(農業試驗所特刊第99號)台灣薊馬生態與種類纓翅目錐尾亞目

全文

(1)2002 2012.

(2) 99.

(3) 99 Special Publication No. 99. Thrips of Taiwan : Biology and Taxonomy. CHIN-LING WANG. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute. April 2002.

(4) -. Thrips of Taiwan : Biology and Taxonomy 2002(. 91). 19*26 ISBN 957-01-0620-4 9 1.. 100900008. 189 04-23302301 91. 4. 101. 6. 62 2 177 141 300. ISBN : 957-01-0620-4 GPN : 100900008. 02-23617511. 04-2260330 04-7252792 07-3324910.

(5) 120.

(6) 77. 78. 80. 81 82.

(7) 1 5 6 6 9 11 14 17 19 19 19 26 28 35 1.. Fulmekiola serratus (Karny). 35. 2.. Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall). 36. 3.. Thrips tabaci Lindeman. 37. 4.. Thrips alliorum (Priesner). 37. 5.. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan). 38. 6.. Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom). 39. 7.. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood. 40. 8.. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. 41. i.

(8) 9.. Dendrothrips minowai Priesner. 42. 10.. Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall). 43. 11.. Frankliniella williamsi Hood. 44. 12.. Thrips palmi Karny. 45. 13.. Thrips simplex (Morison). 14.. Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann). 46 47. 15.. Dichromothrips corbetti (Priesner). 48. 16.. Thrips coloratus Schmutz. 48. 17.. Thrips orientalis (Bagnall). 49. 18.. Chaetanaphothrips machili Hood. 49. 19.. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton). 50. 54 54 54 57 60 61 61 62 63 63 64 65 65 1.. 65. 2.. 66 66 67. ii.

(9) 69 69 72 75 76 77 77 79. I. 80. 87 90 95 Genus Franklinothrips Back. 95 99. Genus Merothrips Hood. 99 102 102 102. Genus Anisopilothrips Stannard & Mitri. 103. Genus Astrothrips Karny. 105. Genus Copidothrips Hood. 108. Genus Elixothrips Stannard & Mitri. 109. Genus Dendrothripoides Bagnall. 111. iii.

(10) Genus Helionothrips Bagnall. 113. Genus Heliothrips Haliday. 124. Genus Hercinothrips Bagnall. 127. Genus Monilothrips Moulton. 128. Genus Phibalothrips Hood. 130. Genus Rhipiphorothrips Morgan. 133. Genus Selenothrips Karny. 137 139 141 141. Tribe Dendrothripini Genus Dendrothrips Uzel Genus Pseudodendrothrips Schmutz Tribe Sericothripini Genus Hydatothrips Karny Genus Neohydatothrips John Tribe Thripini Genus Anaphothrips Uzel. 144 144 148 152 152 159 169 169 171. Genus Anascirtothrips Bhatti. 172. Genus Ayyaria Karny. 173. Genus Bathrips Bhatti. 175. Genus Bolacothrips Uzel. 177. Genus Chaetanaphothrips Priesner. 179. Genus Chirothrips Haliday. 186. Genus Craspedothrips Strassen. 190. Genus Ctenothrips Franklin. 192. Genus Danothrips Bhatti. 194. Genus Dichromothrips Priesner. 197 202. iv.

(11) Genus Echinothrips Moulton. 204. Genus Frankliniella Karny. 204 213. Genus Fulmekiola Karny. 222. Genus Lefroyothrips Priesner. 224. Genus Megalurothrips Bagnall. 226 234. Genus Microcephalothrips Bagnall. 235. Genus Mycterothrips Trybom. 237. Genus Parabaliothrips Priesner. 245. Genus Plesiothrips Hood. 249. Genus Projectothrips Moulton. 251. Genus Pseudanaphothrips Karny. 252. Genus Rhamphothrips Karny. 253. Genus Salpingothrips Hood. 255. Genus Scirtothrips Shull. 256 262. Genus Scolothrips Hinds. 266. Genus Sorghothrips Priesner. 269. Genus Stenchaetothrips Bagnall. 271. Genus Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville. 284 288. Genus Thrips Linne. 289 318. Trichromothrips-genus group. ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he?? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ?@@?f@?f@@he? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??@@?f@?f@@he??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?. Genus Octohrips Moulton Genus Trichromothrips Priesner. II. 320 320 322 329 342 347. v.

(12) 1.. Franklinothrips suzukii Okajima ( ). B.. C.. 2.. 4. 3.. E.. 4.. B.. ). A.. B.. D.. E.. 9. 1976 ). 6.. (. A.. D. (. ). 7.. E. (. ). 4. 10. C.. 8.. C.. 2-4. 9.. ). 6-8. D.. D.. 10.. ). ). 9. E.. 1. D.. C.. 8-10. 12.. A.. 1. D.. 13. C.. ...................................................................... 112. ). 14.. A.. ). 8-10. 15. ) G. (. D. ( ). ) 8. C.. F.. ....................... ). E.. 1 (Kudo. A.. ). E.. A.. A.. E. ( 1992. ). 119. B.. ................................................................... ). 117. B.. ................................................... A. (. 116. B. ...................................... ). 115. B.. F.. Helionothrips linderae Kudo C. (. B.. A.. E.. D.. D.. A.. B.. E.. Helionothrips errans (Williams) ( C.. ). F.. ...................................................................... 8-10. 8-10. 109. 110. Helionothrips communis Wang ( 1. 108. B. E.. 8-10. D.. 106. B.. 10. Helionothrips cephalicus Hood ( C.. B.. B.. A.. Helionothrips annosus Wang ( 1. 105. .............. Helionothrips aino (Ishida) (. 11.. 2-7. .................................................. Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny) ( C.. A.. A.. 101. C.. .................................................................................................. Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) ( 1. B.. )................................................ 5. Copidothrips formosus Hood ( 9. ). 1980. Astrothrips aucubae Kurosawa ( C.. ) .......................... ................................................................................... 10. 97. Merothrips (. Astrothrips chisinliaoensis Chen ( C.. 96. C.. A.. C.. 5.. vi. ). Anisopilothrips venustulus (Priesner) ( 2-4. (Okajima, 1979. .................................................................................... Merothrips laevis ( ). indicus (. A.. ....................................... Franklinothrips vespiformis ( D.. ). B. (. ). F. (. ). 120. 9-10. ) ........................................................ 122.

(13) 16.. Helionothrips mube Kudo C. (. ). 8-10. 17.. D. (. ). B. (. 6-8. (Kudo. C.. 18.. 3. 123. F.. ....... 126. .................................................................................. 128. 4. D.. E.. 19.. 8. Monilothrips kempi Moulton ( 1. D.. E.. 20.. ). C. (. ). ). ). 5. A. (. 6. B.. B. ( ). 9-10. 8-10. 24.. D. (. ). A.. B.. A.. ...................................................................... ). A. (. 3-5. ). B. (. ). A.. Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger) ( C.. 9. 26.. 10. (Wilson. 1975. ). A.. 2. ....................................................................................... 27.. Dendrothrips maltimaculatus Nonaka & Okajima B. 6. C.. D.. E.. Dendrothrips minowai Priesner. 29.. 2. A.. F.. 9. 30.. 10. 147. ...................................................................................... 149. A.. Pseudodendrothrips lateralis Wang C.. D. G.. E. 7. 8. B.. A. F.. 2. B. 3. ............................................................................................ Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) D.. B.. 2. 3. 146. ........ Pseudodendrothrips fumosus Chen C.. 145. A.. ................................................................................................................... 28.. 140. B. E.. 5. 138. B. ...................................... D.. F.. A.. D.. Dendrothrips guttatus Wang C.. ). 135. B.. ........................................................................................................................ 25.. 134. ). .................................................... Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) ( C.. ). 132. ). 3-5. 129. .......................................................................................................... C.. ). C.. ). D. (. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood C. (. C.. 131. 2-8. 23.. B.. A.. Rhipiphorothrips africanus Wilson ( B.. E. A.. Phibalothrips peringueyi (Faure) (. 22.. B.. ................. 21. 5. A.. ...................................................................................... Phibalothrips basis Chen. C.. 1992. 8-10. Hercinothrips femoralis (Reuter)( D.. ) ) .................. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) ( 1. 31.. ). A. (. A.. B.. 150. C.. .................................................... 152. vii.

(14) 32.. Hydatothrips ekasi Kudo (. D.. E.. 33.. H.. ). 34.. I.. 10. D.. 35.. 4-6. ........ 153. .................................................................. 155. E.. 36.. ). ). F.. A.. E.. 37.. 3. 2. E.. 4. B. 6-8. ........... 158. ... 160. ................................................ 161. A.. 3. F.. B. 6-8. 5. B.. Neohydatothrips plynopygus (Karny) (. 38.. D. 6. 7. E.. 3. A.. 4. F.. D.. 40. 7. 6-8. Neohydatothrips surrufus Wang (. ). E.. 4. F.. C.. D.. 42.. ). A.. 3. A.. 2. 3. E.. ). D.. 43.. E.. 8-10. C.. 6. D.. 8. ). .............................. C.. D.. (Nakahara, 1995. E.. Ayyaria chaetophora Karny (. ). ) A.. B.. 47.. 5. (. ). E.. Bolacothrips graminis (Priesner) ( D.. E.. 8-10. ). A.. 166. 168. B. 170. ). ) ....................... 171. B.. 7-10. Bathrips melanicornis (Shumsher Singh) ( 4. A.. A.. ................................ 173. C.. D.. ..... 174. B.. C.. ..... 175. ...................................... 176. Bathrips jasminae Ananthakrishnan ( ) A.. D.. ). (Stannard, 1968. Anascirtothrips discordiae Chen and Lu (. C.. H.. B.. 6-8. A.. 164. D.. 8. ................................................................ Anaphothrips obscurus (Muller) (. 46-2.. C. 7. A.. 163. B.. B. G.. Anaphothrips (Neophysopus) sudanensis Trybom (. 46-1.. G.. ................................................................... Neohydatothrips tabulifer (Priesner) (. 45.. C.. ................................................................................................................ 41.. 44.. B. 6-8. Neohydatothrips samayunkur Kudo ( C.. B.. C.. .............................................................................................................. 39.. C.. C. G.. A.. F.. 156. C.. 4. Neohydatothrips medius Wang D.. C. 6-8. B.. A.. Neohydatothrips gracilips (Hood) D.. B. G.. ................................................................... Hydatothrips mariposa Wang ( D.. C. G. 6-8. 3 4. Hydatothrips liquidambara Chen ( C.. viii. F.. B.. Hydatothrips flavidus Wang ( ) A. F. 3 4. E. 6 7. D. (. 7. A.. ). ). A.. B.. B.. C.. ............................................................................. 178.

(15) 48.. Chaetanaphothrips C. machili ; D. orchidii. 49.. A. orchidii. (B-F):B. leeuweni. E. querci ; F. theiperdus ..................................................... Chaetanaphothrips. A. leeuweni. B. machili. C. orchidii. D. querci; E. theiperdus .............................................................................................. 50.. Chaetanaphothrips. 8. (. ). Chirothrips: A. D. mexicanus ; 2. 3. (B-D). (E-G) : E. africanus. (H-J) : H. africanus. 52.. ; D.. 53.. 8-10. : E.. E.. 54.. 1. 2. ). A.. E.. F.. 55.. 8. (. E.. C.. D.. 56.. 8-10. ). ). ). 58.. 9. ). (. ). D.. 10. 60.. 9. ). 10. F.. A.. E.. 61.. 8. (. ). ). D.. E.. 62.. 8. (. ). Frankliniella williamsi Hood ( E.. 8. 63.. (. ). 8. (. ). 8. B.. ). F.. A.. ). 10 A.. 8-10 ). A.. 10. .................... B.. .......................... B.. C.. 207 210. D.. ...................................... C. C.. 212. D.. ........................................ B.. 205. C.. 10. B.. 203. C. .......................... A. 9. 9. B.. A. 9. ). F.. Frankliniella lilivora Kurosawa ( E.. C.. F.. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) ( E.. ). 8. 202. B. ) .............. F.. Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)(. A.. G.. 201. C.. ) ............................... A.. 199. B. B.. ). 196. ;. (Sakimura, 1995. 6. Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) ( D.. A.. (Sakimura, 1995. D.. E.. C.. 193. ;. ......................................................................... Echinothrips americanus Morgan (. 59.. C.. B. ). 191. C.. B.. A.. Dichromothrips phalaenopsidis Sakimura ( C.. B.. ................................. A.. 187. B.. ......................................................................... 8-10 ). ). .................................... Dichromothrips dendrobii Sakimura ( D. (. :. A.. F.. Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann) (. 57.. :. 8-10. Dichromothrips corbetti (Priesner) ( D.. (. ............................................................ Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura ( D.. G. mexicanus. J. mexicanus ................................... Ctenothrips kwanzanensis Takahashi ( D.. 184. B. africanus ; C. manicatus. F. manicatus. I. manicatus. Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall) ( C.. 64.. ;. 182. A. leeuweni ; B. machili ;. C. orchidii; D. querci ; E. theiperdus ......................................................................... 51.. 180. 214. D.. ....................................................................................... 215. ix.

(16) 65.. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) ( D.. 66.. 8. 67.. (. ). 8. 68.. (. ). ). ). 69.. 6. E.. E. 70.. 7. 8. ). A.. (. ). 71.. D.. A.. E.. 72.. 8. F.. E.. 73.. 8. A.. C.. 74.. D.. E.. 5. Mycterothrips araliae Takahashi C.. D.. 75.. E.. 7. 8. (. 76.. ). E.. 7. A.. (. A.. 8. (. ). 77.. D.. E.. 7. 8. 78.. E.. 7. 8. D. 79. D. 80.. E.. 7. 81.. 241. ). ). 8-10. C.. ............................................................ A.. A.. 8. A.. B.. B.. C.. (. ). B.. Parabaliothrips coluckus (Kudo)(. ). E.. .................................................. 8. F.. E.. F.. 8. E.. 8-10. A.. ). B.. A.. A.. B.. B.. 244. C. 246. C.. ................................................. ). 243. C.. ........................................................................ Plesiothrips perplexus (Beach) ( D.. B.. 238. 240. Parabaliothrips takahashii Priesner ( D.. B.. ........................................................................ Mycterothrips ravidus Wang. 236. ............ Mycterothrips glycines (Okamoto) ( D.. ) F.. 233. A.. ). (. Mycterothrips caudibrunneus Wang ( C.. ). ........................................... ............................................................ Mycterothrips auratus Wang D.. 6. 231. C.. ............................................ Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. Crawford) ( B.. 228. C.. B.. 7. 225. ). ........................................... ). F.. (. B.. 7. 223. D.. ........................................... ): A.. Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) ( D.. C.. B.. 8. Megalurothrips typicus Bagnall ( D.. B.. ). E.. 221. C.. ..................................................................................... E.. 220. D.. ........................................................ Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) ( C.. C.. B.. 217. D.. ......................................... A.. 6. Lefroyothrips lefroyi (Bagnall) (. C.. B.. 8-10 ). C.. ......................................... A.. Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) ( D.. B.. 8-10. F.. B.. ........................................ A.. F.. Frankliniella tritici Fitch ( E.. A.. 8 -10. Frankliniella tenuicornis Uzel ( E.. x. E.. ). 248. C.. ............................................................................. 250.

(17) 82.. Plesiothrips sakagamii Kudo ( C.. 6. 83.. (Kudo, 1974. 84.. E.. ). 7-10. 85.. B.. 8-10. ......................................... ). A.. B.. D.. E. Scirtothrips acus Wang (. D.. E.. 87.. 7. 8. ). A.. 6-8. E.. 88.. E.. 89.. ). 6-8. ). 6-8. 6-8. F.. (. ). 1981. 5. B.. A.. ). C.. (Faure, 1929. A.. B.. (A: Bailey, 1964. Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara ( D.. 8. (. 92.. ). E.. ). C.. C.. A.. -10. B.. (Nakahara, 1997. Scolothrips indicus Priesner (. ). A.. ) .............. ). C.. B.. Sorghothrips meishanensis Chen (. ). )........................................................ 95.. (. 1977a. Stenchaetothrips apheles Wang ( D.. 96.. E.. ). 7. Stenchaetothrips basibrunneus Wang ( D.. 97.. A.. E.. 7. Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) ( D.. E.. 7. ). A.. 267. C.. 3. 4. 265. A.. ......................................................................................................................... 94.. 264. C.. ........................................................................................ 93.. 263. ; B-D: Mound & Palmer,. Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu ( B.. 261. ). ) .................................................................................................................... 91.. 259. B.. E.. ). 258. C.. B.. A.. 256. C.. ) ................................................................. Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) ( D.. A.. D.. (Mound & Palmer, 1981. 90.. ............................................... B.. 254. C.. ................................................................... Scirtothrips aurantii Faure ( C.. B.. ................................................................... Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood ( D.. A.. 254. 4-6. ................................................................... Scirtothrips asinus Wang ( D.. ). 251. C.. ...................................................................................................... Salpingothrips aimotofus Kudo (. 86.. B.. A.. F.. Rhamphothrips quintus Wang ( C.. A.. ) ........................................................................ Rhamphothrips quintus Wang ( D.. ). 268. B. A.. B.. F.. 8-10. ). 270. C. ........... A.. B.. F.. 8-10 B.. 273. C. ....... 274. C. F.. 8-10. .............................................................................................................................. 276. xi.

(18) 98.. Stenchaetothrips brochus Wang ( D.. 99.. E. E.. 100.. 7. D.. 101.. E.. 102.. 8-10. A.. B.. F.. 8-10. E.. D. 104.. 7. E.. 105.. ). E.. ). Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) ( C.. D.. 8-10. E.. F.. 279. B. 8-10. A.. ... 281. ........... 282. B.. F.. 8-10. A.. B.. F.. 8-10. C.. C. ........... 283. ............................................ 285. B.. C.. B.. C.. ........................................... ). D.. ). A.. A.. 7-8. Thrips coloratus Schmutz (. 108.. .................. A.. 8-10. ). D: O'Neill &. E.. 8-10. Thrips flavus Schrank ( E.. 8-10. 8-10. B.. ). A.. A.. B.. B.. ). A.. C.. B.. ). A.. ). A.. B.. C.. C.. Thrips malloti Priesner ( D.. xii. 8-10. ). A.. B.. 299. D. 300. D.. .................................................................................................................... 113.. 297. D.. ..................................................................... Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (. 295. D.. C.. B.. 294. C.. ............................................................................. 8-10. 292. C.. ............................................................ Thrips formosanus Priesner ( E.. ................................................... ). 289. D.. ............................................................................. Thrips florum Schmutz ( E.. C.. ......................................................................... Thrips extensicornis Priesner ( D.. B.. A.. 287. B.. (A, B, C: Mound et al, 1976. Thrips alliorum (Priesner) (. 107.. 278. ) .................................................................................................... Bigelow, 1964 106.. ). A.. 8-10. .......... C.. A.. 8-10. Taeniothrips oreophilus Priesner ( D.. ). ). Taeniothrips eucharii (Whetzel) (. C.. F.. 7. Stenchaetothrips undatus Wang (. 103.. 112.. F.. 7. E.. D.. 111.. B.. Stenchaetothrips minutus (van Deventer) ( D.. 110.. ). A.. Stenchaetothrips karnyianus (Priesner) ( C.. 109.. 7. Stenchaetothrips caulis Bhatti ( D.. ). 303. C.. ................................................................................. 305.

(19) 114.. Thrips nigropilosus Uzel ( D.. E.. 115.. ). 8. A.. E.. 116.. E.. 117.. ). ). A.. B.. 7-10. E.. 118.. E. 119.. ). 5-8. ). E. 120.. ). 8-10. ). A.. (Umeya et al, 1988. 122.. Octothrips bhatti (Wilson) ( E.. 123.. C.. B.. F.. 1. A.. C.. C. 6. 6. 7. (Masumoto & Okajima, 2005. ): A.. B.. C.. G.. 124.. (. ). 8-10. D.. 7 125.. 8. D.. 9. E.. C.. 4. 5. D.. 9. 10. ): A.. 323. B. 2. 3. G.. ). A. (. ). E.. B.. 324. B. 6. ) ................................................................... Trichromothrips xanthius (Williams) ( D.. E.. ................................................................................................................. (Masumoto & Okajima, 2005. 321. A.. 10. F.. Trichromothrips taiwanus Masumoto & Okajima (. 126.. .................... ). ): A.. 319. D.. ) ............................................................. Trichromothrips priesneri (Bhatti) ( C.. 317. B.. Trichromothrips formosus Masumoto & Okajima ( B.. .316. D.. ) ............................................................ 2. 314. D.. .................................................................... ). 312. D.. B.. A.. Thrips setosus Moulton ( C.. C.. ..................................................................... Thrips vitticornis (Karny) (. 121.. B.. 310. C.. ............................................................................... 8-10. E.. B.. ............................................................ Thrips taiwanus Takahashi (. 308. C.. A.. A.. 307. C.. ............................................................ 8-10. Thrips tabaci Lindeman (. B.. ............................................................ Thrips simplex (Morison) ( D.. A.. 8-10. Thrips palmi Karny ( D.. C.. ...................................................................... Thrips orientalis (Bagnall) ( D.. B.. 326. C.. ................................................................................................................ 327. xiii.

(20)

(21) (Thysanoptera) Haliday. A. H.. (Phlaeothripidae) 1. 1836 (Idolothripinae) 25. (Phlaeothripinae) ( Te r e b r a n t i a ). 40. (Tubulifera). 10 (Physopoda. Physapoda) 5000 3000 Teulon, 1995). 2000 (Mound and (Thripidae) (Panchaetothripinae) (Thripinae). 1.

(22) Aeolothripidae Merothripidae. 0. 0. 2. 0. 2. 0. 23. 0. 0. 90. 0. 3. 0. 25. 0. 39. 40. 10. 6. 152. 67. 15. 6. Thripidae Panchaetothripinae Thripinae. Phlaeothripidae Idolothripinae Phlaeothripinae. (Aeolothripidae). (Merothripidae) 2. 19. 2.

(23) Organothrips spp.. 1936. 17. 46. (Takahashi, 1936). 1993 (. 43. 93. 1993) 47. 120. 3.

(24) ( 55 50. 110. 150 (. 1997). 43. (Woo, 1974). 87. (Reyes, 1994). 124 1990). 4. ). 14 43. 290. (Bhatti,.

(25)

(26) 0.2-0.6 x 0.1-0.3 mm. (Aeolothripidae). (Moritz, 1993) A.. (embryonic primordium) E.. (katatrepsis) I.. 6. B.. (germ band) F. J.. C. G.. D. H..

(27) 3. 4. (ommatidium). (Thrips spp.). (Frankliniella spp.). (Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood). 7.

(28) (propupa). (pseudopupa) (pupa). Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen (Moriz, 1995). 8. Aeolothrips fasciatus (L.).

(29) (Thrips palmi Karny) 15. (. ). 30. 15 30. 43.5 9 25 25 2-10. 4-10. 2-5. (. (. 1990). ). (. ). (%). (. ). (%). (. ). (%). (. ). 15. 15.8. 0.4. 100. 15.5. 0.7. 70. 13.3. 0.6. 60. 43.5. 0.5. 20. 9.8. 0.3. 100. 6.9. 0.2. 85. 5.6. 0.9. 60. 22.7. 1.0. 25. 4.4. 0.5. 100. 4.9. 0.7. 100. 4.2. 0.4. 100. 13.5. 0.7. 30. 3.6. 0.5. 100. 2.9. 0.1. 73. 3.0. 0.0. 60. 8.9. 2.0. 20 12. 12 1989. 9.

(30) **. F. intonsa. 47.6 24.5 33.7 27.5. 16 22 28 34 21* 24.1* 25.2* 28.6* 30.7* 34.0*. 16 20 M. usitatus 24 28 30 16 20 R. cruntatus 24 28 15 20 25 30 23-30*(5-7 13-26*(3-4 S. dorsalis 16 21 T. tabaci 24 20 T. hawaiiensis 25 30 16 28 T. simplex 20 H. chinensis 25 30. 28. 4.0 3.0 2.1 2.9 2.0 2.0 3-5. 5.3 4.1 2.9 4.1 2.9 2.0 4-5. 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7.0. 7.3 10.2 3.4 2.3 2.4. 8.5 10.5 5.7 4.6 27.7 20.5 12.1 9.2 28.8 17.8 9.4 8.4 4.0 7.0 8.9 6.8 5.0 6.5 3.8 2.7 14.0 3.2 25.3 14.4 9.3. 5.9 6.9 3.4 2.1 10.4 8.2 4.4 3.3 15.8 8.0 4.1 3.1 3.0 9.0 8.8 7.3 4.4 3.2 2.8 2.3 9.6 3.4 8.9 5.5 4.1. ) ). 13.2 12.8 9.6 7.8 5-6 10 9.5 7.5 5.4 4.7 3.0 1.9 13.2 5.5 10.3 4.4 4.6. *. 10. , 1976b. , 1976b , 1996b. F. williamsi. * **. 37.5 24.7 53.9 46.3. 22.0 12.3 30.4 32.6 13.1 10.0 12.6 16.5 Chang, 1987 23.8-29.8 31.5-34.6 16.6-22.5 11.0-13.1 , 1984 21.9-22.7 31.8 25.0 22.2 26.4-28.4 , 1989 18.8 30.0 45.0 , 1984 32.0 62.0 10.8 11.2 10.8 11.8 , 1987 10.4 13.1 23.4 62.6 13.8 33.5 , 1974 16.6 29.0 , 26.2 229.4 2001 9.2 45.8 82.1 78.6 85.5 63.5 , 1996a 29.8 67.3.

(31) 40-60 (Merothrips spp.) 1 mm. 3. (neck area). A. (labrum). B. (maxillary stylet). C. (Mandibular stylet). D. (maxillary palpus). E. (labial palpus). 11.

(32) 6-10 (maxillary stipe). (sexual dimorphism). (paraglossae). (Mycterothrips auratus Wang) (M. ravidus Wang) 5. (mandibular stylet). 7. (Plesiothrips perplexus (Beach)) 4-6. (maxillary stylet). (campaniform sensillum). 1. 1-2 2.. 12. 8. (bladder). 6.

(33) (Lewis, 1995). (Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom) 9. 1-2 (Panchaetothripinae). (Thrips alliorum (Priesner)) (areolae) (Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. 2-7. Crawford)). (glandular area). 9. 10. 10. (Scirtothrips spp.). 4-6 (drepanae). 8 10. 13.

(34) 6-8. (spermatheca). (testis). (spermatozoa) deference). (vas (seminal vesicle). (ejaculatory duct) (sexual reproduction) (accessory gland). (parthenogenesis) Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn). (ovary). (ovariole) (oocyte) (oviduct). 14. (Shull, 1917).

(35) 8. 15.

(36) (arrhenotoky). haemorrboidalis (Bouche). (thelytoky). Thrips tabaci. bicinctus (Bagnall) Lindeman. (amphitoky). Haplothrips. (Franklin)( (. Hercinothrips. ). gowdeyi. H. tritici (Kurdjumov). ) Anaphothrips. sudanensis Trybom Chirothrips mexicanus D. L. Crawford. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). insularis (Franklin). orchidii. Chaetanaphothrips. (Moulton). F.. rubrocinctus (Giard). F. schultzei. Ananthakrishnan, 1990). (Trybom). F. tritici Fitch. (Trybom). F. occidentalis (Pergande). Selenothrips (Lewis, 1973;. F. intionsa. Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. Crawford) Hood. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus. Scirtothrips citri (Moulton). dorsalis Hood (Pergande). S.. Scolothrips sexmaculatus. Thrips simplex (Morison). T.. T. palmi Karny. hawaiiensis (Morgan). Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) ( chinensis (Priesner) (. ). ). H.. Liothrips. ). oleae Costa(. Anaphothrips obscurus (Muller) Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall). (. Heliothrips. ). 15. 37.0. 1.4. 71.3. 5.3. 7.0. 1.4. 20. 10.0. 0.5. 63.5. 3.5. 18.1. 5.5. 25. 6.5. 2.4. 29.7. 9.0. 34.5. 10.4. 30. 3.0. 0.2. 13.4. 0.8. 15.6. 4.5. 35. 12. 12 1989. 16.

(37) (. 1983). (facultative parthenogenesis). 10. 15-34. 12:00-16:00 14:00-15:00. 25. 58-100% (. 1989). 16. 28. 45 20 8:00-17:00. 25. 30. 15:00-18:00. 28. 14:00-15:00. 16. 34. 22. ( (T. tabaci). 1987). 1000 1 3000 1927). (Sakimura, 1932) 1. 1. 1. Sudan (MacGill,. 1984-1986. 17.

(38) (O’Neill, 1960). 23. 11.3 0.6-55.7. (. 1974). (T. hawaiiensis) 1971-1973. 17-32 (. 8.8. 43. 0.2-. 1.3. 20. 2.4. 25. 1.1. 30. 1. /. ). 2. 0.8 (. 1974). (R.. 1.8. cruentatus). 4-9 4 (. 1.5 1984) 3.6. 5 4.9 (. ( ( 1 5-9. ). (. (20) (12) 5. 18. 1990). 1990). ) (862). 1.8. (275). 3.6. (202). 4.9.

(39) (S. sexmaculatus (Pergande)). 25. (Gilstrap and Oatman, 1976). (Franklinothrips spp.) F. vespiformis (Crawford) F. orizabensis Hohansen. (Hoddle et al., 2001). (Scolothrips spp.). 10-20% (Lewis, 1995) 20-50. 19.

(40) 20.

(41) 21.

(42) 22.

(43) (Ananthakrishnan and Raman, 1989). (Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann)). G. ficorum (Marchel). (Thrips palmi Karny). (Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom)). 23.

(44) (Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)). (Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall)). 24.

(45) (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood). (T.. hawaiiensis) (Liothrips spp.). (Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner). (Thrips. simplex (Morison)). 25.

(46) (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)). (Peters et al., 1996) Tospovirus. 20. ?? ??? ??? ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@h? ?@ @Hh? ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?h? ?@hf?W5?h? ?@?@@@@@@?@@@@@@H?h? ?@?@@@@@@?@@@@@@he? ?@ ? ?@e@@@@@@@@@@@@@?h? ?@e@?e@??@f@?h? ?@e3@@@@@@@@@@@@?h? ?@eS@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?g? J@=O&Ue@?g?@H?g? 7R40R@@@@@@@@@@??@h? @?e?@e@?e?@H??@h? ?J@?e?@@@@@@@@5eJ5h? ?75?g@@@@@Y?O&Hh? J(Y??'@@@@0M?I4@@@5?h? .Ye?V+MhI(Y?h?? ? ?? ??. Tospovirus 7 (Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom)). Tospovirus Bunyaviridae Tospovirus 5. (TSWV, Tomato spotted wilt virus) 50. 500. 1980-1990. WSMV. 26. (. ).

(47) (Frankliniella cephalica. yellow spot virus (MYSV)). (Frankliniella. (Crawford)). (Watermelon silver mottle virus. schultzei (Trybom )). (WSMoV)). (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood). yellow fruit ring virus (TYFRV)). (Thrips palmi Karny). (Tomato. (Thrips. tabaci Lindeman). (persistent. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). propagative manner). (Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)) (Peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus (PCFV)). (Capsicum. chlorosis virus (CaCV)) (Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV)). (Melon. Tospovirus (Chen and Chiu, 1996; Mound, 1996; Peters et al., 1996, Ulman, 1996; Nakahara and Monteiro, ' et al., 2006; Ohnishi et al., 2006; Ciuffo et al., 2010) 1999; Borbon. Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) Dictyothrips betae Uzel Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) Frankliniella cephalica (Crawford) Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) Frankliniella gemina (Bagnall) Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) Frankliniella zucchini Nakahara & Monteiro Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Thrips palmi Karny Thrips setosus Moulton Thrips tabaci Lindeman. 27.

(48) Tospovirus. 28. 2011.

(49) 30 1. (T. palmi Karny) (T. hawaiiensis (Morgan)) (F. intonsa (Trybom)). 29.

(50) (Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D.L.Crawford)) (Dichromothrips spp.) (Thrips simplex (Morison)). CO2. O2. N2. 23. 20. Magnesium phosphate Methyl bromide. 2.1 g/m3. 8. 7.7 g/m3. 2. 12.5 g/m3. 1. 20 g/m3. 2. 1984 a,b Yukihiro, 2001. 17. Ethyl formate. 0.5%. 30mmHg 1. 25. Methyl bromide. 16 g/m3. 50mmHg 2. Decamethrin. 1 g/m3. 1. 1984c. Fenvelerate. 8 g/m3. 3. 1984c. 1984. 1992 17 17. 20-30. 45 49. 12 -ray. O@K?e?W2@hg ?@@@@6X??7@@hg ?@M?I'1?J@ ?N@?75 @?@H @W5? @@H? @5 @H @? @? @? @? @? @?. 5. 55%CO2 + 0.5%O2. 60 Krad. Hara,1994 (. ). Hara,1994. 6. 1986. 6. Ahumada et al, 1996. 0. 45%CO2 + 11.5%O2. 6. Mitcham et al, 1997. 30.

(51) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 1991 1983 1985 (Bryan and Smith, 1956). 1986. 1980. 1980. 1987. 1991. ( ). 1981. (EPPO pest data sheet, 2000). 31.

(52) 1.. Compositae. 2.. Rosa spp.. 3.. 12-15. 15 25-35. 35. Gladiolus spp.. 4.. (. 5.. Rhododendron spp.. 6.. Prunus spp.. 7.. Althaea rosea. 8.. Lantana camara. 9.. Tropaeolum majus. 10.. 2. ) Dianthus spp.. Bougainvillea spectabilis. 27.2 228.6. 20. 120. 25. 1.. Brassica campestris. 35. Raphanus sativus. 15. 2.. Cucurbitaceae. 25. 3.. Leguminosae. 4.. Capsella sp.. Rubus sp.. Malus sp.. Prunus spp.. Pyrus sp.. Fragaria chiloensis 5.. Hordeum vulgare Triticum aestivum. 80-100%. (Robb and Parrella, 1991) 10-40%. (Higgins and Meyers, 1992) (. 200. (Bryan and Smith, 1956; CABI. & IPPO, 1992). 32. ). 15 20 25 27.2 30 35. (. ). 39.1 26.1 12.9 10.2 9.3 10.7. ( 46.3 75.2 31.4 34.0 12.7 9.5. ) 50.5 125.9 135.6 228.6 42.0 5.1.

(53) 6.. Allium cepa Asparagus officinalis. 7.. Citrus sinensis Citrus limon. 8.. (. )Capsicum annum. Solanum melongena Nicotiana sp.. Lycopersicon. esculentum. Solanum. 2.. tuberosum 9. 10. 11.. Vitis vinifera Persea sp. Gossypium hirsutum. 3.. tospovirus 1.. 3. 33.

(54) ( ) (F. occidentalis) TSWV (acquisition) 5 50%. 12 67. TSWV (latent period). 3-7. 20. 7.1. 24. 4.5. 27 3.5. (inoculation period) 1 3 5 1 (Wijkamp et al., 1996). 34.

(55) 1950. 1930. 29 28. ). (. (. (. 1935)(. 1952). ). 1984 22. (. 1.. 1984)(. ). Fulmekiola serratus (Karny) Rice thrips 1940. 1960. 1949. 35.

(56) ( 1952). ( ( 2.. 1952). 1979). Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) Paddy thrips. (. 36. 1979).

(57) 3.. Thrips tabaci Lindeman Onion thrips, Potato thrips. (onion sterility)( 4.. 1985; 1987) Thrips alliorum (Priesner). Green onion thrips (. 1973). (. ,. 1960). 37.

(58) 5.. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) Hawaiien flower thrips (Kudo, 1982). (Kono. and Papp, 1977). (. 500. 1980. 1982). (Murai, 2001) ( 1992). 1974. 1960. 2 (. (. 38. 1991). 1987).

(59) Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom). 6.. Flower thrips 1928. Moulton. Takahashi. F.. formosae. 1975 (. 1984). tospovirus. 20 1972 ( ) (. 1976a, b). 1990. 39.

(60) 7.. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood (. Grape vine thrips. 1984). 1976 ( 1982) (. 1990). ( 1995). 40. 1991.

(61) 8.. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Assam thrips, Chillie thrips. (. 1991) 1984. 2~3. 1970. 41.

(62) (. 1991. 1995) ( 1998. tospovirus. (PCFV) (Chen and Chiu, 1996) 9.. Dendrothrips minowai Priesner Minowai thrips. 42. 1997. 1998).

(63) 10.. Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Bean flower thrips (Chang, 1988b) M. distalis. (Karny) 1990. (Chang, 1987; Chang, 1988a, b). 43.

(64) 11.. Frankliniella williamsi Hood Maize thrips. 70-80. (. 1995). 16-23. ( 1978. 44. 1995).

(65) 12.. Thrips palmi Karny Melon thrips, Palm thrips 1979. (. 1986). ( 1982) (. 1985). 45.

(66) (. 1995). (. 1990). tospovirus. 13.. Thrips simplex (Morison) Gladiolus thrips 1987 (. 1992 (. 46. 1982). 1995).

(67) ( 14.. 1997). Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann) Orchid thrips. (. 1997). 47.

(68) 15.. Dichromothrips corbetti. 16.. Thrips coloratus Schmutz. (Priesner) Vanda thrips (T. hawaiiensis) 2-3. (. 1990). ( ). 48.

(69) 17.. Thrips orientalis (Bagnall) Oriental thrips. (. 1995). 18.. Chaetanaphothrips machili Hood. 49.

(70) ( 1995). 19.. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) Banana rust thrips, Orchid thrips. (Hara and Hara, 1992). 50.

(71) 1920-40 1920-30 1920-80. 1980-. R. cruentatus C. machili C. orchidii D. minowai D. corbetti D. smithi F. intonsa F. williamsi F. serrata M. usitatus S. dorsalis. S. biformis T. alliorum T. coloratus T. hawaiiensis. T. orientalis T. palmi. T. simplex T. tabaci. 51.

(72) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche Phipiphorothrips pulchellus Morgan Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) Anaphothrips flavicinctus Karny = A. sudanensis (Trybom) Ayyaria chaetophora Karny Chirothrips takahashi Moulton = C. manicatus (Haliday) Taeniothrips smithi Zimmermann = Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann) Frankliniella formosae Moulton = F. intonsa (Trybom) Taeniothrip lefroyi Bagnall = Lefroyothrips lefroyi (Bagnall) Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Taeniothrips varicornis Moulton =Megalurothrips typicus Bagnall Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. Crawford) Taeniothrips distalis Karny = Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) Taeniothrips clarus Moulton. Thrips clarus Moulton = Thrips flavus Schrank. Taeniothrips sp. Thrips tabaci Lind. Thrips oryzae Williams = Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) Thrips serratus Kobus = Fulmekiola serratus (Kobus). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.. Litotetothrips rotundus (Moulton) Liothrips floridensis (Watson) Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann Mesothrips claripennis Moulton Haplothirps aculeatus (Fabricius) Haplothrips gowdeyi (Frantlin) Haplothrips chinensis Priesner Haplothrips vernoniae Priesner Rhaebothrips lativentris Karny = Nesothrips lativentris (Karny) 1. 28. 2.. 52.

(73) 1. 2. 3. 4.. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) Anaphothrips flavicinctus Karny = A. sudanensis (Trybom). 5.. Bathrips melanicornis (Shumsher singh). 6.. Frankliniella formosae Moulton = F. intonsa (Trybom). 7. 8. 9.. Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Microcephalothrips abdominalis (D. L. Crawford) Parabaliothrips takahashi Priesner. 10.. Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. 11.. Stenchaetothrips dissidens (Ananthakrishnan Gadadish). 12.. Taeniothrips clarus Moulton. 13. 14.. Thrips clarus Moulton = Thrips flavus Schrank. Taeniothrip lefroyi Bagnall = Lefroyothrips lefroyi (Bagnall) Taeniothrips distalis Karny = Megalurothrips distalis (Karny). 15.. Taeniothrips sp.. 16.. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan). 17.. Thrips oryzae Williams = Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall). 18.. Thrips serratus Kobus = Fulmekiola serratus (Kobus). 19.. Thrips tabaci Lind.. 1.. Haplothirps aculeatus (Fabricius). 2.. Haplothrips chinensis Priesner. 3.. Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann. 11 11. 3 5. 53.

(74) (Thrips palmi Karny) (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)). (Fieber). O. majusculus (Rt.). O.. tristicolor (White). Orius strigicollis (Poppius) Orius tantillus (Anthocoridae). (Motschulsky). (Genus Orius Wolf) 60 Orius atratus Ya s u n a g a Orius insidiosus (Say). 54. O. laevigatus. 1997a). ( Ya s u d a ,.

(75) (Wang, 1998) O. strigicollis. O. tantillus. 26. 3. 55. 47. 2. 16. 4. 9. 4. 1. 2. 3. 2. 3 ---. 2. ---. 5. 1. ---. 10 1. ---. -----. ---. 1. ---. 25. 16. 117. 43. ---. 73. 27. 200. 95. 3. (. 1985). (paramere). (flagellum) (cone) (denticule) (spur). 1-3 1-3. 4. 4 (cuneus). 2. 1.5. (Wang, 1998). ( Wa n g ,. 1998). 55.

(76) A. B. cn. cn. dt. fg fg. C. D. cn. cn dt fg. A.. fg. O. strigicollis, B.. O. tantillus, C.. O. sauteri , D. O. insidiolus. cn: cone; dt: denticule; fg: flagellum.. ( 1985). 1 3 4. Orius sauteri (Poppius). 56. 4. 2.

(77) (Campylomma chinensis Schuh). Carayonocoris. 2 mm. indicus Muraleedharan (Kumar and. 2. Ananthakrishnan, 1984), Anthocoris nemorum (Linnaeus)(Bennison et al., 1998) et al., 1993). Bilia sp. ( Hirose Wollastoniella rotunda. Yasunaga and Miyamoto (Yasunaga and Miyamoto, 1993) 1993 A (Miridae). 8. 0.55. B 7.23 0.4. 57.

(78) (Yasunaga, 1997b). Orius agilis (Flor) O. albidipennis (Reuter) O. alcides Herring O. armatus Gross O. atratus Yasunaga O. bifilarus Ghauri O. brunescens (Poppius) O. bulgaconus Ghauri O. camerunensis (Poppius) O. canariensis Wagner O. candiope Herring O. chadwicki Woodward and Postle O. championi Herring O. cocciphagus (Hesse) O. conchaconus Ghauri O. diespeter Herring O. euryale Herring O. flagellum Linnavuori O. flaviceps (Poppius) O. florentiae Herring O. fuscus (Reuter) O. gladiatus Zheng O. harpocrates Herring O. heterorioides Woodward and Postle O. horvathi (Reuter) O. ianthe (Distant) O. indicus (Reuter) O. insidiosus (Say) O. ixionides Herring O. jasiones Herring O. laticollis (Reuter) O. laticollis discolor (Reuter) O. laevigatus (Fieber) O. laevigatus maderensis (Reuter) O. lanatus Carayon 58.

(79) O. latibasis Ghauri O. lesliae Herring O. limbatus Wagner O. lindbergi Wagner O. luidoides Ghauri O. maderensis (Reuter) O. majusculus (Reuter) O. maxidentex Ghauri O. minutus (Linnaeus) O. miyamotoi Yasunaga O. nagaii Yasunaga O. niger (Wolff) O. pallidicornis (Reuter) O. pallidus (Poppius) O. pele Herring O. perpunctatus (Reuter) O. persequens (B. White) O. piceicollis (Lindberg) O. pluto (Distant) O. pumilio (Champion ) O. puncticollis Poppius O. ratamae (Noualhier) O. reedi (B. White) O. sauteri Poppius O. shyamavarna Muraleedharan and Ananthakrishnan. O. sibiricus Wagner O. strigicollis (Poppius) O. sublaevis (Poppius) O. tantillus (Motschulsky) O. thripoborus (Hesse) O. thyestes Herring O. tristicolor (B. White) O. trivandrensis Muraleedharan and Ananthakrishnan O. vicinus (Ribaut) 59.

(80) (. 2) (Westigard, 1973) Campylomma verbasci. (Meyer). (Psylla. pyricola Forster). (Panonychus ulmi Koch) (McMullen and Hone, 1970). (Thistlewood et al., 1989). (Lygaeidae) (Geocoris spp.) 3 mm 1.5 mm. Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler). (. 60. 1994).

(81) ferus (L.)(Riudavets, 1995). Geocoris ochropterus Fabr.. G. pallens (Stal) G. atricolor Montandon G. pallidipennis (Costa) (. 1985. (Chrysopidae). Riudavets,. 1995). mm. cm. 1 cm. G. ochropterus. (Chang, et al., 1993). (Kumar and Ananthakrishnan, 1985). (Nabidae). (Nabis spp.). (Nabis sinoferus Hsiao) (N. stenoferus Hsiao) ( 1985) N. alternatus (Parshley)). N.. americoferus (Carayon)) N. pseudoferus Remane. -. N.. 61.

(82) ( 74. ). (Mallada basalis (Walker)). (M. boninensis. (Okamoto)) (Corcyra cephalonica Stainton) (. ). (Franklinothrips spp.) (Scolothrips spp.) F. vespiformis (Crawford) suzuki Priesner. Okajima. S.. takahashi. S. asura Ramakrishna &. Margabandhu. S. indicus Priesner (F. vespiformis) (S. asura). 62. F..

(83) Amblyseius barkeri Neoseiulus cucumeris. (Cecidomyiidae) 1-3 mm. T h r i p s o b re m i s liothrips Barnes. (Barnes, 1930) Arthrocnodax occidentalis Eelt.. (Chang, 1993). (Phytoseiidae). Amblyseius addoensis. van der Merwe and Ryke, A. barkeri (Hughes) , A. degenerans Berlese , A. longispinosus (Evans), A. potentillae (Garman), A. sessor Delon, A. urescens A. and H., Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans),. Paraphytoseius. multidentatus Swirski & Shechter. 63.

(84) (Laelapidae). (Hypoaspis. spp.). (A. ferris). 2-3 10 N. cucumeris. (H. aculeifer Canestrini). A. barkeri. 10. (Riudavets, 1995 ). 400 (. 1999). (Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans)) Coccinella. (Paraphytoseius multidentatus Swirski. spp., Adalia spp., Scymnus spp.. & Shechter)(Chang et al., 1993). Microstigmus spp.. 0.3 mm. (Mills,. 1991). (. 1988). (. 1988). ( 1998). 64. (. ).

(85) 6.2 13.3. Hirose, 1991). (Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood) (Ceranisus sp.) (. 1984). 3-5. 1. (Eulophidae). 1-2. (Ceranisus spp.). (Loomans and Lenteren, 1995) C. menes (Walker). 0.6. mm. 11. 21. Frankliniella intonsa, F. occidentalis, F. schulzei. 5-10. Thrips tabaci, T. palmi, T. coloratus, T.. 3-6. hawaiiensis, T. setosus, T. flavus (Microcephalothrips abdominalis). (Loomans and Lenteren,. 15-29 23-45. (. 1984). 1995) 40-60%. 12-3 77.2%. 75% (Hirose et al., 1991; 1992). 25. (F.. intonsa) 8.4 1990). ( 1984). 38.5. (Murai, 1988;. C. menes (Megalurothrips. 65.

(86) usitatus (Bagnall)) (Chang, 1990). 0.2-0.4 mm Thripobius T.. hirticornis Ferriere Boucek. T. semiluteus Ceranisus. (. 1978). (Panchaetothripidae). Megaphragma. (Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche)) 12. Megaphragma. (Loomans and Lenteren, 1995) Goetheana. M. deflectum Lin,. M.. decochaetum. Lin,. M.. polychaetum Lin, M. macrostigmum. shakespearei Girault. (Lin), M. stenopterum (Lin). 5 (Loomans. (Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard). and Lenteren, 1995). (H. haemorrhoidalis) (Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa)). Ceratothripoides. claratris (Shumsher). (Murai et al.,. 2000). (Mymaridae) Polynema indica Narayanan & Subba Rao sp.. Caliothrips (Loomans and Lenteren,. 1995). Entedonastichus sp., Pediobus sp. , Tripastichus sp.. (Loomans and. Lenteren, 1995) 2.. (Beauveria bassiana) (Verticillium lecanii). (Trichogrammatidae). 66.

(87) (Metarhizium anisopliae) (cowpea) (Megleurothrips sjostedi (Trybom)) (Ekesi et al., 1998). 23 30 7. 94%. Verticillium lecanii 20-70% (Vestergaard et al., 1995; 1999). Paecilomyces. (>80%). fumosoroseus, P. farunosus (Castineiras et al., 1996). Neozygites parvispora. (Montserrat et al., 1998). Steinernematidae. ( Grundschober et al.,. Heterorhabditidae. 1998) Beauveria bassiana Verticillium lecanii. Metarhizium. anisopliae. Verticillium lecanii (Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)) (Myzus persicae Sulzer) (Thrips palmi Karny) Steinernema feltiae Filipjev. 70% (DD-136) (Bemisia argentifolii) 50%( 2000). 1998 (Bennison, 1998). 67.

(88) Sphaerulariidae. Thripinema. nicklewoodi (Heinz et al., 1996). Orius strigicollis (Poppius)3. Heteroptera: Anthocoridae. Orius tantillus (Motschulsky)3. Heteroptera: Anthocoridae. Campylomma chinensis Schuh3. Heteroptera: Miridae. Geocoris ochropterus Fabr.2. Heteroptera: Lygaeidae. Arthrocnodax occidentalis Eelt.2. Diptera: Cecidomyiidae. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans)2. Acari: Physeiidae. Paraphytoseius multidentatus Swirski & Shechter2 Acari: Physeiidae Ceranisus menes (Walker)1. Hymenoptera: Eulophidae. Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford). Thysanoptera: Thripidae. Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu. Thysanoptera: Thripidae. Mallada basalis (Walker). Homoptera: Chrysopidae. Mallada boninensis (Okamoto). Homoptera: Chrysopidae. 1. Chang, 1990; 2. Chang et al., 1993; 3. Wang, 1998.. 68.

(89) 1950-1960 DDT (. BHC 1952). (. 1973). 1980. LC95. 1.5. (. 1993). 69.

(90) http://www.tactri.gov.tw/htdocs/ppmtable/，2007. 5%. (Halfenprox). 1000. 10 % (Permethrin) 10 % 21.5% (Benfuracarb+lambdaCyhalothrin) 2.9% (Beta-Cyfluthrin) 3% (Alphacypermethrin) 10 % 5% (Esfenvalerate) 42 % (Lambda-cyhalothrin+Phosmet). 1000 1000 1500 1500 1000 4000 1500 1500. 2.8%. (Bifenthrin). 1000. 2.8%. (Deltamethrin). 25 % 2.46 %. (tau-Fluvalinate) (lambda-Cyhalothrin). 1000 1500 2000 3000 3000 1000. 2.5%. 2000 1000. 2.8%. 2000 1000 2000. 58 %. (Naled). 1000. 40 %. (Pyridaphenthion). 800. 35 %. (Pyraclofos). 1000. 43 %. (Profenofos). 800. 10 %. (Mevinphos). 350 650-750. 10 % 50 % 5%. 70. 350 (Malathion) (Chlorpyrifos). 650-750 1500. 40.8%. 1500. 50 %. 2000.

(91) 50%. (Methamidophos). 1200 2000. 35%. (Phosphamidon+Mevinphos). 40% 10%. 2000 2000. (Phorate). 25%. (Carbosulfan). 40%. 700 1200 1600. 48.34%. 1000 1200 1500. 40% 40.64%. (Tau-Fluvalinate +Carbaryl) (Carbofuran). 2000 800. 50%. (Bendiocarb). 1500. 25%. (Methomyl). 900. 40% 50% 60%. 1500 (Methiocarb) (Vamidothion+MIPC+BPMC). 1000 1200. 16%. (Clothianidin). 3000. 10%. (Chlorfenapyr). 1000 1500. 20%. (Acetamiprid). 3000 4000. 4.95% 9.6%. (Fipronil) (Imidacloprid). 2000 1500. 2000 50%. (Cartap). 1000. 34%. (Thiodicarb). 1500. 2.5%. (Spinosad). 1000. 11.6% 20%. 2000 (Formetanate). 400. 71.

(92) (Campylomma chinensis Schuh) 480-500 150-170. 190-200. (Glycine max L.). (Ephestia. cautella Walker). (Orius strigicollis (poppius)). 230-300. 500-600. (. (. 25. 72. ). (. ). (. ). 1994). (. ). 17.6. 23.2. 26.3. 16.0. 1.4. 19.0. 1.1. 23.0. 126.0. 31.6. 33.5. 11.4. 37.5. 13.5. 14.9. 77.9. 65.0. 36.2. 6.3. 25.0. 6.4. 12 L 12 D Corcyra cephalonica. Tetranychus kanzawai Thrips palmi.

(93) (. (. ). (. ). (. ). (. 1994). ). 14.7. 61.3. 15.0. ---. ---. ---. ---. 16.5. 134.6. 25.0. 3.4. 9.9. 1.7. 10.1. 14.3. 70.3. 40.0. 10.6. 11.3. 14.6. 8.6. 15.2. 150.7. 75.0. 11.5. 29.1. 12.9. 26.9. 25 12 L 12 D Aphis gossypii. Corcyra cephalonica Thrips palmi. 2-3. (Wang et al, 2001). (Wang et al., 2001). 73.

(94) (California EPA Dept. of Pesticides Regulation, 2001). Chrysopa carne Stephens. Amblyseius degenerans Berlese. Chrysopa Comanche Banks. Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes). Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister. Hypoaspis miles Rovkvalster. Deraecoris brevis (Uhler). Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). Orius insidiosus (Say) Orius laevigatus (Fieber). Heterorhabditis sp.. Orius majusculus (Reuter). Steinernema sp.. Orius tristicolor (B. White) Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande). Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas. Thripobius semiluteus Boucek. 74.

(95) 350-400 nm. 75.

(96) 2-3. 21. (Hata et al., 1991) 25 (Yasuda and Momonoki,. 1988). 76.

(97) 2. 20. 3. 30 cm. 10X Berlese funnel. AGA. 70%. 3-24. 77.

(98) 70% 1-3. (xylene). 78.

(99) 70%. 30. 80%. 30. 95%. 20. 99%. 10. 43. (clove oil) 20. 5% NaOH 40 Hoyer’s solution. NaOH. AGA solution. 90%. (ethyl alcohol) (distilled water) (glycerine) (glacial acetic acid). Hoyer’s solution. 8 parts 5 parts 1 part 1 part. 50 grams (gum Arabic crystal) (chloral hydrate) (glycerine). 30 grams 200 grams 20 grams. 79.

(100) I . 1952.. .. 90-107.. . 1982.. .. 1984.. 31. . 14. 173-176. .. 147-160.. 1986.. .. 1991.. 6 .. 133-143. HV#911.. 1994.. . 166. .. (Campylomma chinensis Schuh) (Orius sauteri (Poppius)). .. 1996a.. 36. .. 1996b.. 38. .. 141-154.. 191-202.. 2. 98-100. . 1989.. 28. 1989.. I.. 1990.. .. 9. 407-411.. 251-261.. III. 10. .. .. 125-132. . 1984a.. .. 20(5): 45-50.. 1984b.. . . 1995.. .. HV#971.. . 1990.. . 264. .. 10. . 1989. . 1993. . 1960.. 120. .. 451-455.. I. .. 33 : 88-93.. .. 9: 251-261.. 29-31.. .. 63-64.. . . 1978. . 1990. 10. 3. .. . 300. II.. .. .. 79-87.. . 1993.. . . 1985.. 1987.. . 121 .. 34. Thrips tabaci Lindeman. .. 223-227. .. 36. 118-124. . 1982. 24. .. 179-187.. . 1987.. .. 7. . 1992.. . . 72. .. . 1995.. . . 1995.. 80. 17-23.. .. 45(3). 44-47. 159-.

(101) 168.. . . 2011.. . .. 152. 123-. 146. . 1984.. (Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood) 26. .. 365-378.. 1986.. .. 28:139-146.. . 1991.. .. 11. 310-316. . 1988.. .. .. . 466. .. . 1989.. . . 72. . . 1998.. . 129. .. .. . 2000.. (Verticillium lecanii). ). .. . 1985.. . P. 148.. .. 31. .. . 236. . 1990.. .. . . 2000.. . 764. . 1992.. 6. 119 . 102. . 1998.. .. .. .. sp.)). (. .. (Orius sauteri (Poppius)). (Thrips palmi Karny). (Campylomma. .. 18. 5-5. . 1973.. .. 22. . 1970.. 285-289.. .. 14. 51-57. . 1999.. .. . 1997.. -. 35-42.. .. 36. . 1978. 1984.. .. 187. 6(6) .. .. 1976a. 1976b. . 1982. 31. 579-591.. 10-14.. (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood). . 1974.. 7(2). 3. 5-14.. 371-383.. .. 25. 37-43.. .. 25. 299-309.. (Thrips flavus Schrank). .. 89-96.. . 1998. . 1999.. 1-3.. .. . 1984.. .. . .. . II.. 18 12-15. 5-4. .. .. I. 81.

(102) . 1980. .. 1. . 1965.. (Thrips hawiiensis Morgan). 26-31.. .. 5. 21.. .. . 1992. . 1997.. . .. 1998.. . 64. 12. 231-237.. .. .. 87 334-336.. . 1979.. .. .. 279. . 1982.. . .. 9. 92-. 97. . 1985.. .. 5. 101-. 118. . 1983. 30. 144-145.. . 1935.. .. 7(1): 67-78.. Ahumada, M. H., E. J. Mitcham and D. G. Moore. 1996. Postharvest quality of Thompson seedless grapes after insecticidal controlled-atmosphere treatment. HortScience 31(5): 833-836. Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1990. Reproductive Biology of Thrips. India Publishing House, USA. 158 pp. Ananthakrishnan, T. N. and A. Ramam. 1989. Thrips and Gall Dynamics. Oxford & IBH Pub., India. 120 pp. Barnes, H. F. 1930. A new thrips eating gall midge Thripsobremia liothrips gen. Et. Sp. n. (Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 21: 331-332. Beavers, J. B. and W. H. Ewart. 1971. Observations on citrus biology and an improved method of rearing them in the laboratory. J. Econ. Entomology 64(5): 1124-1127. Bennison, J. A., E. M. Pow, L. J. Wadham, K. A. Maulden, L. R. Wardlow, and J. H. Buxton. 1998. Improving biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, on greenhouse ornamentals. Proc. Sixth Intl. Symp. Thysanoptera, Turkey, pp. 19-24. Bhatti, J. S. 1990. Catalogue of insects of order Terebrantia from the Indian subregion. Zoology (J. Pure Applied Zool.) 2(4). 205-352.. Borbon, C. M. de; Gracia, O.; Piccolo, R. 2006. Relationships between tospovirus incidence and thrips populations on tomato in Mendoza, Argentina.J. Phytopathology 154( 2): 93-99. Bryan, D. E. and R. E. Smith. 1956. The Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) complex in California. Univ. Cal. Publ. Ent. 10(6): 359-405. CABI and EPPO. 1992. Quarantine Pests for Europe: 145-150. California Environmental Protection Agency, Dept of Pesticide Regulation. 2001. Suppliers of beneficial organisms in North America. 32 pp. US.. 82.

(103) Castineiras, A., J. E. Pena, R. Duncan, and L. Osborne. 1996. Potential of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus as biological control agents of Thrips palmi. Florida Entomologist 79(3): 458-461. Chang, N. T. 1987. Seasonal abundance and developmental biology of thrips Megalurothrips usitatus on soybean at southern area of Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. 29: 165-173. 1988a. Population trends of Megalurothrips usitauts (Bagnall) on adzuki bean and soybean examined by four sampling methods. Plant Prot. Bull.30: 289-302. 1988b. The preference of thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall), for three leguminous plants. Plant Prot. Bull. 30: 68-77. 1990. Ceranisus menes (Walker) (Eulophidae. Hymenoptera), a new parasite of bean. flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall). Plant Prot. Bull. 32: 237-238. Chang, N. T., C. T. Hung, T. Hua, and C. C. Ho. 1993. Notes on predatory natural enemies of Thrips palmi Karny on eggplant. Plant Prot. Bull. 35: 239-243. Chen, C. C., J. F. Shy, and R. J. Chiu. 1993. Identification of tomato spotted wilt-like virus on peanut in Taiwan. Plant Path. Bull. (Taiwan) 2: 251. Chen, C. C., H. M. Ho, T. F. Chang, C. H. Chao, and S. D. Yeh. 1995. Identification and isolation of a tospovirus infecting wax gourd. Plant Protect. Bull. 37: 117-131. Chen, C. C. and R. J. Chiu. 1996. A tospovirus infecting peanut in Taiwan. Acta Horticulture 431: 57-67. Chiu, R. J., C. C. Chen, and H. T. Hsu. 1994. Purification and characterization of a tospovirus systematically infecting cucurbits in Taiwan. Plant Path. Bull. (Taiwan) 3: 198-208. Ciuffo M., G. C. Martina, L. Bosch, M. Turina, L. Tavella. 2010. Identification of Dictyothrips betae as the vector of Polygonum ring spot virus. Ann. App. Bio. 157: 299-307. Daniel, M. A., N. Bhaktavatsalam, and N. Suresh. 1984. Weed crop interaction with reference to Caliothrips indicus (Bagnall) on Arachis hypogaea Wild, (Fabaceae and the alternate weed host Achyranthes aspera (Amarantaceae). Entomon. (Trivandrum: Association for Advancement of Entomology, Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Kerala) 9(1): 47-51. Ekesi, S., N. K. Maniania, K. Ampong-Nyarko, and I. Onu. 1998. Potential of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin for control of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) on cowpea in Kenya. Crop Protection 17(8): 661-668. Gilstrap, F. E. and E. R. Oatman. 1976. The bionomics of Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande), an insect predator of spider mites. Hilgardia 44: 26-60. Grundschober, A., U. Tuor, and M. Aebi. 1998. In vitro cultivation and sporulation of Neozygites parvispora. Systematic & Applied Microbiology 21(3): 461-469. Hara, A. H. 1994. Ornamentals and Flowers. from Paull, R.E., and Armstrong, J.W.(eds). Insects and fresh horticultural products: Treatments and responses:329-347. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.. I. 83.

(104) Hara, T. Y., A. H. Hara, and J. D. Hansen. 1991. Feeding preference of melon thrips on orchids in Hawaii . Hortiscience 26(10): 1294-1295. Hara, T. Y. and A. H. Hara. 1992. Anthurium thrips, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton): biology and insecticidal control on Hawaiian anthuriums. Tropical Pest Management 38(3): 230-233. Heinz, K. M., L. M. Heinz, and P. Parrella. 1996. Natural enemies of western flower thrips indigenous to California ornamentals. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 19(1): 51-54. Higgins C.. ., and J. H. Myers. 1992. Sex ratio patterns and population dynamics of western. flower thrips. Environ. Entomol. 21(2): 322-330. Hirose, Y. 1991. Pest status and biological control of Thrips palmi in southeast Asia. on Thrips in Southeast Asia, Proc. Regional Consultation Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 13 March 1991: 57-60. Hirose, Y., M. Takagi, and H. Kajita. 1992. Discovery of an indigenous parasitoid of Thrips palmi Karny in Japan: Ceranius menes (Walker) on eggplant in home and truck. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 27: 465-467. Hirsoe, Y., H. Kajita, M. takagi, S. Okajima, B. Napompeth, and S. Buranapanichpan. 1993. Natural enemies of Thrips palmi and their effectiveness in the native habitat, Thailand. Biological Control 3: 1-5. Hoodle, M. S., K. Oishi and D. Morgan. 2001. Pupation biology of Franklinothrips orizabensis and harvesting and shipping of this predator. Florida Entomologist 84(2): 272-281. Kumar, N. S. and T. N. Ananthakrishnan. 1984. Predator-thrips interaction with reference to Orius maxidentex Ghauri and Carayonocoris indicus Muraleedharan (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera). Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B50 (2): 139-145. Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips, Their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance. Academic Press London and New York. 349 pp. Lewis, T. 1995. Feeding, flight and dispersal in thrips. pp. 63-70. In B.L. Parker, et al. eds , Proc. International. Conference on Thrips: Towards Unserstanding Thysanoptera, Vermont, USA. Loomans, A. J. M. and J. C. van Lenteren. 1995. Biological control of thrips pests: a review on thrips parasitoids. on Biological Control of Thrips Pests, Wageningen Agr. Univ. Papers 95-1: 92-201. MacGill, E. I. 1927. The biology of Thysanoptera with reference to the cotton plant. 8. The relation between variations in temperature and the life-cycle. Ann. Appl. Biol. 24: 95109. McMullen, R.D. and C. Hone. 1970. The biology and influence of pesticides on Campylomma verbasci (Heteroptera: Miridae). Can. Entomologist 102: 1390-1394. Mills, N. J. 1991. Thrips biocontrol: opportunities for use of natural enemies against the pear thrips. pp. 373-391. In B.L. Parker, et al.. eds , Proc. International. Conference on. Thrips: Towards Unserstanding Thysanoptera, Vermont, USA.. 84.

(105) Mitcham, E. J., S. Zhou and V. Bikoba. 1997. Controlled atmospheres for quarantine control of three pests of table grapes. J. Econ. Entomol. 90(5): 1360-1370. Monsterrat, M., C. castane, and S. Santamaria. 1998. Neozygites parvispora causing epizootic in Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber in Spain. J. Invertebrate Pathology 71(2): 165168. Mound, L. A. 1996. The Thysanoptera vector species of Tospoviruses. Acta Horticulture 431: 298-309. Mound, L. A. and D. A. J. Teulon. 1995. Thysanoptera as phytophagous opportunities. pp. 3-19. In B. L. Parker, et al.. eds , Thrips Biology and Management. NATO ASI Series,. Plenum Press, NY and London. Moritz, G. 1995. Morphogenetic development of some species of the order Thysanoptera. pp.489504. In B. L. Parker, et al.. eds , Thrips Biology and Management. NATO ASI Series,. Plenum Press, NY and London. Murai, T., S. Kawai, W. Chongratanameteekul and F. Nakasuji. 2000. Damage to tomato by Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) in central Thailand and a note on its parasitoid, Goetheana shakespearei Girault. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35(4): 505-507. Nakahara, S. and R. C. Monteiro. 1999. Frankliniella zucchini, a new species and vector of tospovirus in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 101(2): 290-294. Ohnishi, J.; Katsuzaki, H.; Tsuda, S.; Sakurai, T.; Murai, T.; 2006. Frankliniella cephalica, a new vector for Tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Disease 90( 5): 685. O’Neill, K. 1960. Identification of the newly introduced phlaeothripid Haplothrips clarisetis Priesner. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 53: 507-510. Patel, N. G. and G. A. Patel. 1953. The bionomics of the wheat thrips Anaphothrips flavicinctus. Indian J. Ent. 15(3): 251-261. Peters, D., I. Wijkamp, F. van de Wetering, and R. Goldbach. 1996. Vector relations in the transmission and epidemiology of Tospoviruses. Acta Horticulture 431: 29-43. Raizada, U. 1969. Some observation on the bionomics of Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Cawford). Indian J. Ent. 31: 6. Reyes, C. P. 1994. Thysanoptera of the Philippine Islands. Raffles Bull. Zool. 42(2):107-507. Riudavets, J. 1995. Predators of Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg.) and Thrips tabaci Lind.: a review. on Biological Control of Thrips Pests, Wageningen Agr. Univ. Papers 95-1: 4687. Robb, K. L. and M. P. Parrella. 1991. Western flower thrips, a serious pest of floricultural crops. pp. 343-357. In B.L. Parker, et al.. eds , Proc. International. Conference on Thrips:. Towards Unserstanding Thysanoptera, Vermont, USA. Sakimura, K. 1932. Life history of Thrips tabaci on Emilia sagitata and its host plant range in Hawaii. J. Econ. Ent. 25: 884-891. Shull, A. F. 1917. Sex determination in Anthothrips verbasci. Genetics 2: 480-488.. I. 85.

(106) Soma, Y., T. Akagawa, T. Misumi, F. kawakami, T. Kitamura, T. Kashio, T. Mochizuki and M. Tanaka. 2001. Control of western flower thrips in strawberry nurseries with methyl bromide. Tes. Bull. Pl. Prot. Japan 37: 35-38. Takahashi, R. 1936. Thysanoptera of Formosa. The Philippine J. Science 60(4): 427-459. Thistlewood, H. M. A., R. D. McMullen, and J. H. Borden. 1989. Damage and economic injury levels of the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae), on apple in the Okanagan valley. Can. Entomologist 121: 1-9. Ulman, D. E. 1996. Thrips and tospoviruses: advances and future directions. Acta Horticulture 431:310-324. Vestergaard, S., A. T. Gillespie, T. M. Butt, G. Schreiter, and J. Eilenberg. 1995. Pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Planta Medica 5(2): 185-192. Vestergaard, S., T. M. Butt, J. Bresciani, A. T. Gillespie, and J. Eilenberg. 1999. Light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Invertebrate Pathology 73(1): 25-33. Wang, C. L. 1998. Two predacious Orius flower bugs in Taiwan. Chinese J. Entomol. 18: 199202. Wang, C. L., P. C. Lee and Y. J. Wu. 2001. Field augmentation of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) for the control of thrips in Taiwan. International Seminar on Biological Control of Insect Pests in Economic Crops. Suwon, Korea. pp. 141-152. Westigard, P. H. 1973. The biology and effect of pesticides in Deraeocoris brevis. Can. Entomologist 105: 1105-1111. Wijkamp, I, F. van de Wetering, R. Goldbach, and D. Peters. 1996. Transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by Frankliniella occidentalis; median acquisition and inoculation access period. Ann. Applied Biology 129(2): 303-313. Woo, K. S. 1974. Thysanoptera of Korea. Korean J. Entomol. 4(2):1-90. Yasunaga, T. 1997a. The flower bug genus Orius Wolff from Japan and Taiwan, Part I. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 32: 355-364. 1997b. The flower bug genus Orius Wolff from Japan and Taiwan, Part III. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 32: 387-394. Yasunaga, T. and S. Miyamoto. 1993. Three Anthocorid species predators of Thrips palmi in eggplant gardens of Thailand. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 28(2): 227-232. Yasuda, T. and T. Momonoki. 1988. Varietal resistance of eggplant [aubergine] introduced from southeast Asia to Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee and Thrips palmi Karny, Proc. Assoc. Plant Prot. Kyushu 34: 139-140.. 86.

(107) 87.

(108) p. 095. p. 097. p. 099. p. 100. p. 104. p. 106. p. 110. p. 111. p. 114. p. 115. p. 117. p. 124. p. 125-1. p. 125-2. p. 128. p. 136. p. 137. p. 145. p. 161. p. 107. p. 108. p. 118. p. 121. p. 130. p. 133. p. 134. p. 146. p. 147. p. 148. p. 151. p. 153. p. 156. p. 169-1. p. 169-2. p. 172. p. 173. p. 175. p. 176. p. 178. p. 179. p. 181. p. 183. p. 185. p. 186. p. 188. p. 192. p. 194. p. 197. p. 189. 88. p. 095. p. 189. p. 122. p. 190. p. 134. p. 190. p. 176.

(109) p. 210. p. 222. p. 210. p. 224. p. 206. p. 227. p. 237. p. 237. p. 239. p. 243. p. 247-2. p. 249. p. 260. p. 266. p. 277-1. p. 206. p. 230. p. 239. p. 209-1. p. 232. p. 209-2. p. 235. p. 211. p. 235. p. 241. p. 242. p. 243. p. 253. p. 255. p. 257. p. 258. p. 268. p. 270. p. 272-1. p. 272-2. p. 275. p. 277-2. p. 280-1. p. 280-2. p. 283. p. 284. p. 286. p. 291. p. 293. p. 294. p. 296. p. 298. p. 300. p. 301. p. 305. p. 308. p. 309. p. 312. p. 313. p. 315. p. 327. 89.

(110) SUBORDER TEREBRANTIA. 1936. (R. Takahashi). 17 21. 57. 1936. H. Priesner. 46. ?W-X ?*@1 ?N@5 @H ?J5? ?.Y?. ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??. 1954 J. D. Hood. D.. Moulton 1974. I. Kudo. S. Okajima. 1936. 1988. L. A. Mound. S. Nakahara. R. zur Strassen. S. Okajima. TEREBRANTIA. 90.

(111) 8 (upper vein). (lower. vein). 7. (microtrichia) (wing-holding setae). TUBULIFERA. 8. 7. (glandular area). 6. 9. (Aeolothripidae) (Merothripidae). 3. 4. (sense cone). (Thripidae). (Heterothripidae). 1.. 9 (glandular sense organ). 3. 4. AEOLOTHRIPIDAE 2. 2.. 8. 9. 10. (trichobothria) 6-9. 1 MEROTHRIPIDAE. 1-3. 10 3. 3.. 9. 3. 4 HETEROTHRIPIDAE. 7-8. 6. 9. 3. 4 THRIPIDAE. 91.

(112) fore wing costal fringe. seta. antenna. costal seta upper vein seta scale. microtrichia sense cone. posterior fringe. lower vein seta. head abdominal tergite vertex anterior ridge. ctenidia. base of antenna posterior ocellus. spiracle. anterocellar seta eye anterior ocellus ocullar seta. microtrichia. interocellar seta cheek. striate. submedian seta. prothorax. discal pore median seta. anterior seta. abdominal sternite. anterolateral seta pronotum. pleurite. posterolateral seta accessary seta (discal seta) posterior seta. pterothorax mesonotum. seta. abdominal terminal 8. base of wing submedian seta. 9. tergite IX discal pore. metanotum. seta. median seta metascutellum. tergite VIII comb. 10. tergite X split. 92. 93.

(113) (. ommatidium mouth cone forked sense cone anterior ocellus posterior ocellus ocular seta postocular region simple sense cone ocellus ocellar triangle anterocellar seta = ocellar seta i, ii ocellar region interocellar seta = ocellar setae iii sensory area sensorium sense cone glandular sense organ collar collar area neck area neck line ( ) upper vein seta pterothorax mesofurca = mesothoracic furca mesonotum mesoscutum furca furca spinula ( ) blotch ( ) bladder posterior vein = lower vein anterior vein = upper vein pronotum episternum anteromarginal seta anterolateral seta ( ) costal seta. 94. ) costal fringe metascutellum metafurca = metathoracic furca metanotal median seta metanotum metascutum epimeron posteromarginal seta posteroangular setae = posterolateral seta ( ) posterior fringe wing pad campaniform sensillum ( ) fringe cilia ( ) scale median seta = B1 seta ( ) trichobothria submedian seta = B2 seta ( ) accessory seta ( ) antecostal ridge = anterior ridge ( ) stippled area ( ) flange ( ) discal seta ( 8 ) comb pleural plate = pleurite ( )areolae microtrichia ( ) ctenidia abdominal tergite abdominal sternite ( ) glandular area ; discal pore ( 10 ) dorsal split (. ) drepanae.

(114) FAMILY AEOLOTHRIPIDAE 3 3. (. 2. 3. 4. ). 3-5. 9. (claw). (costal fringe). Genus Franklinothrips Back Back, 1912. 75.. Aeolothrips vespiformis Crawford, 1909.. 9. 3. 10. 1.. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1-3. suzukii. 1-3 vespiformis. Franklinothrips suzukii Okajima ( 1) Franklinothrips suzukii Okajima, 1979 (. ). 2.8-2.9. 399. 401. 2/3. mm 3. 4 (anterocellar setae) 3. 4. (interocellar setae) 1. 2. 95.

(115) 6 9. 3. 9. 4. 2. 10. 2. 4-9. 1 V-1977. 1.. Franklinothrips suzukii Okajima ( ). 96. B.. C.. S. Okajima. ). A.. (Okajima, 1979.

(116) Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) ( 2) Vespiform thrips Aeolothrips vespiformis Crawford, 1909. 109.. Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford); Back, 1912 (. ). 2.8 mm 1-3. 4-9. 75, 76.. 1. 2. 10. 2. 1-3 9 3. 4. 4-9 2/3. 2.. 25. Franklinothrips vespiformis ( D.. 4. ). A.. B.. C.. E.. 97.

(117) 6. 9 2. 10. 1991. 1. 6-IV-. 1991. 6. 20-IX-. 1991. 12. 10-XII-. 1992. 9. 2. 14-IV-1993. 1 2-6 8. 7-10. 9. (Leguminosae) (Codiaeum variegatum) kadsura). (Piper (Allamanda. cathartica). (Crium asiaticum). (Mallotus japonicus) 2. 98. 1-II-. 3-5.

(118) FAMILY MEROTHRIPIDAE 8 (sense area). 8. 9. 3. 4 10. 1. Genus Merothrips Hood Hood, 1912. 132.. Merothrips morgani Hood, 1912. 1. 8. 1. 20. 1.. 3 indicus 3. 4 laevis. Merothrips indicus Bhatti & Ananthakrishnan ( 3B C) Merothrips indicus Bhatti & Ananthakrishnan, 1975. 31. 43. 3. 0.9-1.3 8. mm. 3. 4. 5-6. 2 1. (distal spur). 2. 2 40. 1/4. 19-20. 99.

(119) 15-18. 2-7. 1.05 mm. 4. II-III. II-IV. 8. (comb) (accessory setae or discal setae). 1. 7-I-. 1976. Merothrips laevis Hood ( 3A) Merothrips laevis Hood, 1938. 350.. 1.1 mm 1 3-8. 2. 2. 2. 3. 2-7 II-III. III-IV. 8. ( 1. ). 1. 0.8-0.9 mm. 2 8. 3. 4. 3-5 1 1. 100. VIII-1975. 2-.

(120) 3.. Merothrips laevis ( indicus (. ). B.. ) C.. A.. Merothrips (. 1976. ). 101.

(121) FAMILY THRIPIDAE 7. 8. 6. cone. 9. 3. 4. simple or forked sense. 8. 1.. Panchaetothripinae ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@?g??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??. 1-2. Thripinae. Subfamily Panchaetothripinae 2 (furca). (spinula). (costa). 1.. 10. 2. 2 6. 2.. 2 2. 3 2-9 Dendrothripoides. 3.. 4 5. 4.. 3-7. 1 Anisopilothrips. 102.

(122) Elixothrips 5.. 1. 7. 5-7 Astrothrips. 8 Copidothrips 6.. 7 8. 7.. 7. Phibalothrips. 8 Rhipiphorothrips 8.. 9 11. 9. 3. Monilothrips. 3 10.. 10 8. Selenothrips 8 Hercinothrips. 11.. 3. 4 Heliothrips. 3. 4 Helionothrips. Genus Anisopilothrips Stannard & Mitri Stannard & Mitri, 1962. 186.. Heliothrips venustulus Priesner, 1923. 7. 3. 4. 2. 3-7. 1. 103.

(123) 1 Hoodothripoides. Noathrips. Hoodothrips. Tryhactothrips. 2. Tryphactothrips complex,. Wilson (1975). Tribe Tryphactothripini. Anisopilothrips venustulus (Priesner) ( 4) (. ). Heliothrips venustulus Priesner, 1923c Astrothrips angulatus Hood, 1925. 89.. 50.. Hercothrips venustulus (Priesner); Moulton, 1932. 480, 481.. Tryphactothrips angulatus (Hood); Medina Gaud, 1961. 70.. Anisopilothrips venustulus (Priesner); Stannard & Mitri, 1962. 187.. 1.1-1.3 mm 3. 4. 11-13. 6-7. 3-7 1-6 7. 3-6. 8. 1 1 2. 2. 3-7 1/3. 10 8 9 2. 2 6. 7. ). 7 3. (. 10. 8. 4. 6. (Machilus kusanoi) 3. (Ampelopsis sp.) formosana). 104. (Piper kadsura) (Turpinia (Morus sp.).

(124) (Schefflera octophylla). (Plumeria. (Eceterpe globosa). (Alpinia speciosa). rubera). Agaline lutchuensis. 9. (Mallotus philippensis). 10-I-1991 1-II-1991. (Theobroma cacao) (Chlorophora tinctoria). 7-V-1992. 1. 1. 1. 1-. IV-1993. (Ficus spp.). (Acalypha godsefiana). 4.. Anisopilothrips venustulus (Priesner) ( 2-4. D.. ). A.. B.. C.. E.. Genus Astrothrips Karny Karny, 1921. 215, 239.. Heliothrips globiceps Karny, 1923.. 3 6. 4. 5. 6. 7 2 10. 105.

(125) 1.. 1. 4. 5. 6. aucubae 1. 4. 5. 6 Chisinliaoensis. Astrothrips chisinliaoensis Chen ( 5) Astrothrips chisinliaoensis Chen, 1980. 174, 175.. 1.4 mm 3-7. 1-. 5. 4. 5. 6. 2. 7. 7. 3. 4. 5-7. 7. 2/3. 10-12. 9-10. 1. 5.. Astrothrips chisinliaoensis Chen ( C.. 106. 9. 10. (. 1980. ). ). A.. 2-7. B..

(126) 1. 9. 10. (Solanaceae). 2-8. (Vitis sp.). 2. 10. (Wendlandia. formosana). (Morus sp.). 1. (holotype)3. (paratypes). IV-1978. Astrothrips aucubae Kurosawa ( 6) Astrothrips aucubae Kurosawa, 1932a. 230-234.. 1.3 mm. 1. 3-7. 9. 10. 2-8. 6. 7. 1. 1. 2. 10 2. 1.1 mm 1. 3-7. 9. 2. 1. 2. 7 6. 3. U. 10. 4 2. Aucuba Japonica. 5-7. Thalictrum minus Firmianan simplex tanarus. Macaranga. Manihot esculenta. 2/3 1 1993 1993 10 8. 1993. 2 1. 1. 1-IV1-IV4 - V3-VIII-. 1993. 107.

(127) 6.. Astrothrips aucubae Kurosawa ( D. (. ). E. (. ). 4. ). A.. B.. C.. 5. Genus Copidothrips Hood Hood, 1954b. 188.. Copidothrips formosus Hood. 8. 3. 4. 2. 10. Copidothrips formosus Hood ( 7) Copidothrips formosus Hood, 1954b. 190.. Mesostenothrips kraussi Stannard & Mitri, 1962 1.0-1.2 mm 3-7 2. 1 1/3. 6. 3-5 2/3. 6 7. 8 1. 108. 211..

(128) 7.. Copidothrips formosus Hood (. ). A.. B.. 9. 10. C.. 2 8. 3. 4. 11. 2. 6. 1. 2. 5. 3-8 9. 3. 10 2. 1. 3. 1 12. 1970. VII-. L. A. Mound. Genus Elixothrips Stannard & Mitri Stannard & Mitri, 1962. 8. 3. 186, 202.. Tryphactothrips brevisetis Bagnall, 1919.. 4 2. 10. 109.

(129) Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) ( 8) (. ). Tryphactothrips brevisetis Bagnall, 1919. 257.. Tryphactothrip rutherforde (Bagnall); Moulton, 1936a Asterothrips angulatus Hood; Takahashi, 1936 Dinurothrips guamensis Moulton, 1942. 429.. 7.. Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall); Stannard & Mitri, 1962 1.0-1.2 mm. 8. 3-7 1 6 7. 3. 4-6. 2. 263.. 203. 4 6. 3-5 6. 3/4. 8. 4 7. 2. 8.. Elixothrips brevisetis (Bagnall) ( C.. 110. 2-4. D.. 9. 10. 5-. 1. ). A.. B. E.. F.. 1.

(130) 1. moluccana. 2 3-7. Cestrum pallidum. 8 9. 3. 1. Canna speciosa. Morinda citrifolia. 10. Ipomoea alba 1. 13 1-II-1991 10-I-1991. 9. Morus sp.. 1 3 - I V-. Schefflera octophylla. Ficus sp.. Alpinia sp.. Codiaeum variegatum. 1. 1993. 1. 23-VII-. 1993. 1. 23-IX-. 1993. Aleurites. Genus Dendrothripoides Bagnall Bagnall, 1923a. 624, 625.. Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall, 1923.. 3. 8. 3. 4. 2-9 10. 3. Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny) ( 9) Euthrips innoxius Karny, 1914. 359-360.. Dendrothripoides ipomeae Bagnall 1923a. 624-625.. Tryphactothrins mediostignatus Karny, 1925. 34-37.. Anaphothrips innoxius (Karny); Priesner, 1926 Tryphactothrips mundus Karny, 1926. 54-55.. 190.. Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny); Bhatti, 1978a 0.9-1.1 mm. 1. 3. 10-12.. 5. 2. 4 6. 7. 8. 1. 111.

(131) 1/4. 1. 1. 1 3. 8. 3. 4. 1.. 1. 2. 1. 1. 3. 1. 0.76 mm. 9 3-7. 2-8. 2-. (median paired setae). 8. 5-7 8. Ipomoea 9. 10. 10. 9.. 112. Pachida macrocarpa. Dendrothripoides innoxius (Karny) ( 6-8. Ipomoea cairica. reptans. D.. E.. ). A.. B.. C..

(132) 1-IV-1993 (Lactuca sativa) tabacum). (Nicotiana. 5. 13-XII-1993. Ipomoea. (Clerodendrum rehmanni) (Carissa bispinosa) crusgalli). (Echinochloa. (Dioscorea sp.) 8. 1. 1990-1992. 4. Genus Helionothrips Bagnall Bagnall, 1932a. 506.. Heliothrips brunneipennis Bagnall, 1915.. 2. 8. 3. 4. 20. 1.. 2.. 8. 2. 8. 3. 1. 2. 6. 3-5. 9. 7 2-5. 8. errans. 6. 9 3.. annosus. 1-5 1. 4 2. 3-5. 4.. 7 6. 5.. 1. 7. 2. 5. 8. aino. 8. mube 6. 9. 8 cephalicus. 1 9. 2. 6 8. 6. 113.

(133) 6.. 1. 2 1. 6. unitatus. 2. 6. 7.. 6. 7. 8 7. linderae 8. communis. Helionothrips aino (lshida) ( 10) Heliothrips aino Ishida, 1931. 34.. Helionothrips compressus Hood, 1954b. 192.. Helionothrips antennatus Kurosawa, 1968. 15-46.. Helionothrips aino (Ishida); Jacot-Guillarmod, 1971. 260.. 1.3-1.4 mm 3-8 1. 2. 3-5 6. 2. 7. (scallop) 3. 8. 1 3. 8 10. 1/2-1/3. 7. 8. 9. 2. 1 10. 8 3. 4. 4 6. 4-6. (Poa annum) (Trifolium sp.) arguta). (Actinidia (Aristolochia sp.). (Musa sapientum) sp.). (Ipomoea reptans). sp.). (Litsea sp.). sp.). VIII-1976 X-1985. 114. (Cunninghamia. I. Kudo. (Prunus (Colocasia.

(134) 10.. Helionothrips aino (Ishida) ( 1. D.. 8-10. ). A.. E.. B.. C.. F.. Helionothrips annosus Wang ( 11) Helionothrips annosus Wang, 1993b. 391, 392.. 1.4-1.6 mm 2-7. 1. 2-6 1/3. 7. 6 8. 8. 3. 4. 4 6. 4-6. 1/3. 115.

(135) 10 1-8 8. 9. 8. (Litsea sp.) 9. 10. 9. (holotype)1 2. (paratypes) Takahashi). 10. (allotype)5. VI-1936. (coll. R.. 2. 12-I-1993 8. 9. 11.. 2. Helionothrips annosus Wang ( C.. 116. 9. 8-10. D.. ). A.. B.. 1.

(136) Helionothrips cephalicus Hood ( 12) Helionothrips cephalicus Hood, 1954b. 191.. 1.3-1.4 mm 8-10 1. 2. 6. 3-5 6. 12.. 7. 8 8. 4. Helionothrips cephalicus Hood ( 1. D.. 8-10. E.. 3. ). 4 5. A.. B.. C.. F.. 117.

(137) 2-8. 1 5. 8. (Rhapis sp.) 9 10. 2. (Arundo donax) 10. 1 11-VII-1991 0.9. Ipomoea. 1. grasses with. 9-VII-1992. 8. mm. 1. 3. 4-IV-1993. 1/2. 9. 2. Helionothrips communis Wang ( 13) Helionothrips communis Wang, 1993b. 392-395.. 1.6 mm 3-8. 2-7 1. 2. U. 3-5. 6. 8. 8. 9. 2. 10. 9. 1/4. 2. Colocasia sp. Musca sp. 2. 8. 3. 4. Solanum melongena. Alpinia sp.. 4. reptans. 6. Rhododendron sp. holotype. 4-6 III-1993. 6 2. 118. Ipomoea. 5-9. 12. 3. 1990-1993. paratypes.