在全球化架構下的蘇格蘭獨立主義 - 政大學術集成

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(1) . 國立政治大學國際事務學院外交學系研究所碩士學位論文. 在全球化架構下的蘇格蘭獨立主義. 治. Scotland’s Separatism政 in the Context大 of Globalization. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. a. v. l C 指導教授：甘逸驊博士 ni. hengchi U. 研究生：陳怡伶撰. 中華民國 105 年 1 月. .

(2) . 摘要. 在目前國際社會中，社會變遷讓分裂主義成為一個全球普遍存在的時代議題。考慮到越來越多的國際組織出現，及世界潮流也逐步朝向無國界的道路發展，全球化在公民社會上也開始扮演另一個重要影響的角色。分裂主義和全球化本是兩個矛盾無法共融的概念，歐洲卻是表現這兩個概念間產生關聯的最好例子，歐盟各會員國透過一體化來展現力量，但歐洲中的一些國家及某些區域又具有強烈的分離主義，這兩者彼此是無法共通的，但是現實又已經形成交集，因此也導致出一個有趣的辯論與分析。. 政治大. 這些分裂主義運動不僅現時在歐洲各國擴散，在世界各國也形成一股風潮。英國、西班牙. 立. 和加拿大這些國家，都處於分裂邊緣的發展，使單一國家的概念被大幅度挑戰。而分裂主. ‧ 國. 學. 義會成為如此熱門的議題，是因為最近世界經濟與社會的變化，鼓勵更多國家的公民與團體，往這麼個方向走出，如 2014 年克里米亞與烏克蘭分離事件、蘇格蘭公投，讓分離議. ‧. 題持續成為國際社會必須關注的焦點。蘇格蘭分裂主義的公投運動，自 2014 年以來一直. sit. y. Nat. 是國際社會關注的焦點，主要的原因是這裡面意涵著，包含了兩個相互衝突的概念:蘇格. io. er. 蘭想要從英國獨立的分裂性，卻又支持全球化的互助性。因此，根據全球化分析加諸於分裂運動上的限制，將蘇格蘭做為全球化-分裂主義的個案研究，本研究提供有趣的見解與. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. 論斷，提供分裂運動各個面向的議題，在面臨全球化是否成為獨立成功可能性的參考。. engchi. 關鍵字：全球化，分裂主義，全球化與分裂主義的辯論，蘇格蘭分裂主義，公投. .

(3) . Abstract. Separatism has never been as prevalent as it is now with the current shifts occurring in the international society. Globalization has been another prominent influence in the global community as well considering there have been more international institutions enacted and the world is increasingly becoming a borderless one. Separatism and globalization are two contradictory concepts and a prime example of the linkage between the two concepts can be seen through European integration and the regional separatist movements in Europe. Both are paradoxical and thus, they make for an interesting debate.. 政治大. Not only are these separatist movements widespread in countries of Europe but has. 立. become prominent in many countries all around the world. Countries such as the United. ‧ 國. 學. Kingdom, Spain and Canada are on the verge of splitting up and with vivid alterations in society such as Putin’s annexation of Crimea and Scotland’s referendum in 2014, the topic of separatism. ‧. has been at the forefront of the international community nowadays. Scotland’s separatist movement has been the one to watch since 2014 and the reason for this is because it. Nat. sit. y. encompasses both the conflicting concepts separatism and globalization considering Scotland. al. er. io. supports globalization but also wishes for separation from the rest of the United Kingdom.. n. Therefore, placing Scotland as the case study in the context of the globalization-separatism. Ch. i Un. v. debate will offer interesting insights as to the constraints that globalization places on separatist. engchi. movements, but also, the possibilities of a separatist movement becoming independent in the face of globalization.. Keywords: Globalization, Separatism, Globalization-Separatism Debate, Scottish Independence, Referendums. .

(4) . Table of Contents. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 1.1 Research Background and Motivation…………………………………… 1.1.1 Research Background……………………………………………… 1.1.2 Motivation…………………………………………………………. 1.2 Research Purpose………………………………………………………… 1.3 Thesis Topic and Main Arguments………………………………………. 1.4 Literature Review………………………………………………………… 1.4.1 Theoretical Analysis of Globalization and Separatism ……………. 1.4.1.1 Globalization……………………………………………….. 1.4.1.2 Separatism………………………………………………….. 1.4.2 Theoretical Analysis of Nationalism……………………………….. 1.4.3 Legitimacy of Referendums………………………………………... 1.4.4 Overview of Scotland………………………………………………. 1.5. Research Methodology and Research Structure……………………….... 1.5.1 Research Methodology…………………………………………….. 1.5.2 Research Structure…………………………………………………. 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………………. 1.6.1 Scope………………………………………………………………. 1.6.2 Limitations…………………………………………………………. CHAPTER TWO SEPARATISM…………………………………………… 2.1 Is Economic Inequality a Cause for Separatist Identity?………………… 2.2 Ethnicity and Cultural Identity as a Catalyst of Separatism …………….. 2.3 Other Factors…………………………………………………………….. 2.4 Concluding Remarks…………………………………………………….. CHAPTER THREE GLOBALIZATION……………………………………. 3.1 History of Globalization………………………………………………….. 3.1.1 Hardwired…………………………………………………………... 3.1.2 Cycles………………………………………………………………. 3.1.3 Epochs……………………………………………………………… 3.1.4 Events………………………………………………………………. 3.1.5 Broader, More Recent Developments……………………………… 3.2 The Debate on Globalization…………………………………………….. 3.2.1 Is Globalization Real?……………………………………………… 3.2.2 The Anti-Globalist View…………………………………………… 3.3 The Globalization-Separatism Debate …………………………………... 3.3.1 Current Debate on the Globalization-Separatism Relationship……. 3.3.2 Is Separatism Linked to Globalization?……………………………. 3.3.3 Or does Globalization Prevent Separatist Movements?……………. 3.4 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………... CHAPTER 4 SCOTLAND’S SEPARATISM IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION………………………………………………………….. 4.1 Argumentations Presented by SNP……………………………………….. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. . Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 1 1 1 3 5 6 6 7 8 10 14 16 18 20 20 21 23 23 23 25 26 37 48 49 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 55 55 58 61 62 65 69 72 74 74.

(5) . 4.1.1 The Democratic Case………………………………………………. 4.1.2 The Economic Case………………………………………………... 4.1.3 The Social Case…………………………………………………….. 4.1.4 The International Case……………………………………………... 4.1.5 The Cultural Case…………………………………………………... 4.1.6 The Environmental Case…………………………………………… 4.2 Scotland in the Context of the Globalization-Separatism Debate………... 4.2.1 Economic Inequality of the United Kingdom Fostered Separatism in Scotland……………………………………………………………. 4.2.2 Scottish Separatism Stems From Ethnicity………………………… 4.2.3 Globalization Prevents Further Separatist Movements Through the Legitimation of the Scottish Referendum……………………………. 4.3 Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………... CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION…………………………………………... Bibliography…………..……………………………………………………... . 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. . Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 76 80 88 91 96 100 103 104 107 108 112 113 120.

(6) . List of Figures Figure 1: Shares of between and within inequality in the GE………………… Figure 2: SNP’s Major Argumentations………………………………………. Figure 3: The Economic Case by the SNP……………………………………. Figure 4: Tax Receipts of the UK…………………………………………….. Figure 5: North Sea Oil and Gas Production………………………………….. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. . Ch. engchi. i Un. v. 32 75 82 85 87.

(7) . 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. . Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(8) . 1. Introduction. Separatism and globalization have been at the forefront of the global community with the current shifts that the international society has been undergoing. The reason behind these two concepts being prevalent among the global society is because the regional integration in which globalization causes has been countered by regional separatist movements and this in turn subsequently creates the globalization-separatism debate. An interesting debate is produced by these two concepts considering both on different sides of the spectrum and are paradoxical to each other, however, they seem to be inextricably tied to each other. Therefore, by placing. 政治大 stimulating issues and topics within the debate. 立. Scotland in the context of the globalization-separatism debate, it will produce even more. Research Background and Motivation. 1.1.1. Research Background. Nat. er. io. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 1.1. Separatism has been around for centuries, yet it has only begun to gain momentum again. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. in recent years due to the referendums produced by Scotland and Catalonia. Currently, there are. engchi. dozens of ongoing separatist movements in all of the continents, such as Somaliland in Africa; Chechnya in Eurasia; Basque Country and Flanders in Europe; Quebec in Canada; and, Bolivia in The Americas, just to name a few. However, cases of separatist movements actually succeeding have been few and far between over the previous decades with some of the examples being: the separation of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia; and, the Kosovo Declaration for Independence in 2008 – though this was met with opposition from Serbia, nonetheless, it still succeeded due to international approval. Not only does this make it difficult for researchers to conduct comparative studies between separatist movements since history holds little precedence for separatist movements aiming for independence, it also at the same time creates obstacles because every country’s situation diversifies and the rules for independence to. 1.

(9) . one country may not apply to another. Thus, researching separatist movements is still somewhat of an unchartered territory. With the economic downturn in 2008 and the slow climb back to recovery, separatist movements have been anxious to gain independence from their metropolitan counterparts in the hopes that their economy will become more stable if they were to take governance into their own hands. Despite the challenges faced when conducting research for separatist movements, this thesis aims to examine the separatist movement of Scotland in the debate between separatism and globalization.. The international relations theory of globalization is of utmost importance to the topic of. 政治大. separatism and for studying the cases of separatist movements. It has been widely reported that one impact of globalization is that there have been a rise in the number of separatist movements. 立. and globalization provides the factors to determine the likelihood of whether a separatist. ‧ 國. 學. movement will be able to become independent. The process of globalization has enabled a dramatic change in countries which have nationalist tendencies. Interestingly, Europe - which. ‧. has a deep focus on European integration – contains several regional nationalist movements striving for independence. Paradoxical as this may be, countries such as the United Kingdom,. Nat. sit. y. Spain, and Canada are on the very verge of splitting up. A long-running discussion has been. al. er. io. occurring between scholars about the relationship between globalization and separatism. Some. n. argue that there is no causal link between the two in that globalization does not cause more. Ch. i Un. v. separatist movements to arise while others contend that there is indeed a relationship between. engchi. them in that where there is a wider spread of globalization, the rate of separatist movements will rise as the citizens’ discontent with society will grow.1. Aspects of separatism can be explained through theories of nationalism as they enable us to determine the origins and effects of separatism. Nationalist theories, such as modernity, primordialism, and nationalism, explain the meaning behind nations and nation-states and these nationalist theories aid us in comprehending the role of separatism in the globalization 1. Rosecrance, R. N., and Stein, A. A. (2006), No More States? Globalization, National Self-Determination, and Terrorism, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 6. 2.

(10) . separatism debate. However, this does not mean to say that a state which is nationalist will become or foster a separatist movement. By understanding the theories of nationalism, this thesis will be able to understand some of the foundations behind separatism, and then, this study can further discuss separatism in the context of globalization.. 1.1.2. Motivation. In a world that is moving increasingly towards integration and globalization, the trend. 治政大 case for separatist movements international society. Scotland has become the most representative 立 considering it has become the closest to achieving independence after Westminster Parliament towards separatism seems to be a far-fetched notion, yet it has been gaining traction in. ‧ 國. 學. granted Scotland the right to a referendum. The referendum was held in Scotland in 2014, where Scottish people were able to vote yes or no to independence. The referendum brought on an. ‧. onslaught of campaigns from political parties but also, from movements of Better Together and Yes! Independence, on the subject of: staying together as a union or being independent. The. y. Nat. sit. debates were lively and it had been the main focus of the people of Scotland for more than two. al. er. io. years since in 2012, the Edinburgh Agreement concluded that the referendum was to be held in. v. n. 2014. The vote resulted in a marginal difference of 55% against independence and a 45% for 2. Ch. i Un. independence. The referendum was meticulously monitored by separatist movements in. engchi. surrounding European countries who were eager for independence themselves. The referendum would have a huge impact on not only the United Kingdom, but also, on the rest of the international community thus, making it a stimulating topic for this thesis.. However, what really piqued the interest of this thesis was the research on the globalization-separatism debate. Separatism has been argued as becoming less and less significant and is having difficulty surviving in a world where globalization is rife. However, 2. BBC News, “Scotland Votes No,” http://www.bbc.com/news/events/scotland-decides/results [Last Accessed: November 30th 2015]. 3.

(11) . others do not believe it to be so and argue that globalization actually creates separatism and is becoming increasingly important in international society. Thought-provoking questions are asked throughout the whole debate:. •. “Is there a positive relationship between globalization and separatism?”. •. “Does globalization support separatism?”. •. “Is it easy for national self-determinist countries to become independent if they support globalization? Take Scotland for example, it actively supports globalization and wishes to be a part of the EU even after becoming independent,. 政治大. however, will it be easy for them to achieve independence if they support globalization?”. 立. “Does globalization prevent national self-determination?”3. 學. ‧ 國. •. ‧. These questions present a new perspective when discussing the cases of separatist movements as they place a set of different factors and restrictions upon the separatist movements. y. Nat. sit. aiming for independence. The elements imposed from the globalization-separatism debate differ. al. er. io. vastly to the domestic aspects that could push for the creation of separatist movements.. v. n. Prevention of a separatist movement succeeding could be down to globalization instead of the. Ch. i Un. domestic governments blocking the path for these separatist movements. In addition to this,. engchi. creation of separatist movements can be attributed to globalization considering some national groups feel that the effects of globalization are detrimental to their society and are actually imposed upon them rather than it being something they needed, thus, these national groups would fight back against globalization resulting in separatist movements.4 More on this will be explored in Chapter 3.. 3. Rosecrance, R. N., and Stein, A. A. (2006), No More States? Globalization, National Self-Determination, and Terrorism, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 6-11 4 Godfrey, C., “The Struggle Between Nationalism and Globalization (Part 1),” New Right Australia/New Zealand, August 27th 2008, http://www.newrightausnz.com/2008/08/27/the-struggle-between-nationalism-globalization-part1-by-colin-godfrey/ [Last Accessed: November 30th 2015]. 4.

(12) . Literature focused on the globalization-separatism debate is scarce considering separatism only began to gain attention again over the past few years. The reason why Scotland was specifically chosen as the main case study for exploration and to put the globalizationseparatism debate into context is because, not only was its referendum recent and considered a success even though it did not attain the “Yes” vote, but also, Scotland heavily supports both globalization and separatism. Therefore, this thesis hopes to be able to provide basis for further knowledge on this topic, especially by using Scotland as a case study example to illustrate evidence of the globalization-separatism phenomenon.. 1.2. Research Purpose. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. The purpose of this thesis is to fill the void of the lack of publication on the globalizationseparatism debate especially when placed in context of specific case studies. There is an array of. ‧. publications on the independence of Scotland; the argumentations between the different political. y. Nat. parties; and whether independence is viable for Scotland, however, there are not many books or. sit. articles regarding Scotland’s case in the globalization-separatism debate. The globalization-. er. io. separatism debate does not seem to be as well-discussed as other factors such as the interventions. al. n. iv n C behind this is because scholars probably h view political parties need to surpass their i U e nthegfact c hthat of domestic central government regarding separatist movements. Maybe one of the reasons. domestic central government first before encountering the problems faced towards them in the international aspect. A reason in which why scholars do not tend to write about the globalizationseparatism debate as often as other topics is because there has not been one separatist movement who has managed to achieve independence without any opposition from other countries in the international community.. The recent case of Scotland fits perfectly into the description and debate between globalization and separatism and will fill the gap which is present right now in literature. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the factors which are needed for a country which supports. 5.

(13) . globalization to become independent and whether the likelihood will be high for a country to become independent if they believe in globalization.. 1.3. Thesis Topic and Main Arguments. Thesis Topic: Scotland’s Separatism in the Context of Globalization. 政治大 Analysis of the globalization-separatism debate and exploration of the various factors 立. The main arguments presented under this subject matter will be: 1.. involved for countries with separatist movements who support globalization to become. ‧ 國. 學. independent.. 2. The argumentations from the political party advocating independence in Scotland will be. ‧. discussed and Scotland will be placed in the context of the globalization-separatism. y. Nat. debate.. io. sit. 3. Legitimacy of the Scottish referendum under international law will be debated and. al. n. debate.. er. analysis will ensue to decipher whether this will affect the globalization-separatism. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. This thesis will begin with a detailed literature review on globalization, separatism, nationalist theories and the legitimacy of referendums.. 1.4. Literature Review. The main points of my literature review will be focused on:. 6.

(14) . 1. Firstly, defining the concepts and terminology of globalization and separatism while placing the relevance of the meanings into the globalization-separatism debate and the case study of Scotland. 2. Secondly, the theoretical analysis of using theories of modernity, primordialism and nationalism to discuss the origins and effects of separatism in the context of nationalism, sovereignty and sovereign-states for independence. 3. Thirdly, analysis and benchmarks will be provided for the legitimacy of referendums. 4. Lastly, a brief overview into the background and nationalist political factions present in Scotland, providing elucidation on the campaigns expounded by those pro- or antiindependence.. 立. Theoretical Analysis of Globalization and Separatism. 學. ‧ 國. 1.4.1. 政治大. ‧. Globalization and separatism are frequently used terms which both contain many definitions. Before delving into the particulars of the globalization-separatism debate, we must. y. Nat. sit. first understand the meanings behind the terms and settle on the terminology to be used for the. er. io. rest of this thesis. Implications of these concepts have been vast and plentiful since the concepts. al. iv n C to just settle on the one meaning for these concepts. There tends not to be a variant of h etwo ngchi U terminology for globalization, only different meanings interpreted by scholars. However, for the n. of globalization and separatism have diverse connotations to every scholar, thus, it is challenging. concept of separatism, there is an array of other terms encompassed within it such as nationalism, national separatism, secession, autonomy and national self-determination; all are variants of separatism but with slightly different meanings.. 7.

(15) . 1.4.1.1. Globalization. Connotations surrounding globalization are normally “interconnectedness,” “sharing of power,” “greater dependence on international trade,” and so on. Each scholar has their own understanding of globalization, and it will be evident as to why an amalgamation of the definitions has been so hard to achieve when we name a few of the clarifications.. A broad definition has been provided by Stiglitz where globalization is described as, “the. 治政 movement.” Rosecrance and Stein extended this definition大 to be, “The growing mobility of 立 factors of production – capital, labour, information, and goods – between countries. Since 1945 international flow of ideas and commerce, the sharing of cultures [and] the global environmental 5. ‧ 國. 學. world trade has been growing more rapidly than world gross domestic product (GDP).”6 While Timothy Scrase adds to this by elaborating that globalization is, “a term that describes the. ‧. intensification of social and cultural interconnectedness across the globe.”7 A more detailed explanation was provided by Danilo Zolo: “Globalization is the process by which the social. y. Nat. sit. relations between human beings have tended to extend ‘globally,’ to cover the territorial and. al. er. io. demographic space of the entire planet. In this more specific sense, the term ‘globalization’ is. v. n. used to indicate the social process, highly influenced by technological development, increasingly. Ch. i Un. rapid means of transport and the ‘information revolution,’ which has created a truly world-wide. engchi. web of spatial connections and functional interdependence.”8. Other definitions also agree with Zolo on technology, transport and information being a wide influence, however, Morten Ougaard, just like Rosecrance and Stein, places more emphasis on the economic aspects of globalization by stating, “globalization is a set of more or less 5. Stiglitz, J. E. (2006), Making Globalization Work, WW Norton: New York, p. 4 Rosecrance, R. N., and Stein, A. A. (2006), No More States? Globalization, National Self-Determination, and Terrorism, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 8 7 Scrase, T. (1995), “Globalization, India, and the Struggle for Justice,” in Smith, D., and Borocz, J., eds., A New World Order? Global Transformations in the Late Twentieth Century, Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, p. 147 8 Zolo, D. (2007), Globalization: an Overview, Colchester, UK: ECPR Press, p. 1 6. 8.

(16) . interrelated changes…Among these changes are a deepening of international economic integration (itself a multifaceted phenomenon), developments in communication technologies and infrastructure, the rise of multiculturalism, global environmental problems, proliferation of international institutions, agreements and regimes, the rise of transnational non-state actors, the end of the Cold War, and others.” 9 Lastly, Stone offers a comprehensive definition by demonstrating the prerequisites and aftermath of globalization, “Globalization is the cross-border interpenetration of economic life. While we cannot see globalization directly, its imprint is evident in the spread of foreign plants across domestic landscapes, the telecommunications and computer technologies that enable firms to produce distribute and market all over the world falling trade barriers and fading foreign exchange restrictions. National borders are becoming permeable to products made all over the globe and to global capital flows.”10. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. As can be seen from the above, the definitions by various scholars are all diversified. However, we can see aspects of two faces of globalization. The first being the cultural aspect –. ‧. culture and communications has become transnational. The assimilation from one country to another has been evident over the previous years and it can be most exemplified through the. Nat. sit. y. adoption of East Asian cultures in Hollywood productions. Hollywood has been borrowing. er. io. features from foreign cultures to create international box-office winners thus, evolving from traditional Hollywood to one more advanced through globalization.11 The second is the economic. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. or corporate aspect. Thomas Friedman in The Lexus and the Olive Tree, the first of his best. engchi. sellers on globalization, summarized the economic aspect of globalization to be, “the spread of free market capitalism to virtually every country around the world…[with its own] set of economic rules…that revolve around opening, deregulating and privatizing [the] economy to make it more competitive and attractive to foreign investment.”12 International conventions and treaties signed, overseen by the World Trade Organization (WTO), of the General Agreement on 9. Ougaard, M. (2004), Political Globalization, State, Power and Social Forces, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 2-3 10 Stone, K. V. W. (2008), “Flexibilization, Globalization and Privatization: Three Challenges to Labour (sic) Rights in Out Times,” in Bercusson, B., and Estlund, E. (eds.), Regulating Labor in the Wake of Globalization, Portland: Hart Publication, p. 119 11 Wong, K. Y., Westfahl, G., Chan, A. K. (2005), World Weavers: Globalization, Science Fiction, and the Cybernetic Revolution, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, p. 237 12 Friedman, T. (1999), The Lexus and the Olive Tree, New York: Anchor, p. 9. 9.

(17) . Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and Agreements on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights and Trade-Related Investment (TRIPS and TRIMS, respectively);13 demonstrate the global movement to a free trade market, elucidating the economic depth of globalization.. As can be understood from above, the general gist of globalization is an interconnectedness of people all around the world be it through the economy, trade, communication, travel, investment, migration and so on. It could be argued that the ideal of globalization is to have no boundaries worldwide for fluid movement of both people and goods.. 政治大. This thesis aims to discover where globalization fits into the argument of separatism and how the meanings behind globalization will aid in the debate of the globalization-separatism relationship.. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 1.4.1.2. Separatism. ‧ y. Nat. sit. As aforementioned, several terms are encompassed within the concept of separatism. For. al. er. io. a full comprehension on separatism, we have to understand the meanings behind the terms first. n. due to the fact that separatism is all of these terms combined. To understand one term without the. Ch. i Un. v. other will not allow for a complete understanding of separatism. This thesis will review the terms. engchi. of nationalism, national separatism, secession, autonomy and national self-determination for the study of separatism.. Nationalism/National Separatism. Nationalism and separatism go hand-in-hand, some scholars even dub it “national separatism.”14 Nationalism and national separatism still differ in their meanings though as Michael Hechter explains nationalism to be a “collective action 13. Irwin, D. A., The Concise Encyclopaedia of Economics – International Trade Agreements, http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/InternationalTradeAgreements.html, [Last Accessed: October 19th 2015] 14 Hale, H. E. (2008), The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 3. 10.

(18) . designed to render the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its governance unit,”15 which Hechter has also explained to mean that there is no need for that unit to be an independent country, it could similarly be an autonomous region encompassed within a larger state.. National separatism, on the other hand, is more a form of nationalism where either one of two means occurs: (1) separation of a smaller autonomous territorial unit from the metropolitan state, or (2) opposing the integration of one autonomous territorial unit into a larger entity. In other words, the term “national separatism” includes both “an ethnic region’s secessionism and a state’s opposition to joining an international integration project.”16 Separatism can occur in one. 政治大. state, it does not necessarily have to involve distinct nations for it to happen. Both terms differ slightly but essentially they have similar meanings. We will see that the terms of secession,. 立. autonomy and national self-determination are very much alike to nationalism and national. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. separatism with only a few variations.. Secession. Often described as a branch of separatism, but at the same time, secession is. Nat. sit. y. not necessarily identical to separatism. In political situations, secession of a state could lead to a. er. io. sovereign political unit being constructed and separated from the metropolitan state. “A separatist movement differs from a secessionist movement insofar as the demands of the former. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. consist of increased autonomy in one or many areas, whereas in the latter, full independence is. engchi. part of the definition of success,”17 as explained by Bookman. Secession movements are more extreme and they do not simply mean separation. Buchanan elaborates upon this, “In many, perhaps most cases, the secessionists desire not only independence from the existing state but also sovereignty for the new political unit they seek to create.”18 To go even further, secession is “the formal withdrawal from an established internationally recognized state by a constituent unit. 15. Hechter, M. (2000), Containing Nationalism, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 7-14 Hale, H. E. (2008), The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 3 17 Bookman, M. Z. (1992), The Economics of Secession, New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 4 18 Buchanan, A. (1991), Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, p. 18 16. 11.

(19) . to create a new sovereign state”19 as stated by Bartkus. The term “secessionism” is therefore a further step up from separatism in the sense that it aims for full separation and autonomy. The case study of Scotland is most akin to the term of secessionism considering both seek full autonomy away from their metropolitan counterpart. Scotland seeks to form their own nationstate away from their existing nation-state. Autonomy and national self-determination will be explored first before depicting the term for use in this thesis.. Autonomy. Autonomy is normally associated with the independence of an individual or a group from other individuals. Similar to the other terms, scholars voice diverse opinions on the. 政治大. definition of autonomy. Brydon and Coleman identify autonomy as, “the capacity for selfdetermination and the conditions enabling it.” 20 Furthermore, they also emphasize upon. 立. collective autonomy as well; “For the greater the collective autonomy the greater the. ‧ 國. 學. sovereignty.”21 Other scholars do not make it as clear cut that autonomy necessarily leads to selfdetermination, considering Lapidoth states, “A territorial political autonomy is an arrangement. ‧. aimed at granting to a group that differs from the majority of the population in the state, but that constitutes the majority in a specific region, a means by which it can express its distinct. Nat. sit. y. identity.” 22 It can be argued that the term of autonomy seems vaguer when dealing with. al. er. io. separatism, secessionism or national self-determination, as compared to the other terminology. n. found under separatism. It does not perfectly fit the situation of Scotland to use this term unless it. Ch. i Un. v. was only used for describing the group of individuals, such as using “autonomous unit,” aiming. engchi. for secession. The separatist movement from Scotland can be depicted as autonomous but it does not seem appropriate when discussing the goals of the movements; separatism would be a more suitable term in this case.. 19. Bartkus, V. O. (1999), The Dynamic of Secession, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 3 Brydon, D., and Coleman, W. (2008), “Globalization, Autonomy, and Community,” in Brydon, D., and Coleman, W., eds., Renegotiating Community, Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Global Contexts, Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press, p. 5 21 Coleman, W., Pauly, L., and Brydon, D. (2008), “Globalization, Autonomy and Institutional Change,” in Pauly, L., and Coleman, W., eds., Global Ordering, Institutions and Autonomy in a Changing World, Vancouver: UBC Press, p. 10 22 Lapidoth, R. (1996), Autonomy, Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, p. 33 20. 12.

(20) . National Self-Determination. National self-determination is comparable to autonomy because it refers to the right of individuals or groups to separate and form their own political entity. However, some scholars have deemed national self-determination to be subordinate to that of state sovereignty. National self-determination can be understood in a multitude of ways. “National self-determination can be understood in a strong or weak sense. In the strong sense it insists that a nation be given statehood, whereas in the weak sense it requires only that a nation be given some form of self-government. Weak national self-determination is thus compatible with a multinational state in which nations are given some political autonomy.”23 Most scholars definitions have opted for national self-determination in the weak sense as can be exemplified by Halperin and Scheffer, “The principle of self-determination is best viewed as entitling a people. 政治大. to choose its political allegiance, to influence the political order under which it lives, and to preserve its cultural, ethnic, historical, or territorial identity. Often, although not always, these. 立. objectives can be achieved with less than full independence.”24 C. Lloyd Brown-John further. ‧ 國. 學. expounds that, “Self-determination does not in any manner imply a right to independence…it is a concept that international law acknowledges must be secondary to the integrity of democratic. ‧. states.”25 As can be shown by the examples above, it is evident that most scholars do not believe that national self-determination will lead to independence for the chosen separatist movement.. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. n. Both terms of “globalization” and “separatism,” are not perfect in their construction. Ch. i Un. v. considering as both contain a magnitude of meanings and every scholar has their own. engchi. interpretation of the concept. Globalization is a vital international relations theory needed for this thesis in the ensuing debate and case studies which will be explored. Separatism will be the term which will continue to be used throughout this thesis since separatism encompasses all the terms that fully define the separatist movement of Scotland and is the contrasting term against globalization. By using only globalization and separatism through this whole thesis, it will allow for a clearer explanation and clarification for the debate on globalization and separatism. 23. Caney, S. (1998), “National Self-determination and National Secession, Individualist and Communitarian Approaches,” in Lehning, P., ed., Theories of Secession, London: Routledge, p. 152 24 Halperin, M. and Scheffer, D. (1992), Self-Determination in the New World Order, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, p. 47 25 Brown-John, C. L. (September, 1997), “Self-Determination and Separation,” Options Politiques/Policy Options, 40-43, p. 43. 13.

(21) . 1.4.2. Theoretical Analysis of Nationalism. Nationalist theories provide answers as to why groups or separatist parties form to apprehend their rationale for separatism. These theories present a foundation for the globalization-separatism debate as it allows us to first understand why the autonomous states act in the way they do. There are various schools of thoughts under nationalism, with the most prominent theories being that of modernity and primordialism. These are the main theories which will be focused upon in this analysis of nationalism.. 治政大discover the origins of separatism. Firstly, the meaning of “nation” must be understood to 立 Walker Connor was one of the first scholars to appreciate that there has been a lack of essential ‧ 國. 學. terminology regarding the discussion on nationalism. 26 Therefore, this word is of vital importance to the discussion because without truly understanding the significance of the meaning. ‧. of ‘nation,’ one cannot begin to phantom the depth of ethnic conflict within these nationalist factions. “Nation” is defined as, “a group of people who have some combination of common. y. Nat. sit. language, culture, religion, history, mythology, identity, or sense of identity.”27 Connor further. al. er. io. simplifies this definition by denoting it as, “The nation is the largest group of people that shares a. v. n. common ancestry and can be influenced/aroused/motivated/mobilized by appeals to common 28. Ch. i Un. kinship.” Due to these types of people constituting a nation, it is not difficult to dissect that. engchi. those who bear more similarities as a group compared to others, would group together to form divergent nationalist factions. After acknowledging this fact, we now then turn to theories centralizing on ethnic conflicts.. 26. Connor, W. (1978), ‘A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group is a …’ Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1 (4): 377-397 27 Nye, J. S., and Welch, D. A. (2012), Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation, 9th Edition, London: Pearson, p. 35 28 Connor, W. (2004), ‘The timelessness of nations,’ in Nations and Nationalism, 10, 1-2: 37. 14.

(22) . Modernity is said to lie at the heart of nationalism. The changes influenced upon society by modernity result in nationalist conflicts. 29 ‘Modernism’ is the argument that without modernity, nations could not have been enacted, much less existed.30 Modernists believe that the emergence of ‘nations’ can be connected to ‘the great transformation’ in eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe.31 Famous theorists who expound theories of modernism are Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson and Elie Kedourie, however, each theorist has their own take on the meaning of modernism. For Gellner, a materialistic view towards the origin of nationalism is undertaken. The ideology of nationalism and the shift from an agricultural to industrial society are named as the key to explaining the emergence of ‘nations.’ Whilst, Kedourie takes an idealistic route when demonstrating that the ‘great transformation’ is a fundamentally top-down. 政治大. intellectual revolution. In the middle of these two interpretations is Anderson’s constructivist interpretation where he identifies the key of nationalism as originating from print media and its. 立. effect on the emergence of a unified ‘national’ identity.. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. On the other side of the spectrum, the primordial position regards ‘nations’ being in existence before modernity. The three theorists associated with the primordialism theory are. Nat. sit. y. Adrian Hastings, Walker Connor and Anthony Smith. Each scholar argues primordialism from a. er. io. different angle; Hasting’s believes that ‘nations’ are formed when an existential threat occurs to a particular ethnic group through an external attack or by the state system.32 Perceptions of facts. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. are what shape attitudes and behaviour for Connor and he perceives that members of nations. engchi. regard that nation as ‘eternal,’ and ‘timeless.’33 Smith favours an ethno-symbolism approach where the enduring features of national identities are myth and memories. These are the main subject matters in which his argument revolves around.34. 29. Conversi, D. (2011), ‘Globalization, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationalism,’ in Turner, B. S. (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 346 30 Smith, A. D. (2004), ‘Dating the Nation,’ in Conversi, D. (ed.), Ethnonationalism in the Contemporary World, London/New York: Routledge 31 Jackson-Preece, J. (2010), ‘Origins of nations: Contested beginnings, contested futures,’ in K. Cordell and S. Wolff (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 15 32 Hastings, A. (1997), The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 33 Connor, W. (2004), ‘The timelessness of nations,’ in Nations and Nationalism, 10, 1-2: 35-47 34 Smith, A. (1991), National Identity, Harmondsworth: Penguin. 15.

(23) . As Smith argues, under modernism, nationalism may account as a recent phenomenon, however, this does not ineludibly indicate that nations are modern creations35 thus disputing the authors which argue that nations are ‘invented’36 or ‘imagined.’37 Under all of these scholars, the theory of modernism and primordialism relates back to the topic at hand concerning how ethnic groups have to find ways to ensure their survival and protect their own millennial identity. It is only through the hopes of nationalism could they be able to attain the security that they needed for their survival or to eventually go on into separate statehood. This theory can be exemplified in the case of Scotland. It is critical that the theories of modernity and primordialism have been exemplified in this thesis’ literature review since cultural background is one of the main ideas in which the comparisons of the three case studies will be based on, alongside political circumstances and economic wealth.. 立. Legitimacy of Referendums. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 1.4.3. 政治大. The legitimacy of referendums for independence is an extremely tricky topic. They. Nat. sit. y. especially arise in the case studies that are presented in this thesis. The legitimacy of a. er. io. referendum process may assist the legitimacy of the outcome of the referendum. In addition to this, it has been argued in recent times by scholars that there are indeed democracy benchmarks. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. and international standards set for measuring the legitimacy of a referendum’s process.38 The. engchi. Civic Republican Theory contributes to the benchmark and addresses the critical objections towards using referendums as a mechanism for constitutional decision making. The Civic Republican Theory originated from political philosophers such as Aristotle, Cicero, and Machiavelli. They expound the belief that men will conduct the common business of citizens when realising that it is for the common good and that they are attempting to replace the empire of men with the empire of law. 35. Conversi, D. (2011), ‘Globalization, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationalism,’ in Turner, B. S. (ed.), The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies, Abingdon: Routledge, p. 347 36 Gellner, E. (2006), Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell/Ithaca: Cornell University Press [1st Edition, 1983] 37 Anderson, B. (1993), Imagined Communities, London: Verso [1st Edition, 1982] 38 Tierney, S. (2012), Constitutional Referendums: A theory and practice of republic deliberation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 16.

(24) . Referendums are used extensively nowadays and democracy may be playing an increasingly prominent role in the utilisation of referendums in a healthy representative system.39 There are three main criticisms of the uses of referendums. The first is the Elite Control Syndrome, where referendums are conducted in a restricted environment, for example, whereby the legislature does not provide the necessary oversight of the executives. Lijphart has simply formulated this syndrome into the phrase, “most referendums are both controlled and prohegemonic.”40 Secondly, the Deliberation Deficit is where the electorate tries to discourage voters to consider the substantive issues. This could be argued to have occurred to the Charlottetown Accord in Canada. 41 The opposite of this is Deliberation Democracy where dialogue is not foreclosed and constitutional democracy should be a part of the on-going process. 政治大. of exchange.42 Lastly, the third disparagement is the Majoritarian Danger, where the views of minorities are absent when exercising majoritarian decision making.43 One political scientist. 立. argued that, the protection of minorities is “the main objection against referendums.”44 There is. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. the danger that the majority will vote to harm the minority.45. In order to counteract these criticisms, principles must be illustrated to set the legitimacy. Nat. sit. y. of referendums and these are demonstrated by Tierney when he argues the principles of:. al. er. io. participation; public reasoning; equality as parity of esteem; and consent in collective decision-. n. making. Participation entitles the citizen to be informed about the entire process along with the. . Ch. engchi. 39. i Un. v. Mendelsohn, M. and Parkin, A. (2001), Referendum Democracy: Citizens, Elites and Deliberation in Referendum Campaigns, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]; New York: Palgrave 40 Lijphart, A. (1984), Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 203: See also, Qvortrup, M. (2000), “Are Referendums Controlled and Prohegemonic?” Political Studies, 48 (4): 821-826, p. 821; and Butler, D., and Ranney, A. (1978), ‘Summing Up’ in Butler, D., and Ranney, A. (eds.), Referendums: A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory, Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, p. 221 41 Johnson, R., et al. (1996), The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, p. 11-12 42 Goodin, R. E. (2008), Innovating Democracy: Democratic Theory and Practice after the Deliberative Turn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 2 43 Mill, J. S. (1991), Considerations on Representative Government, New York: Prometheus Books, p. 116 44 Qvortrup, M. (2002), A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, p. 158 45 Eisenberg, A. (2001), ‘The Medium is the Message: How Referenda Lead Us to Understand Equality for Minorities,’ in Mendelsohn and Parkin (eds.), Referendum Democracy, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]; New York: Palgrave, p. 147-8. 17.

(25) . necessary information that they will need to be able to make an informed decision.46 Public reasoning is whereby the electorate will be able to participate fully in the deliberative process and it allows for the public justification of ideas by participants.47 Equality as parity of esteem is the third component and this rule ensures the inclusivity of the referendum process and that minorities are given the opportunity to participate fully so as to ensure fairness.48 Lastly, consent in collective decision-making should be made a pre-requisite to the legitimacy of referendums considering if the process was fair and inclusive, all participants will consent and accept the outcome of a legitimate exercise of collective decision-making.49 In addition to this, in terms of the best international practice in relation to constitutional referendums, guidance in this area is produced by the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission).. 政治大. The Commission has recommended that voters must be informed of the consequences that the referendum will render and also, authorities must provide a balanced report of both arguments of. 立. the debate to allow voters to make an informed decision and understand the outcome of the vote.. ‧ 國. 學. These details are pertinent to the discussion at hand considering one of the issues that arise in all of the referendums is its legitimacy.. ‧. Nat. sit. io. n. al. y. Overview of Scotland. er. 1.4.4. Ch. i Un. v. Scotland is an interesting case of nationalism as it provides many insights into the. engchi. dynamics of integration. In 1707, the two kingdoms united with the Treaty of the Union and subsequent Acts of Union, to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.50 However, after three hundred years of the union, Scotland achieved devolution and claimed its own parliament. “Demands for statehood were thus dealt with through increased autonomy within the union rather than. 46. Dryzek, J. S. (2000), Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations, Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press 47 Rawls, J. (2005), Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 446-7 48 Pettit, P. (1997), Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government, Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press 49 Saward, M. (2003), “Enacting Democracy,” Political Studies, 51 (1): 161-179, p. 161 50 MacKenzie, J. M., and Devine, T. M. (2011), Scotland and the British Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 280-284. 18.

(26) . independence from it.” 51 This illustrates that integration was not well-received otherwise autonomy would not have been sought on the part of Scotland. Even though it may have been the voluntary choice of Scotland to commit to a union, nonetheless, there could be an element of coercion underlying this amalgamation.52. Devolution allowed Scotland to have an amplified autonomy and it is intriguing that the culture in Scotland is similar to that of England but Scotland has managed to retain its own distinctiveness, elucidating a resilience of identity. Nairn labels Scotland a “cultural subnationalism” since it has a unique historical path in Europe.53 Due to Scotland’s pertinence to its. 政治大. own identity, nationalist sentiments arose around this period of time in the era of the union. It was not a post-1789 phenomenon 54 and not a product of industrialization. 55 Support for. 立. nationalism was short-lived since the provision of more autonomy to Scotland decreased the. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. pressure for independence. Nevertheless, in current times, it is a whole different story.. Scottish independence is a fervently debated topic in the global society nowadays, most. Nat. sit. y. prominently in the European Union (hereinafter, ‘EU’). Scotland, which forms a part of the. er. io. United Kingdom and is currently led by the Scottish National Party (‘SNP’), has completed their referendum for independence which occurred on September 18th 2014, with a final result of 55%. n. al. Ch. i Un. v. against independence and 45% for independence. On the day of the referendum, voters across. engchi. Scotland answered yes or no to the question of, “Should Scotland be an independent country?” in polling booths. The SNP are the main nationalist party behind the campaign of independency. They vow that independency will make Scotland “a better place to live.”56 Two main groups – Better Together and Yes Scotland - are active in Scotland for their demonstrations of support for and 51. Rosecrance, R. N., and Stein, A. A. (2006), No More States? Globalization, National Self-Determination, and Terrorism, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 241 52 Hirshleifer, J. (2001), The Dark Side of the Force, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 53 Andersen, C. M., et al. (1997), The Development of Scottish Nationalism, Aalborg: Aalborg University Press 54 Hroch, M. (1985), Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 55 Gellner, E. (1983), Nations and Nationalism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 56 SNP, http://www.snp.org/referendum/the-new-scotland, [Last Accessed: December 20th 2015]. 19.

(27) . against independence. Better Together is a group which supports the Union and does not wish to see Scotland separate from the United Kingdom. They base their argument around a simple notion: “We have the best of both worlds in Scotland.”57 On the other hand, Yes Scotland believes that Scotland has a wealth of potential if it should become independent and some of the reasons that they cite are that Scotland has a 10 billion pound tourism industry, 4.3 billion pounds in whisky exports and 1,500 billion pounds in oil and gas reserves.58 “An independent Scotland would be richer than the rest of the UK and in the top 20 countries globally.”59 Illustration can be shown above that nationalism has become alive in Scotland again and if Scotland cannot achieve independence, then they demand further autonomy from the Union.. 1.5. Research Methodology. 學 ‧. ‧ 國. 1.5.1. 治政大 Structure Research Methodology and Research 立. A qualitative analysis route will be taken over a quantitative one. The difference between. y. Nat. a qualitative analysis and a quantitative analysis is that the data which is to be analysed is text,. sit. rather than numbers. Another diverse aspect between the two types of analyses is that qualitative. er. io. data analysts’ research in-depth which creates a comprehensive understanding where the analyst. al. n. iv n C h e nforg specific investigator from the facts and only researching relations among discrete variables.60 chi U. is an active participant, as compared to quantitative data analysts’ of being a removed. Implementing qualitative analysis allows for the readers to see the reality behind the numbers ensuring the fruitfulness of a real social experience. The texts in which that this thesis will be focused on will be the election manifestos, books, articles and other campaign material as compared to other types of qualitative analyses which specify on pictures, images or participant 57. Better Together, http://bettertogether.net/the-facts, [Last Accessed: December 20th 2015] Yes Scotland, http://www.yesscotland.net/, [Last Accessed: December 20th 2015] 59 “If Scotland Goes,” Financial Times, February 3rd 2014, http://www.ft.com/indepth/if-scotland-goes, [Last Accessed: December 20th 2015] 60 Schutt, R. K. (2011), ‘Qualitative Data Analysis,’ in Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research, 7th Edition, Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London: SAGE Publications, p. 324 58. 20.

(28) . observation sessions that researchers will further go on to examine. The particular method of progressive focusing in qualitative analysis will be applied to the present dissertation. Progressive focusing is “the process by which a qualitative analyst interacts with the data and gradually refines her focus.”61. This thesis will be looking at the data established by the SNP and interpreting the data to create a more rounded analysis to be put in the context of the globalization-separatism debate. This method of analysis is beneficial to this thesis considering most of the information which will be gathered is text, and not numbers. The only numbers which will be involved stem from. 政治大. the outcome of the results of the referendum, figures derived from economic wealth of the countries and the numbers expounded by the SNP in their argumentations regarding the benefits. 立. of independence.. ‧ 國. 學. Research Structure. ‧. 1.5.2. sit. y. Nat. er. al. n. reading like this:. io. The structure of my research will be split into a total of five chapters with the layout. •. Chapter 1: Introduction. •. Chapter 2: Separatism. •. Chapter 3: Globalization. •. Chapter 4: Scotland. •. Chapter 5: Conclusion. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. Chapter 1, the introduction, will detail the research background and motivation, a comprehensive literature review, research methodology and structure, and scope and limitations of this thesis. 61. Schutt, R. K. (2011), ‘Qualitative Data Analysis,’ in Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research, 7th Edition, Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London: SAGE Publications, p. 322. 21.

(29) . Chapter 2 will discuss the causes of separatism and secession in the forms of economic inequality and ethnicity. The definitions of the concept of separatism and secession will be detailed in Chapter 1. Deciphering the root causes of economic inequality and ethnicity for separatism and secession will aid the separatism-globalization debate considering if a country has a separatist movement, it is most likely due to economic inequality or ethnicity or both, therefore, in the case of economic inequality, countries may want to achieve independence because they are economically stable and wish to become even more globalized in the process of independence and therein lies the reasoning for the importance of these causes for the separatism-globalization debate.. 立. 政治大. Chapter 3, Globalization, will present the current situation regarding the spread of. ‧ 國. 學. globalization and the effect that globalization has had on the international community. It will further delve into the globalization-separatism debate where the relationship between separatism. ‧. and globalization will be explored and the questions of whether a separatist movement. io. y. er. independence in the international community surroundings.. sit. Nat. supporting globalization but vying for independence at the same time will be able to achieve. al. n. iv n C Chapter 4 describes the situationhofeScotland the argumentations provided by the i U n g c hand. SNP for the independence of Scotland. The argumentations will be split into six sections of: Democratic, Economic, Social, International, Cultural and Environmental, with evidence supported by the SNP in their White Paper. In addition to this, the legitimacy of the Scottish referendum will be debated and the case of Scotland will be placed in the context of the globalization-separatism debate and tie up the arguments made in both Chapters 2 and 3. Lastly, Chapter 5 will be the conclusion where analysis and a conclusion of all the contentions present in this thesis will be linked and personal insights will be shared.. 22.

(30) . 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the Study. 1.6.1. Scope. In this study, the intention is to only research the globalization-separatism debate with Scotland being placed at the centre of the discussion to analyse whether a separatist movement which supports globalization and independence at the same time could become independent. This thesis will remain un-biased throughout the entire study and does not intend to take any sides on whether voting for independence will be either beneficial or detrimental to both the nation and international society as a whole. The effects from the conclusions of the votes will not. 政治大 Scotland will not be iterated either. The aim of this thesis is to purely focus only on the past and 立 be discussed in this thesis and future predictions as to whether future referendums will be held by. present of the events that have occurred in Scotland and not to provide any future estimates or. ‧ 國. ‧. Limitations. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 1.6.2. 學. calculations.. i Un. v. Limitations of a study are the characteristics and methodology that impact and influence. Ch. engchi. the interpretation of findings from the research conducted in this thesis. They place constraints in the generalization process, applications to practice, and/or utility of findings that will bind on the method that the researcher has initially chosen to design the study or approaches used to establish internal and external validity.. The methodological limitations that this thesis expects to encounter while writing this thesis come in the forms of minimal prior research studies on this topic. Other limitations that this study may encounter will be language barriers; and cultural bias. Minimal prior research studies on this topic will be a difficulty when writing this thesis since the referendum that this thesis intends to discuss occurred in the year of 2014 thus, it is still relatively new. Research 23.

(31) . studies on Scotland have been increasing since recent events however, again, accessibility will not be as easy as newer books are always harder to gain.. Lastly, there is the possibility of cultural and other types of bias as a limitation. Bias can be negative or positive thus, when proof-reading this paper, this thesis will have to take extra precautions to ensure that this thesis has ordered events, people, and places accurately and eliminated all words which can have a positive or negative connotation. This thesis guarantees that no bias shall come to pass in this study.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 24. i Un. v.