昆蟲學解剖實驗
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(2) Before we get started… For pronunciation of technical words: http://www.naturalreaders.com/index.html. 學術名詞中英對照: http://terms.naer.edu.tw. We will have a quiz NEXT time (4/7).
(3) Integument is complex • Composed of many layers • Hard “shell” • Living cells • Secreted layers. • Perforated by pores • Sites for muscle attachments (remember insects don’t have bones!).
(4) Three basic components. Cuticle (varies in thickness). Epidermis: living cells. Basement membrane.
(5) Three basic components. Secreted mainly by epidermis; contains CHITIN. Epidermis (living cells) Secreted by blood cells and others...
(6) What’s chitin? • A polysaccharide • Similar to cellulose • (polymer of a simple sugar, glucose). • Polymer of modified simple sugar: acetylglucosamine • Second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (cellulose is first).
(7) Campbell Biology, 8th ed.. Type of linkage: Digestible starch vs. Indigestible cellulose.
(8) Hydrogen bonding. Campbell Biology, 8th ed..
(9) N-acetylglucosamine: the monomer making up chitin. Amine group Campbell Biology, 8th ed.. Acetyl group.
(10) Chitin. Campbell Biology, 8th ed.. Hydrogen bond cross-links between strands.
(11) Chitin fibers secreted in layers • Chitin fibers embedded in protein matrix • Orientation of chitin fibers changes • Like plywood: layers oriented in different directions increases strength.
(12) Orientation of chitin fibers.
(13) Fine structure of cuticle Epicuticle: proteins & lipids. Procuticle: proteins & chitin.
(14) Epicuticle: 1- 4 micrometers. Procuticle: up to 200 micrometers.
(15) Epicuticle Exocuticle. Procuticle Endocuticle.
(16) Tanning or sclerotization • • • •. In exocuticle Protein-protein cross linkages More cross-linkage, exocuticle is stiffer, more rigid Thin flexible membrane at joints not sclerotized.
(17) Epicuticle: thin, but crucial • 1-4 micrometers • contains many layers.
(18) Epicuticle Exocuticle. Procuticle Endocuticle.
(19) Layers of epicuticle cement wax Etc.. 0.015 μm. outer. 0.5-2.0 μm. inner.
(20) Layers of epicuticle • Secreted by epidermis • Remember the epidermis? • Living cells. • Cement layer: mucopolysaccharide • Protects. • Wax: hydrocarbons • Waterproofs • Distinctive odors • Blooms, fluffs. • Outer layer: polymerized lipids • Inner: tanned lipoproteins.
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(22) Last of all...muscle attachments • Most muscles attach to inner surface of exoskeleton. • But the exoskeleton is shed several times. • ???.
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(24) Duct of gland cell epicutucle exocuticle endocuticle epidermis Tormogen cell. Trichogen cell. Gland cell. basement.
(25) Internal Morphology.
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