮ό཮ӆ፷Ꮲ ୖуቴ཮ 1 1.9 ཮ 2 4.4 ൺᏢϐЬӢ ό཮ 25 55.6 ךᆶଛଽႴᓰ 20 43.5 όޕၰ 15 33.3 ځдৎΓႴᓰ 5 10.9 ךᆶଛଽமॐ 5 10.9 ৣߏႴᓰ 4 8.7 ӳܻ϶Ⴔᓰ 3 6.5 ݤ۔᝾ჸा؃ 3 6.5 ᙯᏢ 1 2.2 ވᑨΑ 1 1.7 གྷᏢ΋מϐߏ 1 1.7 ൕ।ԼױאԱᇞΔ60%ऱ࠹๶୮९।قڇ՛৘ᔗᖂழΔຟᄎቔᚐࠡ༚ᖂΔۖ ڶ 14%ঞਢޢڻຟᄎൎ૰ࠡ༚ᖂΖۖڇ՛৘ᔗᖂ৵Δڶ 56.9%ऱ࠹๶୮९।قٵ ழᄎᠦ୮נߨΙۖՕຝ։ऱ࠹๶୮९ᎁ੡՛৘Օຝ։ਢৱڇጻ࠼ࢨਢ֖ࣛ୮ᇙΔ ׼؆ՈڶԿګԮऱ࠹๶୮९।ق՛৘ຟৱڇ୮ᇙΖۖᔗᖂس່ൄ೚ऱࠃൣຝ։Δ ᖕ࠹๶୮९।قࠡኔᔗᖂسڇᔗᖂ৵Օຝ։ຟྤࢬࠃࠃΔլਢৱڇ୮ᇙ༉ਢৱڇ ֖ࣛ୮Δࢨਢ؄๠ሏᘒΖ ڇ࠹๶୮९ኙᔗᖂسᔗᖂ׌૞଺ڂհ։࣫ܧ෼ለ੡։ཋऱ෼ွΔۖڇ༚ᖂ଺ ڂऱຝ։Δ࠹๶୮९ཏሙᎁ੡׌૞ਢڂ੡ࠡፖ಻ೝቔᚐऱ଺ڂᐙ᥼່ՕΖۖڇᎁ ੡՛৘ᄎլᄎ٦ᔗऱຝ։Δնګնऱ୮९ঞ।قࠡ՛৘լᄎ٦৫ᔗᖂΔ܀ٍڶԿ ګԿऱ୮९।قլवሐࠡ՛৘ᄎլᄎ٦৫ᔗᖂΖ

।Լԫʳ ݦඨᖂீፖਙࢌ༼ࠎհ࠰ܗ ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ໨Ҟ ԛኧ % ׆ఈᏢਠϐڐշ ׆ఈࡹ۬ගٮϐڐշ ᝀᏤλ࠸ൺᏢ 48 84.2 όӢ፷ᏢԶᆦᒲ 41 75.9 ගٮխ຤ፐࡕᇶᏤ 33 57.4 уமڗጌόؼᔅࢴ 43 80.1 ගٮמ᛬ፐำ 41 74.6 ݤ۔᝾ჸڐշλ࠸ൺᏢ 30 58.8 ගٮ౥཰൩཰ᒌ၌ 41 85.9 ୯ύ΢Ꮲխ຤ 24 48.0 ගٮٿ܄࣬ᜢፐำ 37 67.3 խ຤ගٮλ࠸ӞՐ 19 38.0 ගٮᒃᙍ௲ػ 25 49.1 ڐշλ࠸ᙯډӝ፾Ꮲਠ 23 46.9 ׯᡂλ࠸όؼբ৲ 36 67.9 ਠѦמ᛬ፐำ 35 67.3 ڐշᇻᚆόؼλ࠸ 36 70.6 ڗጌόؼ൑܌ 43 82.6 խ຤ௗଌλ࠸΢ΠᏢ 21 41.2 ကπډ۬ᇶᏤ 18 36.0 ගٮόӕ௼ဂϐፐำ 28 54.9 Ӽ࿼ύ೼੤฻੤ભ 29 53.7 ।Լԫࢬܧ෼੡࠹๶୮९ݦඨᖂீፖਙࢌ༼ࠎհ࠰ܗΖڇݦඨᖂீ༼ࠎ࠰ܗ ຝ։Δ၌መԶګऱ࠹๶୮९ݦඨᖂீ౨ᣠᖄᔗᖂس༚ᖂΔא֗ݦඨᖂீ౨༼ࠎᖂ سฅᄐऱ༉ᄐᘬᇬΖհࢬאڶڕڼ೏ऱֺࠏݦඨᖂீ࠰ܗᔗᖂس༚ᖂऱ଺ڂΔױ ౨᧩قנؾছ୮९բլवሐڕ۶ᣠᖄᔗᖂس༚ᖂΔ᠏ۖݦඨᖂீ౨༼ࠎ࠰ܗΙڶ ԮګאՂհ࠹๶୮९ঞݦඨᖂீ౨༼ࠎ܍၄ऱݾᢌᓰ࿓Ε੷ࢨ࠰ܗᖂس᎛ᠦլߜ ٵᕦΙ׼؆ڶնګאՂऱ࠹๶୮९ঞݦඨᖂீ౨༼ࠎ܍၄հᓰ৵᎖ᖄΕ༼ࠎࢤඒ ߛ֗ࠟࢤઌᣂᓰ࿓Ε࠰ܗޏ᧢՛৘լߜ܂ஒΕڍ༼ࠎլٵගᆢհᓰ࿓א֗๻ᆜխ ຜఄΕᇷᄭఄࢨݾᢌఄ࿛࿛Ζ ኙ࣍ਙࢌ༼ࠎ࠰ܗऱຝ։ΔԶګאՂऱ୮९ݦඨਙࢌױאᗨᄕ࠷ᒬլߜᚥ੔ א֗լߜ໱ࢬΔ༼ࠎॹ֟ڣԫଡޓ堚ᄅऱषᄎΔՈױאᝩ܍ࠡ՗Ֆڂ੡൷ᤛլߜ ᚥ੔ࢨਢլߜ໱ࢬۖᎄԵࣴຜΙۖԮګնऱ࠹๶୮९ঞݦඨਙࢌլ૞ڂ੡՗Ֆᔗ ᖂۖ࿯ղፆᙒΙքګԮऱ୮९ঞݦඨਙࢌױאڍڍ༼ࠎீ؆ऱݾᢌಝᒭΔᨃהଚ ऱ՗Ֆլԫࡳ૞ຘመᖂீඒߛٍ൓ᖂ฾ԫݾհ९Ζ

ԿΕᖂீಝΕ᎖Εᖄஃऱ઎ऄ

ຘመ෡৫๶ᓫऱֱڤΔءઔߒ᜔٥๶ംԱ 30 ۯམᆖ૤ຂመխᔗسඒߛհඒΕ ಝΕ᎖۔ஃΖءઔߒലᖂீඒΕಝΕ᎖Գ୉რߠូ౏৵Δ࿇෼ࠡኙᖂسᔗᖂΕ༚ ᖂፖ᎖ᖄ࿜ฃऱრߠڕՀΚ

(ԫ)ᖂسᔗᖂհ଺ڂ ڇխᔗسᔗᖂ଺ڂऱຝ։Δ24 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃ।ق୮அڂైΰڕ୮அפ౨լࠋΕ ׀ئጥඒֱڤᙑᎄΕ୮அ࿨ዌլݙᖞΕᆖᛎܺᣄ੷ࢨ୮९ڶխᔗᆖ᧭࿛α੡ᐙ᥼ ᖂسխᔗհ଺ڂΔۖٵᕦംᠲΰڕլߜٵᕦᎈ༝ፖᖂீԳᎾᣂএլࠋ࿛αঞ๯ 12 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃᎁ੡ਢᐙ᥼ᖂسխᔗऱ଺ڂΔ٦ृ੡ᖂسኙᓰᄐ޲ᘋᔊΕᖂ฾೯ᖲ܅ ᆵ࿛ڂైΔ٥ڶ 10 ۯΔࠡ塒ڕᖂீᔞᚨլߜΕ୮ᇙࠩᖂீऱሁ࿓֜᎛Εᖂ฾ګ༉ ܅Εषᄎᎈ༝ՕΕଡԳრݳ܅ᆵ֗უ૞ބՠ܂࿛Δຟਢ࠹๶۔ஃᎁ੡ਢທګᖂس խᔗ଺ڂΖ ܀ኙ࠹๶۔ஃۖߢΔ᎖ᖄխᔗسऱؾऱ׌૞ਢీڇ੡Աᇞެषᄎംᠲΰ11 ۯα ፖ಻ٽਙ࿜ΰ6 ۯαΔۖᎁ੡᎖ᖄऱؾऱڇ࠰ܗխᔗسބࠩԳسֱٻΰ5 ۯαΕᨃ ᖂسᤉᥛ༉ᖂΰ2 ۯαא֗ඒᖄᖂسإᒔᨠ࢚࿛Δאഗ࣍࠰ܗᖂسհ෻طۖၞ۩ ᎖ᖄृΔս᥆֟ᑇΖ ΰԲαᖂس༚ᖂհ଺ڂ ࿪Օຝ։ऱ࠹๶۔ஃ।قΔխᔗسհࢬא༚ᖂΔ׌૞ਢڂ੡๯ൎ૰ۖ༚ᖂ(19 ۯ)Δץਔ๯۔ஃࢨਢ֟ڣၷ࠰༈ۖൎ૰༚ᖂΕ׀ئࢢፆཱིۖൎ૰՗Ֆ༚ᖂΔࢨਢ ׹ऄᖲᣂऱֆᦞԺ࿛࿛Ζࠡڻࠌ൓ᖂس༚ᖂऱ଺ڂਢڂ੡ᖂسनᘈԱΔ޲ڶچֱ ױאװΙ࠷൓ฅᄐᢞ஼ٍਢ࠹๶ඒஃଚᎁ੡խᔗس༚ᖂऱ଺ڂհԫΙࠡהڕ۔ஃ ቔᚐΕٵᕦᐙ᥼Ε۞աუຏΕषᄎᇷᄭ࠰ܗፖ୮९પޔ࿛࿛Δ݁੡խᔗس༚ᖂऱ ଺ڂΖ ΰԿαݾᢌᓰ࿓հေ۷ ؾছኙ࣍༚ᖂسࢬڜඈհ௽ܑᓰ࿓ຝ։Δڶ 14 ۯ۔ஃ।قᇠீڶڜඈխຜఄ ᓰ࿓Δ܀Ոڶ 10 ۯ۔ஃ।قᇠீࠀྤಾኙ༚ᖂسࢬ๻ૠհ௽௘ᓰ࿓Ζຍױ౨ਢڂ ੡ຝ։ᖂீΰڕߐթ։ீαࠡءࠐܛڶ๻ᆜݾᢌᓰ࿓Δࠀॺ௽ܑಾኙ༚ᖂسࢬ๻ ૠᖄીΙ܀Ոڶױ౨ਢڂ੡ᖂீԳԺࢨᇷᄭլߩۖᖄીΔڶ۔ஃܛ।ق௽௘ᓰ࿓ ᚨطඒߛݝอԫၲᓰፖ಻ᆜԳԺΔא܍ٺᖂீڂԳԺլߩࢨᇷᄭլߩۖ࣋ඵ༼ࠎ ௽௘ᓰ࿓Ζ܀ം֗ຍࠄᓰ࿓౨ܡڶயఎ۰༚ᖂسழΔᎁ੡ڶګயऱ࠹๶۔ஃᝫਢ ׭Օڍᑇΰ11 ۯαΔࠡ।قຍࠄᓰ࿓հࢬאڶګயΔՈ๺լਢڂ੡ᓰ࿓ܮ֧ᖂس ۖᨃᖂسڶრᣋᤉᥛޣᖂΔ࢓࢓ਢڂ੡۔ஃऱᣂ֨ፖ༇ૹტ೯ᖂسΔᨃᖂسტࠩ ګ༉ტࢬીΙૉٵழףՂ୮९಻ٽޏ᧢אছᖄીᖂسᔗᖂऱլړڂైΔຍᑌᔗᖂ سޓ୲࣐ఎڇᖂீۖլ٦ᔗᖂΖ

ጵٽՂ૪հಘᓵױאԱᇞΔࠡኔᓰ࿓ࠀլਢૹរΔ࠹๶۔ஃଚԫીᎁ੡սᏁ ૞ףՂٚᓰ۔ஃऱფ֨ፖર֨Δ࿯ղᖂسቔᚐፖᣂფΔթਢᨃ༚ᖂسլᄎ٦৫ᔗ ᖂऱ׌૞଺ڂΖڼ؆Δᖂீࡸႊࠉᖕᖂسᔗᖂ଺ڂऱլٵۖ࿯ղլٵհ࠰ܗΔۖ լᚨԫਡऱല༚ᖂس٤ຝ࣋Ե௽௘ఄ్խΔڶழױ౨ᄎ൓ࠩ֘૿ऱய࣠ࢨਢທګ ᇷᄭ௡၄ऱ෼ွΖ٦ृΔ୮९ऱ಻ٽፖޏ᧢Ոਢᐙ᥼ᖂسᄎլᄎ٦ᔗհ଺ڂΔਚ ೈᖂீऱܘԺ؆Δ୮९Ոᚨᇠ૞ᗨᄕ࠰ܗፖቔᚐࠡ՗ՖΔຍᑌᠨጥᏘՀթᄎటإ ᛧ൓ய࣠Ζ ΰ؄α௽௘᎖ᖄհေ۷ ࠉᖕ๶ᓫ࿨࣠।قΔؾছٺீࢬආ࠷հ௽௘᎖ᖄֱڤאᎁ᎖ࠫ৫່੡ཏሙΰ17 ۯαΕࠡڻ੡ଡܑ᎖ᖄᘬ೸ΰ13 ۯαΕ֧Եषᄎᇷᄭࢨࣚ೭ΰ7 ۯαΕ೏ᣂᡖፖ ڶؾᑑࢤऱ՛ቸ᧯ΰ6 ۯαΕࡳཚऱ୮๶ΰ4 ۯαΔᝫڶڕࡲඒ᎖ᖄΕᖲᄎඒߛ֗ ໎೯ࣚ೭࿛࿛Ζ܀ڶ࠹๶۔ஃ।قΔؾছᎁ᎖ࠫ৫ऱຝ։ΔറᄐஃᇷࠀլߩΖ ಾኙՂ૪հൻਜΔ࠹๶۔ஃ।قڶຝ։ګயΰ17 ۯαΔڂ੡ᖂسᄎტ࠹ࠩ۔ ஃհᣂ֨ۖڂڼ৬مॾٚհᣂএΔ܀ڕ࣠ᖂس൷࠹᎖ᖄऱრᣋլ೏ࢨਢխᔗ଺ڂ ࡸآ௣؈Δঞ᎖ᖄࠀྤऄขس֜Օհய࣠Ζڼ؆Δറᄐऱ᎖ᖄ۔ஃՈਢᐙ᥼᎖ᖄ ਢܡګפऱૹ૞ڂైΔ܀ຝٝ۔ஃ।قؾছറᄐऱ᎖ᖄ۔ஃࠀլߩജΔՕຝ։ॺ റᄐऱ᎖ᖄ۔ஃ׽౨Աᇞ।૿ऱംᠲΔۖྤऄ෡ԵԱᇞംᠲࠀ࠰ܗᇞެΔࢬאՈ ྤऄขسᚨڶհய࣠Ζ ΰնα᎖ᖄխᔗ༚ᖂسհॴԺ ࠹๶۔ஃڇ᎖ᖄխᔗ༚ᖂس່ൄሖࠩऱॴԺΔࠉ៱ਢᖂس୮அࢬขسऱॴԺ ່ڍΰ14 ۯαΔࠡڻ੡ᖂீ۔ஃհॴԺΰ6 ۯαΕ٦ृ੡ኙᖂس٦ᔗऱྤԺტΰ3 ۯαፖԳԺ֗റᄐլߩΰ3 ۯαΔࠡהڕլߜٵᕦऱܮ֧Εྤᠰ؆ழၴಳ᠋ᖂسΕ Օᛩቼऱᎈ༝࿛࿛ऱڂై݁੡࠹๶ඒஃڇ᎖ᖄᖂسհॴԺΖ ኙ࣍୮அࢬขسऱॴԺຝ։Δ࠹๶۔ஃ৬ᤜਙࢌᚨቔᚐ୮९ڍڍ൷࠹ᘣ៭ඒ ߛΔࢨਢലᘣ៭ඒߛᓰ࿓ᆵኔࠩԫ౳೏խࢨՕᖂऱຏᢝᓰ࿓Δᨃࢬڶऱ୮९݁౨ Աᇞᚨᇠڕ۶ᅝԫଡጠ៭ऱ୮९Ζۖ׼؆۔ஃՈᚨᇠፖ୮९ڍڍၞ۩ᄮຏΔࢨਢ ຘመᇠᖂسհૹ૞הԳऱ࠰ܗΔၞ۩᎖ᖄΖ ኙ࣍ࠡה۔ஃขسऱॴԺΔ࠹๶۔ஃঞᎁ੡ᚨڍᜰᙄ᎖ᖄઔ฾੒೯Δቔᚐ੷ ۟ൎ૰۔ஃԫࡳ૞ၞଥΔאᇖךଥإ۞աऱᨠ࢚Ιڼ؆Δ۔ஃፖ۔ஃၴ֗۔ஃፖ ٺ๠৛ၴᚨڍڍ࠰ᓳΔࠀ׊ᚨڍ࿯༚ᖂسڍԫរર֨֗ᐘࢤΖ

ኙ࣍૿ኙᖂس٦ᔗհྤԺტΔ۔ஃଚঞݦඨਙࢌ౨ജᗨᄕ಻ٽΔڇรԫழၴ ലᖂسބڃࠐΖڼ؆Δᤞֱࢨൎ૰Եᖂࡡ୉ᄎᚨᒔኔച۩խᔗسհ࠰༈Δٵழᖂ ீᚨᏺףറᄐऱ᎖ᖄԳԺ࠰ܗխᔗسհ᎖ᖄΖ ΰքα༚ᖂسඒᖂՂհܺឫ ࠹๶ඒஃڇ༚ᖂسඒᖂՂऱܺឫΔՕຝ։ᎁ੡༚ᖂسᖂ฾ګ༉܅ΔեឫՂᓰ ທګהଚඒᖂՂऱܺឫΖהଚ৬ᤜױאຘመ೯ኪඒᖂࠐܮ֧ᖂسऱࣹრԺΔࢨਢ ຘመᇖඑඒᖂऱֱڤΔᨃᖂسტࠩڶګ༉ტΙ׼؆լ૞ԫՀ՗༉ല༚ᖂس࣋ڃ଺ ఄ్Δױאຘመګ९ఄࢨਢխຜఄऱֱڤΔᨃᇠᖂسױא٣ڇለ᎘ᠾऱᛩቼՀᔞ ᚨᖂீس੒Ζ۔ஃՈᚨᇠ૞ޏ᧢ኙ༚ᖂسऱೣߠፖ઎ऄΔࠀආشቔᚐࢨਢ࿯ղ༚ ᖂس՛ؾᑑΰ୲࣐ሒګऱؾᑑαΔא༼֒༚ᖂسኙᓰ࿓ऱᣂࣹΙڼ؆Δᚨಾኙլ ٵᖂسऱणउ๻ૠᓰ࿓ၞ৫Δࠀආ༛ݧዬၞऱֱڤၞ۩Ζ ΰԮα٦ᔗհ଺ڂ ࠹๶۔ஃଚᎁ੡Δᖂس٦ᔗऱ଺ڂΔץܶՀ٨ڂైΚ 1. ྤऄᔞᚨᖂீΚڶ 11 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃᎁ੡Δ༚ᖂس٦ᔗऱ଺ڂΔױ౨ਢڂ੡ ྤऄᔞᚨᖂீس੒ࢨਢإൄ๵৳س੒ᖄીΖڼ؆Δૉፖᖄஃ࿇سᓢડࢨਢ ڇᔗᖂழཚ൷࠹֜ڍ؆ڇषᄎऱषᄎ֏Δٍױ౨ขسፖࠡהᖂس௑௑լԵ հൣݮۖ٦ڻᔗᖂΖ 2. ٵᕦऱᎈ༝Κڶ 10 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃᎁ੡ᖂس٦ᔗױ౨ਢڂ੡ٵᕦհᐙ᥼Ζ 3. ୮அംᠲࡸآᇞެΚ9 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃԫીᎁ੡ڂ୮அ଺ڂۖխᔗհᖂسૉ୮ அڂైࡸآᇞެΔঞᄕڶױ౨ګ੡༚ᖂس٦ᔗհ଺ڂΖຍࠄംᠲױ౨ץܶ ׀ئጥඒ؈ᅝΕᆖᛎܺᣄΕ୮அᛩቼآޏ᧢Εྤऄ༳༽՗Ֆ۩᠋࿛Ζ 4. ྤऄࣂᖒ؆ڇढᔆऱᎈ༝Κ8 ۯ࠹๶۔ஃᎁ੡ᖂسױ౨ڂ੡ଡԳࡳࢤլ ജΔྤऄࣂᖒ؆ڇढᔆհᎈ༝Δۖ٦ڻᔗᖂΖ 5. ኙᓰ࿓ྤᘋᔊࢨᚘԺՕΚڶ 7 ۯ۔ஃᎁ੡Δૉᖂீऱඒᖂ֧լದ༚ᖂسհ ᘋᔊΔࢨਢ༚ᖂسྤऄڇᖂீᛩቼࢨਢᓰᄐᖂ฾Ղᛧ൓ګ༉ტΔঞᄕڶױ ౨٦৫ᔗᖂΖ 6. ࠡהΚ࠹๶۔ஃ।قΔڕԳᎾᣂএլࠋΕ๯ᑑ᧘Ε๯षᄎԳՓܮگ܂੡ح ᆞՠࠠࢨਢՠ܂ڂై࿛Δຟױ౨ᖄી༚ᖂس٦৫ᔗᖂΖ

ຬΕ࿨ᓵፖ৬ᤜ

ԫΕ࿨ᓵ

ڕছࢬ૪Δؾছ௒Ⴜᗼऱխᔗ༚ᖂسխΔڶԫתऱֺࠏ׽ڶԫڻᔗᖂऱᆖ᧭Δ ۖ׼؆ڶԫתঞਢڶ٦ᔗհᆖ᧭Ζڕ۶ބנ೏խᔗױ౨հᖂسΔ੡۔ஃଚፖඒߛ ໢ۯࢬᣂࣹऱᤜᠲΖ (ԫ)ᔗᖂڂై։࣫ΚஇႨ୮அΕᓰ࿓ྤᘋᔊΕनᑗ۟Ղ ࠉᖕ௒Ⴜᗼ༚ᖂسհߡ৫઎ࠐΔᖄીࠡᔗᖂऱ଺ڂץܶԱൄࠩ؆૿नᑗΕኙ ᓰ࿓լტᘋᔊፖಲ୮࿛࿛ڂైΖ᜔ٽូ౏ᔗᖂհڂైΔ୮அڂైսࡺᖄીᖂسᔗ ᖂհଈ૞ڂైΖኙᅃഏփᖂृΔڕ׆ભୠΰ2000αΕີ໏ໃፖຫ८ᗊΰ2003α࿛ኙ խᔗٲᙠڂ՗հઔߒ࿇෼Κ׀ئദৗᣂএլࠋΕ܅ᖂᄐ।෼ΰᖞ᧯ࢨᑇᖂઝαΕᖂ ீլᔞᚨ۩੡Δፖ׀ئ܅ཚৱ࿛ڂైΔ௒Ⴜᗼᖂسᔗᖂೈࠠڶઌٵڂై؆Δᝫڶ ԫࠄଡԳس੒܂ஒፖٵᕦംᠲ੡መװ֮᣸ࢬ࢙ฃΔڕൄڇ؆૿नᑗΕڰՂದլࠐΕ ᔗᖂٵᕦڍ࿛ΔᏅଖ൓ࣹრΖ ᔗᖂཚၴΔ࢓࢓ᔗᖂسՈᄎᠦ୮נߨΔࢨਢࠩጻ࠼Δࢨਢ֖ࠩࣛ୮Δ༉ਢৰ ֟ৱڇ୮խΙൄڇԫದऱԳঞਢאړ֖ࣛࡺڍΔ૞լጢڇ֖ࣛ୮༉ਢڇ؆૿ሏᘒ ᒍஷΖᓳ਷࿨࣠࿇෼ᔗᖂൄٽࠓಲ୮ംᠲΖطڼױߠΔᖂسፖ୮அงᠦΔ୮அ؈ װ጑ᅮᖂسՂᖂࢨ܂ஒऱԺၦΔףՂኙ֒ᖂࢨᓰᄐྤᘋᔊΔਢᔗᖂ່ு֨ऱٲᙠ ڂ՗Ζ ૉൕ୮९ߡ৫઎Δ່ڍ୮९ᎁ੡ࠡ՛৘ԯኙᓰ࿓լტᘋᔊۖᔗᖂΔࢨਢڂ੡ ଡԳڂైΰࠏڕൄࠩ؆૿नᑗαࢨਢٵᕦڂైΰڕ֖ࣛ׻הլ૞Ղᖂαۖᖄીࠡ ᔗᖂΔ୮அڂై֘ۖլਢ୮९ᎁ੡ᖄીᔗᖂऱૹ૞ڂైΖڼຝ։ױא࿇෼୮९ፖ ՗Ֆհၴऱᆵ஁Δ୮९ྤऄ෡ԵԱᇞ՛৘֨խऱ׈੺Δބנ՛৘ᔗᖂటإऱ଺ڂΔ ֘ۖא੡ࠡ՗Ֆԯਢڂ੡լუՂᖂࢨਢٌࠩᡏ֖ࣛۖᔗᖂΔᖄીྤऄటإኙ఑Հ ᢐۖࠌ൓ᇠسԫᔗ٦ᔗΖ ൕඒஃ๶ᓫऱ࿨ٍ࣠ױ٦ڻᢞኔڼԫᓵរΖీڇ۔ஃऱߡ৫ࠐ઎խᔗ෼ွΔ הଚᎁ੡୮அڂైਢᖄીᖂسխᔗऱ່ՕڂైΖۖᖂீܛࠌ೚٦ڍऱܘԺΔ࿯ղ ٦ڍᓰ࿓Ղऱޏ᧢ΔࢨਢඒޗඒऄՂऱյ೯Δኙ࣍ຍࠄڂ୮அڂైۖᖄીᔗᖂृ ࠐᎅΔࠀྤ֜ڍऱܗ墿Ζࢬא๺ڍ۔ஃ൷࠹๶ᓫழ݁༼ࠩΔႊಾኙᖂسᔗᖂऱ଺

ڂၞ۩ޏ᧢Δڕ࣠ᔗᖂ଺ڂ޲ڶ௣؈Δঞᖂسᄕױ౨ڂڼۖ٦৫ᔗᖂΖ ܀ࠡኔൕ։࣫խءઔߒٍױא઎ࠩ׀ئऱش֨ፖྤ࡜Ζהଚ᜔ਢᄎڇ՛৘ᔗ ᖂ৵ᗨᄕऱቔᚐ՛৘༚ᖂΔٍڶլ֟ऱ࠹๶୮९।قམᆖڂ੡༼ࠎ՛৘ԫଡޓړ ऱޣᖂᛩቼۖჺ୮ࢨਢངՠ܂Δ܀ۿ׏઎լࠩڶயऱᐙ᥼ΖڂڼΔڕ۶ඒᖄຍࠄ ୮९ᝩ܍՛৘խᔗΔࢨਢඒᖄխᔗسऱ୮९ڕ۶ቔᚐ՛৘༚ᖂࢨਢᝩ܍٦ᔗΔঞ ᚨᇠਢᇞެխᔗംᠲխૹ૞ऱԫᛩΖ ΰԲα༚ᖂڂై։࣫Κฅᄐᢞ஼Εڍֱቔᚐ ൕᖂس༚ᖂ଺ڂױאԱᇞΔࠡኔՕຝ։ᖂسຟᝫਢᄎუஞࠩฅᄐᢞ஼Δڂڼ ࠷൓ฅᄐᢞ஼ګ੡ᖂس༚ᖂ່ૹ૞ऱڂైΖࠡڻױא઎ࠩ׀ئ୮ԳΕړ֖ࣛ੷ࢨ ਢஃ९ऱቔᚐΔຟਢআګᖂس༚ᖂऱૹ૞ڂైΔڼፖՕຝ։ऱ࠹๶୮९ᎁ੡ᇠ՗ Ֆԯਢڂ੡ࠡፖ಻ೝࢨਢ୮Գቔᚐۖ༚ᖂհڂైઌۿΖ ֺለ௽ܑऱਢΔᅝᔗᖂسྤ๠ױװழΔࢨਢनᘈԱא৵Δהଚ༉ᄎ۞աڃࠩ ᖂீΖאՂຟਢܮ֧ᔗᖂس׌೯༚ᖂऱڂైΖᅝྥΔൕᖂسհ։࣫।Ղױא઎ࠩ ׀ئ୮Գऱൎ૰ፖऄࡴᤞኘऱ૞ޣΔՈਢᖄીᖂس༚ᖂऱૹ૞ڂైΔፖՕຝ։࠹ ๶ऱ۔ஃᎁ੡ᔗᖂسհࢬאᄎ༚ᖂ׌૞ਢڂ੡๯۔ஃࢨ֟ڣၷ࠰༈ۖൎ૰༚ᖂΔ ࢨਢ୮९ᖜ֨๯ፆཱིۖൎ૰՛৘༚ᖂઌۿΖ܀ଖ൓ࣹრऱਢΔૉᔗᖂسԯڂ੡๯ ൎ૰ۖॺ۞ᣋࢤऱ༚ᖂΔࠡ٦ᔗհᖲ෷ڶڍ೏Λᄎլᄎᖄીᖂس޲ڍՆ༉٦ᔗΔ ଖ൓ףא൶ಘΖ ൕՂ૪ಘᓵ࿇෼Δ80%ऱ༚ᖂسຟᄎᙇᖗ଺ఄ༚ᖂΔ٣ຘመၞԵ௽௘ఄ్ၞ ۩ᔞᚨۖ༚ᖂऱᖂسႛ੡֟ᑇΖ܀ൕ༚ᖂسݦඨ༚ᖂऱֱڤ઎ࠐΔႛڶԿګնऱ ֺࠏݦඨڇԫ౳ఄ్༚ᖂΔױ౨ขسԫࠄᓢડΖء֮ᎁ੡Δૉല༚ᖂسऴ൷࣋ڃ ଺ఄ్Δᄕ୲࣐ࠌଶ༚ᖂऱᖂسڂྤऄᔞᚨᖂீऱᛩቼΔࢨਢᔡࠩࠡה۔ஃࢨٵ ᖂऱᑑ᧘Εඈᚲۖ٦৫ᔗᖂΖൕ۔ஃ๶ᓫऱ࿨ٍ࣠࿇෼Δࠡה۔ஃऱᑑ᧘ፖԳᎾ ᣂএլࠋਢᖄીᖂس٦ᔗհ଺ڂΖኙ࣍༚ᖂسऱ᎖ᖄΔ࠹๶ඒஃ৬ᤜᚨຘመլٵ ࣍ԫ౳ඒᖂऱֱڤΔආشለ੒ᑣࢨਢ՛ؾᑑ೏ګ༉ऱඒߛֱڤΔࠌ൓༚ᖂسኬኬ ᛧ൓ګ༉ტΔۖᘜԵᖂீቸ᧯Ζ ׼؆ΔՕຝ։ऱ۔ஃՈᎁ੡Δૉᖂسᔗᖂ଺ڂآףאᇞެፖޏ᧢Δܛࠌᖂس ٦৫༚ᖂΔᇠسսৰڶױ౨ᄎ٦৫ᔏՂᔗᖂऱሁ࿓Ζ ΰԿα༚ᖂسݦඨਙࢌፖᖂீ༼ࠎհ࠰ܗΚ೯ኪ੒೯Εݾᢌᓰ࿓Ε࣋ᐈൄ๵ጥ ෻

ൕᖂسኙ࣍ᖂீፖਙࢌ༼ࠎհ࠰ܗຝ։ΔՕຝ։ऱᖂسݦඨᖂீኙ࣍ࣚᇘᏚ ୲ऱ૞ޣլ૞֜ᣤ௑ፖ܂ᄐەᇢլ૞֜ڍΖڼ؆הଚՈݦඨᖂீ౨ڍᜰᙄषቸ੒ ೯Εீ؆ඒᖂΕא֗᧯ߛ൶ᙠᓰ࿓Δڍመ࣍ᖂઝऱઌᣂᙇႈΔࠏڕᓰ৵᎖ᖄࢨਢ ᖂઝ១໢֏࿛࿛Ζڼױ౨ڂ੡ᖂسኙ࣍ᖂઝհᖂ฾ڰբᆖ؈װᘋᔊΖڕ۶ૹᄅ৬ م༚ᖂسኙ࣍ᖂઝऱᘋᔊΔঞᏁ૞ᖂீፖ۔ஃڇᓰ࿓Ղऱ๻ૠፖ᧢֏Δאܮ֧ᖂ سհᘋᔊΖ ΰ؄αᖂس୮९ݦඨਙࢌፖᖂீհ࠰ܗΚቔᚐ༚ᖂΕݾᢌᓰ࿓Εᖂس༉ᄐᘬᇬΕ լ๠א۩ਙፆཱིΕ࠷ᒬլߜ໱ࢬ ୮९ݦඨਙࢌፖᖂீ༼ࠎ࠰ܗऱຝ։Δ׌૞ਢ࠰ܗᣠᖄ՛৘༚ᖂΕ༼ࠎݾᢌ ᓰ࿓א֗༼ࠎฅᄐ৵༉ᄐᘬᇬΙڼ؆Δ࠰ܗ᎛ᠦլߜ֟ڣΕޏ᧢՛৘լߜ܂ஒא ֗༼ࠎࠟࢤᓰ࿓ຟਢ୮९ࢬݦඨᖂீ༼ࠎհ࠰ܗΖۖݦඨਙࢌ༼ࠎ࠰ܗຝ։Δঞ ਢլ૞ڂ੡՛৘ᔗᖂۖፆᙒΕףൎ࠷ᒬլߜᚥ੔א֗լߜ໱ࢬ࿛Ζ ൕ୮९ऱ๶ᓫױאԱᇞΔࠡኔ୮९ৰᖜ֨՛৘ڇᔗᖂཚၴᄎڂఎຑլߜ໱ࢬ ࢨਢᎁᢝլߜᚥ੔ګ୉ۖᎄԵࣴຜΖۖኙ࣍ڂ՛৘ᔗᖂፆཱིհ๵ࡳΔኙ๺ڍ୮९ ࠐᎅٍਢྤऄ൷࠹ΖൕՂ૪հಘᓵ઎ࠐΔ୮९ଚኙ࣍՛৘ᔗᖂՈ।෼נྤױ࡜۶ ऱኪ৫Δኙ࣍՛৘ᔗᖂ৵ΔՈຟᄎቔᚐࢨਢൎ૰՛৘ԫࡳ૞༚ᖂΖਢਚΔਢܡڶ ؘ૞ڂۖ๠ፆ׀ئڶৱ೸ዎΖ

ԲΕ৬ᤜ

ΰԫαኔਜᔗᖂፖ٦ᔗᛀ᧭।

೶಼ഏ؆ᖂृΔڕ Alpert & Dunhamΰ1986αΕFrazerΰ1992αհ܂ऄΔءઔ ߒࠉಾኙ௒Ⴜᗼᖂسհᔗᖂᆖ᧭Δࠀބנխᔗհ೏ٲᙠڂైΔᒳ፹ۖګᔗᖂᛀ᧭ ।ΔאࠎٺᖂீፖඒஃࠌشΖ

।ԼԲʳ ᔗᖂᛀ᧭।ΰطᖄஃࡳཚჄᐊࢨޓᄅα ௨ׇ চӢ ளϩ Ꮲғϐ߄౜(Ԗǵค) 1 தډѦय़ވ኷ 3 2 ჹፐำόགᑫ፪ 3 3 ଒ৎ 3 4 Ԑ΢ଆόٰ 2 5 ΢ፐ᠋όᔉ 2 6 Р҆ϩۚ܈ᚆஆ 2 7 Р҆ᆅ௲ϼᝄ਱ 2 8 ό᠋Р҆ৎΓޑ၉ 1 9 ӳܻ϶܈تζܻ϶፷Ꮲ 1 10 ததၴϸਠೕ 1 ᕴϩ ء।᜔։၌መ 6 ։ृΔ੡խᔗ೏ٲᙠᆢΖᏁຏव᎖ᖄ৛Δᚵࡳଡூ᎖ᖄૠ྽Ζڶᔗᖂ ᆖ᧭ृ၌መ 6 ։Δ੡٦ᔗ೏ٲᙠᆢΔ᠏տխտඒߛᇷᄭࢨޓ੡യႃհ᎖ᖄ጑ᅮΖ ء।ᔞش࣍ຘመ۔ஃֲؓᨠኘᖂسհ।෼Δࢨਢຘመଡܑ᎖ᖄऱֱڤࠌشΔ ءઔߒ৬ᤜಾኙޢԫଡᖂسޢԫᖂཚၞ۩ 1 ڻࠩ 2 ڻΔאᙟழ༳༽ᖂسᔗᖂᖲ෷Ζ ڕ। 20 ࢬقΔૉᖂسڶඈݧ 1~3 հ଺ڂ࿇سழΔေᦸ੡ 3 ։Ιૉڶ 4~7 ऱ଺ڂ ࿇سழΔေᦸ੡ 2 ։Ιૉڶ 8~10 հ଺ڂ࿇سழΔေᦸ੡ 1 ։Ζף᜔৵ૉ൓։၌መ 5.6 ։Δঞ।قᇠᖂسܛ᥆࣍խᔗհ೏ٲᙠᆢΔঞᖂீؘႊ૞ףൎኙࠡ᎖ᖄፖᣂ ࣹΔࠀᚵࡳࠠ᧯հ᎖ᖄࢨ᠏տࠡהխտඒߛᇷᄭհૠ྽Ζૉڶᔗᖂᆖ᧭հᖂس൓ ։հणउ၌መ 5.6 ։ழΔᇠسঞڶױ౨ګ੡٦ᔗհ೏ଅᙠृΔঞᖂீፖ۔ஃଚႊ ௽ܑࣹრΖ ΰԲαኔਜψ۩೯ڤᘣ៭ඒߛω ೈՂ૪ऱઔߒ࿨࣠ױאԱᇞΔᘣ៭ඒߛऱኔਜΔലڶܗ࣍ޏ࿳ᣂএΔԫ؟୮ அᣂএޏ࿳Δঞױא྇֟๺ڍᖂسխᔗऱᖲᄎΖؾছ࣍ॹ֟ڣحᆞ৵Δࠡ׀ئؘ ႊ૞൷࠹ᘣ៭ඒߛΖء֮৬ᤜΔᅝᖂسխᔗ৵Δૉᇠᖂسխᔗհ଺ڂԯ୮அڂై ᖄીழΔঞࠡ׀ئᘣٍᚨ൷࠹ᘣ៭ඒߛΖૉຝ։୮९ڂڦ࣍ՠ܂ࢨਢ௅ءլڇ׏ ՗Ֆऱ࿇୶Δء֮৬ᤜᚨࠌشψ۩೯ڤᘣ៭ඒߛωΚ۔ஃࢨᖂீषՠױ࣍୮๶ࢨਢ ሽᇩ๶ംழΔڍڍ༼ࠎ୮९ଡܑڤΕॺ࿨ዌࢤऱᘣ៭ඒߛΔࠀᚨފዝ׀ئᔡሖᘣ ՗ᓢડழհᘬᇬጥሐΔمܛ࠰ܗ୮९๠෻ᘣ՗ᓢડհംᠲΖ ΰԿα۔ஃፖᖂسΕ୮९ऱᎁवኙྡྷ ௅ᖕ๶ᓫ࿨࣠Δං೯ല༚ᖂسఎڇᖂீऱॴԺհԫΔ੡ࠐ۞ࠡה۔ஃऱᑑ᧘

ࢨਢඈ؞Ζኙ࣍ଶ༚ᖂऱᖂسۖߢΔୌࢢ׽ਢࠄ๺լ୵ऱณ壀Δຟױ౨ኙᇠᖂس ขسᄕՕऱ஫މტΖኙ࣍ຍࠄ༚ᖂسΔ༉ړֺՕఐॣ័ऱ൛ृΔᏁ૞า֨ऱ࠻ᥨ ፖᣂᅃΔኬኬऱૹᄅ৬مࠡ۞ॾ֨ፖᗏದࠡګ༉ტΖڼ؆Δ๺ڍ۔ஃՈ।قؾছ ᖂீխറᄐऱ᎖ᖄ۔ஃլߩΔՕຝ։ᖜٚᎁ᎖ऱ۔ஃط࣍റᄐ౨Ժऱֶ౒Δᇿᖂ سհ᎖ᖄຟ׽ਢ।૿Ղऱ๶ᓫΔࠀྤऄటإ෡ԵԱᇞᖂسհ֨ኪΖڼ؆Δ۔ஃፖ ᖂسΕ୮९ኙխᔗګڂ઎ऄլٵΔᖂسፖ୮९ঞ઎ऄֺለᣊۿΔ᧩ق۔ஃᏁ૞ൎ ֏ႜᦫᖂسᜢଃΔԱᇞᖂسᏁޣΔࠌ൓ޢۯᖂسຟڶ๯ᅃ᥽ऱტᤚऱ౨ԺΖڂڼ ء֮৬ᤜΔඒஃၞଥழΔ׌ᙄ໢ۯױᏺףႜᦫխᔗᖂسΕ୮९ऱᓰ࿓Δطᖂسፖ ୮९ᘣ۞׌ᝑΔ࿯ղඒஃ׼ԫጟᨠរ઎ৱխᔗس֗ࠡ୮அΖ ΰ؄αᛀಘᔗᖂ୮९ፆཱིհ๵ࡳ ࠉᖕൎ૰Եᖂයࠏ๵ࡳΔՅᚨԵᖂۖآԵᖂΕբԵᖂۖխຜᔗᖂࢨ९ཚ౒ᓰ հᔞ᤿ഏاΔᖂீᚨ໴ᓮၢ (᠜ΕؑΕ೴) ൎ૰Եᖂࡡ୉ᄎ੔୉܂୮அ๶ംΔᣠ ܫԵᖂΖૉছႈᔞ᤿ഏاΔࠡ׀ئࢨ጑ᥨԳᆖᣠܫ৵սլಬԵᖂृΔᚨطᖂீ໴ ᓮၢ (᠜ΕؑΕ೴) ൎ૰Եᖂࡡ୉ᄎղא஼૿ᤞܫΔࠀૻཚԵᖂΖᆖᤞܫࠀૻཚ ԵᖂΔսլᙅ۩ृΔطၢ (᠜ΕؑΕ೴) ֆࢬ๠ԫۍցאՀፆ᝾ΔࠀૻཚԵᖂΙ ڕآᙅ۩ૻཚԵᖂΔ൓ᤉᥛ๠ፆ۟Եᖂ੡ַΖ ૉ׀ئࢨ጑ᥨԳኙ࣍՗ՖԵᖂፖܡࠀլףאᣂ֨Δࢨਢආ࠷࣋ٚհኪ৫Δঞ ᇠፆ᝾ױ౨ڶؘࠡ૞ࢤΔ܂੡༼ᙌ୮९૞ޣ՛৘ᐌ۩ഏاᆠ೭ऱ๵ࡳΔ܀ኙ࣍խ ᔗسհ୮९ۖߢΔࠀॺլݦඨ՛৘༚ᖂΔ֘ۖݦඨਙࢌױא༼ࠎ࠰ܗࠡ՗Ֆ༚ᖂΙ ׊ᖂس༚ᖂ෻طڍתਢڂ୮९Ε۔ஃ࿛հቔᚐࢨუᛧ൓ഏխฅᄐᢞ஼Δۖॺڂ੹ ᥈ፆ᝾ۖࠐΔຍጟൣउՀΔൎ૰Եᖂයࠏխಾኙ׀ئࢨ጑ᥨԳհፆ᝾ਢܡڶؘࠡ ૞Δڶৱ೸ዎΖ

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׆ભୠΰ2000αΖॹ֟ڣխᔗઌᣂګڂፖլߜषᄎᔞᚨᣂᜤࢤհઔߒΖխ؇ᤞኘՕᖂحᆞ ߻एઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔ௒ႼᗼΖ ٤ഏխᔗխ֨ΰ2004αΖ٤ഏխᔗխ֨ཚأ໴ܫΖآנठΖ ܇ᣝᖧΕຫ԰նΕພԯ֮ΰ2001αΖഏխᖂسᔗᖂႜٻᗴᙇՠࠠհ৬مΖ۩ਙೃഏ୮ઝᖂ ࡡ୉ᄎᇖܗറᠲઔߒૠቤګ࣠໴ܫΰ໴ܫᒳᇆΚNSC89-2413-H-037-017-SSSαΔآנ

ठΖ ܨاⷠΰ1990αΖॹ֟ڣऱषᄎ೶ፖፖषᄎᔞᚨΖፕקؑΚ᎛ੌנठषΖ ࡌ⚰ᐂΰ1999αΖխᔗᖂسऱംᠲΕ଺ڂፖᐙ᥼Κᛀ᧭षᄎ࿨ዌΕᔗᖂ෷ፖ֟ڣحᆞऱ٥ ᧢ፖڂ࣠ᣂএΖխᔗᖂسऱࣚ೭ፖ᎖ᖄᖂ๬ઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃΖ ࡌ⚰ᐂΕ്ᤌխΰ2004αΖݺഏᖂسխᔗፖ༚ᖂ଺ڂઔߒΚ۟԰ԼԲᖂڣ৫Ղᖂཚ੡ַΖ ٤ഏխᔗᖂس༚ᖂ᎖ᖄᇷᄭઔߒխ֨ཚأ໴ܫΖ ്Գໃΰ1994αΖޏၞᔗᖂઔߒᏁᇞެऱംᠲΖඒߛઔߒᠨִעΔ37Δ28-35Ζ ്ࡗၢΰ1997αΖ଺۰اഏխسխຜᔗᖂઌᣂڂైፖݮګመ࿓հઔߒΚאৠࣟᗼ੡ࠏΖഏ مਙएՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקؑΖ ඒߛຝಝࡡᄎΰ2003αΖ٤ഏᖂسᔗᖂፖ༚ᖂຏ໴อૠΖፕקؑΔඒߛຝΖ ີ໏ໃΕຫ८ᗊΰ2003αΖൕഏ՛քڣ్ᖂᤄᇷறቃྒྷഏխᔗᖂ۩੡ऱ᧤ᙀಱូ։࣫ፖ೴ ᙃ։࣫ΖፕࣟՕᖂඒߛᖂ໴Δ14ΰՀαΔ125-152Ζ ႓ᐚ壁Εٻ֚ৠΰ1999αΖխᔗᖂسݮګ଺ڂፖኙ࿜հઔߒΖಝߛඒߛΔ38ΰ2αΔ16-33Ζ ᄵࢣႅΰ2000αΖፕࣟᗼ଺۰اഏխխᔗ༚ᖂسհូڂᖵ࿓ઔߒΖፕࣟஃᒤᖂೃඒߛઔߒ ࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕࣟؑΖ ᔥᅇ࿇ΰ2001αΖഏխسᔗᖂګڂ֗ࠡೣ஁۩੡ઌᣂࢤհઔߒΖխ؇ᤞኘՕᖂحᆞ߻ࠫઔ ߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΔ௒ႼᗼΖ

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Kids Outside of “Angel Garden”: Dropout and

Recovery

Susyan Jou

*

, Yao-chung Chang

**

Abstract

This study aims to analyse (1) factors of studnets’ dropout and recovery; (2) needs of dropout students and their parents; (3) satisfaction of students, parents and teachers to the governmental policies. 83 dropout students, 53 parents and 30 teachers were interviewed with structural and semi-structural questionnaires.

The results indicate that students and parents share the similar opinions on the main factors of dropous, namely, prefer playing than studying and hanging out than staying home. However, objectively, family still plays a major role of dropping out of school. Half of recovery students are from low SES or broken family. Parents and teachers both point out that parents intent to keeping their kids in school and trying to control their kids, but fail most of time.

The study also finds that students usually spend their time doing nothing in friend’s home or internet café during dropout period. Getting high school certificate and adults encouragement are the most important factors to motivate dropouts to come back to school. Once recovering back to school, students express the needs of more non-academic curriculum, outdoor activities and less regulations of their behavior and school performance.

Based on the findings, the study suggests schools employ a checklist for at-risk students to evaluate their possibility of dropout. In addition, walk-in parenting counseling, triangle communication among teachers-parents-studnets, alternative curriculum and school activities are strongly recommended. Finally, government

* Professor, The Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University

should re-consider to revise the regulations of issuing fines to parents – after all, punishing parents has no or little help in bringing back the dropout students back to school.