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心臟衰竭病患住院日數與預後關係之探討-以台灣中區某區域教學醫院為例; The Relationship between Length of Stay and Clinical Outcome in Heart Failure Patients–a Regional Hospital Experience

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(1)中國醫藥大學 醫務管理學研究所碩士論文 編號:IHAS-333. 心臟衰竭病患住院日數與預後關係之探討 - 以台灣中區某區域教學醫院為例 The Relationship between Length of Stay and Clinical Outcome in Heart Failure Patients – a Regional Hospital Experience. 指導教授:馬. 作. 鏹. 博士. 研 究 生:曾. 維. 功. 撰. 中華民國九十四年六月.

(2) 目 錄 第一章 緒論...............................................................................................1 第一節 研究動機及背景 ..................................................................1 第二節 研究問題 ..............................................................................5 第三節 研究目的 ..............................................................................6 第二章 文獻探討 ......................................................................................7 第一節 心臟衰竭 ..............................................................................7 第二節 心臟衰竭的預後及危險評估 ............................................18 第三節 住院日數的影響因素 ........................................................22 第四節 住院日數與醫療照護品質 ................................................24 第三章 研究設計與方法 ........................................................................26 第一節 研究架構 ............................................................................26 第二節 研究方法 ............................................................................28 第三節 研究對象 ............................................................................28 i.

(3) 第四節 資料來源 ............................................................................30 第五節 資料處理及統計分析 ........................................................40 第四章 結果.............................................................................................41 第一節 研究對象基本特徵 ............................................................41 第二節 住院日數 ............................................................................46 第三節 臨床預後 ............................................................................49 第四節 住院日數與臨床預後 ........................................................51 第五節 臨床預後的影響因子 ........................................................53 第五章 討論.............................................................................................65 第一節 心臟衰竭的臨床預後 ........................................................65 第二節 心臟衰竭的住院日數 ........................................................66 第三節 心臟衰竭病患住院日數與臨床預後的關連 ....................69 第六章 結論與建議 ................................................................................74 第一節 結論 ....................................................................................74 ii.

(4) 第二節 建議 ....................................................................................76 第七章 研究限制 ....................................................................................78 參考文獻...................................................................................................79. iii.

(5) 圖 目 錄. 圖一: 心臟衰竭的致病機轉………………………………………10 圖二:住院日數分布圖……………………………………………..48 圖三:加護病房住院日數分佈……………………………………..48. iv.

(6) 表 目 錄. 表一:心臟衰竭病程分類及建議治療方法………………………… 16 表二:Framingham 心臟衰竭診斷標準…………………………….. 31 表三:Charlson Score 共存疾病……………………………………... 35 表四:研究變項之操作型定義……………………………………….37 表五:病人的基本特徵………………………………………………. 43 表六:NYHA 功能分類的分布情形…………………………………43 表七:Charlson score 分布情形………………………………………44 表八:病人住院時的理學檢查結果…………………………………..44 表九:病人住院時的生化及影像學檢查……………………………..45 表十:各項臨床預後指標……………………………………………..50 表十一: 臨床預後與住院日數的關聯………………………………52 表十二: 住院死亡的邏輯斯迴歸模型結果…………………………55 表十三: 出院後六個月內死亡的邏輯斯迴歸模型結果……………57 表十四: 出院後六個月內再住院邏輯斯迴歸模型結果……………59 表十五: 出院後六個月內心臟衰竭再住院邏輯斯迴歸模型結果....62 表十六: 所有臨床預後的邏輯斯迴歸模型結果…………………….64 v.

(7) 中文摘要 心臟衰竭是許多心臟血管疾病的末期表現,包括冠狀動脈心臟 病、高血壓、心肌病變、瓣膜性心臟病等。心臟衰竭的盛行率是隨著 年齡的增加而增高,再加上醫療科技的進步使平均壽命延長,社會高 齡化之下,罹患心臟衰竭的人口也逐年增加。心臟衰竭的病患常會因 病情惡化而反覆住院治療,所以治療心臟衰竭需耗用大量的醫療資 源,其中住院的費用是最主要的花費,目前治療心臟衰竭的花費已成 為許多國家醫療體系的負擔,雖然縮短心臟衰竭病患的住院日數可以 有效控制醫療花費,但是可能會因此而降低醫療品質,進而影響疾病 的預後。目前只有少數國外研究探討心臟衰竭病患住院日數與預後的 關聯,而且也沒有定論,本土研究中也沒有探討相關問題。因此,釐 清治療心臟衰竭病患時,住院日數的多寡是否會影響疾病的預後,除 了可讓臨床醫師於治療心臟衰竭住院病患時有所依據外,也可作為將 來衛生主管單位擬定心臟衰竭病患治療計畫或健保局制定治療心臟 衰竭病患給付標準時的參考。 本研究利用臺灣中區某區域醫院民國 91 年 1 月 1 日至 92 年 12 月 31 日期間因心臟衰竭診斷而住院的病患為實驗對象,採取回溯性 病歷回顧方式(retrospective medical chart review observation study) vi.

(8) 進行,探討平均住院日數、人口變項、疾病臨床相關變項是否顯著影 響心臟衰竭住院病患之臨床預後。然後在控制人口變項,共存疾病及 疾病相關變項的影響因子下,探討住院日數的長短是否對心臟衰竭住 院病患的臨床預後有影響。 本研究共計回顧 480 個案病例,其中有 69 個案病例因不符合心 臟衰竭診斷或心臟衰竭非其主要住院原因而與以排除,於 411 符合的 個案中,32 位個案於住院當中死亡,於出院的 379 位個案中,有 15 位因為沒有六個月的回診紀錄且無法用電話連絡上,所以沒有六個月 的預後資料。剩下的 364 位個案中,26 位於出院後六個月內死亡, 所以有 338 位個案有追蹤到滿六個月的預後資料。 研究個案的年齡分布介於 19 到 98 歲,平均年齡為 68.7 ± 13.2 歲,性別以男性居多,佔 56.2%。心臟衰竭的原因則以缺血性心臟病 較多,佔 53.8%。平均的 NYHA 為 2.9 ± 0.6,平均的 Charlson score 為 2.7 ± 1.5,而心臟超音波檢查的左心室射出分率平均為 47.1 ± 15.5%。 個案的平均住院日數為 6.1 ± 4.8 日,52.1%的個案中有住加護病 房。不同的性別、心臟衰竭原因或左心室的收縮功能好壞的病患之間 的住院日數並無差別,住院期間是否接受心導管檢查或治療也沒有延 vii.

(9) 長住院日數。各項臨床預後的結果如下,住院死亡率為 7.8%,出院 後六個月內死亡率為 7.2%,出院後六個月內的再住院率為 39.9%, 出院後六個月內心臟衰竭再住院率為 15.1%,綜合所有的臨床預後, 有 48.7%的個案於住院中及出院後六個月內有出現本研究所探討之 臨床預後中的任何一項。臨床預後與住院日數之間只有所有臨床預後 一項達統計上顯著意義(6.6 ±5 .4 日對 5.6 ± 4.2 日,p < 0.05)。 以各項臨床預後做依變項,包含住院日數、病人特徵、疾病特徵 等為自變項所做的邏輯斯迴歸模型結果,控制其他變項後,探討住院 日數是否為臨床預後的獨立影響因子,結果發現只有住院日數可預測 住院中死亡的臨床預後(危險比 1.1952;p < 0.05) ,其餘的臨床預後, 如出院後六個月內的死亡或再住院,皆與住院日數沒有關聯。 本研究的結果顯示,控制住其他病人特徵、疾病特徵及共存疾病 的變項下,住院日數與臨床預後的結果,除了住院中死亡率外,並無 明顯的關聯性,所以住院日數可能只是疾病嚴重度的表示,並不是預 後的預測因子,住院日數的增加也無法代表病患接受更好的醫療照護 及更好的臨床預後,相反地,住院照護的品質可能比住院日數來得重 要,只要在適合的住院日數下,讓病人接受足夠的醫療照護,應該就 能獲得較好的臨床預後。 viii.

(10) 英文摘要 Heart failure is the end-stage manifestation of many cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease. The prevalence of heart failure is increased with age. Owing to the advance of medical technique and aging society, the incidence of heart failure is also increased. Heart failure patients need repeated hospitalization because of heart failure decompensates. Many medical resources are spent for heart failure management and the major cost is hospitalization. At present time, management of heart failure has become a major economic burden of many countries’ healthcare system. Although decrease length of stay can reduce medical cost, the quality of care and clinical outcome may also become worse. In literature, there are only a few studies for the relationship of hospital length of stay and the clinical outcome in heart failure patients. Verify the relationship of hospital length of stay and clinical outcome in heart failure patients can provide valuable evidence to physicians who care heart failure patients and healthcare policy makers who are responsible for the heart failure treatment plans. Our study was a retrospective medical chart review observation study performed in a regional hospital in middle Taiwan. This study tried to elucidate the relationship between hospital length of stay; patients’ demographic data; disease-related variables and clinical outcome. Then under control for other factors, verify the effect of hospital length of say ix.

(11) on clinical outcome. Between Jan. 1st , 2002 to Dec. 31, 2004, patients admitted to the hospital with major admission diagnosis of congestive heart failure were included. Totally 480 charts were reviewed and 69 were excluded. Among the 411 included cases, 32 died in hospital. 15 cases was lost follow-up in 379 discharged cases. 26 cases died with 6 months after discharge. The average age was 68.7±13.2 (range from 19 to 98). The majority was male (56.2%). The main etiology of heart failure was ischemic heart disease (53.8%). Average NYHA class was 2.9±0.6. Average Charlson score was 2.7±1.5. The average left ventricular ejection fraction diagnosed by echocardiography was 47.1±15.1%. Mean hospital length of stay was 6.1±4.8 days. 52.1% cases had admitted to ICU. Gender, etiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic function had no difference in hospital length of stay. Cardiac catheterization and intervention did not prolong hospital length of stay. The clinical outcome were in-hospital mortality rate 7.8%, 6 month post-discharge mortality rate 7.2%, 6 month readmission rate 39.9%, 6 month heart failure related readmission rate 15.1%. 48.7% cases have one of above clinical outcome. In different clinical outcomes, the hospital length of stay was no difference except in the all clinical outcome (6.6 ±5 .4 vs. 5.6 ± 4.2 日,p < 0.05). Using clinical outcomes as dependent variables and length of stay, patients’ demographic data, disease related variables as independent x.

(12) variables, the logistic regression models revealed that length of stay had related to in-hospital mortality only (odd ratio 1.1952 ; p < 0.05). The result of this study revealed that after control of patients’ demographic data, disease related variable and co-morbidity, the hospital length of stay had not relate to clinical outcomes except in-hospital mortality. Therefore the length of stay per se may be only representative of disease severity and not an independent predictor for clinical outcome. Prolong hospital length of stay can not assure better medical care and clinical outcome. In the contrast, medical care quality is more important than hospital length of stay. Under sufficient hospital length of stay, heart failure patients can receive adequate medical care and get better clinical outcome.. xi.

(13) 誌 謝. 重回學校當學生真是難得的經驗,尤其要在職場與學校之間,兩 面兼顧,實在也是一項艱鉅的考驗與挑戰。時間飛快,一轉眼間兩年 就過去了。回想起與同學們的相處,不論是一般生或在職生,大家都 能打成一片,所裡的老師也說我們這屆同學的感情很好。因為醫院繁 重的醫療工作,使得自己無法多負擔班上的事務,一般生的主動負責 讓我這個在職生相當感動,也在此由衷的感謝他們的熱心付出。 這一路走來,首先要感謝我的妻子淑婉的從旁鼓勵與支持,她常 在半夜時陪伴我寫報告,盡到她所謂的「書僮」工作。接著也要謝謝 所裡老師們的教導,讓我能一窺醫務管理的奧妙,也謝謝經常同組的 同學秀美、春米、瓊玉、瑋貞、秀花及美礽,由於她們的努力,讓我 們每次的報告都很精采。 馬老師的細心指導是此論文得以完成的最大功臣,也要感謝郝老 師及劉老師的指正及建議,讓此論文更加的完備。也要謝謝我工作醫 院同仁們的鼓勵及支持,還有家鄉及芳如的幫忙收集及整理資料,最 後要感謝台大醫院前院長李源德院長的鼓勵,讓我有信心繼續追求更 高深的學問。. xii.

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