倫理對象與相的假定─從蘇格拉底的追問到柏拉圖的倫理的相論

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(1)I. m. <:.D. <:.D. C"). \mr:. -v. ~. ~. "'1'1. -. ~ ~ ~ ~. -+<. ..u "r\. 40 ~(. tIt:. .il\. +. iii. ~. '.'. ~o. •+. ~. ~ ~. fi!. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. .. ii. -•. tl!I. "41' '1"1>. *"$. ~. ~ "$ ~. ~. ~ ..m '"* ""='". ~. ~ ~. ~ ~. ;~. ::..J:! ,~. *1?< ~. 11. •. ~~W~~~'~~ ~lt~:\I\I;\~~~. ~*~~--.*~. • 0. *. m::. $:tHSl~.~\-'-W'~ ~~~:$* ~~ ,~ it ~. -ID1 ~ ~. ~. ~. ~. 0. ~~. .~. t. t. ~ ~ ~ \1\ . ~.~it~. W ~. ~*. ... ~~ ~. -~. ltL ~~. ~~ ~. ~. ~*. ~\W. ~:$. ~. 0. *li[:. ~. ~-t{. 'W. .~m« ~~~. \. ~li[:. ~. ~$!. .:t.;r. ~. .-ID1L. ~~ ~~. 4<:*. $~. :$~. L L. ~~ W~. t. ...., ....,. ~L. ~.~~. ~~*~~~-ID1~ ~$~~~*" ~. ~~~. ~~~*,.-9<*W ~~~~.\l;;l*~:$. .. . ...1..\1\. $:t~~ . ~~. •••. .~*~~. ~*. **. ~'fn(~~~~~t. ~~~~\\£-N.~. ~*HSl11\tl~M~~ ::~~~\-m~~~. ... o~~lI'R°~t~ "'C Q)~~:ii ~\ ca -~ .c~~*" ~ ,~o. ~-ID1~n('fn(~~IPt$! .n(~~. "m:::~~:~~~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ;. ~. .~HSl.4<:~.W~. ~. MHSl~.,\t\~~*'~. ......... ~~~~*M~m«~. ~ ~ ~.\l;;l:t1Ji1'1\i11~t:~~. ~*~~~~*:\I\I;\~. ..... ~.*'~~-~~. ~.~ ~~~. ~w~ ~-$o. ~~~. ~~~. 11\. ~. W. ~. ~~\tl\ 0 t ~$!. -$ 0. W. ~. ~ ~'N ~. ~ ~ ~. -ID1~~~ t 4nW~ ~:$~. \. ... ~~~~ gx~t:~* ~W-ID1~ t ~. \-'-:$. 0. \W. ~~gx.::E. $! :-ti*~~. ~. :$~~. ~. ~~~~ ~~~. .\lW~. _~\lW~. ~~~~ "*,-ID1:$~. ~ t ~~ I \ II ~. 0 -ID1~ ~_~lt. •. ~~~. *'~~. ~.. :ii*. ... ~~. W$o. ~. :ii~. :ii .. :\t ~Iii'tt itf~. .. :::{il~. .......... ~~.. W~:ii. +I:q...",.. ~.,.. m:~:j\;;:. ~~.. '" '-:il ~~.. "Cl)~. +I~.. ~olil. ..\l!g~ !>C:1'. ~:b. I"=,,. .;*. ........ :w,&:'i*". ~7~. ~ ~. ~uo. -\J~W. t!:! .. ~ '*~~. -< ~ \. +.$. IiIt~. .:j\;;::ii ~.+-. ~*~ -t><~~ :'4-\-t><.

(2) 64 (. [@'J. lLifbtr- **~**~aJ ~ -cJ!Jj. f,iil:! 11 ~~flllA1FVt ---Vt.~l~.:h'L~ it Po' M faJJi.1Il1A1il'1!.lAfll~. ~*X~~~'~~~~lli~r~.$#_:. ' •• fr~~~~~~. The Ethical and the Hypothesis of Ideas. «~~-~~'~~.~~.~~~~o~.~~~~~ft~.~~.~. ~~#W~~ •• ~.o='~fr~ •• ~~.~,~~~.~.*«~. ~~~~o~'m~·~·~~~~~~ ~.~'~fr~.~.~.:. r~.Jo~~~~.~_~~~.~~. •.... ~. 65. the Development from Socratic "Dialegesthai" to Plato's Theroy of idea. ~.~_~.. ~_m~o@'~.~.~~~.~'~fr~.~:.~.$~~~.~~ ~W~~~~~~.~oA'~fr~~~~~_~~~~M~' •• ~~~ ~~m'~~·~~.~~~.~~M~~~4*I~o. Wen-lin Peng. Abstract According to Plato's Phaedo, Socrates doesn't content himself with the presocratic physiologists who explain the causes of being with material element or V01)~. like Anaxagoras, so that he assumes the existence of ideas as the cause of. ysvscrt~. in order to investigate the immortality of soul. In comparison with. Aristotle's report, Socrates reduces his discussions with sophists into definitive topics and searches for the Ku90Ao1) in his definition of the ethical, but he neither asserts the separation of Ku90A01) nor affirms the existence of ideas. Owing to this difference of the delivered reports between Plato and Aristotle, I try to investigate the development from Socrates' OtuAsys0"8m to Plato's theory of idea. paper is divided into three steps as following: I.A methodical consideration: on the differences between the natural and the ethical in reason and sensation.2.0n the hypothesis of ideas, its relation to the ethical and the acquisition of ideas.3.Conclusion. ).. By the first step, I analyze the characteristics of the ethical and put them into the division of reason and sensation in order to make distinctive marks between them. By the second step, I inquire the hypothesis of ideas into the following I.. points of view: 1. on the hypothesis of ideas themselves and their characteristics, 2. on the implication of ideas, 3. on the. N.~:. ••a4'~a.'§I.I·,··,··.,~~.*,.t • *, ••• *,~•• *,.,.~.~. !ls8sO"t~. of ideas and the participants, 4.on. the relation between ethical ideas. Afterwards, I summarize L. C.-H. Chen's study of , Ideen schau' in his last work: Acquiring Knowledge ofthe Ideas . Consequently, it concludes as following: 1.Socrates considers the ethical as.

(3) M (@~a~* • • • • • )'tM. 1~~Ut ~~;fil Et.J1~~:tt -- -1ft~;f&..:Jn ~i! rp, !'HaJfl.lIl Et.J1~llr Et.J;fiI~. ... .. ~*X~~~'~~*~ili~T'~.~~»:_,.~~~*~~~. «A~» •• '~~~~~ •• ~~.o~.~~~ ~~~~~.~. 55. The Ethical and the Hypothesis of Ideas. • ~*W~**.~.o='~~~··.~.~'**~.~A~~~1. ~~~ •• o~'m~.A.~~~~MM·~~·~'~~~.~.~A:. r~.Jo~~.~.~~~A •• MM.~~M~._~~4~»~.ft. - the Development from Socratic "Dialegesthai" to Plato's Theroy of idea. ~»m~o~'~···~~~.*'~~~.A:~~~~~~~.~~. ~W~~~~~~.~OA'~~~~~~~»~*~~~*, •• ~~*. ~~m'~~·~· ~~M#~~.*~~o. ...... Wen-lin Peng. Abstract According to Plato's Phaedo, Socrates doesn't content himself with the presocratic physiologists who explain the causes of being with material element or VOU~. like Anaxagoras, so that he assumes the existence of ideas as the cause of. yEVEO'tS in order to investigate the immortality of soul. In comparison with Aristotle's report, Socrates reduces his discussions with sophists into definitive topics and searches for the KaSoAou in his definition of the ethical, but he neither 1. I. asserts the separation of KaSoAou nor affirms the existence of ideas. Owing to this difference of the delivered reports between Plato and Aristotle, I try to investigate the development from Socrates' OtaAEYEcrSat to Plato's theory of idea. This paper is divided into three steps as following: I.A methodical consideration: on the differences between the natural and the ethical in reason and sensation.2.0n the hypothesis of ideas, its relation to the ethical and the acquisition of ideas.3.Conclusion.. >. By the first step, I analyze the characteristics of the ethical and put them into the division of reason and sensation in order to make distinctive marks between them. By the second step, I inquire the hypothesis of ideas into the following \,. points of view: 1. on the hypothesis of ideas themselves and their characteristics, 2. on the implication of ideas, 3. on the. •• •.•• •••. M.~: ••~4~~#.'~I.f.~~.'~•• ,~~ •• ,~~ '. ,~. ,~,~~.~. !lESEO't~. of ideas and the participants, 4.on. the relation between ethical ideas. Afterwards, I summarize L. C.-H. Chen's study of , Ideenschau' in his last work: Acquiring Knowledge ofthe Ideas . Consequently, it concludes as following: I.Socrates considers the ethical as.

(4) 66 ( m.1i.JOC)f;A$-t1$$-*l> ~-cJVJ ~J!'-1t *~·hl Q/JiFlJt---1:t,it:#};b'I.~itro' fHa~ft III Q/J~J!'lA;tB ~. theoretical and sets down the definitive boundary of it without separating it from the sensible.2.0ut of Socrates' Ku90AOU, Plato hypothesizes the existence of ideas and makes the objects of knowledge insensible and perpetual. 3 .The 1l£9£crU; is the cause of the being of individuals. It arises a problematic of theory of idea in this explanation of causality.4.According to L. c.-H. Chen, it admits of the acquisition of ideas in Plato's theory of ideas.5.In Plato's later theory of ideas, he uses the method of Otmp£'tlKrJ by which the relation between lOem and Y£VOt can be distinctively marked out.. frIDtLlil <.~S.} (Phaedo). fI. '~f~t~J1£flLglffrffllZIW. 67. ~f!I~%. 1r~ ,[;tJ~iB:~}j¥f~t~. ~fIr'I~£**lLT~1&JlRPbr'l!'J!WJf[ (wU$([J : ~;fD:k). fD~~tt (wU$([J :. ) f~~JJ.R[ZS]*mf¥~1lfl¥JgJp~ ,. ~jffllffija~~~m~1. ti. 0. !)!1&~f~tLJ1£.x.~ttz:-1..J:fS52:m!{'1;]tLWf (Anaxagoras) r JI. (vous/Vemunft) 1t&~:.xFf~-t)]IY-JJjj{12iI J 1¥J~~ii{ft.lt*U '. :. !:i:. #l352:#¥<1JtLWfI¥J ~§>tRfmml(:W~n~~I¥J.to/J~4.1¥J JJ.R [ZS] , ffij~1*~lJJl ttl&: ~ (evuv'tlutiEntgegengesetzte) $([JfnJ:t£-·Wz q:t~g:.f[Jm~ , Itl~®g9:.f1f!tt~ f5t~1f (TO Ullelvov/das Bessere) li1'::tq:t1¥J (ev Ile{)(o/in der Mitte) , ~1*ml(:f~. jJ~Jtl;::f ~l¥J :g~::f1:E q:t l¥J~1lf$([JfpJ~I£~j}~~~~I¥J~1'£q:t 1¥J~1lf$(nfpJ~~2. 0. ~f~tLJ1£6:1&::f1~::filtiU 10goS3jJ~f![t:tdjJf~~1lf ' ffll~lIlf~SJJ : d6\:@[t~. (TO etoos/die Art) 4f~~JjiUt;J ' *1jE• • ~::ftIjI¥JWf~'. @. rfrHllim~9: T. frl¥J~W~~&*~~~l¥J·w5,~.nmwwJtl;~l¥J·~l¥J~&*. S~~~.mzpfrJ;j$([JlftD~JJ.R[;tJ 'mmtJ£~' 1&~[ZS]rru4fffij$([JIW~j}r5!l&j:mi£g:. '. 'Plato, Phaedo, 96a4-c2; .-*'.ft Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 11-21 : r 1"0vTa OE T1)V Q)t)('ItK1)V 8Eropmv fJ1)OEV Elvat 1rpO~ 1)fJa~, ... J (being convinced that the study of nature is no concern of ours, ... ) = (p.150-151) lPlato, a.a.O., 97b8 ff.. .-J::b.ft Olympiodoros, In Platonis Phaedonem Commentaria, S.178 ff.. rlOBOSj ~-1'Il.iJ~ 'f.Uft.~tiJtt • .(£ tiJttJ:. • rlososJ ~-1'I11J -T • .(£ 1t.J.J:. • rlolosJ ~~.,t1a~~j "JA.:t.iE..~1t.J.-:il~:fl$~tt"'~~ /il if1~ • Fr. Schleiermacher ~. :)t.**~tfl.4 : rGedankenJ (Platon. FerJce. Bel. III. S.145 ff.) L. Meddier ~ it-:)t.**~tfl.4: rdiacoursj (Pll1ton Oeuvres CoItIpletes; taue V- partie 2. P. 52. 3. ff)·*:)t.*~m:il1'l1.~~~m*~t:)t~.£·~~~fi~J:.~~:)t~Ao 4_{tt..:tA.1t~*:tJlJtm~.":tJlJt1ttl· -ft,1ttl* rElOo~J . 4 rJ!.~j .iI\:t.~--At. f~~m~r.~jJA.:trJ!.~Jo*:t • • ~tt~~m~~:t*M*~~~*·.~~~ .:t~~:t~~~~~.·~&.:t~~& • • ~J!.M*:t~~~o:il~*:tJlJt• • ~~. ~.~~~.£·*:t.4:*.~.~~~.,,·~y~~~~.:t~T~.~~~~. ••. Keywords: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, L. C.-H. Chen, dialectic, natural object, sensible object, ethical object, episteme, idea, hypothesis of idea. ••. .1~·.*.~~-**.·~~·~ -.~ £~~a~:il~.£~m.~T fi:)t -t".. ~J!.M J:. ~ liUIl • (Jtj ~ : Porpheriu8 ... : r TO OE ).£8KOV TOO xprofJaTo~ EtOO~. TO OE TPl,¥rovOV TO\) ('IXTlfJaTo~ EtOO~ J (eo..entarill in Aristotel6/B Grllsdil. Vol. IV. Porpherii ISllgoge. 4. 3-4) ~**:il-l.i:)t • •4 : ra (~) IJ:@'~J!.~ (JA.J!.1!!) • .::.. ~~(~)~a~J!.~(.iI\J!.1!!)·j:ilM~:t-~ • • ·&I:il.~.:)t~.~ra(~) IJ:@'~~ • .::..~~ (~)~a~~·j~~.~J!.Mo 5Plato. Phaedo. 100b1-c2.. ~J::btt. Olympiodori. 11.11.0., S.180-81..

(5) 66 < ~ .ILil'tifs ;k~tr~~:'IO ~ -!:JlJl f,ij-l']!t. theoretical and sets down the definitive boundary of it without separating it from. it ~ ~;f!l IA 1~Vt - -- f..t ,ij.{i..:tn. ~ .it M~H8.:tn.1IJ IA 1~ J]!t IA ;f!l ~. 1'£;f8fv:liI (.ilf~.) (Phaedo) W 'iH~lli:~flLmstE{iQ;Z.l~fj. 67. ~{g~*. the sensible.2.0ut of Socrates' KaEloAou, Plato hypothesizes the existence of ideas. 1r~ '!Z9~tJ:rt~}j!'j'HJ!.L:),. and makes the objects of knowledge insensible and perpetua1.3 .The !lEElEmc; is the. m~.tt(~~:~W~).~~~*M• •#~~.'@WM:~@~~. cause of the being of individuals. It arises a problematic of theory of idea in this. !J{iQrm p ~~m. 0. ~~O~£*lV:TQ!Gl&JJ¥J21tD~o/}~- (Wutlo :. ). ~1~iM~t!LJrt3Z.it~;if~£ff(~Jlli:'JT (Anaxagoras) r:EI. explanation of causaIity.4.According to L. C.-H. Chen, it admits of the acquisition. f.±. of ideas in Plato's theory of ideas.5.In Plato's later theory of ideas, he uses the. j[)~~10lli:'JTB~~~xfj~fW~~r§rM'1!ftD$~o/}~~~~1ZS1 ' ffiJ~1!mFlJJill&~. method of DlatPE'ttKl] by which the relation between distinctively marked out.. lDW,l. and YEVOL can be. (vouc;Nemunft) f&~:X~fO--ml¥glm129 J ~~~J1H::HILtU ' fiQ~£F.S :. ?i. (evav'tlatlEntgegengesetzte) tlOfOJ1'£-tJ];Z. cp~1:fDm{~ , rt:l~ff'&N~£ll!'[1:;1:2 !f&~~ ('to a!lElVov/das Bessere) JilECP~ (ev !lEarn/in der Mitte) , M,1!fW~. j[)~9./f ~B~Q!G/f;(£ cp n~.#$(ofOJ~1:Q!GmS~~~Q!G1:E cp 1¥J~:fi$(n{OJfJ';t~2. 0. iH~hL)~iN1~/f1t}/f~¥U logos3;if~Widi1f~.~ , fiQHJtlilt~AJl : &\~l~l~. ('to EtDoc;ldie Art) 4f~~JJjHsl ' *tE$II~/ff7I¥JWf~ , [:;§mHiQ1f!ld~7;ift. 00. 1:'E~~fU~J;)J;~*fDJ=t.:En~--tJ]5, J;)f~~m~#~JJ;p~B1 ' 1!1¥J~X&*. ~~Zff$t?!J;z'pfiJ;)tlDJ1tR~JJjU51' tfl§it~~, 1&~~M~ffiJtloWj:ttlj:~m§l:j;llijJ::'t '. '*. IPlato, Phaedo, 96a4-c2; Jt..ft Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 11-21 : r"(V0VTU OE TllV tplHJtKllv OEroptaV /J:qOEV ElVUl 1tpOC; q/luC;,... J (being convinced that the study of nature is no concern of ours, ... ) = (p.150-151) lPlato, u.u.O., 97b8 ff.. '*. Jt..ft Olympiodoros, In Platonis Phaedonem Commentaria, S.178 ff.. rlOBOSJ k-{iJlJf. 'f"'fr!"'~'$I)" • ~ '$I)"J::. • rlolosJ k-{iJ 4] -r · ~ 1t'-J::. • rl010SJ .tf!.k"1'fl~1'J.~:t-.iE..~1t'--:itA!=:i'lSk.-r~:::jClilti:l1€Q Fr. Schleiermacher ~.f.t :t"'*M-.::t.fr!"'4: rGedankenJ (Platon. 'erke. Bd. III. S.145 ff.) L. Meddier ~ ii:t"'*M-.::t.fr!"'4: rdiscoursJ (PIston Oeuvres COIIIpIetes; tome V- partie 2. P. 52 ff)·*:t • • ~M.{iJ.~:::jC~M~~t:t~"'£·~.~n:tJ::.~~:t~4°. 3. 0. ~~ • • ~.A.:t-MM~"'£.M~.·~~.M-r~~J.4r~~J~:t-.~-a 1.~M~r • • J~:t-r~.Jo.:t- • • • • ~*M~a.~.*~~~.· • • ~k .:t-~~:t-.::t.~.~ • • ·~L.:t-k~~ • • • ~ • • :t-~ • •. o •••. :t-M• • ~k. ~.~~~",£·.:t-.4:*.~.~~~"'£·~7~~~~.:t-~T~.~~~~ I, . Keywords: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, L. C.-H. Chen, dialectic, natural object, sensible object, ethical object, episteme, idea, hypothesis of idea. .1.·~*.:::jCk-~ • • o~~·:::jC • •. -a••. "'£~.~k.~"'£*M • • T ff:t .... ~~.J::.~ -tftJ. : Porpherius" : rTO OE ),,£(IKOV TOU Xpro/lUT0C; ElOOC;. TO OE Tpl,¥rovOV TOU O'Xll/lUT0C; ElOOC; J (COIIII1Ientsris in Aristoteletll Grseds. Vol. IV. Porpherll Iss,o,e. 4. 3-4) . . .M-it.&:t."'4 : r a (k) ,. @.~~~ (~~1l!) • . =.. If!'" .. ~~(k)~~~~~(~~1l!)oJit..~.-~~~·~A~.~"':tJ;b",~ra(k) .@.~~ • ..=..~~ (k)~~~~oJ.~"'~~.o ~lato.. Phaedo. 100bl-c2. ,*Jt..ft 01ympiodori, s.s.O., S.180-81..

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