• 沒有找到結果。

Pemphigus vulgaris macroscopically and cytologically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma*

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Pemphigus vulgaris macroscopically and cytologically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma*"

Copied!
6
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

Pemphigus vulgaris macroscopically and cytologically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma *

Kayo Kuyama1,2, Yan Sun1,2, Hiroyasu Endo3, Etsuko Kaneda4, Miyuki Morikawa1,2, Masanobu Wakami5, Takanori Ito3, Hirotsugu Yamamoto1,2

1Department of Oral Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo City, Japan

2Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hospital of Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo City, Japan

3Department of Oral Diagnosis, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo City, Japan

4Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-Ku, Japan

5Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo City, Japan Email: kuyama.kayo@nihon-u.ac.jp

Received 3 February 2012; revised 4 March 2012; accepted 10 March 2012

ABSTRACT

We describe the clinical, macroscopic, cytological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, serodiag- nostic and aspects of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in the oral gingiva that clinically mimicked oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a 57-year-old Japanese man. He developed slight haphalgesia of the buccal gingiva around teeth numbers 18 and 19 2 years ago.

A dentist diagnosed intractable ulcer, but the patient ignored the condition for about 2 years until a sharp pain in the gingiva worsened. He consulted an oto- laryngologist, who referred the patient to our hospital under a cytological diagnosis of OSCC. An oral ex- amination revealed several extensive painful erosions/

ulcers from the buccal and lingual gingiva around teeth numbers 18 to 21 to the distal alveolar mucosa of no. 18 and the buccal and lingual gingiva around tooth number 31. A presumptive diagnosis of PV with dysplastic changes was determined from cytological smears. The cytological Nikolsky test was positive.

The diagnosis of PV was confirmed from clinical and histopathological findings of a biopsy specimen ob- tained from the perilesional site. Although the defini- tive diagnosis of PV required only 2 weeks after this patient presented at our hospital, 2 years had elapsed since the onset of oral lesions.

Keywords: Pemphigus Vulgaris; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Exfoliative Cytology

1. INTRODUCTION

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) occurs at a rate of 0.5 to 3.2 per 100,000 persons annually [1]. It is a rare autoimmune

blistering disease that can become lethal. It is a vesicu- lobullous condition that initially presents in the oral mu- cosa as blisters and erosions/ulcers, followed by lesions involving the skin, and occasionally, other mucosal sur- faces. Fatal dehydration or secondary systemic infections can arise in patients with PV if treatment with corticos- teroids is delayed [2]. Oral lesions can persist for months or even years before progressing to extraoral sites [3].

Oral PV is still diagnosed after a considerable delay mostly in male patients with a chronic course [4]. Timely recognition and appropriate treatment are important for the prognosis of autoimmune bullous disorders. Differ- entiation from other bullous and erosive oral diseases is occasionally difficult, especially in desquamative and ulcerated lesions.

The use of exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic tool is controversial, because this technique delays the defini- tive diagnose of PV [5], although it is valuable for rap- idly screening intractable ulcers. Here, we describe vari- ous aspects of PV in the oral gingiva that clinically mimic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We be- lieve that these clinical and cytological data are mean- ingful from the viewpoint of comparative PV and OSCC findings.

2. CASE REPORT

A-57-year-old Japanese man developed slight haphalge- sia of the buccal gingiva around teeth numbers 18 and 19 2 years ago. A dentist at a private dental clinic simply observed the progress of the symptoms. The patient was dissatisfied with this strategy and consulted an otolaryn- gologist, who diagnosed intractable stomatitis and pre- scribed topical corticosteroid. However, the patient did not comply with the medication and about 18 months later, he presented at the otolaryngology department of a certain private University Hospital with worsening sharp

*A case report of pemphigus vulgaris.

(2)

erosions/ulcers from the buccal and lingual gingiva around teeth numbers 18 to 21 to the distal alveolar mu- cosa of teeth numbers 18 (Figure 1), and the buccal and lingual gingiva around tooth number 31. The ulcers were hemorrhagic and ablated epithelium had adhered to the surface of the epithelium. He had no skin or extraoral lesions, and a review of his medical history was unre- markable. A differential diagnosis included PV, mucous membrane pemphigoid and OSCC.

2.2. Oral Exfoliative Cytological Findings

Cytological smears of buccal gingiva exfoliated using a cytobrush (Medscand Medical AB, Malmo, Sweden) before obtaining biopsy specimens were fixed in 95%

ethyl alcohol, and then visualized using Papanicolaou and Giemsa stain. The smear was obviously hypercellu- lar on a sanguinous background. Parabasal large cells formed loosely cohesive sheets, and round/oval single cells were numerous. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was high, but the nuclear outline was extremely smooth and the chromatin was vesicular with 1 - 3 prominent nucle- oli (Figure 2). The cytoplasm was dense and sheets were characterized by frayed, wispy cell margins (Figure 3).

The cytological features were similar to those of repair, except for the striking predominance of single cells.

However, many atypical keratinized superficial squamous cells were scattered among Tzanck cells. The pumpkin yellow cytoplasm was dense and well keratinized, the chromatin was irregular and vesicular (Figure 2) and

Figure 1. Painful erosion/ulcer from the buccal and lingual of the gingival around no. 18 to 21 to distal alveolar mucosa of no.

18.

Figure 2. The smear was markedly hypercellular with a very blood-stained background (×100, Pap.).

Figure 3. Tzanck cells showed the N/C ratio was high, but the nuclear outline was extremely smooth (×400, Pap.).

multinuclear atypical cells were found among Tzank cells (Figure 4). These findings indicated a presumptive diagnosis of PV with dysplastic changes.

2.3. Biopsy Findings

The results of the cytological Nikolsky test were positive.

A gingival biopsy from the perilesional site was exam- ined by routine histopathology and the direct im- munofluorescence (DIF) test. The biopsy comprised in- tramucosal vesicles containing floating, round keratino- cytes (Tzanck cells) that had become detached from the surrounding cells (acantholysis). The basal layer cells were still firmly attached to the connective tissue (Fig- ure 5). A keratin pearl formation caused by keratinized, hyperplastic, picnotic and non-dysplastic squamous cells was located adjacent to a blister. The adjacent connective tissue contained mild to moderate chronic inflammatory infiltrates (Figure 6).

Direct immunofluorescence analysis using conjugates for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and fibrinogen revealed IgG and C3 deposition between the epithelial cells, forming a fishnet appearance (Figure 7). The basement membrane

(3)

Figure 4. Many atypical kratinized superficial squamous cells were scattered among Tzanck cells (×400, Pap.).

Figure 5. An intramucosal vesicle containing Tzanck cells, and the basal layer cells are still firmly attached to the connective tissue (×200, H.E.).

Figure 6. Keratin pearl formation by picnotic squamous cells was observed (×200, H.E.).

zone was negative for IgG and C3 deposition. The se- rodiagnostic indices for Dsg 1 and Dsg 3 were 35 and 133, respectively.

The clinical and histopathological findings confirmed a diagnosis of PV. Although this patient was diagnosed with PV within 2 weeks of arriving at our hospital, 2

Figure 7. IgG revealed positive reaction between the epithelial cells, forming a “fish net” appearance (× 400).

years had elapsed since the onset of the oral lesions. The gingival lesions were treated with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide. Cytology confirmed that the gingival ulcers had receded and that the Tzanck cells had disappeared at 4 and 6 years later, respectively.

2.4. Treatment Outcome

The patient was immediately referred to the dermatolo- gist and the treatment of PV was started using systemic corticosteroid. Additionally, topical corticosteroid (0.1%

triamcinolone acetonide) was provided for the treatment of gingival PV. Plastic stent was constructed in order to occlude and contain the topical corticosteroid. The pa- tient responded well to topical and systemic therapy.

Cytology confirmed that the gingival ulcers had receded and that the Tzanck cells had disappeared at 4 and 6 years later, respectively.

3. DISCUSSION

Pemphigus vulgaris is a blistering disease of skin and sometimes of the mucous membranes. The six major types of pemphigus are classified according to anatomic features of lesions and the target antigens recognized by the autoantibodies. Pemphigus vulgaris accounts for 80%

of patients with pemphigus [6], and it comprises mucous membrane-predominant (anti-desmoglein 3 only) and mucocutaneous (anti-desmoglein 1 and 3) immune vari- ants.

Most patients with PV are aged between 50 and 70 years [7], whereas bullous pemphigoid predominantly affects mostly individuals older than 70 years [7,8].

About 90% of patients with PV have skin lesions with oral manifestations [7,8]. There is a 40% to 70% prob- ability that the initial site of PV involvement is in the oral cavity [2,7-10].

(4)

However, gingival erosive lesions with macroscopic findings similar to those of other conditions require a differential diagnosis among PV, mucous membrane pemphigoid, erosive lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma; these are summarized in Table 1.

red and surrounded by whitish areas of infection. They de- velop a yellowish slough and heal slowly, but rarely with scarring. Gingival lesions usually comprise highly des- quamative or erosive gingivitis, whereas bullae rup- ture to leave flaps of peeling tissue with red erosion or deep ulcerative craters mainly on the attached gingiva [14]. The macroscopic findings of our patient were in- tractable ulcer with an irregular border and deep and ne- crotic desquamating epithelial tissue fragments adhering to the circumference. These features resembled those of gingi- val cancer.

Cutaneous lesions are diagnosed within 6 months in 99% of patients, whereas only 57% of oral lesions are diagnosed within this period. Furthermore, 70% of pa- tients see over four specialists before a diagnosis of PV is confirmed [15] and 2 years had elapsed before our patient was correctly diagnosed. In addition, an oto- laryngologist misdiagnosed our patient with gingival cancer.

The cytology of PV is typically hypercellular, with many single cells and closely cohesive sheets. The back- ground can be sanguineous, but true tumor diathesis is absent. The cells are parabasal and have a high N/C ratio.

The nucleolus, however, has a smooth thin nuclear membrane and very fine, evenly granular, vesicular and transparent chromatin, in contrast to the hyperchromatic coarse chromatin of malignant cells.

Epithelial cells with clear acantholytic changes (Tzanck cells) are evident in smears obtained from 93% of pa- tients with OPV [21]. Acantholytic cells on cervicovagi- nal smears may be misdiagnosed as malignant in the ab- sence of a history of pemphigus [22]. Our patient was also estimated by otolaryngology as having OSCC, and Table 1. The cytological discriminating points of erosive lesion of the oral mucosa.

LPF HPF Background

Character of the cells Distribution pattern Nuclear Cytoplasm Tzanck cells

N/C increasing Round-oval single cells Smooth border Parabasal-sized 1-3 prominent nucleoli Two-ton color PV Bloody-inflammatory Parabasal-sized abnormal cellls Sheet-scattered

Fine chromatin

Nuclear swelling Clear border Smooth outline

MMP Clear-inflammatory Superficial cells Scattered

Fine chromatin

Nuclear swelling Keratinized Smooth outline Clear border EL Inflammatory (lymphositosis) Superficial cells Scattered

Fine chromatin

N/C increasing Thick Irregular border Irregular border 1-2 prominent nucleoli Various sizes SCC Bloody-inflammatory-necrotic Superficial-intermediate cells Clumping-scattered

Dense chromatin Pumpkin colored LPD: Low power field; HPF: High power field; PV: Pemphigus vulgaris; MMP: Mucous membrane phemphigoid; EL: Erosive lichen planus; SCC: Squamous

ell carcinoma.

c

(5)

we considered PV with dysplastic change as he had no history of PV. Cells from PV with atypical squamous changes frequently match the criteria for malignancy [23]. Additionally, immunohistochemistry shows the loss of intercellular epidermal antigens oral SCC and oral epithelial dysplasia [24].

The cell population in smears from acantholytic le- sions consists of degenerating superficial squamous cells;

nucleoli are prominent, and Tzanck cells are present. The appearance of atypical keratinized superficial squamous cells in our patient indicated the degeneration of exfoli- ated epithelium, or a reparative keratin pearl origin. The cytological features resembled those of dysplasia and/or repair, but many more single cells were also present. A further diagnostic consideration is the loose cohesion of sheets with a wispy peripheral cytoplasmic border [25].

Acantholysis due to supra-basal and spinous cell degen- eration is characteristic of PV, pemphigus foliaceus, fa- milial benign pemphigus and Darier’s disease.

Although the cytological findings could indicate a pre- sumptive diagnosis, confirmation was needed for our patient. A diagnosis of PV can be confirmed based only on biopsy findings of involved mucosae. A detailed im- munocytological test can be recommended for a final diagnosis and might even be substituted for the histo- logical and direct immunofluorescence assessment of biopsy samples [21]. However, an esophageal study of PV found that only 18.8% of biopsy specimens actually include the basement membrane [26].

Biopsy is a surgical procedure, and since the actions of dentists can considerably influence outcomes, the first step to defining erosive/ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa is to recommend exfoliative cytology.

REFERENCES

[1] Weinberg, M.A., Insler, M.S. and Campen, R.B. (1997) Mucocutaneous features of autoimmune blistering dis- eases. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 84, 517-534.

doi:10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90269-9

[2] Ahmed, A.R. and Moy, R. (1982) Death in pemphigus.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 7, 22- 28.

[3] Laskaris, G., Vareltzidis, A. and Capetanakis, J. (1978) A clinical study of pemphigus: Observeations on 128 pa- tients. Materia Medica Greca, 6, 627-630.

[4] Scully, C., Paes De Almeida, O., Porter, S.R. and Gilkes, J.J. (1999) Pemphigus vulgaris: The manifestations and long-term management of 55 patients with oral lesions.

British Journal of Dermatology, 140, 84-89.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02612.x

[5] Endo, H., Rees, T.D., Kuyama, K., Matsue, M. and Ya- mamoto, H. (2008) Use of oral exfoliative cytology to diagnose desquamative gingivitis: A pilot study. Quintes-

sence International, 39, e152-e161.

[6] Kyriakis, K., Tosca, A., Lehou, J., Hatzis, J., Vareltzidis, A. and Stratigos, J. (1989) A five year retrospective study on pemphigus and pemphigoid. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 30, 33-36.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1989.tb00405.x

[7] Budimir, J., Mihić, L.L., Situm, M., Bulat, V., Persić, S.

and Tomljanović-Veselski, M. (2008) Oral lesions in pa- tients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.

Acta Clinica Croatica, 47, 13-18.

[8] Mignogna, M.D., Lo Muzio, L. and Bucci, E. (2001) Cli- nical features of gingival pemphigus vulgaris. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 28, 489-493.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028005489.x

[9] Shklar, G., Frim, S. and Flynn, E. (1978) Gingival lesions of pemphigus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 49, 428-436.

[10] Dvoretsky, P.M., Bonfiglio, T.A., Patten, S.F. and Helm- kamp, B.F. (1985) Pemphigus vulgaris and microinvasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Acta Cy- tologica, 29, 403-410.

[11] Scully, C. and Challacombe, S.J. (2002) Pemphigus vul- garis: Update on etiopathogenesis, oral manifestations, and management. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &

Medicine, 13, 397-408.

doi:10.1177/154411130201300504

[12] Mignogna, M.D., Lo Muzio, L., Galloro, G., Satriano, R.A., Rucco, V. and Bucci, E. (1997) Oral pemphigus:

Clinical significance of esophageal involvement: Report of eight cases. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 84, 179-184.

doi:10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90067-6

[13] López-Jornet, P. and Bermejo-Fenoll, A. (2005) Gingival lesions as a first symptom of pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy. British Dental Journal, 199, 91-92.

doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812523

[14] Scully, C. and Porter, S.R. (1997) The clinical spectrum of desquamative gingivitis. Seminars in Cutaneous Medi- cine and Surgery, 16, 308-313.

doi:10.1016/S1085-5629(97)80021-1

[15] Ben Lagha, N., Poulesquen, V., Roujeau, J.C., Alantar, A.

and Maman, L. (2005) Pemphigus vulgaris: A case-based update. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 71, 667-672.

[16] Tzanck, A. (1948) Le cytodiagnostic immediate en der- matologie. Ann Dermatol Syphil, 8, 205-218.

[17] Takahashi, I., Kobayashi, T.K., Suzuki, H., Nakamura, S.

and Tezuka, F. (1998) Coexistence of pemphigus vulgaris and herpes simplex virus infection in oral mucosa diag- nosed by cytology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 19, 446-450.

doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0339(199812)19:6<446::AID-D C8>3.0.CO;2-2

[18] Kobayashi, T.K., Kaneko, C., Sugishima, S., Kusukawa, J.

and Kameyama, T. (1999) Scrape cytology of oral pem- phigus. Report of a case with immunocytochemistry and light, scanning electron and transmission electron mi- croscopy. Acta Cytologica, 43, 289-294.

(6)

[21] Ruocco, V., Coscia-Porrazzi, L. and Pisani, M. (1984) Reliability of cytodiagnosis in oral pemphigus vulgaris. A study of 30 cases. Journal of Dermatology, 11, 535-540.

[22] Libcke, J.H. (1970) The cytology of cervical pemphigus.

Acta Cytologica, 14, 42-44.

[23] Takahashi, I., Kobayashi, T.K., Suzuki, H., Nakamura, S.

and Tezuka, F. (1998) Coexistence of pemphigus vulgaris and herpes simplex virus infection in oral mucosa diag- nosed by cytology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 19, 446-450.

(2000) Pemphigus vulgaris of the uterine cervix revisited:

Case report and review of the literature. Diagnostic Cy- topathology, 22, 304-307.

doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0339(200005)22:5<304::AID-D C9>3.0.CO;2-X

[26] Galloro, G., Diamantis, G., Mango, L., Inzirillo, M., Mi- gnogna, M.C., Mignogna, C., De Rosa, G. and Iovino, P.

(2007) Technical aspects in endoscopic biopsy of lesions in esophageal pemphigus vulgaris. Digestive and Liver Disease, 39, 363-367. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2006.12.008

參考文獻

相關文件

The literature points out that in the oral cavity it is observed with greater frequency in the mucosa that covers the bone tissue, such as that of the hard palate and gingiva..

Human papillomavirus- related squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: a comparative study in whites and African Americans. Prevalence of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in

Accurate identification of the microscopic risk factors of oral and oropharyngeal (OP) squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and their morphologic variants is of at most importance, as

Samples of oral fibrous hyperplasia were used as positive controls for E-cadherin and vimentin staining. In addition, samples of normal cardiac striated muscle and

Malins, “Squamous cell carcinoma arising in the lining of an epidermoid cyst within the sublingual gland—a case report,” British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, vol..

Persons with a phenotype mediated by one of these MC1R genetic variants are at greater risk of UV-induced skin cancers, because pheomelanin not only provides less effective

Clinical findings and risk factors to oral squamous cell carcinoma in young patients: A 12-year retrospective analysis.. Hellen-Bandeira-de-Pontes Santos 1 , Thayana-Karla-Guerra

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of NF-κB and IL-6 in oral premalignant and malignant lesions and to