華人面對自己或重要他人死亡威脅之後續因應 - 政大學術集成

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(1)I. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. The Divergent Effects of Mortality Salience of Self versus Mortality Salience of Significant Others among Chinese. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. I. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(2) x D. B. =·. d = =. E. u. =. B. 」」 E. B. S. B. =. 政治= 大 =· BB. 立. &1 3 04(. ‧ 國. 學. <. io. y. al. D. [ =. n. S. < <. C<h B. B. <. <b. engchi. i <n U. v. <. <. <. <. <. B. < <. <. <. <. < .6&(. r B. b. r. =. =. u. BF. = <. S. < =. = <. B. er. =. <. ‧. b=. ) - ,. <. g. =. Nat. /1./.2 ,. B. sit. =. B. =. = I. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(3) ” b. b =. b. J. B x. b. b. =. J. =. S. b. =. b. x. 3. B. <. x2. b 119. = b. 政治 b大. = b <. D =60. 3. <. M. io. al. b. n. =. b. er. Nat =. <. y. a. b. ‧. x3 ·. b. <. sit. b. =. 學. ‧ 國. a. 立b. Ch b. engchi <. i n U. v. b<. I. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(4) Abstract Terror Management Theory originated from the West which proposes that people manage their terror of death by defending their own cultural worldview. The present research employed two studies to examine how Chinese people manage the deathrelated anxiety of themselves and from their significant others. In Study 1, 119 participants were randomly assigned to a 3 (Manipulation: self mortality salience, mortality salience of significant other, or self toothache) x 2 (Comment of Chinese Culture: Praise or Criticism) factorial design. The dependent measure was how well an individual is defending the cultural values. The results indicated that participants who experienced the mortality salience of significant other had a significant tendency to. 政治大 experienced self mortality salience. In Study 2, we explored how Chinese people cope 立. defend the Chinese cultural values, and this tendency is higher than participants who with the mortality salience by employing three types of behavior: enjoy life,. ‧ 國. 學. maintaining important interpersonal relationships and doing good deeds. 60 Participants were randomly assigned to a 3 (Manipulation: self mortality salience,. ‧. mortality salience of significant other, or self toothache) x 3 (behavior type: enjoy life,. y. Nat. maintaining important interpersonal relationships or doing good deeds) mixed design.. sit. The experimental manipulation was a between-subjects variable, the behavioral type. er. io. was a within-subjects variable, and the dependent variable was the participant’s degree. al. v i n experienced Cthe salience of significant h emortality ngchi U n. of willingness to engage in different types behavior. As a result, it was found that participants who. other were. significantly less willing to do good deeds. These implications were also discussed. Keywords: motality salience, Chinese culture, significant other, Terror Management Theory. II. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(5) B. B. b b b. D. b. B. 立. [. ‧. ‧ 國. y. Nat. io. sit. M. 學. B. 政治大. n. al. er. D. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. III. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(6) 3. ”. ”. ”. ”. 政治大 ”. 立. ‧ 國. 學. ”. ‧ y. Nat. n. er. io. al. sit. ”. Ch. engchi. i n ”U. v. ”. ” C. FC. o. IV. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(7) q ” D. 立. 政治大. ”. ‧ 國. 學 ”. ‧. o. er. io. sit. y. Nat D. iv n U ”. n. al. Ch. engchi. a a. ” b b. ”. F ” F. V. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(8) ” M M. b b. ”. ”. ”. 立. 政治大 ”. ‧ 國. 學. 。 ”. y. Nat. sit. 。. er. io. 。. al. n 。. ‧. 。. 。. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 。. VI. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(9) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. VII. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(10) B. ·. b. <. B =. 》. b. B. =. S. b. x. = Terror Management Theory B. = = 政 J治大. 立 =. ‧ 國. F ·. ‧ sit. y. =. = · b b. n. al. Ch. S. b. er. io. b x. ,. B. b. b. B. b. Nat. J. b. F. b= b. b. J. 學. 「. x. F b. J. x. b. engchi. i n Ub. v. b. u. b. = J. S. b. b. <a. S. B. =. E. b x b. =. J. b. B. b b. b · b b. 1. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(11) b b. = D. <. b. B. b. b. =. 立. 政治大. 學 ‧. ‧ 國 io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. a. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(12) B B. b. b. b. =. B =B. S b. x. J. b. = D. b. B. t. x S. =. 政治大. 立. Greenberg, Pyszczynski. =. J. J. Ernest Becker. y. b. al. b. B. sit. J. n. 1989. b. ‧. J. io. =. B. 學. Becker 2007. Terror. b. Nat. =. ‧ 國. Management Theory. Solomon. B. er. 1986. Ch. i n U. S. engchi. v 、=. Rosenblatt<Greenberg<Solomon<Pyszczynski. Lyon. A. A. c. A=. B B. 。. q= B. b. “ =. b S. D b. S =. J. o =. J ·. 3. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(13) E [. S. = 1990. Greenberg. b. =·. culture worldview B. J. =. <. = J. J. 立J. ·. ‧ 國. e Greenberg et.al, 1990 E. u. Lambert et.al, 2014 = ·. b. n. al. sit. Greenberg, 1995. J. er. io. b. E. y. Nat. J. b. ‧. J. =. 學. J. 政治大. Ch. S. e= ngchi. i·v n U. J ·. S the Fear of Death Scale. = S. A. S. nx. A “. Rosenblatt et al., 1989. b. S. F · u. F. F 4. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(14) J. b. J. b. Arndt, Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1997 = u. ·. S. = , Harihara, & Niiya, 2002. Heine,. b. S. S. Wakimoto, 2006 =. ·. M S Kökdemir,& Yeniçeri, 2010 =. M. 2010. = 治政大 164 Faucher. Burke<Martens. 立. 277. r = 0.26. ] J. ,. b r = 0.37 =u. y. sit. al. n Tam<Chiu. Ch. Lau. = B. i n U. b. engchi. b J. J. 、 b. J J. J. =. =. b b. Hui. B M. b b. b=. b. v. b. J B. t. er. io. 2007. ‧. r =0.35. Nat. =. 學. = 0.30. r. =. ‧ 國. ·. b. 2014. b=. 1259. l. x. =. l. b. 5. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(15) B l b B. =. B. b. J. E. ·. b. Hui, Chan, Lau, Cheung, & Mok, 2014 = S. = b. 2004. i. b. b. =. 政治大t. 立. ,. =. ‧ 國. S =. sit. y. B. al. n. A. Ch. S. A engchi U. A. v ni. = B. A. b. er. io. A. b. ‧. 2008 =. Nat. 2007. =. J. 學. =2008. i<. b. 。 J. A u. b. b. 2009 =. < b. J. =. M. b. M. b =. ·. =. M. S Yen, &. 6. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(16) Cheng, 2010 = PsycARTICLEs< 18. < 9. 4. <5. ] 24. b r. 0.055. 0. =. ]. r = 0.27. · r = -0.01; Yen, & Cheng, 2010 =. J. t. b. = b. 立. b. u. J =. sit. Ch. v. Rosenblatt et.al,1989 =. n. al. er. io. S. A b. b. y. MA. ‧. b<. Nat A. = <J. A. b. =. 學. i<. ‧ 國. b. 政治大 b ·. e n g=c h i. i n U. A. A. E 1984 =. S. b 1995 =. S d. b. b. b b. =. b b. B. M b. =. 7. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(17) b b. b. F. x. b. S. b. Kitayama (1991) b. b. =. b. =Markus. b. <. b M. b. bS. F b. b. =. 政治大1993. <. 立. =. b. ‧ 國. b. M. al. n b 1991. i n U. b. Ch. b. b. v. engchi b. b. b. =x b. b b. b. 2005 =. <. = < =. er. io. sit. y. Nat. b. b. b. b. 2005 =. FA. ‧. b. A. b. 學. ·. b. < b =1993. b. =. b. b s= B b. <. b. bA. 2011 =. A S. b b. Zhu Zhang Fan & Han 2007 =. B b b. =. b b. ]. b= =. 8. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(18) b b. bS. J Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Solomon,. Simon, & Breus, 1994. b b. b. J = b. 政治大 < Wang, 2014 =2016 Paudel. b. 立. ‧ 國. =. b. b. n. al. Ch. b. Hui. = b. b. sit. b. er. io. S. =. y. BMW. Nat. o. b. ‧. B. b. 學. BMW. =B. engchi. i n U. v. b. b 2014. <. B. <. r. l b. E. l= 2012. M. b b. b. b n. =. b. b b. J. b =. 9. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(19) D. b. b b. b. =. =. b. x. d. b. b. F. b. =. 7. ?. b. 治? S 政」大. a E. =. =. 立. b. Blascovich. b. Nat. a. a. n. al. Ch. b. <. er. io. sit. y. b. b. e n=g c h i U. v ni A. <. =. S. A. b. a 2014. M. ‧. Ma-Kellams. b. 學. 2012. A 1999. b =. A. =. ‧ 國. A. b. =. Wang. b Wang, 2014 = b. b a. b. ba =. d. a uS. b a. ·. 10. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(20) b. B. b. ─. =. 9.6. b. 23.8. J. ─. b. <. 1999 =. 2009. b 33. <. <. S. 45. =. <. <. b. 70. b <. b. 立. =. <. 政治大. Baumeister, & Leary, 1995. ‧ 國. <. b. Paudel, 2016 =. b b. J. b. S. n. al. b. =. Ch. b. engchi. b. E. er. io. b. sit. y. Nat. b. b. b. =. ‧. b. =. 學. b. B. i n U. v. <. b. b. = b. a. b. b = b b. b. = <. 2012 =. S. < 2002. <. <. 2014 =. 11. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(21) 2004. b. b bf. <. < B. =. b = b. b = 2014. <. S = b. b. F 2004 =. < b. 學. b. b. ‧. =. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. b. 立. 政治大b. ‧ 國. A. ?. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 12. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(22) b. x b. J. t. =. <. b. Tam, Chiu, & Mok, 2014. Lau, 2007. S. Hui, Chan, Lau, Cheung,. b. b. d. i. = b. u. b. J. d. ‧ 國. M n. b. sit. v ni. J. n. al. er. io. b. b. Ch. S. b. e n g c h i Ub. b b. F =. D. 2012. =. Wang, 2014; Paudel, 2016 b. <. y. Nat. b. S. b. b b. b. =. B. =. <. ‧. b. =. 學. b. b. 治政 b b大. 立. b b. J. b. b. b a. =. < b. Wang, 2014 =S. b b Blascovich, 2012 = b. b. a S. Ma-Kellams, b. a. 13. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(23) 1999 = a. —. S. b. u b. b. =. B. b. E=. bS b. b. bFBJ. b. =. b. b. =. b b. b. =. B. b. b J 政治大 D. <. B. 。. = B. b. B. b. =. =. D. sit. y. Nat. B. n =. ‧. B. 學. ‧ 國. 立 b. b. b. io. b. n. al b. er. F. Ch. e n g c h ibU. J =. v ni. b. = <. b. n. q. b. = b. D. a. M. D. x. <. b =. 14. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(24) D. B. B<. B. ·B. ·. b. b. J. b. b b. i. J. b S. 。. b. b. 治政大 =. b. 立. 。. B. er. io. sit. y. Nat. =. B. ‧. B. ‧ 國. 1.. 學. <. =. =. n. al. Ch. 2.. engchi. <. b. i = n U. v. b=. 3. “. =. b. b. B. b b. b. S b b. =. b b. S =. b =” 15. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(25) b B. 9. bt. =B b S. c. B. c. b. b. S B. b. B. =. =. i. bB. =:. 4. 。 B. B =. B. 立=. 政治大. 8. <. ‧ 國. ‧ y. Nat. 7.55 SD=1.55. io. =. n. al. 9. 3.23 SD=1.65. 9. Ch. 5. engchi. i n U. v. S =. M=4.74, SD=2.59. S. M=5.84, SD=1.97, t=2.05, p = .05 t=2.39, p = .02 = <. 5. er. A. sit. =. 1=. =. 學. 5.. 9. S <. <. E. =. 16. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(26) 1. t. ”. 3. = <. <. Nat. =. n. er. io. sit. y. <. al. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 8. Ch. engchi. S 2. *. 政治大. 立. <. ). iv n U 2=. B. =. ”. ). *. 17. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(27) D<. 1. 3. <. b. x2. = S. b. = 2. 1. b. J. 立. 2:. b. ‧ 國. b. b. y. Nat. 36 b. io. =. n. al. 4.. Ch. engchi. 83 b=. sit. 119. b. ‧. 3.. =. 學. =. b. 政治大 b. 」. er. b. b. i n U. v. Greenberg et. = al.,1990; Harmon-Jones et al., 1997 =. b =. J. S. b =. FB F A. b. J. =1. 18. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(28) c. =2.. F. = b. A. b. =1.. F /. /. /. B. /. c. =2.. c. J. F. F = Greenberg et al., 1994 =. B B. B. ·. <. =1.. c. 政治大=. F. 立. n. ‧ 國. 學. Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon, 1999 =. —. =. n. al. J. B. er. io. sit. y. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 。. =. F 3. q Tellegen, 1988 = 。. b. b. Nat =. b. ‧. F. =2.. PANAS; Watson, Clark, &. M Heine, Harihara, & Niiya, 2002 =. 。. n. A4. B. 3. n. E 4<. 5=. b B. 6=. 。. 19. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(29) 5.. 。. 。 2. 7. q 1.. ( 2. 7=. ; 1=. i (. / 7=. ; 1=. i. = 。. < 7=. 治政 2009 大. 立. [. (·. )=。. B. ‧ 國. 學. =. 2009. [. ‧. B. =. n. a。l. Zhou, Lei, Marley,. Ch. =. Chen. er. io. 2009. sit. y. Nat. =. 2012. =. engchi. i n U. v. B. ·. [ =. 。 b. b. Cronbach’s α b. .69. i .88 <. 。. Cronbach’s α Cronbach’s α. i. Cronbach’s α D. b. .65. .72. .73. .85. .78 <. .74. 6. 6. 1 <y. 。. n. <. 1991. 2= 。. 20. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(30) = 。 b. b. 8. 9. 。. F 1<. 2<. 3<. 4<. 5<. 6<. 7<. 8<. b F. 政治大=. b. 立. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. al. n. b. ·. D. B = B. Ch. b. 1990. b. sit. <. io. B. Greenberg. =. y. J. ‧. B. ·. er. 6.. engchi. iv n U =. 。. F. = F. 3. = F. n. B. B 9. q=. Bo. 。 =. 。 ·. =. 21. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(31) <. 1.. 3 <. x2. b. M 3<. 4. · 4. = 4. d=0.86. 立. =. · 政治大. ‧ 國. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. b. t=6.64, p < .00, Cohen’s. 學. 3. t. 4. Ch. e n g c h”i. i n U. v. ). *. 3. /. < 。 11=. M 22. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(32) 3 <. x2. b. F=15.68, p. M < 0.00. M. =. M. b. 5< 5. 立. ‧ 國. ‧ F. n. al. er. =. io. 6. i. y. i. sit. Nat. F. 政治大. 學. b. 6=. C”h. engchi. i n U. v. 5. 23. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(33) M <. =. 7. 政治大. ”. 立. ). *. ‧ 國. ‧ y. sit. n. al. er. io <. /. 學. Nat /. =. 3. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. M. b. =. 9. b. F. i. F. i. /. 24. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(34) ”. ). 2.. *. 3. M b. b <. ‧ 國. 學. x2. b. <. < i <. <. i. <. <. nx. er. al. <. sit. <. y. Analysis of Covariance,. n. x2. <. ‧. <. io. 3. =. 3. Nat. ANCOVA. <. 政治大. 立. f. /. Ch. e n gMc h i. i n U. v. =. M=7.00 M=5.76. F(1,119)=17.43, p < 0.00 =. 11. b. F. i. F. i. / 25. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(35) 12. ”. ). 3 x2. 立. <. 政治大 <. ‧ 國. io. n. Ch. y. sit. S M=4.19. M=2.48; ·. er. b. =. ANCOVA =. ‧. Nat. p = 0.01. <. u. M=3.59. al. b. < i <. 學. M. /. <. F(2,119)=4.561, p=0.01. p = 0.05 ;. 3. *. S. engchi U. M=2.82;. v ni. 13. b. F. i. F. i. /. 26. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(36) 14. ”. ). *. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 0.63 p < 0.01. i. 3. = x2. b. < i <. /. 政治大. 立. <. 3. <. < <. < i <. nx. f =. <. 3. x2 M. 27. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(37) M=6.08 M=5.29. F(1,119)=18.33, p = 0.00 =. 15. b. F. i. F. /. 立. 16. i. 政治大 ”. *. 3. /. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. ). n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. i n U. e<n g c h i. v. D Cronbach’s α. 0.90. i. =. 3. <. x2. b. < <. < i < <. < < i <. < 3. nx x2. = 17<. M. 18=. 28. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(38) 17. b. 政治大” ). 18. 立. *. ‧ 國. ‧ y. sit. n. al. er. io. ·. 19. Ch. C. = 20. /. 學. Nat. 3.. 3. engchi. =. i n U. v. F F. C. t. =. 29. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(39) 19. C. 政治大. /. = F. ‧. E =. /. 學. ‧ 國. 立. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 20. /. /. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. =. E. F =. C B. KMO. o. p<0.00 = F. 0.88 Bartlett. FC. b. C. Cronbach’s α. 0.78. = 30. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(40) 21. FC. o. o. b <. 立 <. 政治大. b. < i <. <. p = 0.13. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 F(2,62)=2.10. M. F(2,62)=2.62 p = 0.08. p = 0.04. n. al. 23. Ch. er. io E. ·. sit. M=6.25. y. Nat. M=5.11. b. =. engchi. i n U. v. q. b. q =F p<0.05=. 3.77 i. 2.33. 31. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(41) 24 ”. ). [<. b. 政治大 b t. b b =. 立. ‧ 國. 學 b. b. ‧. b b. Nat. al. u. n. =. b. Ch. =. engchi. sit. io b. S. b b. b. er. =. y. S. b. i n U. v. b b = E b. b. =. 32. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(42) B<. b a. D. <. b. b. b =. b. a. <. b. B b. b. ·. =. 政治大. <. 立. b. y. er. n. al. 24 b=. sit. 7b. <. io. 3.. <. =. Nat. 31. a. ‧. 2.. 。. 學. ‧ 國. 1.. Ch. e n g=c h i. i n UD. v. a. <. 6. b ·. A =. 7. 1. 7. a = 8=. D 4. D 7. D i. 4. 25=. 33. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(43) 25. D. a. a 《. 2/. b M. b. D<. 1.. 立. 政治大 <. 53. a. 學. ‧ 國. 3. <. =. =. sit er. al. n. a. io. 3:. y. Nat. 2.. b. ‧. ·. b. b. C= h. n U engchi. iv. u a. b =. 4. b. b. S. b. =. b b. =. b. b = 5. b. =. b. 34. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(44) b = 3. 60 1b. 3b. 56 b. b. 18 b. ·. 38 b=. 4.. B=. 立. 9. ‧ 國. 學. n. D 政 B治大=. B=. io. sit. y. Nat. al. n. B=. er. 。. ‧. 5.. 。. Ch. engchi. 2008. i n U. v. < α=0.61. 6. 1. 6. 。. n. = 。. = 。 a. <. b. D 9. D. 35. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(45) q. i. 10=. F. 6.. B F. J B. =. D. B. <. b q= 。. n = 9. B =. Bo. 立. n. q. 政。治大 ·. 。 = =. 1.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. <. 。. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat <. b. D 27=. F. Ch. i n U. v. e n g(F(2,53)=1.53, chi p = 0.23). t. 26<. M=4.86. 4 (t=5.23, p < 0.00, d=0.99) = 26. b. 36. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(46) 27. ). *. <. 3. /. b <. 。 7=. 立. ‧ 國. ‧. =. y. M=2.72. n. al. M=4.11. Ch. engchi. ps < 0.05. er. io 28. D. sit. M=4.68. b. <. F(2,53)=6.45, p=0.00. Nat. F. 學. b. 政 D 治大F. i n U. v. b. F. /. 37. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(47) 29. ). *. M=2.23. b M=2.90. 立. M=3.06 p < 0.01 = 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. b. sit. y. Nat. /. io. n. al. er. F. Ch. engchi. i n U. ). v. ”. *. 3. /. F(2,56)=5.23, p = .01. M. M=2.10. /. F(2,56)=10.12, p < 0.00. M. b. 3. M=2.81 M=2.18; p < 0.05 =. 38. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(48) b. F. /. 立. ). *. ‧ 國. y. sit er. a9l. n. <. b. B. 《. spa<. M. Ch. engchi. i n U. <. v. = <. KMO. o. 0.61. Bartlett. 《. 9a spa: 9 r = 0.44. : 9M. : r = 0.42. a. :. 34. p < 0.00. =. 9. <. b. 0.50. 9. B. b< D. 9. /. ‧. io D. 3. 學. M. a. ”. Nat. 2.. 政治大. b b:<9. : Cronbach’s. :D 39. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(49) α = 0.83 =. 34. o 34. o. o a 《. 2/. M. b. 35. ‧ 國. M. 2/. b. 8 《 2/. ‧. a. 立. 學. a. 《. 35 政治大. 8. n. al. Ch. er. io. M. sit. y. Nat. 8 8. engchi. i n U. v. 8. b. 8 8. 3 x3. b. a. MANOVA =. <. <. < <. b. ·. <. 40. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(50) <. <. 3. nx = u. <. x3. M. M M=6.36. a M=5.89. p = .09 =. p = .10. M. b M=6.37. a M=5.19. D. u. p = .04 =. F. D. =. D. D = D. 立. b. a. Nat. /. io. n. al. sit. i. er. F. ”. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. b. 政治大. Ch. e n g) c h i. i n U. v. 3. /. /. a. a. 41. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(51) <. b <. <. <. <. <. <. a. nx =. F(2,56)=1.01, p = 0.37 =. M 38. a. b. 立. 39 a. 政治大 ” ). *. ‧ 國. ‧ y. sit. n. a lb Ch <. er. io. b. <. /. 學. Nat. b. 3. <. <. e< ngchi <. i n U. v. <. b. nx =. M. F(2,56)=.17,. p = .84 = 40. b. b. 42. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(52) 41. b. ”. ). 3. *. /. A B <. b <. 立. <. nx. 學. F(2,56)=1.54, p = .23 =. M. b. ‧. M=5.05. M=5.83. < <. =. ‧ 國. <. 政治大. <. = F. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat 42. b. Ch. engchi. 43. i n U. v. ”. ). 3. /. A B <. b. 43. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(53) <. <. <. <. <. <. B nx. = F(2,56)=4.22, p = 0.02. M. b M=4.26. M=5.61 p = 0.03. M=5.95. p = .01 = 44. F. 立. 政治大. F. y. ‧. /. Nat. io. sit. ”. ). n. al. 3. Ch. engchi. i n U. M. v. bA B <. b <. <. <. <. <. <. M. b. nx M b. /. er. 45. 學. ‧ 國. b. B =. F(2,56)=1.52, p = .23 M=6.26 M M=7.11. u b. S p = .10 =. 44. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(54) 46. M. b. b. 47 M. b. ”. ). 政治大. 學. ‧ 國. 立. b<. io. n F(2,56)=3.19, p=.05. Ch. <. <. <. i n U. =. engchi. y. <. sit. Nat. al. /. D. ‧. <. er. M. 3. v. < nx M. b. M=5.19. M=6.19 M=6.30. p < 0.05 =. 48. b. F. /. i. 45. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(55) 49. ”. ). *. B. e. b. 政治大. 立. E. = B. =. ‧. al. β= .14, p = .40. n. e. 。. Ch. E. e= ngchi. e. i n U e. v. b. b. 。. e= 1. b e. sit. 。. er. io. β= -.35, p = .03. β=. y. D. Nat. -.03, p = .84. 0. B. β= -.33, p = .04. β= .17, p = .31. e 1. b e. =. 學. ‧ 國. e. e. =. 0 β= -.38, p = .02. B β= .52, p = .00. D. β= -.03, p = .84 β= -.31, p = .10. 。 =-.70 , p = .49 = e. Sobel test. e. β. z = -.69, p = .49. = 46. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(56) S. e. =. B 1. b e. e. =. 0 β=. B β= .39, p = .02. -.33, p = .04. β= -.24, p = .08. D. β= -.32, p = .07. 。 β=-.02 , p = .49 = z = -.14, p = .89. Sobel test e. e. =. e. b 0 政治 β= -.38,大 p = .02. 1 B. D. β= -.24, p = .08. y. sit. io. E. S. e. n. al. Ch. b. er. =. β= -.24, p = .17 =. z = -1.27, p = 0.20. e. Nat. e. β= -.27, p = .12. 。. ‧. Sobel test. =. 學. ‧ 國. 立β= .45, p = .01. e. e n g=c h i. i n U. v. [<. b 。. B. b. E. bt. b. =. D. a. b. =u b. D E. =. 47. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(57) b E. 立. =. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 48. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(58) [ b b. J. x. =. B. b b. b. ·. =. b a. b <. b. b. D B. 政治 b大. ‧ y. J. Yen, & Cheng, 2010. sit. 2004. J. n. al. S. b b. Ch. b. b. er. io. b. b. M. b. Nat. =. B. b. 學. ‧ 國. = 立. B. b. i n U. e< ngchi J b. v. B. = M. E. = b b. B. b. S Greenberg et.al,1990. Yen, & Cheng, 2010 =. b 49. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(59) S b. b E. b. = =. 。. b. J. E. =. b. St b. b. ‧ 國. ‧. J J. n. al. b. sit. =. b. y. b. io. S. 2008 =. =. Nat. b. d. 學. b. =. 政治大. 立. b. b. u. er. f. =. v. Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Solomon, Simon, & Breus, 1994 = b. b. i n Cbh e n g c h ibU b. b. =. b. b <. B. < b. 2015 =2009. b. Hui. Fung. b. u. b. E. = b. =. 50. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(60) b. b. b. b. b. b. b. u. = t. b. b b. b. A. b. 、 2017 b. b. <. =. =. ‧. ‧ 國. E. 學. b. 立. S. A. 政治大. n. u. x. Ch. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. i n U. b. engchi. v. i. b b =. E. bS b. = =. Lykins, Segerstrom, Averill, Evans. Kemeny b. 2007 = 2004. 2001. 911 B. 51. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(61) b. < J. =. F. 。. B. D. 。. = S. A. b. A. =. 。. <. < B. 。. S. ·. [. <. =. io. n. al. sit. ·. =. y. ‧. Nat. F. =. 49. er. [. N. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 治 x 政 =2016 大 7x7. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. n u. 。. F. B 2015 =2004. < Samboceti. f. Cozzolino. Staples. Meyers. A death reflection b. b =. B. B. 52. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(62) 20. 9. ……” A mortality salience. A A ·. b. F. A b. b. F. =S b. x. b. b. b. b S. b. J. 立. 。. b. b. ‧ 國. =S. b 。. < E. =. b. B=. n. al. u b. M C h. D. J. engchi. i b n U. t. b. <. S. er. io. sit. Nat. M. ‧. b. E. t. 學. M. =. 政治大. y. 。. =. bJ. = J. b. v. D. B. A. b. =. b E b. B. b. x. =. 53. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(63) i. b. J. b. N. 立. 學. ‧ 國. x. 政治大. b. H. ‧. b. b. y. Nat. io. i. al. n b. ?. sit. b. er. x. Ch. engchi. 9. bi n U. vb. :. b. b. p. 54. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(64) ?. =. b. b. b. b. B. ?. b. =. y. sit. n. al. =. b. er. io. b. o ?. Nat. ─. 立. i. ‧. b. b b 政治大 ?. 學. 。. ‧ 國. y. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 」 B H. b. b. 55. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

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(66) Greenberg, J., Simon, L., Harmon-Jones, E., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1995). Testing alternative explanations for mortality salience effects: Terror management, value accessibility, or worrisome thoughts?. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(4), 417-433. Heine, S. J., Harihara, M., & Niiya, Y. (2002). Terror management in Japan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(3), 187-196. Hui, C. H., Chan, S. W., Lau, E. Y., Cheung, S. F., & Mok, D. S. Y. (2014). The role of religion in moderating the impact of life events on material life goals: Some evidence in support of terror management theory. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(1), 52-61. Hui, V. K. Y., & Fung, H. H. (2008). Mortality anxiety as a function of intrinsic. 治政大in a Predominantly Muslim Kökdemir, D., & Yeniçeri, Z. (2010). Terror Management 立 Country. European Psychologist. religiosity and perceived purpose in life. Death Studies, 33(1), 30-50.. ‧ 國. 學. Lambert, A. J., Eadeh, F. R., Peak, S. A., Scherer, L. D., Schott, J. P., & Slochower, J. M. (2014). Toward a greater understanding of the emotional dynamics of the. ‧. mortality salience manipulation: Revisiting the “affect-free” claim of terror management research. Journal of personality and social psychology, 106(5),. sit. y. Nat. 655.. er. io. Lykins, E. L., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., & Kemeny, M. E. (2007). Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1088-1099.. engchi. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), 224. Martin, I. M., & Kamins, M. A. (2010). An application of terror management theory in the design of social and health-related anti-smoking appeals. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 9(3), 172-190. Ma-Kellams, C., & Blascovich, J. (2012). Enjoying life in the face of death: East– West differences in responses to mortality salience. Journal of personality and social psychology, 103(5), 773. Paudel, R. (2016). Mortality salience and product evaluation: role of self versus loved ones. Editorial review board members, 20(3), 100.. 57. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(67) Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: an extension of terror management theory. Psychological review, 106(4), 835. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(4), 681. Tam, K. P., Chiu, C., & Lau, I. Y. (2007). Terror management among Chinese: Worldview defence and intergroup bias in resource allocation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 93-102. Wakimoto, R. (2006). Mortality salience effects on modesty and relative self-. 政治大 Wang, Y. (2014). The Divergent Effects of Mortality Salience of Self versus 立 Mortality Salience of a Loved One on Materialistic Consumption. Journal of Research for Consumers, 26, 106-130.. 學. ‧ 國. effacement. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 176-183.. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063.. Nat. y. ‧. measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of. sit. Yen, C. L., & Cheng, C. P. (2010). Terror management among Taiwanese:. er. io. Worldview defence or resigning to fate? Asian Journal of Social. al. Psychology, 13(3), 185-194.. n. v i n Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, basis of cultural influence on C hS. (2007). Neural U i e h n c g1310-1316. self-representation. Neuroimage, 34(3), Zhou, X., Lei, Q., Marley, S. C., & Chen, J. (2009). Existential function of babies: Babies as a buffer of death-related anxiety. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(1), 40-46.. 58. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(68) 1 b. B. B. x. B g. 9. =F =. b. B. =. b b b b. S. =. b =:. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. C. b hBe n g c h i. B b. b. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 9. S. b b. bS S B. i n U. v. bt. c. =B c. b. B. = bB. b. b =. b. ·. = i. =:. 59. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(69) b. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 60. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(70) b. x. B. g. 9 b. ·. =. b B. bt. B. bS. b. =F. c. S B. =B c. b. B. =. = bB. i. =:. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. b b. al. b. b. n. =. =. S. er. io. b b. B. sit. b. y. ‧. Nat. 9. b. Ch. b. b. e=n g c h i. i n U. v. S b =:. b. 61. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(71) 2. i. 。. 5 3. 5. 2. 7 b,. b. EF=. =. ,. B. =. 政治大 =. 立. c. =. y =. n. al. sit. E. er. io. b. ‧. =. Nat. B. 學. ‧ 國. bB. Ch. e n=g c h i. i n U. v. =. F,. o. bM. =. B. =. =. 62. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(72) ,. ,S. =. b. =. ,. S. b. B. o. 立. =. =. 政治大 b. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. =. io. n. a=l. sit. B. y. ‧. =. c. er. i. ,. 」. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. =. =. B. =. 63. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(73) 3. B. 4 7. 6 5. 1. F =. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 sit. y. Nat. io. n. al. er. =. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1<2 =. 64. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(74) 1<2 =. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 65. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(75) 4 7. FB. 7. 6. 5. 1. f. b F. E. /. b. 立. =. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 E. y. Nat. n. al. =. er. io. sit. /. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2<3 =. 66. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(76) 2<3. b. =. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 67. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(77) 4 7. 5. 7. 1. F. 立. =. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. =. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1<2 =. 68. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(78) 1<2 =. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 69. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(79) 4. n. 。. 5. 2. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 70. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(80) 5. 3. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi U. v i n. 71. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(81) 6. 6. B. 6F 9. 6. B. A. i S. :. 6F. B 6. 6. A. F. :. A:6. F. 6. : B. 立. 政治大 :. ‧ 國. g. 學. :. g. ‧. :. N. 6. :. :. _. :. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U6. v. B :. A A. :. :. g :. :. g 72. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(82) :. :. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 73. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(83) 7 g. 9 S. ( (. 7 dS 9 6. S. S. S f6. (. (. (. (. ( (. S. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 74. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(84) S. S 42( ( S. )0( 51 (. 立. 治政 ,3 ( 大. ‧ 國. 學. 4 (. ‧. 0 (. (. n. Ch. e( ngchi. y. sit. io. al. .. er. Nat. 51 (. i n U. v. ( ( (. 75. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(85) S 9. f. 6. S. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 76. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(86) 8 9. 8. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. spa. io. sit. y. Nat. M. al. n. M. D. 政治大. er. 6. D. 9. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 8. 8. E. 77. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

(87) t. M M. 9. 學 ‧. t. 8. ‧ 國. 7. 立. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. M M. 78. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.PSY.010.2018.C01.

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