康德論矛盾律

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(15) '*ttiii;fIHt. 139. ~~.u~@tr.~.~'~~~~~~mN~~~m~~~' H~~m~~~~~~m*~~~-~o. ~·.~~~~*~~fi~~~#~~* tr-~lili~n~+~B,m~0~~~7-~~~ < ~® ~'&lJ~oz~1§~~J~JliJz~MI3A}. (Principorum primorum. cognilionis metaphysicae nova dilucidalio ) ~~Rij:x:. 0. tr~~~Rij:X:1!. '. ®m~7~~~~~~m~~~'M~~W~~~®~'~.~. l*JlU {ii!.m-=-@]~~~1fn~~~I3A~~W ' ~ , TIL§J'1~j:tB1JO.L-:J,M~fD~I3A 0. nt){-ffFIEj:tMft~~~. 0. m~~~~~~~m-@1fn~~:. ~mtllJ. r~~_~~~,~.~. ' l!'h'tllmtal'r9 . tfjil'r9 (mtlIJ). 0. J. 25~@]1fn~:wm. *~~W~~~N~ffmM~,e~~~.-tt~'~*~~M tfUtB~~I3A:iJ1~Htr=if¥- ~ ~~~mU!iJ ~. 0. .~~. ,. '. ~t)m~-1;7]~~. m1,f-~mft:~@1fn~~l±lm@::tJ§lW~JBJ;t. , rmm=. @1fn~~~~°tr~@$~~~~1!,m~~&~¥-~$~R ~. m f.m ' - fl ~ ~. (verneinend). 0. ~ ~ (bejahend). ~~Rij-1;7]~fJ.~{f{6J!*JliJ~~D{EJ. ~mflzF~'~!tcp-f.m. !*JliJ ;. ~tl~. ,g - f.m. '. '. ~ :;§ ~ ~. e~\~~n~ ~. @Jln~M - f.m~!*JliJ~11H'F~1&-f.m~. , JI~1&-f.m~!*~Ij~${'F~M-f.m~!*JlIj. 0. " Aristoteles, Metaphysica, IV, 1008a5 ff· " I. Kant, Werkausgabe I, S.409-410: "Veriatum omnium non datur principium. UNICUM, absolute primum, catholicon· (Einen Einzigen, unbedingt ersten, allgemeinen Grundsatz fur aile Wahrheiten gibt es nicht.)".

(16) -,. l~. ~~a~A¥.¥¥.. ....... .+~M. .~m-@$a~R~,. •• M~~.~~~~~~~~m. ~~~,®~~~m=@$a~:. r~~_w.~'flm~M~. ft~~~~,-~~~W~~.~'~(~).B:-W.,.;. ~-~~~~~~.~'~(ft).B:-W~.,~.o~~. ~m.~~*'~~~M~:~-~~~(~~a:~-~). "~m@$a~m~R,. OJ. •• B~m~.~~~-tt*m.m~. @$a~R~'M~r~.~~~-ttJ.m:~~~.~~@ .~.~~.~~@;M~r~.~&~~-ttJMm~~:. ~<iJ~.~~@*t3F~¥tl~§<iJ~~l~~@Z5'f-. 0. r. -W. ' • ; . W~.'~.Jm~~*M~~M~,~~~~g.~.~~R, Bm:7tI±'.!Jt~B~m1~WT (Parmenides) ~JGI,~R. ~~~~~~m~tt~g.R~Mm~o. ' ® ~ {J;J3Ji-frE1. ••~m:~*mfim. ~~~~m~m~@~~~wft~~@$a,~m,.&~,~. -W.'.;. ~~~~~-W*~~~~W~~$tt,~®~~~U~-&~. fJT~l' : r. -W~.,~. }7( quicquid est, est; quicquid. non est, non est) §::!i},li7f\1±'.~.~<iJzrEl'~~-tl. ~.l". 26. 0. ~mft~M~. r-W.'.J~r-W~.'~.J~~~~-@~. I. Kant , a. a. 0., S. 412-413: "Veritatum omnium bina sunt principia absolute. prima, alterum veritatum affirmantium, nempe proposition :quicquid est, est; aIterum veritatum negantium, nempe propositio: quicquid non est, non est. Quae ambo simul vocantur communiter principium identitatis ' (Es gibt zwei unbedingt erste Grundsatze fOr aile Wahrheiten , den einen fOr die bejahenden Wahrheiten, namlich den Satz: allIes, was is, ist, den anderen fOr den verneineden Wahrheiten, namlich den Satz: alles, was nich ist, ist nicht. Beide zusammen werden allgemein der Satz der Identitat genannt.)". " • • A_A_A:. r -W#~~.~~#~·-W~#~~.~~~#~J. .~*~~.~-~~~M~~~t '.

(17) .tU,::tJli-lt 141. {ij • {'F~j:/~iJg:.I¥Jfl-El8"Jj:ji:1J. . llP: r-t;JJ;I! J fD r -t;JJ/f;l! J .. ~~·.OO8"J.~R~m.7~OO~~g:.~~8"J.~oM~,rr i!~@]~~1f'. r-t;JJ J. (quicquid) !u~l'~-@]~:ff.flfpg. ~~~~·e~~ft~.~m~ffOO.~&~M~~8"J~.·m. • • ~~~.~8"J~-ttm~~ft8"J~~~.~r;l!J (~)m r/f;l!J (non est) rr~~fDiU~g:.~~f-¥rr . ~ffijf'F~~~IiJ8"J ~ ~~@].-El8"J~~·fu~B~~fi8"J.~7~~8"J.~offi. ~ •• rr(~"~ttm~)g:.~~~~~8"J~~·~1f!u~B~. m ~.~8"J~-w~*m~~~~8"J-El$tt·m~w~*~~~ m ~~~-@]~.8"J.~·~ffij.~8"J~~W~m8"J~M~*fi. $Jlte*28. 0. •• ~.~.~~8"JW~Mm~8"J·~~8"J. ~ ~~m~*M.m8"J~-.~~~~8"Jm~· •• ~.8"J~~ m~~~'~~~M~~~~8"J.~orr~m~~8"Jm~1f' • • ~l'm~.~w~*~m~~8"J~@]~~·ffijmr~&8"J$~J (Gegenteil) 29rrra9m8"JmB)j1f .• t~~m5"21I!WT~1~~8"JmB)j rr~@]~M·. 0. ~~,m~~8"J.wmr~&8"J$~J~~8"Jliff~~*~~~. . fu~~~ . m r -t;JJ~~;I! , J{IJ;I! J (quicquid non non est, illud est ) fD r-t;JJ:f;l! , ~;I! J *~B)j. ~8"J~~llP~5E. 0. 0. 0. "~~~-.'.~~M~ :( .~#~~~ •• ~~~~~A~.~ ••• a. ffl iiA ~ tJ 11-- {I§l Il3 ~a 4n.1II. (JL4n.~-liJtUO. ( Kratylos). l' t!1: • • •. • ffl{!t ~ t "tK. ) • "tt~ Gegenteil .i!{l§l jij '!Ill~CJ!'f 4n.T~~ roppositumj. 'iliJ4n.TA.elll. roppositumj *-~tf5lJll.lit~~.~ • • jijt! ravm:clI1CVOVj ''8ffl~P~~:fo ~~fflmr§~~ • • ~&~j~~·~.ili~~~~.1:~~~'.AIll ~~~CJ!tf*-~~~- • •. A' •• *~~AiA·.

(18) · ..." 142. 1m 1LJlt;i; J;.*~·J+H¥:ta.. 1ft +;'J!Jl. tr~~@$B~'. ••• :. r~_~~,~.~~~.*~. *,~~~~~m~z~,~m~*~~s~~oJ~tr~~,. •••• rN~~J~mm~,~lli-WK~~.~~.~~m ~U~p : 1I'lJ-~@~1~ {t1!.m~@f1l!t~:*msA~~l$ , jz;]JffiIl'lJ- m ~U (1$) ~~ K~~flf.v: jz;]Jffi {t1!.~~~ ~i$~5!~: r Uf) :@: 1'1if~~-4f~~:@:1l1':@: J 31tr~@~5!~~i$~%rt~ , 0. 0. 0. rll'lJ~J~@~m~~llim7'ZM~llim~~jz;]~B~.7. ~Z~~~~~~;fuft~~,~*~~r-WJ~m~7r~J. ~m.~'mM'~.~~~.$~m~~@.~~N~'. rll'lJ. ~Jtr.~~~~lli-.~~~~o~.~m~%rtM~.lli* ~~~i$£\~J[{~m. r lI'lJa~ J. 0. ~~~~~~~'~~~~8lli:trm~M~M'. ••mtr. .~~~~~*~~~~Z~'.~®B~m~.~z~~II'lJ . tl~m~~*~.~~.'ili~®~*.~~~~~m~Em~. 3D . I. Kant, Werkausgabe I, S.418·4 I 9: "Principii identitatis ad abtinendum in. veri tatum subordinatoine principatum prae principio contradiction is praeferentiam ulterius stabilire. (Oer Vorzug des Satzes der Identitlit, bei der Unterordnung der Wahrheiten den Rang vor dem Satz des Widerspruchs einzunehmen, soli we iter befestigt werden.)" • i!.ft~I3:.tr..Jilltf' 1-* tA..tf,#" k:f:"T~tr..J - -~#iJO]~jUi:f:kJ. '. -feW r.HJt: r tf~ r it. '!:j1-A..1i:f:~oPlfi;"~!IX· ".iHI:.-=-~. tr..Jrk~:f:"T~.~r#4J '~~-=-~:f:"T.~r-~#4tr..J*6~#4' -~:f:#4tr..J*6'!:j:f:#4J. : r. ~~!oJ:f:"T~JO]~#4X.:f:#4~. -,,? J tJ.\. ~.*.A'i!.ill*tr..J*.~4~:~.~.3:.tr..J~~M.'AA"T~:f: .+.fH'--A~tr..J.~· ~. ~,tN · ~U'~. ·4t:tA..lt.iillthr.,. ~. T>f.Jlm r,!:jJ '. ~. AMr:f:"T&JtAr~#iJtr..JIA'~.*tr..Ja~A:f:~~· JI . Edenda : "impossibile est, idem simul esse ac non esse ' (es ist unm6glich, daB dassel be zugleich ist und nicht is!.)".

(19) .tt~:tJli:-1t. ~~~*w.~~.~. ••. 143. o~~m~.~~~~~~,@~~. ~mm~~.~~~~~~*m~~~~~~~tt,~®~~~. a~.~:@·~~.&~m~Mtt~~~o. *~.~~(~*~tl~~)~W~~~#~. ~* ~~~w~~m*~~~~~-,~~~g.~~~m~,. *~R~~-~~~mm~~~o~~~mm~~~~'~m~ J§~~iim~~!i~fIt!E13~~~r:p~. , vJ;J'lP~1~'W1~~*-=~'I~~ff. a~~@ffiN~~~r:pom.m~~~~~,mm~~~~~~ ~iim.~~~tt,~®~@g.~iim~~~mm&¥@~m. E~~~.~~~~~~'~~~~-~~.~~~~~'~M ~~:. r 7tfJT*U~ J ·-~@]m~~~~~.~PJt)J~JmltUtt~. 1¥J3/{:ffimn: -:l~~J~j;:.Y* @].~~. &. (Leibnizian-Wolffische Schule). , ~~7~@I~D.~~~*Ui$ , J'lPPJT~~. r t'f,~*U~ J. ~~D.~7t5jU. 0. 0. ~~. r 7tfJT*U~ J. 'm~~@]~D.~~~*Ui$*~~l)~~tHD~~tW*~ ~f:~~7t~~~~iim~~:1J. ' ~®~~5G~. PJ.om~~@I.~~.~~~:~.mm~~.~~~~,~. ~.ffW~M~m~*~M~~.~.~~~ttW~~tt. (AllgemeingUltigkeit und Notwendigkeit) ,~®7tfJT*ij~~~D..

(20) 1M. ~~.~*.tr.... I+~M. ~~~~.~~~~.~@'®R~~~~E~~~.~~~~ :a~raJ -'ti~PPJ~?g:xEltlEurB~:a. 0. 32. mH!W~Tml1ftj[m~-l;7J*uiltfT~m;@~~'d!j:. , ~P : *UE~ijg1f. &~~(~~ffiTmI~~) o~m@ • • ~' • • MTmI~.~. m~~~~r: rff~$~W1'm~-~~'~~~WB~mW. &it!1.BM ( ~m~Jjit!1.BM). 0. J. T~~~M~~-l;7J~~~m~.~~~~BPJ~~~& t'l~D~~~. , ®H:fPJ*U~R~ji&TB '. ~P~?t,~~¥US:xE&m. .'~® •• MTmI~~-l;7J~m~~~.~~~?t,~~~~ ~U. '. oon). m{l!i'l'~~.{!j:~-l;7J~.*UiltfT~&\~.f!j: (conditio sine qua o ••. MTmI~~m~~~=OO~raJ~~*~~:. 1. ~%-~%a!J.t~1fh\,*J\IJ:. itJt~orjj5a!J: ;'t#JMB~. JtJi~ Jt (es ist unmogl ich, dai etwas zugleich sei und nicht sei) 33~~.t.fHl:.a!J3~iIl'f~tt1.k: it ~ % ill §j ~ ~ + .~ ~ J.:.t. ~ ~ ~ .;b -t- a!J 1) A. ilL $ ~ ~ tf 0. 0. 2. -~.~~m8~M11~1t-fJTfJ~a!JGJ+:. -#J~~A'. 'tk. ¥ •• ~Ba!J'~.M~X~JtB,~Jt~#J~or~ 7t1tJtitR>J4r (1!.t1tilb B '. -t!!.1tilbq~. B). --~f.tte,. lb~~GJ+a!J~~~kf.a!J,mlbA~**~~-t ~!f :f ffi. $: a!J tJt 8}j flt Jt 4. B~ M ~~ 1~..l:.. 0. nM~~~M~ •• ~~~:(.~#~~A •• ~~~&~A~.~~tr*&. !'IT.itA ~ of'; ~-- 100 III -t1l.jjz.1il (;/L.jjz.;j*;fi.JlIT Ai;) (Kratylos) <f .~~ .f.5!'IT1M:~1't;l:,) 33 . •. L Kant, KdrV, A152, BI9l •. tr *lJl.

(21) .tt~>fJli-tt. ~m-@~rt$'~~W~~-~~~~~' ~~~~ajJ. , ft1l'H~\~:tJDj;)~ajJ. 0. • •. 145. •• M*~~. Ml~1~~7~@IDrtru-1n. ~~~~~~~'~~.~~~~~ •• ~3.'~~~~3R ~~7r~Jwr~~J. '. ~i5jW~~i5j~~fr (Copula). r~JWr~~J~R~-@~m~. @~~~~lli~1n~~$;ffi&~'. •. , ~~Jt r~Jwr~~J~a ••. , J!IjM~~1t1:f;t~~~Jt$. ~,®~Jt®~~~~~w~~~m-mo~~'M~~r~. ~-;t~~. J ~~~~1n: r ~ J W r ~~ J ~-@~~~i5jWf£f6J. .~~~~~m*.ft~*~~~.~.~~~o~.~~~~ ~m,. •••~ru-~IDrt.~~.'@~ill~~~~IDrtn~~. ~W~~~OO~~-W~'.~X~~~IDrt~~o~m=@ID rtfifJ.~P~?2-~W~-ru-1n~~l$~WR:mpJT~~~IDrt ~m=@IDrt~h~.'. 0. •• ~~:.-@AM-~~~~. ~~~~$~.7~.'~.'WmJtffi&~~~WBffi~~' ~~~ffi~~~~~~,~®Jt~~~~OO~~®~~~~~' ~®~~ru-~~®§~~~,®~ru-~~®§~~~'®.7~. ~*~~m@~.o@H*~~M~~~~~~.~~M~~~ ~H~~.~~~,®~~~~~ftm~'~~:-@&1:f.ft ~~~A~*.ft~~~ (ein Mensch, der ungelert is, ist nicht. gelehrt). , @~~-f~~Fa'.. ' fifJ.~m~ft~®~~~*.f~~. ~~®[5]~ttft73Ij~~~~1~~f*~~~. 0. ~o*ft1l"H~~{;J~~. ~~~~~~~~~IDrt,w~,m@~{;J.~w~~~~~~. "~ftm~'fu.~~'&1:fffM*.~~~~A~.~.~~ ( Kein ungelehrter Mensch ist gelehrt) 0. ~~,~(~~~ttm~ ) ~.§.,~mft~~~~~ft m~~~.~.,@~~:ft~~~n(~~~)m@~~~~ ~~$:5tWf:ml}j. , ~j;)fttJTt~MJ1H!t1. (Ausdehnung) ,~~ A.

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(26) ....... I~. ~14~~.V.... ~. .+~M. j~)(" E1 #JtIlIl$tftIJ,*&.~¥,*. :. Platonis Scripta Graece Omnia, recensuit et enotavit Immanuel Bekker, Londini, MDCCCXXVI.. Platonis Opera, ex recensione R. B. Hirschigii, Garece et Latine, Parisiis Editoribus Firmin- Didot et Sociis, MDCCCXCI.. Platonis Opera, recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit loannes. Burnet,. Scriptorsum. Classicorum. Bibliotheca. Oxoniensis, reprinted 1984. Platon ( 1990) , Platons Werke in acht Banden Griechisch und. Deutsch, bearbeitet von Dietrich Kurz, Darmstadt. Plato ( 1985) , Plato in Twelve Volumes, Harvard University Press, London. Platon( 1988. ), Siimtliche Dialoge, herausgegeben von O. Apelt, Bde. I-VIII, Felix Meimer Verlag Hamburg Plato ( 1920) , The Republic of Plato, ed. by 1. Adam, Cambridge University Press.. §. .! jI}f ~ 1~ $. it: tlJ. '* '* : &. ~¥. Aristoteles, Aristotelis Opera, ed. Academia Regia Borussica, Vol. II . (ex recensione I. Bekkeri, W.de Gruyter, 1967), III.(addenis instruxit fragmentorum collectionem retractavit Olof Gigon, W. de Gruyter, 1987), IV.(Scholia in Aristotelem, W. de Gruyter,.

(27) hJ it I.t :f JlHt. I 5I. 1961) & V. (Index Aristotelicus, ed. Hermannus Bonitz, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt, 1955). Aristotle ( 1980 ) , Aristotle In Twenty-three Volumes, Metaphysics ( = Vol. 17, 18), The Loeb Classical Library, London. Aristoteles ( 1983 ) , Werke in Deutscher Ubersetzung, begriindet von Ernst Grumach, herausgegeben von Hellmut Flashar, Akademie Verlag Berlin .. .. ~ $ it fll. *&. tf * :. Immanuel Kant ( 1983 ) , Kant Werke , Band I-X , Darmstadt. Immanuel Kant ( 1990 ) , Kritik der reinen VernunJt, Felix von Mein Verlag in Hamburg. Immanuel Kant ( 1974 ) , Kritik der UrteilskraJt, Verlag von Felix Meiner in Hamburg. Immanuel Kant ( 1966 ) , Metaphysik der Sitten , Verlag von Felix Meiner in Hamburg. Immanuel Kant ( 1976 ) ,Prolegomena, Verlag von Felix Meiner in Hamburg. R. Eisler ( 1984 ) ,Kant-Lexikon, Hildesheim..

(28) ~. 152. ~JLJlt if;:k~~~~fli.. . ..,. jf;+-=-~Jl. Kant on the Law of. Contradiction. Wen-lin Peng Department of Philosophy, National Cheng-chi University. Abstract The law of contradiction, as Kant believes, can be confirmed as the negative condition for all judgments, i.e. the general and negative criterium of all the truths. It's to say that the relation between the subject and the predicate can not be contradictory in both synthetical and analytical judgments. In the pre-critic period, Kant had already paid attention to the variant formulae of the law of contradiction in his Latin dissertation named as "Principorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio" . But he had still believed that the law of contradiction can be used as a metaphysical principle as the "German Shulphilosophen" had done. In the Critique o/pure reason, he relates the laws of contradiction to a famous formula as following: "es ist unmoglich, daB etwas zugleich sei und nicht sei / it's impossible that something is and is not in the meanwhile." He thinks that all the empirical contains are abstracted in this formula which can be used as a formal principle of knowledge, but it implies an empirical synthesis, although it can be analytical. He claims that the law of contradiction can be applied as a purely logical principle which need not be restricted by the condition of the simultaneity, because the simultaneity seems superfluous. In this paper, I aim at investigating the reason why Kant changes his opinions about the law of contradiction between the pre-critic and the critic period and finally negates the condition of simultaneity from the law of the contradiction..

(29) .. {.t~~· Jli ~. 153. By the first step, I analyze Plato's and Aristotle's thinking of the law of contradiction in order that I can ascertain the reason why the simultaneity must be the necessary condition for the law of contradiction. Secondly, I study the different formulae of the law of contradiction in Kant's Latin dissertation "Principorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio" and find that he did take the laws of Identity as the primary condition, but he still kept the simultaneity as the formal condition for the law of condition. In his critic period, he finally began to distinguish the analytical judgment from the synthetical and the synthetical judgment a priori from the synthetical a posteriori, and tried to rectify his analysis of the judgment with a conceptual definition of the subject which can not be individual - this is the reason why he got rid of the simultaneity as the formal condition for the law of contradiction.. Keywords: der Satz des Widerspruchs, Plato, Aristoteles, Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, Principorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio, analytisches U rteil, synthetisches Urteil.

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