Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Isoquinolinyl Indazolate
Ligands: Synthetic Reaction Pathway and Photophysical Properties
Sheng-Yuan Chang, Jakka Kavitha, Jui-Yi Hung, and Yun Chi*
Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua UniVersity, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Yi-Ming Cheng, Elise Y. Li, Pi-Tai Chou,* and Gene-Hsiang Lee
Department of Chemistry and Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan UniVersity, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Arthur J. Carty*
Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada Received May 7, 2007
New Pt(II) dichloride complexes [Pt(1-iqdzH)Cl2] (2a) and [Pt(3-iqdzH)Cl2] (2b), in which idqzH)1- or 3-isoquinolinyl indazole, were prepared by treatment of the corresponding indazoles with K2PtCl4in aqueous HCl solution. Despite their nonemissive nature, these complexes could react with excess indazole, sodium picolinate, and 3-trifluoromethyl-5-(2-pyridyl) pyrazole [(fppz)H] to afford the respective a and b series of luminescent complexes [Pt(1-iqdz)(L∧X)] and [Pt(3-iqdz)(L∧X)], where L∧X)1-iqdz (1a), 3-iqdz (1b), pic (3a, 3b), and fppz (4a, 4b). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1b, 2a, and 3b revealed a planar molecular geometry without notable intermolecular Pt‚‚‚Pt contact in the solid crystal, a result of the steric repulsion imposed by the bulky indazole fragments. For coordination complexes 1, 3, and 4, photoluminescence in degassed CH2Cl2revealed high quantum efficiency and short radiative lifetimes in the range of several microseconds. As supported by the spectral feature, the associated radiation lifetimes, and a computational approach based on time-dependent density function theory (TD-DFT), the origin of the emission is attributed to a mixed3MLCT/3ππtransition. The TD-DFT approach further confirmed that, except for the series 1 complexes, the HOMO of 3-iqdz complexes 3b and 4b is much less located at the central Pt(II) atom than the HOMO orbitals of the respective 1-iqdz complexes 3a and 4a, leading to a smaller degree of MLCT contribution. Consequently, there are a blue-shifted emission signal and an inferior emission quantum yield for the 3-iqdz derivatives. OLED devices with a multilayer configuration of ITO/NPB/CBP:3a/BCP/Alq3/LiF/Al were fabricated using a CBP layer doped with various concentrations of 3a, ranging from 6% to 100%, within the emitting layer. The best device performance was realized using a 6% doping concentration, for which the external quantum yield of 4.93%, luminous efficiency of 12.19 cd/A, and power efficiency of 6.12 lm W-1 were observed at 20 mA/cm2, while a maximum luminescence as high as 20296 cd/m2was also realized at 16 V, showing good prospect for the fabrication of Pt(II) based OLEDs.
The third-row transition metal complexes have been extensively utilized for the fabrication of various types of phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).1The
imposed strong spin-orbit coupling, which is made possible
by introduction of a heavy transition metal element into the skeleton of the complexes, effectively breaks down the spin conservation rule, facilitating a change in multiplicity and
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ychi@ mx.nthu.edu.tw (Y.C.); [email protected] (P.-T.C.); [email protected] (A.J.C.). Fax: +886 3 572 0864 (Y.C.); +886 2 2369 5208 (P.-T.C); +1 613 953 7592 (A.J.C.).
(1) (a) Holder, E.; Langeveld, B. M. W.; Schubert, U. S. AdV. Mater 2005, 17, 1109. (b) Yersin, H. Top. Curr. Chem. 2004, 241, 1. (c) Welter, S.; Brunner, K.; Hofstraat, J. W.; De Cola, L. Nature 2003, 421, 54. (d) Sun, Y.; Giebink, N. C.; Kanno, H.; Ma, B.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. Nature 2006, 440, 908. (e) Chou, P. T.; Chi, Y. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 3319.
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the subsequent radiative transition from the triplet state to the ground state.2As a result, research activities regarding
OLEDs are gradually shifting from traditional fluorescent dyes to the heavy transition-metal-based phosphorescent emitters, particularly to those possessing good thermal and electrochemical stability and superior luminescent quantum efficiency upon excitation.3
As for the core metal ion, Pt(II) centered complexes are selected as the subject materials for generation of high efficiency phosphorescence; however, due to their planar molecular geometry, significant intermolecular interactions are frequently observed in both fluid and solid states,4
resulting in difficulties in assessing their fundamental pho-tophysical properties and strategy for potential applications. It is thus apparent that more active synthetic and theoretical endeavors should be put forth for understanding and improv-ing their luminescence behaviors. As for the strategic design of ligands, recently, various homoleptic and heteroleptic cyclometalated, heavy transition-metal complexes possessing 2-aryl substituted pyridine ligands have been intensively studied.5The results indicate a good correlation among their
basic metal-ligand bonding characteristics, the excited-state properties, and the accompanying molecular architectures. The strong ligand-field influence of the cyclometalated ligands, in combination with the effective metal-to-ligand back π-bonding, renders the anticipated high efficiency phosphorescence. As a result, various ligand designs have been applied to the Pt(II) metal complexes in attempts to tune their excited-state properties such as electron and charge transport character, emission energy gap, lifetime, and quantum yield, etc.6Moreover, such active pursuits have led
to the successful fabrication of white-emitting OLEDs using Pt(II) phosphorescent dopant in a single emissive layer.7
In a relevant approach, in order to explore the possible applications in fabrication of OLEDs, we have prepared several Pt(II)-based complexes with generalized formulas of [Pt(N∧N)2], in which N∧N represents the N-donor ligands
derived from 2-pyridyl azolate and its derivatives.8 Three
representative structural drawings are depicted in Chart 1, for which the accompanying studies have unraveled their molecular structure and stacking in the solid state, as well as the nature of the excited states that gave the highly efficient phosphorescence at room temperature. In this paper, we wish to present comprehensive studies on previously documented reactions involving a kind of pyridyl azole derivatives (denoted as N∧NH) and K2PtCl4. Special attention
is paid to several distinctive issues such as theoretical interpretation, possible synthetic pathways, and methods to broaden reactivity patterns using the newly isolated reaction intermediates. As for the practical approaches, one new complex [Pt(1-iqdz)(pic)] (3a) is demonstrated to show its capabilities in exhibiting decent electroluminescent proper-ties.
Experimental Section
General Procedures. All reactions were performed under nitrogen atmosphere. Solvents were distilled from appropriate drying agents prior to use. Commercially available reagents were used
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Chart 1
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without further purification unless otherwise stated. All reactions were monitored by precoated TLC plates (0.20 mm with fluorescent indicator UV254). Flash column chromatography was carried out using silica gel (∼230-400 mesh). The indazole chelates, 1-iqdzH and 3-iqdzH, were prepared using Claisen condensation, in which (1R)-(+)-camphor was reacted with ethyl 1-isoquinolinecarboxylate (or ethyl 3-isoquinolinecarboxylate) in refluxing THF solution, followed by treatment of the diketone intermediates with excess of hydrazine monohydrate and two drops of conc HCl in refluxing ethanol.9 Mass spectra were obtained on a JEOL SX-102A instrument operating in electron impact (EI) or fast atom bombard-ment (FAB) mode.1H and13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Mercury-400 or a Varian INOVA-500 instrument; chemical shifts are quoted with respect to the internal standard tetramethylsilane for1H and13C NMR data. Elemental analysis was carried out with a Heraeus CHN-O rapid elementary analyzer.
Spectroscopic and Dynamic Measurements. Steady-state ab-sorption and emission spectra were recorded on a Hitachi (U-3310) spectrophotometer and an Edinburgh (FS920) fluorimeter, respec-tively. Both wavelength-dependent excitation and emission response of the fluorimeter were calibrated. A configuration of front-face excitation was used to measure the emission of the solid sample, in which the cell was made by assembling two edge-polished quartz plates with various Teflon spacers. A combination of appropriate filters was used to avoid interference from the scattering light. Lifetime studies were performed by an Edinburgh FL 900 photon-counting system with a hydrogen-filled or a nitrogen lamp as the excitation source. Data were analyzed using a nonlinear least-squares procedure in combination with an iterative convolution method. The emission decays were analyzed by the sum of exponential functions, which allows partial removal of the instru-ment time broadening and consequently renders a temporal resolu-tion of∼200 ps.
To determine the photoluminescence quantum yield in solution, samples were degassed by three freeze-pump-thaw cycles under vigorous stirring conditions. 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM,λem) 615 nm, Exci-ton, Inc.) in methanol was used as a reference, assuming a quantum yield of 0.43 with a 430 nm excitation.10An integrating sphere (Labsphere) was applied to measure the quantum yield in the solid state, in which the solid sample film was prepared via either spin coating or vapor deposition methods and was excited by argon ion laser line. The resulting luminescence was led to an intensified charge-coupled detector for subsequent quantum yield analyses. To obtain the PL quantum yield in solid state, the emission was collected via integrating sphere, and the quantum yield was calculated according to a reported method.11
Synthesis of [Pt(1-iqdz)2] (1a). Method A. This compound was
first prepared from a 1:2 mixture of K2PtCl4and 1-iqdzH, for which the procedure has been described in our previous publication.8a
Method B. A solution of [Pt(1-iqdzH)Cl2] (50 mg, 0.09 mmol) and 1-iqdzH (29 mg, 0.10 mmol) in 2-methoxyethanol was heated to 100°C for 16 h. After that, the mixture was cooled to RT, and an excess of water was added. The precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum. The material was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate and hexane ) 1:1) and recrystallization from CH2Cl2 and hexane; yield: 44 mg and 62%.
Spectral data of 1a follow: MS (FAB), m/z 800, M+.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2, 294 K): δ 10.93 (d, J ) 6.4 Hz, 2H), 8.86 (d, JHH) 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.94 (d, JHH) 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (dd, JHH) 8.2, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (dd, JHH) 7.8, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, JHH) 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (d, JHH) 2.8 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.02 (m, 2H),∼1.58-1.47 (m, 4H), 1.52 (s, 6H), 1.09 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CD 2Cl2, 294 K): δ 164.8 (2C), 156.5 (2C), 144.2 (2C), 142.1 (2C), 136.9 (2C), 132.1 (2C), 128.2 (2C), 127.8 (2C), 127.6 (2C), 126.9 (2C), 123.8 (2C), 118.4 (2C), 60.8 (2C), 52.8 (2C), 50.7 (2C), 34.1 (2C), 27.9 (2C), 20.5 (2C), 19.4 (2C), 10.9 (2C). Anal. Calcd for C40H40N6Pt: C, 60.06; H, 5.04; N, 10.51. Found: C, 60.52; H, 5.29; N, 10.58.
Synthesis of [Pt(3-iqdz)2] (1b). A solution of K2PtCl4(100 mg, 0.24 mmol) and 3-iqdzH (160 mg, 0.53 mmol) in a mixture of 2-methoxyethanol (15 mL) and water (5 mL) was heated at 80 °C for about 16 h. After the solution was cooled to RT, the precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum to give yellow [Pt(3-iqdz)2] (1b, 100 mg, 52%). Crystals of 1b suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane at room temperature.
Spectra data of 1b follow: MS (FAB), m/z 801, (M + 1)+.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 294 K): δ 11.78 (s, 2H), 8.16 (d, JHH) 8.1 Hz, 2H),∼7.81-7.73 (m, 6H), 7.55 (ddd, JHH) 8.1, 6.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (d, JHH) 3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 6H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 2H), 1.03 (s, 6H), 0.85 (s, 6H).13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl 3): δ 168.9 (2C), 157.3 (2C), 148.3 (2C), 142.2 (2C), 136.7 (2C), 132.9 (2C), 129.7 (2C),126.9 (2C) ,126.4 (2C), 126.1 (2C), 124.2 (2C), 113.4 (2C), 61.7 (2C), 50.7 (2C), 48.0 (2C), 34.0 (2C), 27.9 (2C), 20.9 (2C), 19.8 (2C), 11.2 (2C). Anal. Calcd for C40H40N6Pt: C, 60.06; H, 5.04; N, 10.51. Found: C, 59.88; H, 5.23; N, 10.56.
Preparation of [Pt(1-iqdzH)Cl2] and [Pt(3-iqdzH)Cl2]. A
solution of K2PtCl4 (200 mg, 0.48 mmol) and 1-iqdzH (146 mg, 0.48 mmol) in H2O (15 mL) and 1 mL of HCl solution (4 M) was heated to reflux for about 2 h. After cooling the solution to RT, the precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum. This mixture was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate and hexane ) 2:1) and recrystallized from CH2Cl2and hexane to give orange [Pt(1-iqdzH)-Cl2] (2a, 171 mg, 63%) and red [Pt(1-iqdz)2] (1a, 5 mg, 1%). The derivatives [Pt(3-iqdzH)Cl2] (2b) and [Pt(3-iqdz)2] (1b) were prepared in 69% and 1% yield using similar experimental proce-dures.
Spectral data of 2a follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 569 (M)+.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 298 K): δ 11.85 (s, 1H), 9.36 (d, JHH) 6.8 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (d, JHH) 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, JHH) 3.6 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (m, 1H), 7.64 (d, JHH) 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, JHH) 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.03 (ddd, JHH) 12.3, 9.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (td, JHH) 10.7, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 0.84 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C20H21Cl2N3Pt: C, 42.19; H, 3.72; N, 7.38. Found: C, 42.02; H, 4.03; N, 7.50.
(9) The synthetic methodology is somewhat related to those reported for the analogous (2-pyridyl) pyrazole ligands; see: (a) Wu, P. C.; Yu, J. K.; Song, Y. H.; Chi, Y.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4938. (b) Cheng, C. C.; Yu, W. S.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H.; Wu, P. C.; Song, Y. H.; Chi, Y. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2628.
(10) Drake, J. M.; Lesiecki, M. L.; Camaioni, D. M. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 113, 530.
(11) de Mello, J. C.; Wittmann, H. F.; Friend, R. H. AdV. Mater. 1997, 9, 230.
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Spectral data of 2b follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 570 (M + 1)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 298 K): δ 11.36 (br, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, JHH) 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, JHH) 9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (m, 1H), 3.29 (d, JHH) 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.97 (ddd, JHH) 12.7, 9.1, 3.7, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H), 1.24 (m, 1H), 1.03 (s, 3H), 0.84 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C20H21Cl2N3Pt: C, 42.19; H, 3.72; N, 7.38. Found: C, 42.20; H, 3.96; N, 7.52.
Synthesis of [Pt(1-iqdz)(pic)] and [Pt(3-iqdz)(pic)]. A solution of [Pt(1-iqdzH)Cl2] (100 mg, 0.18 mmol), picolinic acid (54 mg, 0.44 mmol), and Na2CO3(186 mg, 1.75 mmol) in 2-methoxyethanol (30 mL) was heated at 100°C for 16 h. An excess of water was added after the solution was cooled to room temperature. The precipitate was filtered and dried under vacuum. Finally, this mixture was further purified by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate and hexane ) 1:1) and recrystallized from CH2Cl2 and hexane to give orange [Pt(1-iqdz)(pic)] (3a, 41 mg, 38%) and red [Pt(1-iqdz)2] (1a, 8 mg, 6%). The derivatives [Pt(3-iqdz)(pic)] (3b) and [Pt(3-iqdz)2] (1b) can be obtained in 44% and 4% yield under similar conditions. Single crystals of 3b were obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane at room temperature.
Spectral data of 3a follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 620 (M + 1)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 298 K): δ 10.50 (d, JHH) 6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (m, 2H), 8.12 (dd, JHH) 8.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, JHH ) 7.6 Hz 1H), 7.85 (d, JHH) 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, JHH) 7.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (dd, JHH) 7.4, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, JHH) 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (d, JHH) 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.02 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C26H24N4O2Pt: C, 50.40; H, 3.90; N, 9.04. Found: C, 49.90; H, 4.09; N, 8.75.
Spectral data of 3b follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 620 (M + 1)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3, 298 K): δ 10.51 (d, JHH) 5.6 Hz, 1H), 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.13 (dd, JHH) 8.0, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.81 (m, 3H), 7.73 (dd, JHH) 7.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, JHH) 8.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.13 (d, JHH) 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.37 (m, 1H), 1.24 (m, 1H), 1.00 (s, 3H), 0.80 (s, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C26H24N4O2Pt: C, 50.40; H, 3.90; N, 9.04. Found: C, 49.95; H, 4.07; N, 8.96.
Synthesis of [Pt(1-iqdz)(fppz)] and [Pt(3-iqdz)(fppz)]. A solution of [Pt(1-iqdzH)Cl2] (200 mg, 0.35 mmol) and (fppz)H (187 mg, 0.88 mmol) in ethanol was refluxed for 16 h. After this period, the reaction mixture was cooled and the solvent removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel column chroma-tography (ethyl acetate and hexane ) 1:2), giving 6 mg of 1a (2%), 4 mg of [Pt(fppz)2] (2%), and 105 mg of [Pt(1-iqdz)(fppz)] (4a, 42%). Crystalline samples of 4a were crystallized from ethyl acetate solution at room temperature. The 3-iqdz derivatives [Pt(3-iqdz)-(fppz)] (4b) and [Pt(3-iqdz)2] (1b), together with the disubstituted complex [Pt(fppz)2], were obtained in 39%, 3%, and 2% according to similar procedures.
Spectral data of 4a follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 710 (M + 1)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, d 6-acetone, 298 K): δ 11.04 (d, JHH) 5.6 Hz, 1H), 10.46 (d, JHH) 6.8 Hz, 1H), 8.85 (d, JHH) 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (dd, JHH) 7.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (m, 2H), 7.95 (dd, JHH) 8.9, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (dd, JHH) 8.9, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, JHH) 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, JHH ) 7.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (s, 1H), 3.49 (d, JHH ) 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 1.99 (m, 1H) 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.06 (s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 3H).19F (470 MHz,
d6-acetone, 298 K): δ -61.12 (s, CF3). Anal. Calcd for C29H25F3N6 -Pt: C, 49.08; H, 3.55; N, 11.84. Found: C, 48.97; H, 3.75; N, 11.61.
Figure 1. ORTEP diagram of 1b with thermal ellipsoids shown at 50% probability level; selected bond lengths (Å) follow: Pt-N(1) ) 2.105(6), Pt-N(2) ) 2.000(7), Pt-N(4) ) 1.998(4), and Pt-N(5) ) 1.968(6).
Table 1. Crystal Data and Structure Refinement Parameters for Complexes 1b, 2a, and 3b
1b 2a 3b
empirical formula C40H40N6Pt C20H21Cl2N3Pt C26H24N4O2Pt
fw 799.87 569.39 619.58
T 295(2) K 150(1) K 150(1) K
cryst syst orthorhombic triclinic monoclinic
space group P212121 P1h P21 a 7.0868(3) Å 8.1514(1) Å 10.4558(1) Å b 16.9811(8) Å 10.0314(2) Å 19.5010(2) Å c 30.3358(15) Å 12.0138(2) Å 10.8625(1) Å R 81.8893(9)° β 85.7748(11)° 96.9912(8)° γ 83.3597(10) V, Z 3650.7(3) Å3, 4 964.37(3) Å3, 2 2198.38(4) Å3, 4 density (calcd) 1.455 Mg/m3 1.961 Mg/m3 1.872 Mg/m3 abs coeff 3.879 mm-1 7.561 mm-1 6.415 mm-1 F(000) 1600 548 1208 cryst size (mm3) 0.25× 0.12 × 0.05 0.25× 0.14 × 0.10 0.25× 0.20 × 0.18 reflns collected 43030 15484 19249
indep reflns 8374 [R(int) ) 0.0452] 4410 [R(int) ) 0.0586] 8843 [R(int) ) 0.0369]
max and min transmission 0.8297 and 0.4439 0.488 and 0.243 0.328 and 0.225
data/restraints/params 8374/0/424 4410/0/286 8843/1/602
GOF on F2 1.295 1.100 1.038
final R indices [I > 2σ(I)] R1 ) 0.0553, wR2 ) 0.1261 R1 ) 0.0288, wR2 ) 0.0647 R1 ) 0.0262, wR2 ) 0.0640 R indices (all data) R1 ) 0.0594, wR2 ) 0.1280 R1 ) 0.0356, wR2 ) 0.0670 R1 ) 0.0277, wR2 ) 0.0647 largest diff peak and hole 1.580 and -2.574 e Å-3 1.009 and -1.595 e Å-3 1.925 and -1.479 e Å-3
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Spectral data of 4b follow: MS (FAB,195Pt) m/z 710 (M + 1)+. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD 2Cl2, 298 K): δ 11.35 (s, 1H), 10.97 (dd, JHH) 6.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, JHH) 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (td, JHH ) 7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), ∼7.9-7.82 (m, 3H), 7.73 (dd, JHH) 7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (ddd, JHH) 8.1, 6.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, JHH) 7.5, 6.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 3.19 (d, JHH) 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H) 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.30 (m, 2H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 3H).19F (470 MHz, CD 2Cl2, 298 K): δ -61.14 (s, CF3). Anal. Calcd for C29H25F3N6Pt: C, 49.08; H, 3.55; N, 11.84. Found: C, 48.92; H, 3.67; N, 11.52
X-ray Structural Analysis. All single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were measured on a Bruker Smart CCD diffractometer using
λ(Mo KR) radiation (λ ) 0.71073 Å). The data collection was
executed using the SMART program. Cell refinement and data reduction were made with the SAINT program. The structure was determined using the SHELXTL/PC program and refined using full-matrix least-squares. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined aniso-tropically, whereas hydrogen atoms were placed at the calculated positions and included in the final stage of refinements with fixed parameters. The respective crystallographic refinement parameters are summarized in Table 1.
Computational Methodology. Time-dependent B3LYP calcula-tions are based on the geometry optimized structures at B3LYP level. The basis set for the geometry optimization and the excitation energy calculation are both a double-ζ quality basis set consisting
of Hay and Wadt’s quasirelativistic effective core potentials (LANL2DZ) for Pt(II) atom;12a 6-31G* basis set was employed for the H, C, N, and O atoms. Typically, the lowest triplet and singlet roots of the nonhermitian eigenvalue equations were obtained to determine the vertical excitation energies. Oscillator strengths were deduced from the dipole transition matrix elements (for singlet states only). All the calculations were performed with the Gaussian 03 package.13
Results and Discussion
Synthesis and Characterization. The bidentate nitrogen chelates 1-iqdzH and 3-iqdzH were prepared from condensa-tion of (1R)-(+)-camphor with ethyl 1-isoquinolinecarboxy-late and with ethyl 3-isoquinolinecarboxy1-isoquinolinecarboxy-late, followed by treatment with excess of hydrazine monohydrate in refluxing ethanol. Treatment of 2 equiv of these chelates with K2PtCl4
in ethanol solution gave formation of the anticipated Pt(II) complexes 1a and 1b (Chart 2). It is noted that synthesis of 1-iqdz derivative 1a was reported in our previous publication.8a
Both Pt(II) complexes were characterized using routine spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analysis. Their spectroscopic data, particularly the unique1H NMR signals
atδ 10.93 (1a) and 11.78 (1b), are in good agreement with the expected square planar, trans geometry, on which two indazole chelates were linked by a pair of interligand C-H‚
‚‚N interactions. Such a unique structural feature was
confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis on 1b. As shown in Figure 1, the nonbonding C-H‚‚‚N interactions (C(1)-H(1A)‚‚‚N(6) ) 2.193 and C(21)-H(21A)‚‚‚N(3) ) 2.224 Å) between both ligands are comparable to those observed in the analogous, octahedral coordinated Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes.14The Pt‚‚‚Pt span of∼9.185-9.257 Å versus
that of 6.857 Å for 1a showed minimal metal-metal contact in the solid state, which could be due the steric interference exerted by the indazolate fragments.8a
By adopting the synthetic protocols reported for the diimine complex [Pt(bpy)Cl2],15treatment of 1 equiv of these
indazole ligands with K2PtCl4in an aqueous HCl solution
yielded neutral, chloride-substituted complexes [Pt(1-iqdzH)-Cl2] (2a) and [Pt(3-iqdzH)Cl2] (2b) (Scheme 1). The presence
of HCl is to provide a dual function for blocking the proton dissociation from the indazole chelates and for retardation of the chloride removal from the Pt(II) reagent K2PtCl4.
These complexes impart high solubility in most common organic solvents such as acetone, THF, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3,
except water, alcohol, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their key spectral features are revealed by the observation of one sharp, downfield signal atδ 11.85 (2a) and 11.36 (2b) in the 1H
NMR spectra, which corresponds to the acidic N-H group of the coordinated indazole fragment. It was also notable that treatment of 2a and 2b with a stoichiometric amount of 1-iqdzH or 3-iqdzH gave formation of complexes 1a and 1b as expected. Such an observation unambiguously confirms the intermediacy of 2a and 2b en route to the initial formation of disubstituted complexes 1a and 1b, respectively.
To determine the salient structural features of complexes 2, such as Pt-Cl and Pt-N bond distances as well as the molecular stacking in the solid state, single-crystal X-ray analysis on 2a was undertaken, and an ORTEP drawing is (12) (a) Hay, P. J.; Wadt, R. W. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 270. (b) Wadt,
W. R.; Hay, P. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 284. (c) Hay, P. J.; Wadt, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 299.
(13) Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Montgomery, J. A., Jr.,; Vreven, T.; Kudin, K. N.; Burant, J. C.; Millam, J. M.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Cossi, M.; Scalmani, G.; Rega, N.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Klene, M.; Li, X.; Knox, J. E.; Hratchian, H. P.; Cross, J. B.; Bakken, V.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Ayala, P. Y.; Morokuma, K.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Strain, M. C.; Farkas, O.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cui, Q.; Baboul, A. G.; Clifford, S.; Cioslowski, J.; Stefanov, B. B.; Liu, G.; Liashenko, A.; Piskorz, P.; Komaromi, I.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M. A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Challacombe, M.; Gill, P. M. W.; Johnson, B.; Chen, W.; Wong, M. W.; Gonzalez, C.; Pople, J. A. Gaussian 03, revision C.02; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2004.
(14) (a) Tung, Y. L.; Wu, P. C.; Liu, C. S.; Chi, Y.; Yu, J. K.; Hu, Y. H.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H.; Tao, Y.; Carty, A. J.; Shu, C. F.; Wu, F. I. Organometallics 2004, 23, 3745. (b) Tung, Y. L.; Lee, S. W.; Chi, Y.; Chen, L. S.; Shu, C. F.; Wu, F. I.; Carty, A. J.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H. AdV. Mater. 2005, 17, 1059. (c) Tung, Y. L.; Chen, L. S.; Chi, Y.; Chou, P. T.; Cheng, Y. M.; Li, E. Y.; Lee, G. H.; Shu, C. F.; Wu, F. I.; Carty, A. J. AdV. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 1615.
(15) (a) Osborn, R. J.; Rogers, D. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1974, 1002. (b) Egan, T. J.; Koch, K. R.; Swan, P. L.; Clarkson, C.; Van Schalkwyk, D. A.; Smith, P. J. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 2926.
Chart 2
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shown in Figure 2. As expected, the Pt(II) metal element reveals a square-planar coordination geometry, and the shortest intermolecular Pt‚‚‚Pt contact is calculated to be as long as 5.388 Å, indicating the presence of negligible intermolecular interaction. Although the Pt-N distance of the isoquinoline fragment (Pt-N(1) ) 2.030(4) Å) is slightly longer than that of the indazole unit (Pt-N(2) ) 1.979(4) Å), the averaged Pt-N bond distance is still comparable to that of 1b as well as to those observed in the linear chain diimine analogue [(bpy)PtCl2] (2.040 Å),16 showing no
significant alternation of Pt-N(indazolate) distance by retaining the proton at the uncoordinated nitrogen atom N(3). It is also notable that complex 2a showed a parallel and tilted molecular stacking in the crystal lattice. The closest inter-molecular Pt‚‚‚Pt interaction is calculated to be 5.38 Å, which is again significantly longer than those (∼3.0-3.5 Å) reported for the columnar stacked Pt(II) complexes [(bpy)-PtCl2] or [Pt(diimine)2(CN)2], diimine ) bipyridine and
biisoquinoline.16
Moreover, to expand the reaction scope, we also synthe-sized the corresponding heteroleptic metal complexes [Pt-(1-iqdz)(pic)] (3a), [Pt(3-iqdz)(pic)] (3b), [Pt(1-iqdz)(fppz)] (4a), and [Pt(3-iqdz)(fppz)] (4b). These can be accomplished by conducting the ligand exchange reaction of 2a and 2b with picolinic acid or with 3-trifluoromethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-pyrazole (fppz)H as the second chelating ligand in a way similar to that for other Pt(II) diimine complexes.17 The
success of these reactions reconfirms the nature of stepwise transfer for the proposed ligand assembly around the Pt(II) center. It is also noted that simultaneous isolation of a small amount of 1a, 1b, and [Pt(fppz)2] was detected as coproducts,
giving evidence for the possible occurrence of a much labile metal-ligand bonding in the intermediates 2a and 2b.
The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis on 3b was conducted to unveil its stereoisomerism. As indicated in Figure 3, the neutral N-donor segments are located at the trans disposition, and the characteristic of slightly longer Pt-N distances (∼2.002-2.031 Å) is similar to those observed in two previous cases, namely 1b and 2a. For a comparison, the X-ray structural analyses of related cyclo-metalated Pt(II) complexes such as [Pt(ppy)2] and
[Pt-(thppy)2], thppy ) 2-(2′-thienyl) pyridine, reveal that both
pyridine fragments are oriented exclusively in a cis config-uration despite the large distortion from the square planar geometry, i.e., a propeller type of ligand arrangement.18The
result can be rationalized by the exceedingly strong trans effect exerted by the carbon atom of the phenyl or thiophene fragments, such that the pyridine fragments tend to reside at the cis orientation to avoid the competitive metal-ligand bonding. Conversely, the carboxylate and indazolate groups in 3b display a much less directional effect, and their residence at the mutual trans dispositions is thermodynami-cally favorable. It is also worthy to note that for 3b there exists a short N(4)‚‚‚H(1A) contact of 2.337 Å between one ortho-H atom of picolinate and the noncoordinated N atom of the indazolate moiety. A consequence is given by the observation of an unusual downfield1H NMR chemical shift
atδ 10.51.
Photophysical Measurements. The absorption and lu-minescence spectra recorded for 1, 3, and 4 in CH2Cl2are
depicted in Figures 4 and 5, while pertinent data are listed in Table 2. Several remarks can be pointed out from the corresponding spectroscopic and dynamic measurements. As shown in the absorption spectra, complexes 3 and 4 bearing iqdz chelates share spectral similarities in the lower lying electronic transitions. For example, the first transition band for 3a (or 3b) and 4a (or 4b) was located at∼450 nm (434 nm) and 454 nm (427 nm), respectively. The results can be (16) (a) Che, C. M.; He, L. Y.; Poon, C. K.; Mak, T. C. W. Inorg. Chem.
1989, 28, 3081. (b) Kato, M.; Sasano, K.; Kosuge, C.; Yamazaki, M.; Yano, S.; Kimura, M. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 116. (c) Kato, M.; Kosuge, C.; Morii, K.; Ahn, J. S.; Kitagawa, H.; Mitani, T.; Matsushita, M.; Kato, T.; Yano, S.; Kimura, M. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 1638. (d) Connick, W. B.; Henling, L. M.; Marsh, R. E.; Gray, H. B. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 6261. (e) Connick, W. B.; Marsh, R. E.; Schaefer, W. P.; Gray, H. B. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 913.
(17) (a) Hissler, M.; Connick, W. B.; Geiger, D. K.; McGarrah, J. E.; Lipa, D.; Lachicotte, R. J.; Eisenberg, R. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 447. (b) Hissler, M.; McGarrah, J. E.; Connick, W. B.; Geiger, D. K.; Cummings, S. D.; Eisenberg, R. Coord. Chem. ReV. 2000, 208, 115.
(18) (a) Chassot, L.; Von Zelewsky, A. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 2814. (b) Gianini, M.; Forster, A.; Haag, P.; von Zelewsky, A.; Stoeckli-Evans, H. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 4889.
Scheme 1a
a(i) Picolinic acid, Na
2CO3, 100°C, 16 h; (ii) (fppz)H, 78°C, 16 h.
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rationalized by the S0f S1transition for 3a (or 3b) and 4a
(or 4b) being mainly ascribed to the metal-to-ligand transfer transition (MLCT) mixed with the intraligand charge-transfer transition (ILCT) from indazole to isoquinoline moieties, namely 1-iqdz for 3a or 4a and 3-iqdz for 3b or
4b, respectively. Further firm support of this viewpoint is rendered in the section describing the computational ap-proaches.
Upon categorizing the titled compounds by a and b series that bear 1-iqdz and 3-iqdz ligands, respectively, the S0f
S1transition for series a derivatives tends to be red-shifted
with respect to that of series b under the same iqdz ligands. For example, the S0f S1peak wavelength for 1a, 3a, and
4a of 502, 450, and 454 nm is a bathochromic shift by 40 nm (1730 cm-1), 16 nm (820 cm-1), and 27 nm (1400 cm-1) compared to those of 1b (462 nm), 3b (434 nm), and 4b (427 nm), respectively (see Table 2). The result can be tentatively rationalized by the more facileπ-electron delo-calization in the case of 1-iqdz (series a), lowering the π* energy and hence a smaller energy gap of the mixed MLCT-(dπf π*)/ILCT(π f π*) transition.19A similar distinction
was observed for the 1-phenyl versus 3-phenyl isoquinoline ligands in the cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, but an explicit answer has not yet been documented.20 Further
support of this viewpoint will be elucidated in the section describing theoretical approaches. In comparison to the pairs 3a/3b and 4a/4b, the anomalous red shift of 40 nm from 1a to 1b is intriguing. Note 3a (or 3b) and 4a (or 4b) are formed by replacing one of the iqdz ligands in 1a (or 1b) with less conjugated pic and fppz ligand, respectively. On the basis of the aforementioned facile π electron delocalization in 1-iqdz, the result can be rationalized by the existence of dual 1-iqdz ligands in 1a, such that theπ electrons can be further delocalized throughout the entire molecular framework, doubling its net delocalization efficiency with respect to 1b bearing dual 3-iqdz ligands.
As for the emission shown in Figure 5, for all complexes studied, the origin of phosphorescence is unambiguous due to its significant O2 quenching as well as the rather long (19) (a) Hwang, F. M.; Chen, H. Y.; Chen, P. S.; Liu, C. S.; Chi, Y.; Shu, C. F.; Wu, F. I.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 1344. (b) Chang, C. J.; Yang, C. H.; Chen, K.; Chi, Y.; Shu, C. F.; Ho, M. L.; Yeh, Y. S.; Chou, P. T. Dalton Trans. 2007, 1881.
(20) (a) Li, C. L.; Su, Y. J.; Tao, Y. T.; Chou, P. T.; Chien, C. H.; Cheng, C. C.; Liu, R. S. AdV. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 387. (b) Fang, K. H.; Wu, L. L.; Huang, Y. T.; Yang, C. H.; Sun, I.-W. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2006, 359, 441.
Figure 2. ORTEP diagram of 2a with thermal ellipsoids shown at 50% probability level; selected bond lengths (Å) follow: Pt-N(1) ) 2.030(4), Pt-N(2) ) 1.979(4), Pt-Cl(1) ) 2.292(1), and Pt-Cl(2) ) 2.290(1).
Figure 3. ORTEP diagram of 3b with thermal ellipsoids shown at 50% probability level; selected bond lengths (Å) follow: Pt(1)-N(1) ) 2.002-(4), Pt(1)-N(2) ) 2.0312.002-(4), Pt(1)-N(3) ) 1.9782.002-(4), and Pt(1)-O(1) ) 2.028(4).
Figure 4. Absorption spectra of complexes 1a-4b recorded in CH2Cl2 solution.
Figure 5. Normalized emission spectra of complexes 1a-4b recorded in CH2Cl2solution at RT.
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emission lifetime of microseconds (see Table 2). In a good correlation with the trend of absorption spectra, the emission peak wavelength of series a complexes all revealed a red shift with respect to that of the b series bearing the same iqdz ligands (see Figure 5 and Table 2). More interestingly, in the room temperature, degassed CH2Cl2 solution, all of
the series a complexes exhibit a more intense emission yield as compared to that of series b complexes. With emission quantum yield and observed lifetime provided, both radiative and nonradiative decay rates can be deduced, and the values are listed in Table 2. While the deduced radiative decay rates, kr, for 1a (1.5× 105s-1) and 1b (1.4× 105s-1) are nearly
identical, the main difference in emission yield lies in approximately 1 order of magnitude difference in the nonradiative decay rate knr, namely 3.7× 104s-1and 4.7×
105 s-1 for 1a and 1b, respectively. The results can be
rationalized by further extended delocalization of the electron density in 1a, such that the electronic excitation is equally spread among various degenerate states of the associated chromophores. The net result not only stabilizes the molec-ular framework but also reduces the radiationless deactivation processes plausibly due to the resulting steeper potential energy surfaces.21A similar viewpoint can be applied to the
significant difference in radiationless transition between 3a and 3b (or 4a and 4b) bearing the same iqdz ligands. For example, knr for 3b (1.1 × 106 s-1, see Table 2) is larger
than that of 3a (4.4 × 104 s-1) by 25-fold. An equally
interesting remark is that the radiative decay rate for 3a and 4a is calculated to be larger than that for 3b and 4b by nearly 2- and 5-fold, respectively. In comparison to the series b complexes, the increase (decrease) of the radiative (nonra-diative) decay rate leads to a significant increase of the emission quantum efficiency for series a complexes.
Theoretically, the larger radiative decay rate corresponds to a more allowed S0-T1transition. On the basis of the first order approximation, it also implies the enhancement of spin-orbit coupling integral, most likely from the more dπ contribution of the core heavy metal atom Pt(II). In other words, in comparison with that of 3b and 4b, the experi-mental results render a proposal of greater MLCT contribu-tion for 3a and 4a complexes in the T1manifold.
Supple-mentary support of these viewpoints is given from the theoretical approach elaborated as follows.
Theoretical Approach. Theoretical confirmation of the underlying basis for the photophysical properties of the studied complexes was provided by the density functional theory (DFT) MO calculations. With the use of the TD-B3LYP method incorporating the TD-B3LYP/LANL2DZ and 6-31G* optimized geometry, the vertical (i.e., Franck-Condon) excitation energy from the ground state to low-lying excited states was calculated. Figure 6 depicts the features of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the two highest occupied (HOMO and HOMO
- 1) frontier orbitals for complexes 1, 3, and 4, which
are mainly involved in the lower-lying transitions. The descriptions and the energy gaps of all complexes are listed (21) (a) Lo, S. C.; Shipley, C. P.; Bera, R. N.; Harding, R. E.; Cowley, A.
R.; Burn, P. L.; Samuel, I. D. W. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 5119. (b) Yang, C. H.; Cheng, Y. M.; Chi, Y.; Hsu, C. J.; Fang, F. C.; Wang, K. T.; Chou, P. T.; Tsai, M. H.; Wu, C. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2418.
Table 2. Photophysical Properties of Pt(II) Complexes 1-4 in CH2Cl2at Room Temperature
UV-visλmaxa(× 103, M-1cm-1) emλmax(nm) Φ (%) τobs(µs) kr knr 1a 326 (11), 353 (17), 384 (13), 400 (12), 502 (3.5), 624 81 5.34 1.5× 105 3.7× 104 1b 327 (35), 374 (13), 462 (1.9) 567 24 1.65 1.4× 105 4.7× 105 3a 329 (7.7), 345 (11), 372 (8.7), 388 (9.2), 450 (2.5) 587 (612)b[621 nm]c 64 8.2 7.8× 104 4.4× 104 3b 326 (23), 376 (6.4), 434 (2.0) 567 3.5 0.85 4.1× 104 1.1× 106 4a 326 (15), 344 (11), 372 (7.9), 389 (9.1), 454 (3.2) 581 (619)b 87 17 5.1× 104 7.8× 103 4b 326 (25), 383 (7.3), 427 (3.4) 535 (572)b 12 12.4 9.6× 103 7.1× 104
aThe systematic error of the absorption coefficients measurement is∼(20%.bShoulder.cAs a vacuum deposited solid thin film. Note that in order to
have a fair comparison, the absorption extinction coefficient of 1a, which was reported in our previous report (ref 8a), has been reinvestigated to be 3500
( 700 M-1cm-1(at 502 nm).
Figure 6. Representative frontier orbitals for complexes 1a-4b.
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in Table 3. Obviously, the calculated S1and T1energy levels
for the titled complexes are qualitatively consistent with the 0-0 onset of the absorption (S1) and phosphorescence (T1)
spectra. Thus, the theoretical level adopted here should be suitable for studying the photophysical properties of these complexes in a qualitative manner. Deviation of the current theoretical approach from the experimental results may plausibly be explained by the negligence of solvation effects in the gas phase ab initio approach.
For the lowest triplet excited state (T1), the excitations
are mainly contributed by HOMO f LUMO and HOMO -1 f LUMO for both complexes a and b, in which either HOMO or HOMO - 1 are mainly composed of those indazolateπ and Pt(II) dπorbitals, while LUMO is largely located at the isoquinoline site. As depicted in Figure 6, one can also envisage that the HOMO - 1 orbitals of 3b and 4b are apparently much less located at the central Pt(II) atom than HOMO orbitals of 3a and 4a, leading to a less MLCT contribution for 3b and 4b. For example, results of the calculation show 19.8% (11.6%) MLCT contribution for 3a (or 4a), which is significantly larger than the 4.2% (0.2%) for 3b (or 4b), consistent with the conclusion drawn on the basis of the experimental results (vide supra). On the other hand, the T1-S0 transition of 1b is mainly composed of HOMO f LUMO (see Table 3), and its MLCT transition character of 16.1% is estimated to be more or less the same as that (17.1%) of 1a, supporting their similar radiative decay rates deduced experimentally.
The calculated energy gap is also consistent with experimental results, revealing a trend of smaller S0-S1
(or S0-T1) energy gap for the series a complexes. This may be explainable by the difference in orbital contributions on LUMO. Upon carefully viewing Figure 6, it is clear that LUMO of type a complexes spreads over the whole 1-iqdz chromophores and pic (or fppz) ligands, while in sharp contrast, the orbital density for the LUMO of b complexes is mainly located only on the isoquinoline of 3-iqdz ligands (for 1b) and pyridyl moieties of pic or fppz ligand (for 3b and 4b). Consequently, a lower energy LUMO for type a complexes is expected due to its involvement in a stronger π* delocalization, qualitatively rationalizing their smaller energy gaps compared with type b complexes.
Electroluminescent Devices. To demonstrate the capabil-ity of exhibiting decent electroluminescent properties, we selected complex 3a as the representative example as it was synthesized with good yield and hence in a large quantity. The devices incorporating 3a are then prepared using thermal evaporation, and their structures consist of the multilayer configuration ITO/NPB(40 nm)/CBP:x wt % of 3a (30 nm)/ BCP (10 nm)/AlQ3 (30 nm)/LiF (10 Å)/Al (150 nm), in
which NPB, CBP, BCP, and AlQ3 stand for
1,4-bis(1-naphthylphenylamino)biphenyl, 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazolyl-1,1′ -biphenyl, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum(III), respectively; while the BCP layer acts as a hole blocker to prevent any emission from AlQ3. The crucial device performance characteristics
are collected in Table 4, showing the systematic trend that varied according to the five dopant concentrations from 6% to 100%. Orange emission was observed for all the concen-trations applied, while the one with a pure layer of the
Table 3. Calculated Lowest Singlet and Triplet Excitations
state λ [nm] f assignmenta MLCT percentile (%)
1a T1 591.6 ∼0 HOMO f LUMO (76%) 17.1 HOMO - 1 f LUMO (11%) HOMO - 1 f LUMO + 1 (10%) S1 536.4 0.0741 HOMO f LUMO (94%) 20.8 1b T1 557.4 ∼0 HOMO f LUMO (73%) 16.1 HOMO - 1 f LUMO + 1 (15%) S1 523.1 0.0042 HOMO f LUMO (98%) 21.9 3a T1 572.3 ∼0 HOMO f LUMO (+79%) 19.8 HOMO - 1 f LUMO (21%) S1 489.9 0.0357 HOMO f LUMO (+94%) 23.0 3b T1 526.5 ∼0 HOMO - 1 f LUMO (+42%) 4.2 HOMO - 1 f LUMO + 1 (+23%) HOMO f LUMO (21%) S1 478.6 0.0083 HOMO f LUMO (+97%) 23.8 4a T1 561.8 ∼0 HOMO f LUMO (+55%) 11.6 HOMO-1 f LUMO (46%) S1 476.5 0.0434 HOMO f LUMO (+95%) 19.8 4b T1 515.4 ∼0 HOMO - 1 f LUMO (+37%) 0.2 HOMO - 1 f LUMO + 1 (+36%) S1 458.9 0.0203 HOMO f LUMO (+97%) 20.2
aThe contributions of less than 10% were omitted for the qualitative discussion. Table 4. Performance Characteristics for ITO/NPB/CBP:3a/BCP/Alq/LiF/Al
conc (%) max luma[cd m-2(V)] quantum effb[%] luminous effb[cd A-1] power effb[lm W-1] λ
maxc(C.I.E.) 6% 20296 (16.0) 4.93 (3.16) 12.19 (7.82) 6.12 (2.96) 581, 612 (0.57, 0.43) 12% 12248 (16.0) 1.52 (1.30) 3.64 (3.11) 2.03 (1.27) 584, 614 (0.58, 0.42) 24% 9082 (16.0) 1.59 (1.29) 3.17 (2.58) 1.71 (0.97) 596, 616 (0.60, 0.40) 50% 6425 (16.0) 1.19 (0.95) 2.14 (1.71) 1.10 (0.61) 611 (0.61, 0.38) 100% 4346 (16.0) 1.14 (0.86) 1.70 (1.29) 0.99 (0.52) 618 (0.62, 0.37)
aValues in the parentheses are the applied driving voltage.bData collected under 20 mA cm-2, while values in the parentheses are the data collected under 100 mA cm-2.cMeasured at the driving voltage of 8 V.
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Pt(II) emitter showed the lowest brightness and device efficiencies. Figure 7a depicts the current-voltage curves of the electroluminescent devices for 3a at various doping concentrations, for which the device with 12% 3a showed the highest current density compared with all other devices operating under identical voltages. Concomitantly, a small red shift of the EL emission was observed with increasing dopant concentrations, e.g., fromλmax) 581 nm for the 6%
device to 618 nm for the device with neat dopant (Figure 7b). This red-shifting effect is presumably attributed to the occurrence of a certain degree of intermolecularππ stacking interaction with increasing concentration of the planar Pt-(II) complex. In fact, when comparing the 587 nm emission of 3a in CH2Cl2, a slight red shift of emission was observed
for 3a (621 nm) in the solid state (see Table 2).
Moreover, among varying the dopant concentrations, the best device performance was achieved at 6 wt % (Figure 7c), which rendered a turn-on voltage of 3 V (at 1 cd/m2)
and maximum EQE of 5.78 at 5 V, gave CIE coordinates of (0.57, 0.43) at 8 V, and reached the maximum brightness of 20296 cd/m2 at a driving voltage of 16 V. Like other
phosphorescent OLED devices, their efficiencies also wit-nessed a significant drop with increasing driving voltage.22
This can be confirmed by the observation that, at a driving current of 20 mA cm-2, the external quantum efficiency and luminous efficiency are 4.93% and 12.19 cd A-1, while the efficiencies reduced to 3.16% and 7.82 cd A-1 at 100 mA cm-2, respectively. For a comparison, recent report on the phosphorescent device fabricated using terdentate cyclom-etalated Pt(II) complexes showed excellent EL performances
in a blended host matrix, for which the data maintained over a four-decade current intensity span and with no significant roll-off.23
Finally, as a result of concentration quenching, raising the doping concentration led to a drastic falloff in device efficiencies.24 Relatively bright luminescence was also
observed for other applied concentrations, despite a signifi-cant decrease of intensity once the concentration was increased over 6% (Figure 7d), the result of which was evidenced by making a device using 12% of 3a, showing the reduced maximum EQE of only 1.53 at 5.5 V, maximum brightness of 12248 cd/m2at a driving voltage of 16 V, and
CIE coordinates of (0.58, 0.42) at 8 V. Upon further increase of the dopant concentration to 100%, the device exhibited a much reduced EQE of 1.14 at 20 mA/cm2, while the
maximum brightness was lowered to only 4346 cd/m2at 16.0
V and CIE coordinates was measured to be (0.62, 0.37) at 8 V. We speculate that the lower efficiency at the higher dopant concentration could be due to a combination of two factors, namely the longer emission lifetime ofτobs) 8.2 µs and an
increasing degree of aggregation despite its possession of a bulky indazolate fragment. The net results may cause the inferiority of the doped devices mainly associated with triplet-triplet annihilation.
Conclusion
To sum up, we have successfully synthesized two Pt(II) chloride complexes 2a and 2b bearing neutral, chelating indazole by treatment of indazole ligands with K2PtCl4 in
aqueous HCl solution. Although these complexes are non-(22) (a) Kwong, R. C.; Sibley, S.; Dubovoy, T.; Baldo, M.; Forrest, S. R.;
Thompson, M. E. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 3709. (b) Che, C. M.; Hou, Y. J.; Chan, M. C. W.; Guo, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13, 1362. (c) Song, Y. H.; Yeh, S. J.; Chen, C. T.; Chi, Y.; Liu, C. S.; Yu, J. K.; Hu, Y. H.; Chou, P. T.; Peng, S. M.; Lee, G. H. AdV. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 1221.
(23) Cocchi, M.; Virgili, D.; Fattori, V.; Rochester, D. L.; Williams, J. A. G. AdV. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 285.
(24) (a) Adachi, C.; Baldo, M. A.; Forrest, S. R.; Lamansky, S.; Thompson, M. E.; Kwong, P. C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 1622. (b) Chen, F. C.; Yang, Y.;Thompson, M. E.; Kido, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2308.
Figure 7. (a) Current density vs applied voltage for the 3a-doped devices, (b) EL spectra of all devices, (c) external quantum efficiency vs current density, and (d) luminescence vs current density.
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emissive, the subsequent reaction with additional indazole, sodium picolinate, and even pyridyl pyrazole such as (fppz)H is facile, affording the emissive Pt(II) complexes 1, 3, and 4, respectively. The experimental procedures are efficient and should apply to other synthetic modifications, demon-strating the versatility and the effectiveness of this approach in derivatization of this class of compounds. The respective X-ray structural analysis showed no notable intermolecular Pt‚‚‚Pt contact, which could be attributed to the steric effect imposed by the bulky indazole fragments. Photoluminescence studies reveal the high quantum yields in the fluid state, short radiative lifetimes in the range of several microseconds. The origin of phosphorescence is attributable to a mixed3MLCT/ 3ππ transition. Consequently, salient differences in
photo-physical properties such as emission gap and quantum yield between series a and b complexes are well rationalized by various degrees ofπ-electron delocalization as well as the MLCT contribution. As for the practical application, complex 3a was examined for fabrication of phosphorescent OLEDs. Using 6% doping concentration, the maximum EQE of
5.78% at 5 V, and EQE of 4.93%, luminous efficiency of 12.19 cd/A and power efficiency of 6.12 lm W-1at 20 mA/ cm2, and a maximum luminescence of 20296 cd/m2at an
applied voltage of 16 V were realized. We thus believe that we have added certain contributions to shed light on the fundamental and device properties of the titled Pt(II) complexes. These results should make a promising prospect for future OLEDs based on the strategic design for Pt(II) emitting materials.
Acknowledgment. We thank the following research grants, (NSC 91-2119M-002-016), (NSC 93-2752-M-002-002-PAE), and (94-EC-17A-08-S1-042), for support. We also thank the National Center for High-performance Computing for computer time and facilities.
Supporting Information Available: X-ray crystallographic data file (CIF) of complexes 1b, 2a, and 3b. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
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