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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告

利用基因微陣列來探討增強記憶中藥之基因表現與分子訊

息傳導

計畫類別: 個別型計畫 計畫編號: NSC91-2320-B-039-029- 執行期間: 91 年 08 月 01 日至 92 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位: 中國醫藥大學藥學研究所 計畫主持人: 謝明村 報告類型: 精簡報告 處理方式: 本計畫可公開查詢

中 華 民 國 92 年 10 月 30 日

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

利用基因微陣列來探討增強記憶中藥

之基因表現與分子訊息傳導

Using microarry to explore the gene expression and molecular

signal transduction of Chinese cognitive-enhancing herbs

計畫編號:NSC 91-2320-B-039-029

執行期限:91 年 8 月 1 日至 92 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:謝明村 執行機構及單位名稱:中國醫藥大學中國藥學研究所

一、中文摘要 乙醯膽鹼神經系統在學習記憶方面扮 演著重要的角色,在相關的研究中已證實 毒蕈素接受體作用劑,確能改善學習記憶 障礙。為了探討乙醯膽鹼神經在學習記憶 中涉及的分子層次機轉,本實驗應用 Cdna 微陣列之技術,經由乙醯膽鹼酯酶阻斷劑 scopolamine 所誘發學習記憶障礙模式,研 究其對大鼠海馬回中表現異同之基因。 經由腦室投予 scopolamine 30 分鐘 後,立即取其海馬回,萃取 mRNA 進行反 轉錄,再與 microchip 雜交(hibridization), 利用此結果來比較投予 scopolamine 與投 予生理食鹽水二者之基因表現差異。結果 發現,有 42 個基因表現具有差異性,而這 些具差異性的基因,再經由半定量的方式 以 老 鼠 的 引 子(primer)作 RT-PCR(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)來加 以確認,結果有 28 個基因是正確無誤的。 而這些基因的表現反映出經由 scopolamine 誘發學習記憶障礙之細胞分子訊息的傳 遞;我們依照其功能,將 28 基因分為三大 群,除了與毒蕈素接受體訊息調控機制相 關的基因外,亦有與 Alzheimer’s Disease 相關聯的基因,及功能不明確的基因存在。 本研究的成果應能為 scopolamine 所 誘發學習記憶障礙模式,提供分子層次的 研究依據,以及藉由此分子訊息來開發中 草藥之智能增進劑。 關鍵詞:乙醯膽鹼、學習記憶、cDNA 微 陣列、RT-PCR Abstract

The molecular study of learning and memory was concentrated at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and their associating signaling molecules. To explore the alternative pathways we applied human cDNA microarray and searched for differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of scopolamine-treated rat. Thirty minutes after scopolamine treatment, rats displayed typical memory impairment. Interspecies hybridization using human cDNA microarray to analyze scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus exhibited a minor difference for the expression profile compared to normal control. Forty-two genes were selected by microarray based on the differential expression ratios. Twenty-eight genes were validated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primer pairs against rat orthologs. The broad spectrum of the differentially expressed genes indicated an overall cellular response upon scopolamine treatment. In addition to genes associated with muscarinic receptor signaling pathways, we have disclosed genes associated with novel pathways such as apoptosis, cytoskeleton reconstruction, protein trafficking, cell differentiation, and genes

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without a clear role. Our result should provide an insight to the molecular study of scopolamine-induced memory impairment, and development of cognition-enhancing Chinese Herbs.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Learning and

memory, cDNA Microarray, RT-PCR 二、緣由與目的 在人類或動物,膽鹼神經系統在學習 記 憶 性 都 扮 演 著 重 要 的 角 色 (1-3) 。 Scopolamine 是一個非選擇性的毒蕈素接 受體阻斷劑,能夠造成學習與短期記憶障 礙,並且被應用來當成抗痴呆藥物的篩選 (4) 。投與 Scopolamine 後會造成海馬回乙醯 膽鹼濃度的下降,其造成學習記憶障礙涉 及的神經化學機轉可能是經由阻斷毒蕈素 接受體造成中樞膽鹼神經活性下降的結果 (5-9) 。所以本研究利用 Scopolamine 來作為 中藥改善學習記憶障礙的篩選,藉此希望 能找出有效的中藥智能增進劑。 現今已開發之智力增進劑,主要分成 七大類:nootropics、vasodilators 及 metabolic enhancers 、 psychostimulants 、 cholinergic

agents 、 biogenic amines drugs 及 neuropeptides 等(10)

;其中已於臨床使用

者 為 vasodilators 及 metabolic

enhancers 之 藥 物 如 donepezil 、 dihydroergotoxine 、 pentofylline ; cholinergic agents 之藥物如 tacrine、 及 nootropics 類藥物如:piracetam、 nefiracetam 等,此類藥物於 1972 年由 Giurgea 提出,主要作用在活化腦神經、 促進腦內資訊聯匯及增強學習記憶,但相 關開發藥物仍於動物試驗或臨床試驗階 段。而自天然物開發智力增進劑上,已研 發之藥物包括 huperzine A(臨床試驗階 段)、gypenosides 等(11) ,而其他中藥如 人參、黨參、銀杏等亦發現具有智力增進 之作用(12) ;因此,從中藥開發智力增進 劑,頗值得我們努力與期待。本研究計畫 擬延續本研究室數年來所持續建立的研 究模式、方向及成果:從行為藥理學、中 樞神經傳遞物質乃至細胞內訊息傳遞及 利用 cDNA Microarray 的技術探討核內基 因表達(13-17) ,藉此來研究中藥及其成分改 善學習記憶障礙之作用機制。 三、結果與討論

Expression profiling for the hippocampus of scopolamine-treated rat 腦室投予scopolamine 30分鐘後,萃取 其海馬回mRNA反轉錄成cDNA, 經過雜 交、顯色後,由軟體ScanAlyze 進行分析判 讀,得到基因表現值,與投予saline之組別 進 行 比 較 , 得到一表現比值(ratio) (如 fig.1)。由圖可知,經由scopolamine誘發 後,大部分的基因分布在45度位置,表示 scopolamine組與 saline組相比絕大多數的 基因並無變化,經過統計,超過95﹪以上 的基因表現比值介於0.66~1.3,而大於1.5 或小於0.5者不超過1﹪。我們挑選曲線上方 表現值增加及曲線下方表現值低落的基因 各1﹪,排除ESTS以及一些未知的基因得到 48個與scopolamine誘導後具有相關基因。

Fig. 1 Scatter plot of microarray dataset. Gene expression signal of scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus (Y-axis) was plotted against counterpart signal of control group (X-axis). The expression data was the average of three independent experiments. Unit for expression levels was obtained from image integration by Scanalyz and should be treated as referenced unit.

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Validation of microarray datasets by semi-quantitative RT-PCR 為了確認基因晶片所得的結果是否無 誤,我們以RT-PCR的技術來加以證明。實 驗中以ribosomal protein L21 和L18來作標 準對照,經由電泳跑膠得到28個RT-PCR的 產物,如Fig. 2, 而這些表現差異的基因列 於table 1。

Fig. 4 Gel electrophoresis of the RT-PCR products of selected genes. Number above each gel slice corresponds to gene number in Table 1. In each gel slice, left lane is RT-PCR product from scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus, while right lane represents control rat. RT-PCR of ribosomal proteins L21 and L18 were performed as internal controls.

Differentially expressed genes indicated alternative pathways

經由 scopolamine 誘發之學習記憶障礙,在 老鼠海馬回的基因表現改變涉及許多路徑 (如 table 1),其中包括毒蕈素接受體訊 號傳遞的基因、 Alzheimer’s Disease 相關 的基因,如 amyloid, protein tau, glutamine synthetase, presenilins, 我們亦發現可能與 學習記憶障礙相關且尚未報導過的基因。 Muscarinic receptor signal transduction

毒蕈素m1, m3, m5接受體,訊息傳遞 路 徑 可 能 是 由 於 IP3 接 受 體 過 分 表 現 所 致,而毒蕈素m2, m4接受體是與Ras-like GTPase superfamily有密不可分的關係且受 cAMP 相 關 性的蛋白質所影響,如 Epac1 (cAMP-GEFI) 和 RagA;在本實驗中,經 由scopolamine誘發之空間性記憶障礙可能 經由毒蕈素接受體m1活化L-type的鈣離子 通道有關。 我 們 也 發 現 Arginase 的 還 原 作 用 、 cytochrome c oxydase 的誘導與 glutamine synthetase 的過表現,可能與粒線體發生障 礙或者是 NO 自由基產生有關。至於, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), MAP-kinase activating death domain (MADD), endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2, 這幾個為促使 MAP kinase 活化的基因。 Alzheimer’s disease

在 Alzheimer’s Disease 的病人身上,可能會 發 現 amyloid-beta protein (A beta), presenilin 2, and microtubule-associated protein tau, 以及和 amyloid-beta 分泌有關 的 ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, 這幾個基因發生變化,在本研究中也是如 此。許多報導指出,Alzheimer’s Disease 的 病人,學習能力低落、記憶障礙的可能原 因為中樞乙醯膽鹼神經活性降低,其中又 以毒蕈素 m2, m4 接受體的變化最為明 顯,所以毒蕈素接受體作用劑被認為是有 效 的 治 療 藥 物 ; 但 是 針 對 Alzheimer’s Disease 變異的基因加以治療可能才是未來 的趨勢。

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Table 1 Differentially expressed genes affected by scopolamine-treatment

Gene number

Name Folds expression

1 2 3 4 5 Alzheimer's disease

microtubule-associated protein tau presenilin 2 (Alzheimer disease 4)

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G,member 1 (Abcg1) amyloid precursor-like protein 2

amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 1 (X11) 0.5* 0.1 4.2 3.5 5.2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Muscarinic receptor

protein kinase, interferon-inducible doublstranded RNA dependent arginase type II

cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factorI (cAMP-GEFI) ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha1D subunit cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb

endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor 1 ras-related GTP-binding protein ragA

MAP-kinase activating death domain programmed cell death 4

testis-specific heat shock protein-related gene hst70 glutamine synthetase

inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor

protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type substrate 1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1

0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 5.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.9 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Other

coagulation factor C homolog (Limulus polyphemus) phosphoglycerate mutase 1

Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 glypican 3

epidermal growth factor receptor coronin, actin binding protein 1B secretory carrier membrane protein 2 deiodinase, iodothyronine, type II

0.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 3.2 3.5 2.1

*The intensity of RT-PCR bands was quantified using densitometer. Folds expression was obtained by dividing band intensity of scopolamine-treated hippocampus with controls. Final value was the average of three independent RT-PCR.

四、計畫成果自評 在人類或是動物上,乙醯膽鹼神經系 統在學習與記憶都扮演著重要的角色。在 我們的這個研究找到一些基因發現除了毒 蕈素接受體外亦有一些值得進一步研究的 基因。雖然,目前為止與學習記憶直接關 係的基因尚未建立清楚,造成記憶的分子 機轉也未明確,但希望我們的研究能夠讓 學習記憶進入分子層次新的領域。 本計畫之成果投稿於 life science1,

Hsieh MT, Hsieh CL, Lin LW, Wu CR, Huang GS.

Differential gene expression of scopolamine-treated rat hippocampus -application of cDNA microarray technology.

Life Sci. 2003 Jul 11;73(8):1007-16.

五、參考文獻

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Dose-related impairment of spatial learning by intrahippocampal scopolamine: antagonism by ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Behavioural Brain Research 82(2), 185-194. [6] Clissold, S.P., Heel, R.C., 1985. Transdermal

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[7] Rami, A., Krieglstein, J., 1998. Muscarinic-receptor antagonist scopolamine rescues hippocampal neurons from death induced by glutamate. Brain Research 788(1-2), 323-326.

[8] Ray, C.A., Blin, J., Chase, T.N., Piercey, M.F., 1992. Effects of cholinergic agonists on regional brain energy metabolism in the scopolamine-treated rat. Neuropharmacology 31(11), 1193-1199.

[9] Tsukagoshi, H., Morita, T., Hitomi, S., Saito, S., Kadoi, Y., Uchihashi, Y., Kuribara, H., Goto, F., 2000. Long-term clomipramine treatment upregulates forebrain acetylcholine muscarinic receptors, and reduces behavioural sensitivity to scopolamine in mice. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 52(1), 87-92.

[10] Moos WH, Davis RE, Schwarz RD, Gamzu ER. Cognition activators. Med Res Rev. 1988 Jul-Sep;8(3):353-91.

[11] 陳執中(1997)老年痴呆症防治新藥研究進 展。中國藥學雜誌,32,260-262。 [12] 馬慶、馬川(1997)中藥有效治療阿耳滋海默

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[13] Alizadeh, A.A., Eisen, M.B., Davis, R.E., Ma, C., Lossos, I.S., Rosenwald, A., Boldrick, J.C., Sabet, H., Tran, T., Yu, X., Powell, J.I., Yang, L., Marti, G.E., Moore, T., Hudson, J., Jr., Lu, L., Lewis, D.B., Tibshirani, R., Sherlock, G., Chan, W.C., Greiner, T.C., Weisenburger, D.D., Armitage, J.O., Warnke, R., Levy, R., Wilson, W., Grever, M.R., Byrd, J.C., Botstein, D., Brown, P.O., Staudt, L.M., 2000. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403(6769), 503-511.

[14] Chen, J.J., Wu, R., Yang, P.C., Huang, J.Y., Sher, Y.P., Han, M.H., Kao, W.C., Lee, P.J., Chiu, T.F., Chang, F., Chu, Y.W., Wu, C.W., Peck, K., 1998. Profiling expression patterns and isolating differentially expressed genes by cDNA microarray system with colorimetry detection. Genomics 51(3), 313-324.

[15] DeRisi, J., Penland, L., Brown, P.O., Bittner, M.L., Meltzer, P.S., Ray, M., Chen, Y., Su, Y.A., Trent, J.M., 1996. Use of a cDNA microarray to analyse gene expression patterns in human cancer [see comments]. Nature Genetics 14(4), 457-460.

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數據

Fig. 1 Scatter plot of microarray dataset. Gene  expression signal of scopolamine-treated rat  hippocampus (Y-axis) was plotted against counterpart  signal of control group (X-axis)
Fig. 4 Gel electrophoresis of the RT-PCR  products of selected genes.  Number above  each gel slice corresponds to gene number in  Table 1
Table 1 Differentially expressed genes  affected by scopolamine-treatment

參考文獻