肆、分類處理
本研究結果台灣鷲蛛科蜘蛛共有8屬16種，2個疑問種及1個排除種，新增6 屬13種，其中有5種是新種。疑問種為白環鷲蛛和西表狂蛛，由於二者目前均無 任何可供檢驗的標本，因此將其列為疑問種，不包括在以下的分類處理。而本研 究將武昌狂蛛雄蛛處理為三門狂蛛雄蛛，排除武昌狂蛛在台灣的紀錄。
Family Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898
Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898: 219; Platnick, 1990: 35; Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 507.
Type genus: Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804.
Diagnosis. Gnaphosidae can be distinguished from other two-clawed entelegyne by the combination of following characters: PMEs flattened and irregularly shaped;
obliquely depressed endites; ALS enlarged, cylindrical in shape, heavily sclerotized, and widely separated. At least one modified piriform gland spigot having a widened base, a longitudinally ridged shaft, and a slitlike opening on the end of ALS (Platnick, 1990).
Key to the genera of Gnaphosidae found in Taiwan
1. Legs with deeply notched trochanters (Figure 8B)… … … … ...… … .… … .Drassodes Legs with shallow or without notched trochanters (Figure 8C)… … … … ..… … … ..2 2. Male palpal femur with a large spur on retrolateral side (Figure 9C)… ...Cladothela Male palpal femur without a large spur on retrolateral side … … … ..… … ..3 3. Cheliceral retromargin with a serrated keel (Figure 13B)… … … ..Gnaphosa Cheliceral retromargin without a serrated keel… … … . … ...… ..… … ..4 4. Metatarsus Ⅲ and IV without preening comb s… … … ..… … ...… ...5 Metatarsus Ⅲ and IV with preening combs on the ventral side (Figure 8D)… … ...6 5. Dorsum of abdomen usually with white transverse marking; male with small
embolus and conductor on the palpal organ … … … ....… … .… .… Hitobia Dorsum of abdomen without white transverse marking; male with long embolus
and large conductor on the palpal organ… … … … ...… … … ..… Odontodrassus
6. With coiled embolus apically on the bulb of male palpal organ; female epigynal ducts coiled… … … … … ...… Setaphis Without coiled embolus apically on the bulb of male palpal organ… .… … … 7 7. PMEs large and almost touching each other… … … .… … … .… Drassyllus PMEs relatively small and well separated … … … ..… … ...… .… … … ...… … Zelotes
Genus Cladothela Kishida, 1928
Cladothela Kishida, 1928: 32; Yaginuma, 1986: 193; Platnick, 1989: 464; Kamura,
1991: 49.Type species: Cladothela boninensis Kishida, 1928.
Diagnosis. Cladothela is distinguished from the other genera of gnaphosid by the combination of following characters: Male palpal femur with a large spur on retrolateral side (Figure 9C); conductor large, twisted, and sclerotized. Chelicera without any retromarginal tooth; trochanters of legs without ventral notches.
Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Cladothela parva Kamura, 1991
(Figure 9)
Cladothela parva Kamura, 1991: 57, f. 37-43; Zhang, Song & Zhu, 2002: 17, f. 1-5;
Zhang, Yin & Bao, 2004: 83, f. 9-16; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 42, f. 21A-F.
Specimens examined.
TAIPEI Co.: Hsintien, Hsiantienhu, alt. 150m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23070), 29-III-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg. TAIPEI CITY: Wenshan, Chingmei, Chanchushan alt. 100m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23186), 4-V-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. The species resembles Cladothela unciinsignita (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (characters in parentheses) in appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by having the embolus relatively short, straight, with thick tip (embolus long, curved with thin tip), and the promarginal teeth on chelicera larger (smaller); PMS of female with four spigots on dorsal swelling (more than 10 spigots).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 23070, 23186): Body length
4.18 - 4.50. Carapace length 1.88 - 2.31, width 1.49 - 1.92. Abdomen lengh 2.19 - 2.30, width 1.22 - 1.42. Eye sizes: ALE 0.12 - 0.14, AME 0.08 - 0.09, PLE 0.08 - 0.13, PME 0.09 - 0.12. Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01, AME-AME 0.04 - 0.05, PLE-PME 0.04, PME-PME 0.01. Clypeus height 0.09. Length of legs as shown in Table 1.
Male. Carapace reddish brown, ovoid in dorsal view, widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Thoracic groove distinctive. AER slightly recurved and PER slightly
procurved as seen from above. Chelicera reddish brown, with three teeth and long bristles on promargin, the second one being the largest. Sternum yellowish brown, with brown borders, cordate and truncated anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ. Labium brown, anterior part pale, lingulate, longer than wide, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, greatly narrowed at palpal insertion. Abdomen ovoid, longer than wide, blackish brown on dorsum and lighter on venter. Spinnerets yellowish brown. ALS with 6 piriform gland spigots. Male with a reddish brown dorsal scutum about half-sized length of abdomen. Legs yellowish brown; trochanters without
ventral notches; tarsi I and Ⅱ with scopulae; metatarsi Ⅲ and IV with densely bristles on ventro-distal ends. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Male with a large spur on retrolateral side of palpal femur. Male palp (Figure 9D, 9E): embolus arise from prolateral part of bulb, relatively short, thick, and almost straight; conductor large, sclerotized, and strongly twisted; no median apophysis and no retrolateral tibial apophysis.
Female. Based on descriptions of Kamura (1991) and Song, Zhu & Zhang (2004).
PMS bilobed, with four spigots on dorsal swelling. AEDs wide with rod-shaped processes retrolaterally. Spermathecae small globular in shaped, and touching each other.
Distribution. China, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. Genus Cladothela and Cladothela parva are newly recorded from Taiwan.
Only males of Cladothela parva were found in the low land of northern Taiwan.
Genus Drassodes Westring, 1851
Drassodes Westring, 1851: 25; Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 140; Hu, 2001: 230; Song,
Zhu & Chen, 2001: 336.Type species: Aranea lapidosa Walckenaer, 1802.
Diagnosis. Drassodes differs from other genera of gnaphosids by the presence of deeply notched trochanters, and by the characteristic genitalia. Male palp tiny, with a membranous conductor, simple hook-like median apophysis; epigynum with midpiece and spermathecae with two distinctive basal and distal parts (Figure 10C, 10D, 11B, 11C).
Distribution. Worldwide (Platnick, 2005), including Taiwan (new record).
Drassodes serratidens Schenkel, 1963
(Figure 10, 11)Scotophaeus striatus Kishida, 1932: 4, f. 1.
Herpyllus striatus: Yaginuma, 1960: 121, f. 100.5; Yaginuma, 1971: 121, f. 100.5.
D. serratidens Schenkel, 1963: 33, f. 14a-f ; Hu, 1984: 275, f. 291.1-5; Yaginuma,
1983: 5, f. 1-7; Yaginuma, 1986: 189, f. 105.2; Hu & Wu, 1989: 258, f. 211.1-3;Marusik & Logunov, 1995: 183, f. 19-25; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 447, f. 259P,
260A; Hu, 2001: 238, f. 131.1-3; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 339, f. 218A-E; Namkung, 2002: 464, f. 37.5a-b; Namkung, 2003: 467, f. 37.5a-b; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 72, f. 39A-G.
Drassodes pseudopubescens Schenkel, 1963: 29, f. 11a-b; Paik, 1978: 415, f. 187.1-3;
Zhang, 1987: 175, f. 146.1-2.
D. striatus: Yaginuma, 1977: 403; Hayashi, 1982: 25, f. 3-5.
D. seratidens: Yaginuma, 1983: 5, f. 1-7.
Specimens examined.
TAICHUNG Co.: Hoping, Tahsuehshan, Tienchih, alt. 2620m,
2? 1? (NTNUB-Ar23039 - 23041), 29-V-2004, Chia-Fan LIN leg.; Hoping, Nanhu, alt. 3000m, 7? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23159 - 23166), 9-IX-2004, Li-Hao Wang leg.
TAITUNG Co.: Haituan, Yakou, alt. 2600m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23180), 17-VIII-2004, Ya-Ching YANG leg. HUALIEN Co.: Hsiulin, Kuanyuan, alt. 2240m, 3? 4?
(NTNUB-Ar 22599 - 22605), 8-III-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.; Hsiulin, Sung-hsueh-lou, alt. 3160m, 11? 4? (NTNUB-Ar 22480 - 22494), 9-III-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg., 5? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23091 - 23092, 23099, 23101, 23103 - 23105), 21-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Hsiulin, Hohuanshan, alt. 3400m, 4?
(NTNUB-Ar 23118 - 23121), 23-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Hsiulin, Tayuling, alt. 2562m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23125 - 23126), 23-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.;
Hsiulin, Loying-shanchuang, alt. 2800m, 1? 1? (NTNUB - Ar 19061, 19067), 3-V-2003, Ya -Hui CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished from other congeners by the combination of following characters: Retrolateral tibial apophysis of male palp short, thick, and serrated. Median apophysis situated at the distal part of tegulum. Embolus short, tiny, and arised from the prolateral side of tegulum. Females are diagnosed by the
combination of following characters: LEMs short, arched and separated from the
midpiece. Two distinctive copulatory openings in the middle part of the midpiece.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 22480, 23092, 23166, 23180) are followed by 4 males (NTNUB-Ar 19067, 22481, 22482, 23039) (in parentheses):
Body length 9.92 - 13.62 (7.77 - 9.92). Carapace length 4.38 - 5.54 (3.38 - 4.46), width 3.23 - 4.23 (2.38 - 3.38). Abdomen lengh 5.46 - 8.08 (4.38 - 5.54), width 3.08 - 5.00 (2.08 - 2.62). Eye sizes: ALE 0.18 - 0.21 (0.17 - 0.21), AME 0.17 - 0.19 (0.14 - 0.19), PLE 0.15 - 0.17 (0.13 - 0.18), PME 0.19 - 0.22 (0.17 - 0.21). Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.06 - 0.15 (0.05 - 0.06), AME-AME 0.14 - 0.19 (0.12 - 0.18), PLE-PME 0.28 - 0.42 (0.19 - 0.32), PME-PME 0.05 - 0.12 (0.05 - 0.08). Clypeus height 0.15 - 0.23 (0.14 - 0.19). Length of legs as shown in Table 2.
Male. Cephalic area slightly elevated; carapace almost rectangular in dorsal view, widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and densely covered with brown hairs. Carapace yellowish brown, and anterior part reddish brown. Cervical groove and radial furrows visible; thoracic groove distinctive, longitudinal, and reddish black in color. Eyes
heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly rectangular, largest, and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER procurved as seen from above. PER longer than anterior one. Chelicera reddish brown, with three teeth on promargin, two small teeth on retromargin. The first promarginal tooth largest and near base of fang. Sternum yellowish brown, with brown border, cordate and truncated anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium yellowish brown, anterior part pale, lingulate, longer than wide, base of both sides darker. Endites yellowish brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion. Abdomen slender, with anterior tuft of hairs, brownish gray dorsally and lighter ventrally. With six yellow herringbone stripes and one transverse stripe on dorsum. Spinnerets yellowish brown. Legs yellowish brown, with deeply notched trochanters; tarsi and metatai I and Ⅱ with scopulae. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Male palp (Figure 10): Retrolateral tibial apophysis short, thick, and serrated;
median apophysis situated at the distal part of tegulum; embolus short, tiny, and arised from prolateral side of tegulum; conductor membranous and located between embolus and median apophysis.
Female. Resembles males in general external morphology and color pattern.
PMSs in females not bilobed. Epigynum with midpiece and lateral margins; LEMs short, arched, and separated from midpiece; spermathecae with distinctive basal and distal parts. Two distinctive copulatory openings in the middle of midpiece.
Distribution. Russia, China, Korea, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. The species is found only in the high mountains of Taiwan, and rests under the stones. The female spins a nest, lays a white to pink egg sac from May to
September, and takes care of it.
Genus Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922
Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922:166; Platnick and Shadab, 1982b: 7; Song, Zhu & Chen,
2001: 340.Type species: Drassyllus fallens Chamberlin, 1922.
Diagnosis. Drassyllus is distinguished from other genera of gnaphosids by the combination of following characters: metatarsi Ⅲ and IV with preening combs on ventro-distal ends; PMEs large and almost touching each other; male palp with a bifid, medially situated terminal apophysis.
Distribution. North America, Europe to Asia (Platnick, 2005), including Taiwan (new record).
Drassyllus taipeiensis sp. nov.
(Figure 12)
Type series. Holotype: female (NTNUB-Ar 18563) from Hsinhsien, Wulai, TAIPEI Co., alt. 200m, 19-III-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Drassyllus taipeiensis sp. nov. most resembles D. sanmenensis from China but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: the middle part of AEM is almost straight in the former but is slightly concaved in the latter; AEM of the former narrower than that of the latter; midpiece of the former wider than that of the latter anteriorly; in vulva, MEDs of the former wider, arched, and more approached at the middle parts; AED process of the former extend laterally, but in the latter hang down.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for the holotype female (NTNUB-Ar 18563): Body length 6.85. Carapace length 3.00, width 2.39. Abdomen lengh 3.85, width 2.34. Eye sizes: ALE 0.17, AME 0.10, PLE 0.13, PME 0.15. Distances between eyes:
ALE-AME 0.03, AME-AME 0.08, PLE-PME 0.06, PME-PME 0.02. Clypeus height 0.15. Length of legs as shown in Table 3.
Female (holotype). Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Carapace dark reddish brown, with V-shaped black veins before thoracic groove. Thoracic groove and radiating stripes black and distinctive. Eyes
heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular and smallest;
ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly rectangular and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER straight or slightly procurved as seen from above. PER slightly longer than anterior one. Chelicera reddish brown, with 6 teeth on promargin, and 3 teeth on retromargin. Sternum reddish brown, cordate and truncated anteriorly, widest between coxae I and Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV.
Labium lingulate, longer than wide, brown, anterior part light, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion, anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown with three pairs of distinctive sigilla on dorsum; ventral paler, with two longitudinal gray stripes in the middle. ALS and PLS dark brown. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Coxae, trochanters, metatarsi and tarsi of legs yellowish brown, the others segments dark brown, femurs being darkest; trochanters without notches; all tarsi without claw tuft, metatasi III and IV with preening combs. AEM of epigynum almost rectangle, slightly wider than lengh.
AEM extending nearly to base of midpiece. Midpiece nosed-like, and below it shadow of two spermathecae visible. Anterior part of midpiece wider, and that of posterior margin smoothed. MEDs wider, more approached at the middle parts. AEDs projected laterally, and extended to AEM.
Male. Unknown.
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality, Taipei.
Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan and found only from the type locality.
Remarks. Genus Drassyllus is newly recorded from Taiwan, and only a female of
Drassyllus taipeiensis sp. nov. was found in the Taipei County of Taiwan.
Genus Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804
Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804: 134; Platnick & Shadab, 1975: 7; Ovtsharenko, Platnick &
Song, 1992: 4.
Type species: Aranea lucifuga Walckenaer, 1802.
Diagnosis. Gnaphosa can be distinguished from other gnaphosids by the combination of following characters: a serrated keel on the cheliceral retromargin and rounded endites.
Distribution. Worldwide (Platnick, 2005).
Gnaphosa kompirensis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906
(Figure 13, 14)Drassus adspersus Grube, 1861: 170.
Gnaphosa kompirensis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 123, pl. 16, f. 481; Yaginuma,
1960: 122, f. 100.3; Yaginuma, 1971: 122, f. 100.3; Paik, 1978: 419, f. 189.1-4; Hu, 1984: 279, f. 294.1-4; Yaginuma, 1986: 187, f. 104.1; Kamura, 1988: 4, f. 1-4, 7-13;Paik, 1989: 4, f. 1, 5-13; Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992: 35, f. 125-126,
129-132; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 449, f. 261H, J; Namkung, 2002: 474, f. 37.15a-b;
Namkung, 2003: 477, f. 37.15a-b; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 103, f. 58A-D.
Gnaphosa aannamita Simon, 1909: 78.
Gnaphosa suchuana Chamberlin, 1924: 4, pl. 1, f. 1.
Gnaphosa compirensis Saito, 1939: 5, f. 2(1); Saito, 1959: 120, f. 150a-e.
Gnaphosa davidi Schenkel, 1963: 87, f. 50.
Specimens examined.
ILAN Co.: Nanao, Tsuifenghu, alt. 1800m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 6604), 30-VI-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Toucheng, Toucheng, alt. 200 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23130), 9-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg. TAIPEI Co.: Kungliao, Fulung, alt. 100m, 3?
(NTNUB-Ar 23026 - 23028), 8-V-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Shihting, Mt. Erhko
(Erhkoshan), alt. 300m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23064), 18-VI-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.
TAICHUNG Co.: Hoping, Tahsuehshan, Tienchih, alt. 2620m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23038), 29-V-2004, Chia-Fan LIN leg. NANTOU Co.: Hsinyi, Tungpuwenchuan, alt.
1500m, 1? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 21695, 23024), 14-I-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Lenai, Lushan, alt. 1200m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 8759), 28-VIII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.;
Lenai, Yuanfeng, alt. 2700m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23174), 27-IX-2004, Shu-Ping HUANG leg. CHIAYI Co.: Tapu, Tiaotiao farm, alt. 400m, 3? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23142 - 23146), 11-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAINAN Co.: Paiho,
Kuantzeling, alt. 350m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 21694), 11-X-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
KAOHSIUNG Co.: Taoyuan, Fuhsing, alt. 676m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23128),
16-VIII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Taoyuan, Tienchih, alt. 2200m, 3? (NTNUB-Ar 23175 - 23177), 16-VIII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Maolin, Tona, alt. 500m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23030), 15-III-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. PINGTUNG Co.:
Chunjih, Chunjih, alt. 200m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 5528), 3-II-1994, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Manchou, Changle, alt. 100m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23181 - 23182), 25-IX-2004, Ya-Ching YANG leg. HUALIEN Co.: Hualien, Hualien, alt. 200m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 21693), 1-III-2003, Hon-Zen WEI leg.; Hsiulin, Tienhsiang, Yenhailintao, alt. 1200m, 1? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23199 - 23200), 17-IV-2005, Ho-Ming CHANG leg.; Hsiulin, Sung-hsueh-lou, alt. 3160m, 4? (NTNUB-Ar 23093 - 23096), 21-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Hsiulin, Kuanyuan, alt. 2240m, 12? (NTNUB-Ar 23106 - 23117), 22-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg., 5? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 22588, 22594 - 22598, 23019), 8-III-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg., 2? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 19073 - 19075), 5-V-2003, Ya -Hui CHEN leg.; Hsiulin, Hohuanshan, alt. 3400m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23123 - 23124), 23-VII-2004,Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Hsiulin, Loying-shanchuang, alt.
2800m, 1? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 19064 - 19065, 19068), 3-V-2003, Ya -Hui CHEN leg.
TAITUNG Co.: Chihshang, Tapochin, 6? 6? (NTNUB-Ar 22820, 22824, 23000 - 23005, 23035, 23066, 23072 - 23073), 24-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Tungho, Peiyuantsun, alt. 140m, 1? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23017 - 23018), 3-I-2004, Wen-Juen
HUANG leg.; Tungho, Tungho Farm, alt. 200m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23021), 24-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Taitung, Pipa Lake, alt. 10m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 22827),
25-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Peinan, Chihpen-Wenchuan, alt. 150m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 14118), 13-VIII-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Chinfeng, Chiehta, alt.
300m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 13008), 14-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Haituan, Wululintao 14 Km, alt. 1800m, 1? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 24650 - 24651), 26-VI-2004,
Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Gnaphosa kompirensis most resembles G. kansuensis (Schenkel, 1936) but can be distinguished from the latter (characters in parentheses) by having a process but without a fold near the base of embolus in male palp (having a basal fold but without a process), the shape of epigynal midpiece that is wider posteriorly and rounded (triangular), and the long, thin, rod-shaped MEDs in female (anterior part of MEDs expanded).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 5528, 21693, 22820, 23026) are followed by those of 4 males (NTNUB-Ar 23017, 23024, 23033, 24650) (in parentheses): Body length 6.77 - 8.00 (6.46 - 7.38). Carapace length 3.00 - 3.85 (2.92 - 3.46), width 2.38 - 2.69 (2.31 - 2.69). Abdomen lengh 3.77 - 4.38 (3.38 - 3.92), width 2.23 - 3.23 (2.08 - 2.54). Eye sizes: ALE 0.15 - 0.18 (0.14 - 0.17), AME 0.09 - 0.12 (0.10 - 0.12), PLE 0.12 - 0.13 (0.11 - 0.13), PME 0.13 - 0.15 (0.12 - 0.15).
Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.03 - 0.04 (0.01 - 0.03), AME-AME 0.06 - 0.09 (0.06 - 0.12), PLE-PME 0.14 - 0.19 (0.12 - 0.15), PME-PME 0.05 - 0.08 (0.03 - 0.04).
Clypeus height 0.18 - 0.22 (0.19 - 0.22). Length of legs as shown in Table 4.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, yellowish brown, anterior part darker, with V-shaped black veins in front of thoracic groove, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Thoracic groove distinctive, and reddish brown in color; both cervical grooves and radial furrows visible; cephalic area slightly elevated. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval, ALE largest; PME irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. Two eye rows recurved as seen from above. PER slightly longer than AER. Chelicera dark reddish-brown, with three teeth on promargin, and a serrated keel on retromargin. Sternum yellowish brown, with dark border, cordate and truncated anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, yellowish brown in color, anterior part pale, base of both sides darker. Endites yellowish brown, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen brownish gray dorsally, paler ventrally, with two longitudinal light stripes in the middle of venter. ALS and PLS dark brown. Each ALS with 6 - 8 piriform gland spigots. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Legs brown; trochanters I and Ⅱ with
shallow notches; all tarsi without claw tufts, metatasus without preening comb.
Epigynum with a projecting anterior hood, wider atrium, and relatively wider midpiece which filling most of epigynal atrium. A reddish brown region present in posterior part of hood; center of midpiece with two darker regions; MEDs relatively longer, narrower, and rod-shaped; spermathecae globular.
Male. Abdomen without a dorsal scutum. Other somatic characters as in female.
Embolus originating from prolateral side of bulb, long and slightly curved, and with a denticle on its base. Median apophysis hooked, and pointed toward retrolateral side. A process on prolateral side of bulb, and near the base of embolus.
Distribution. Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. The species is widespread in Taiwan, and ranges from plain to high mountains. The females lay egg sacs from March to September. Egg sacs are white, spherical, and are taken care by the females. Although the specific name Drassus
adspersus Grube was appeared much earilier than G. kompirensis, it had not been used
for more than 50 years. In contrast, the name G. kompirensis has frequently been used and has been cited more than 10 times by at least five scholars. So I agree the opinion of Ovtsharenko et al. (1992) choosing the name G. kompirensis as valid.Genus Hitobia Kamura, 1992
Hitobia Kamura, 1992b: 123
Type species: Micaria unifascigera Bösenberg & Strand, 1906.
Diagnosis. Hitobia is distinguished from other genera of gnaphosids by the
combination of following characters: male with small embolus and conductor in the palpal organ, without the median apophysis; cheliceral margins with 2-3 promarginal teeth not carina and 1 retromarginal tooth; PER slightly recurved; female with long PMS and bearing spigots only on distal part.
Distribution. China, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Key to species of genus Hitobia occurring in Taiwan
1. A longitudinal hood present on the anterior-median part of the epygium, but without any breast-like process … … … H. unifascigera 2. Without a hood; a breast-like process present posteriorly on the midpiece of
epygium … … … ... H. yaginumai
Hitobia unifascigera (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)
(Figure 15)Micaria unifascigera Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 293, pl. 16, f. 497; Saito, 1959:
146, f. 202a-c.
Phrurolithus unifascigera: Yaginuma, 1962: 52.
Poecilochroa unifascigera: Wunderlich, 1979: 309, f. 71a-g; Kamura, 1984: 1, f. 1-6;
Yaginuma, 1986: 190, f. 106.1.
Hitobia unifascigera: Kamura, 1992b: 124, f. 10-18; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 452, f.
263F, N; Namkung, 2002: 482, f. 37.23a; Namkung, 2003: 485, f. 37.23a; Song, Zhu
& Zhang, 2004: 151, f. 89A-I.
Specimens examined.
TAITUNG Co.: Chinfeng, Maililu, alt. 600 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 13746), 15-VIII-1993, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Hitobia unifascigera can be distinguished from other congeners by the combination of following characters: male palp with a small embolus situated retrolaterally to the conductor; retrolateral tibial apophysis long, and a tuft of long bristles before it; a longitudinal hood present on the anterio-median part of the epigynum; single narrow transverse white stripe present on the dorsum of abdomen, and the thoracic groove indistinctive.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for the female (NTNUB-Ar 13746): Body length 6.35.
Carapace length 2.62, width 1.92. Abdomen lengh 3.73, width 2.35. Eye sizes: ALE 0.10, AME 0.10, PLE 0.09, PME 0.09. Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.03, AME-AME 0.06, PLE-PME 0.09, PME-PME 0.10. Clypeus height 0.10. Length of legs as shown in Table 5.
Female. Carapace long ovoid in dorsal view, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and . Carapace dark bro
Ⅲ wn, with V-shaped black veins present before thoracic groove.
Thoracic groove black, indistinctive; both cervical grooves and radial furrows indistinctive, but black radiating stripes distinctive. AER and PER recurved as seen from above. PER longer than AER. Chelicera dark brown, with three teeth on promargin, the second one being the largest, and one small tooth on retromargin.
Sternum dark brown, ovoid, center swelling, truncated and shorter anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate,
longer than wide, brown, anterior part pale, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown dorsally, lighter ventrally, with two longitudinal light stripes in the middle of venter. A thin transverse white stripe on dorsum situated in about three-fifths of abdomen lengh. Spinneret dark brown. PMSs of female long, not bilobed, and bearing spigots only on distal end. Length of
spinnerets, ALS > PLS >PMS. Leg formula 4-2-1-3. Femurs dark brown; trochanters I and Ⅱ without ventral notches, and Ⅲ IV shallow notched; tarsi and metatasi I and
with scopulae;
Ⅱ all tarsi with claw tuft. A longitudinal hood present on the
anterio-median part of epygium. Midpiece of epigyne like a bowl. Two distinctive copulatory openings on anterior edge of midpiece; spermathecae bean-shaped.
Male. Description based on Kamura (1992b). Male with a dark brown dorsal scutum longer than four-fifths length of abdomen. Male palp: embolus short, small, and sistuated retrolaterally to conductor; retrolateral tibial apophysis long, narrowed at tip; with a tuft of long bristles in front of tibial apophysis.
Distribution. China, Korea, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. Genus Hitobia and Hitobia unifascigera are newly recorded from Taiwan.
Only one female was found in the low mountain region of the south-eastern Taiwan.
Hitobia yaginumai Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001
(Figure 16)Hitobia yaginumai Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 513, f. 868-874.
Specimens examined.
TAINAN Co.: Paiho, Kuantzeling, alt. 350m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23077),
10-X-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAOYUAN Co.: Yangmei, Sanhu, alt. 150 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 8255), 15-XI-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Hitobia yaginumai can be distinguished from other congeners by the combination of following characters: a breast-like process present posteriorly in the midpiece of epigynum (Figure 16C), spermathecae bent near base (Figure 16D), and genital groove almost straight, not indented (Figure 16C).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 2 females (NTNUB-Ar 8255, 23077): Body length 5.37 - 6.65. Carapace length 2.73 - 3.08, width 1.85 - 2.27. Abdomen lengh 2.63 - 3.58, width 1.61 - 2.23. Eye sizes: ALE 0.10 - 0.12, AME 0.09 - 0.10, PLE 0.11, PME 0.08. Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.02 - 0.03, AME-AME 0.04 - 0.06,
PLE-PME 0.10 - 0.12, PME-PME 0.13. Clypeus height 0.12. Length of legs as shown in Table 6.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ, with some long black hairs and densely covered with white hairs. Carapace dark
reddish-brown with black radiating pattern. Center of cephalic area slightly swelling.
Thoracic groove distinctive, longitudinal, and reddish black. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. AER and PER recurved as seen from above. PER longer than AER. Distances between posterior eyes larger than those of anterior eyes. Chelicera dark reddish-brown, with three teeth on promargin, one small teeth on retromargin, the second promarginal tooth largest. Sternum blackish brown, ovoid, truncated and narrower anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ, not extending between coxae IV. Labium blackish brown, anterior part pale, lingulate, longer than wide, base of both sides darker. Endites blackish brown, obliquely depressed, slightly excavated laterally, anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulate. Dorsum of abdomen blackish brown with a broad transverse white band in posterior half which narrower intermediate (Figure 16A). Along the abdomen, present many light brown transversal and longitudinal stripes. Venter of abdomen light brown. Spinnerets blackish brown, AMSs largest, PMSs not bilobed. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Tarsi and metatasi I and Ⅱ with scopulae; all tarsi with claw tufts; trochanters I and Ⅱ without notches, III and IV with shallow notches. Legs I and Ⅱ brown, but femurs I and Ⅱ dark brown, and patellae I and Ⅱ grayish brown. Femurs III and IV dark brown, patellae III and IV grayish yellow, tibiae and metatarsi III and IV grayish brown, tarsi and coxae III and IV yellowish brown, and trochanters III and IV brown. Midpiece of epigynum bowl-like; two distinctive copulatory openings on anterior edge of
midpiece; breast-like process on the posterior end of midpiece; spermathecae bean-shaped, and bent near base.
Male. Description based on Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). Male with a dark brown dorsal scutum about seven-eighths length of abdomen. Male palp: a hook-like tibial apophysis tip with ventral branch having long hairs; conductor relatively large.
Distribution. Thailand (Platnick, 2005) and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. The white bands of Hitobia yaginumai are varied among individuals (Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001). The pattern of abdomen shows slightly different between two females: the center of white band in the non-illustrated female (NTNUB-Ar 8255)
wider than the illustrated one (NTNUB-Ar 23077), and indentated indistinctive. The species was found in foliage.
Genus Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965
Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965: 296; Kamura, 1987c: 29.
Type species: Odontodrassus nigritibialis Jézéquel, 1965.
Diagnosis. Odontodrassus differs from other genera of the gnaphosid spiders by the combination of following characters: male palp with a greatly enlarged embolar base;
an elongate, basally originating, retrolaterally directed embolus (anticlockwise in left palp); a large, sclerotized, flattened conductor that occupies most of the ventral surface of the palpal bulb (Figure 18A). Female epigynum having two median
longitudinal ducts seen through tegument from which each with an anterior transverse extension directed outward and posterior connection to spermathecae (Figure 17C).
Two strong retromarginal teeth on the chelicerae.
Distribution. Tunisia to Israel, Karakorum, Thailand, China, Sulawesi, Lombok, Myanmar to Japan, Seychelles, New Caledonia, Jamaica, Russia, Korea, Ivory Coast (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Odontodrassus hondoensis Saito, 1939
(Figure 17, 18)Iheringia hondoensis Saito, 1939: 35, f. 4(6), pl. 1, f. 9; Saito, 1959: 44, f. 19a-d.
Odontodrassus hondoensis: Kamura, 1987c: 30, f. 1-8; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 453,
f. 264J, 265H; Namkung, 2002: 472, f. 37.13a; Namkung, 2003: 475, f. 37.13a; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 190, f. 113A-E.Drassyllus pulumipes Xu, 1991: 38, f. 19-21.
Specimens examined.
HUALIEN Co.: Yuli, Antung, alt. 150m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 22819), 24-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Hsiulin, Kuanyuan, alt. 2240m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 22813), 12-IV-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.
Diagnosis. The species can be distinguished from other gnaphosids by the combination of following characters: male palp with a large, sclerotized, bifid conductor that is folded toward the prolateral side. Embolus long, situated in the furrow of conductor. Female epigynum with a small hood anteriorly, without the median ridge; two large median longitudinal ducts seen through tegument, with anterior transverse extensions leading to copulatory pores and connecting the spermathecae posteriorly.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for the female (NTNUB-Ar 22813) are followed by the male (NTNUB-Ar 22819)(in parentheses): Body length 3.46 (3.12). Carapace length 1.77 (1.50), width 1.38 (1.23). Abdomen lengh 1.69 (1.62), width 1.15 (0.96). Eye sizes: ALE 0.09 (0.10), AME 0.06 (0.06), PLE 0.09 (0.09), PME 0.08 (0.08).
Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01 (0.00), AME-AME 0.04 (0.03), PLE-PME 0.03 (0.02), PME-PME 0.03 (0.02). Clypeus height 0.09 (0.08). Length of legs as shown in Table 7.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ.
Thoracic groove longitudinal, distinctive, and blackish brown. AER slightly recurved and PER straight or slightly procurved as seen from above. AME and ALE almost in touch. PME irregularly rectangular, and obliquely placed, and the other eyes rounded.
Chelicera reddish brown, with 3 teeth on promargin, the second one being the largest;
2 thick teeth on retromargin. Sternum yellowish brown, with brown border, cordate and truncated anteriorly, widest between coxae Ⅱ. Labium reddish brown, anterior part pale, lingulate, longer than wide, base of both sides darker. Endites reddish brown, obliquely depressed, slightly excavated laterally, anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Tibiae, patelle, and femurs of all legs blackish brown; tarsi, metatasi orange, and the other parts yellowish brown. Trochanters without ventral notches; all tarsi and metatarsi I and Ⅱ with scopulae; metatarsi Ⅲ and IV with densely bristles on ventro-distal part. PMS shorter than PLS, bilobed in females; ALS grayish brown and longest. Abdomen brownish black dorsally, with tuft of hairs anteriorily, and with three pairs of distinctive sigilla; ventral lighter, middle with two longitudinal light stripes. Epigynum with a small hood anteriorly, without a wide median ridge; two large median longitudinal ducts visible externally with
anterior transverse extensions leading to copulatory pores and connecting the spermathecae posteriorly.
Male. Male with a reddish brown dorsal scutum, slightly shorter than one-half length of abdomen. Male palp (Figure 18): with a large, sclerotized, bifid conductor that is folded toward the prolateral side; a short retrolateral tibial apophysis. Embolus long, situated in the furrow of conductor.
Distribution. Russia, China, Korea, Japan (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. Genus Odontodrassus and Odontodrassus hondoensis are newly recorded from Taiwan. Odontodrassus hondoensis was found in Hualien County ranged from low to high mountain areas.
Genus Setaphis Simon, 1893
Setaphis Simon, 1893: 374.
Type species: Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846).
Diagnosis. Setaphis is distinguished from other genera of gnaphosids by the combination of following characters: metatarsi Ⅲ and IV with preening combs on ventro-distal ends; a distinctive coiled embolus apically on the bulb in males and similarly coiled epigynal ducts in females; PMEs are largest and touching each other.
Distribution. Central, South Africa to Pakistan, India, Philippines, Western Mediterranean (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Setaphis formosanus sp. nov.
(Figure 19, 20)
Type series. Holotype: female (NTNUB-Ar 23148) from Tiaotiao farm, Tapu, CHIAYI Co., alt. 400m, 11-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. Paratypes: 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 23149), same data as in holotype; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 23172) from Kanshi, Tsaotun, NANTOU Co., alt. 300m, 22-III-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB-Ar 23155), Kanshi, Tsaotun, NANTOU Co., alt. 300m, 2-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 male (NTNUB -23173), Pinglin, Tsaotun, NANTOU Co., alt. 250m, 2-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1 female (NTNUB-Ar 22831), Pinglin, Tsaotun, NANTOU Co., alt. 250m, 13-II-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; 1male
(NTNUB-Ar 23197), Pipa Lake, Taitung, TAITUNG Co., alt. 10m, 13-III-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.
Diagnosis. Setaphis formosanus sp. nov. most resembles S. wunderlichi (Platnick &
Murphy, 1996) but differs from the latter (characters in parentheses) in having a slightly longer embolar coil, over one and half coils (not more than one and half coils) in male palp; a U-shaped epigynal midpiece in female (V-shaped); distance between AEM and epigynal ridges larger (narrower) ; epigynal ducts extending anteriorly two
round structures (short, large, and recurved MEDs); and the spermathecae more close to each other (the spermathecae separated, not touching).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) of the holotype (NTNUB-Ar 23148): Body length 3.67.
Carapace length 1.70, width 1.31. Abdomen lengh 1.97, width 1.19. Eye sizes: ALE 0.12, AME 0.10, PLE 0.10, PME 0.13. Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01, AME-AME 0.04, PLE-PME 0.01, PME-PME 0.00. Clypeus height 0.09. Length of legs as shown in Table 8.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, light yellowish brown with a vague V-shaped greyish spot in front of the thoracic groove, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Thoracic groove reddish brown, distinctive, and longitudinal. Eyes
heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly rectangular, largest, and obliquely placed. AME almost touching ALE; PME almost toughing each other; MOA slightly longer than wide, wider in back than in front. AER straight and slightly recurved, and PER procurved as seen from above. Chelicera with 4 teeth on promargin, and no teeth on retromargin. Sternum light yellowish brown, with a darker margin; cordate and truncated in front, widest between coxae I and Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, light brown, anterior part pale, base of both sides darker. Endites light yellowish-brown, greatly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen usually light brownish-gray with some light yellow stripes and three pairs of distinctive sigilla dorsally; paler ventrally, with two longitudinally light yellow stripes in the middle.
Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Coxae, and trochanteres yellow; tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi brown; femurs and patellae I and II brown, III and IV yellow; all tarsi without claw tufts; metatasi III and IV with preening combs. ALS light brown, the others yellow.
ALS largest, with 4 piriform gland spigots. Epigynum with AEMs which link, not separted well; a U-shaped epigynal midpiece surrounded by distinctively shaped median epigynal ridges, which is relatively far from AEM. Epigynal ducts highly twisted, extending anteriorly two round structures, and posterior ducts narrower. Two spermathecae near to each other.
Male. Male body lighter than female, abdomen with a small dorsal scutum extending about three-tenths length of abdomen. Metatarsi and tarsi yellowish brown,
the other parts yellow. Male palp: embolus folded over one and one-half coils, diameter of it small; terminal apophysis with short triangular projection on the
retrolateral side, median apophysis retrolaterally hooked; retrolateral tibial apophysis long with a flattened tip, projecting backward and bending slightly.
Variations. Measurements (in mm) for 4 females including holotype (NTNUB-Ar 22831, 23148, 23149, 23172) are followed by those of 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 23155, 23173) (in parentheses): Body length 2.90 - 3.94 (2.66 - 3.15). Carapace length 1.34 - 1.70 (1.22 - 1.27), width 1.04 - 1.31 (0.96 - 0.99). Abdomen lengh 1.55 - 2.57 (1.43 - 1.88), width 1.04 - 1.31 (0.87 - 1.07). Eye sizes: ALE 0.10 - 0.12 (0.09 - 0.10), AME 0.08 - 0.10 (0.08 - 0.09), PLE 0.08 - 0.10 (0.07 - 0.08), PME 0.12 - 0.13 (0.11 - 0.12).
Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01 (0.00), AME-AME 0.04 (0.02 - 0.03), PLE-PME 0.01 - 0.03 (0.01), PME-PME 0.00 - 0.01 (0.00). Clypeus height 0.06 - 0.09 (0.05 - 0.06). Length of legs as shown in Table 8.
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the ancient name, Formosa, of the type locality, Taiwan. Formosa means beautiful.
Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan and known from Nantou, Taitung and Chiayi counties.
Remarks: The new species lives on the ground, most in open habitat with few grasses, and often hidding under stones.
Genus Zelotes Gistel, 1848
Zelotes Gistel, 1848: xi; Platnick & Shadab, 1983: 103-104; Platnick & Song, 1986:
2.
Type species: Zelotes subterraneus C. L. Koch, 1833.
Diagnosis. Zelotes can be distinguished from other gnaphosids by the combination of following characters: metatarsi Ⅲ and IV bearing preening combs at the
ventro-distal ends; having an intercalary sclerite on the male palp; and relatively small PMEs that are scarcely larger than the PLEs and well separated.
Distribution. Worldwide（Platnick, 2005）.
Key to species of genus Zelotes occurring in Taiwan
1. male… … … 2 female… … … .… … … 6 2. Embolar base of male palp divided (Figure 22)..… … … ..… Z. asiaticus Embolar base of male palp not divided (Figure 27)… … ...… … ..… ..… … … 3 3. Retrolateral tibial apophysis forked, and bent backward… … … ...… … … … 4 Retrolateral tibial apophysis obtused triangular, and directed forward...Z. potanini 4. Embolus with an irregular process at the tip… … … .… Z. taiwanensis Embolus without such an irregular process… … … ..… … … .… 5 5. Terminal apophysis rounded with a projection expanded proventrally
… … … … .… … … ...Z. taitungensis Terminal apophysis triangular without the projection… … … ..… … … ...… Z. sanmen 6. Narrow MED and forming at least one coil… … … ..… … … .… … … 7
Wthout narrow and coils MEDs… … … .. … … … .… .… … … … 8 7. With single AEM which are basically straight… .… … … ..… … … … Z. potanini
With two AEMs… … … .… Z. asiaticus
8. Epigynum cordate… … … ..… … … .Z. sarawakensisEpigynum other shaped… … … ...… … … 9
9. MEDs touching each other… … … ..… … … .… Z. exiguus MEDs separated, not touched..… … … ..… … … 10 10. Median epigynal duct slender, sperimposed over paramedian epigynal duct… … … ... Z. sanmen Character otherwise … … … ..… … ....… … … 11 11. Epigynal ducts modify to globular structures… … … .… .… ...Z. taitungensis
Epigynal ducts not modify to globular structures… … ..… … .… … … ...… … … … 12 12. Posterior sclerotized ridges separated and bent outward … … … … ..Z. nanhuaensis
Posterior sclerotized ridges bent inward… … … ..… … … ...Z. taiwanensis
Zelotes asiaticus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)
(Figure 21, 22)Prosthesima asiatica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 121, pl. 6, f. 78, pl. 16, f. 487.
Zelotes asiatica : Yaginuma, 1960: 121, f. 100.9; Lee, 1966: 72, f. 26f-g.
Zelotes asiaticus : Yaginuma, 1971: 121, f. 100.9; Paik, 1978: 422, f. 190.1-3;
Hayashi, 1983: 10, f. 1-10; Hu, 1984: 281, f. 296.1-4; Kamura, 1984: 4, f. 7-13;
Platnick & Song, 1986: 4, f. 7-10; Yaginuma, 1986: 191, f. 106.4; Zhang, 1987: 185, f.
157.1-2; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 456, f. 266A, I; Hu, 2001: 274, f. 157.1-4;
Namkung, 2002: 486, f. 37.27a-b; Namkung, 2003: 489, f. 37.27a-b; Song, Zhu &
Zhang, 2004: 251, f. 144A-D.
Specimens examined.
TAIPEI Co.: Shihting, Erhkoshan, alt. 300m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 6900), 11-III-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? (NTNUB-Ar 18810), 20-III-2004,
Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23062), 18-VI-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.;
Peitou, Tanfengshan, alt. 100 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 17930), 21-XII-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAIPEI CITY: Wenshan, Chingmei, Chanchushan alt. 100m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23195), 4-V-2005, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAOYUAN Co.: Yangmei, Sanhu, alt. 150 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 8318), 15-XI-1998, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 741), 1-II-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. NANTOU Co.: Chichi, alt.
200 m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23079 - 23080), 25-XI-2003, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Tsaotun, Kanshi, alt. 300m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23075), 17-X-2003, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.;
Tsaotun, Tienweikeng, alt. 300m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 22829, 23023), 13-II-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Tsaotun, Pinglin, alt. 250m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 22833), 13-II-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Hsinyi, Fengkueitou, alt. 800m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23202), 29-I-2005, Ya -Ching YANG leg. HUALIEN Co.: Hsiulin, Sung-hsueh-lou, alt. 3160m, 1? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23098, 23102), 21-VII-2004, Ya-Ching YANG leg.; Hsiulin, Kuanyuan, alt. 2240m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 22586 - 22587), 8-III-2004, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.; Hsiulin, Tienhsiang, Paiyangputao alt.
600m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23201), 27-I-2005, Wen-Juen HUANG leg.
Diagnosis. Zelotes asiaticus can be distingnished from other members of Zelotes by the combination of following characters: having a recurved embolar tip and a divided embolar base in males (Figure 22), and having one complete coiled MED in females (Figure 21).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 18810, 23098, 23195) are followed by those of 3 males (NTNUB-Ar 17930, 23062, 23079) (in parentheses):
Body length 4.76 - 7.08 (3.76 - 5.73). Carapace length 2.20 - 3.08 (1.76 - 2.88), width 1.76 - 2.46 (1.46 - 2.23). Abdomen lengh 2.56 - 4.34 (2.00 - 2.85), width 1.66 - 2.59 (1.17 - 1.69). Eye sizes: ALE 0.10 - 0.12 (0.09 - 0.10), AME 0.06 (0.05 - 0.06), PLE 0.08 - 0.10 (0.07 - 0.09), PME 0.08 - 0.09 (0.07 - 0.09). Distances between eyes:
ALE-AME 0.01 - 0.02 (0.01 - 0.03), AME-AME 0.06 (0.04 - 0.06), PLE-PME 0.05 - 0.09 (0.04 - 0.06), PME-PME 0.04 - 0.08 (0.03 - 0.05). Clypeus height 0.10 - 0.13 (0.10 - 0.14). Length of legs as shown in Table 9.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, prominently narrowed in front, with distinctive black radiating stripes and darker along margin of carapace, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Carapace blackish brown, with V-shape black veins before thoracic groove. Thoracic groove black, distinctive. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME
irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER straight as seen from above. PER longer than AER. Chelicera blackish brown, with 4 teeth on promargin, and 2 teeth on retromargin. Sternum dark brown, cordate and truncated in front, longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, yellowish brown, anterior part pale, base of both sides darker.
Endites yellowish brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown with three pairs of sigilla on dorsum; paler ventrally. ALS largest, with 5 piriform gland spigots.
Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Tarsi brown, the other portions blackish brown, and femurs darkest; all tarsi without claw tuft; all tarsi and metatarsi I and II with scopulae;
metatasi III and IV with preening combs. AEM of epigynum wider than LEM. Middle of PEM with a distinctive obtused protruding in behind. Both of LEMs with elevated ridges, and LEM broken off. MED narrow forming one complete coil. Two rounded, large dark brown spermathecae seen through tegument behind PEM.
Male. Abdomen of male bearing a brown dorsal scutum about one-half of abdomen length. Other somatic characters as in female. Embolus long, with a sharp tip, and bent toward prolateral side. Embolar base divided to two parts. The intercalary sclerite triangular when seen through ventrally. Retrolateral tibial apophysis long.
Distribution. Eastern Asia (Platnick, 2005), including Taiwan.
Remarks: The species was found ranged from plain to high mountain areas in Taiwan.
The egg sacs are pale pink and disk-shaped.
Zelotes exiguus (Müller & Schenkel, 1895)
(Figure 23)Prosthesima exigua Müller & Schenkel, 1895: 770, pl. 14, f. 7.
Prosthesima electa Bösenberg, 1902: 313, pl. 29, f. 464.
Prosthesima exigua: Lessert, 1904: 291, pl. 5, f. 3.
Zelotes exiguus: Simon, 1914: 159, 171, 218, f. 309-310, 351; Hu & Wu, 1989: 292, f.
234.1-5; Paik, 1992: 149, f. 17-25; Kamura, 1992a: 20, f. 8-9; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 360, f. 235A-D; Namkung, 2002: 488, f. 37.29a; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004:
261, f. 152A-D.
Specimens examined.
TAIPEI Co.: Shihting, Mt. Huangtitien, alt. 300 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 13020), 13-IV-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. PINTUNG Co.: Wutai, alt. 1800m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23184), 24-III-2005, Ya -Ching YANG leg. TAITUNG Co.: Haituan, Hsiangyang, alt. 2300m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 24837), 24-VII-2004, We n-Juen HUANG leg.
Diagnosis. Zelotes exiguus is most similar to Z. helsdingeni (Zhang & Song, 2001) in the genus, but can be distinguished from the latter (characters in parentheses) by the following characters: epigynal ducts bent smoothly (bent outward in a right-angle), MEDs not beyond two LEMs laterally seen through tegument (well beyond), and straight portion of AEM shorter than that of Z. helsdingeni.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 13020, 23184, 24837): Body length 2.78 - 3.79. Carapace length 1.22 - 1.25, width 0.99 - 1.01. Abdomen lengh 1.52 - 2.57, width 0.93 - 1.22. Eye sizes: ALE 0.06, AME 0.04, PLE 0.06, PME 0.06.
Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.00 - 0.01, AME-AME 0.04, PLE-PME 0.01 - 0.02, PME-PME 0.03. Clypeus height 0.03 - 0.05. Length of legs as shown in Table 10.
Female. Small spiders. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, and widest between coxae and . Carapace dark brown, with V
Ⅱ Ⅲ -shaped black veins before thoracic groove.
Thoracic groove and radial furrows black and distinctive. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER straight as seen from above. Chelicera brown, with 4 teeth on promargin, and 2 teeth on retromargin.
Sternum brown, cordate and truncated in front, widest between coxae Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, yellowish brown, anterior portion pale, base of both sides darker. Endites yellowish brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown with three pairs of sigilla on dorsum; paler ventrally, with two longitudinally light stripes in the middle.
ALS and PLS light blackish brown, and ALS which is largest with 3 piriform gland spigots. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Coxae, trochanters and tarsi yellowish brown, the other parts blackish brown, femurs darkest; all tarsi without claw tufts, metatasi III and IV with preening combs. Epigynum having a single AEM with a straight central part;
LEM distinctive with genital openings on them; PEM lacking. The shadow of
epyginal ducts and spermathecae distinctively seen through tegument; epyginal ducts bent outward smoothly; each epigynal duct present a process in the middle.
Male. Based on descriptions of Song, Zhu & Zhang (2004). Male palp: tip of embolus silk-like and bent backward; the palpal bulb projected distinctively; the retrolateral tibial apophysis long-finger-shaped.
Distribution. Palearctic (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks: Zelotes exiguus is the smallest in body size among all Zelotes from Taiwan.
It ranges from low to high mountain areas in Taiwan.
Zelotes nanhuaensis sp. nov.
(Figure 24)
Type series. Holotype: female (NTNUB-Ar 23185) from Nanhua, TAINAN Co., alt.
100m, 13-II-2005, Chih-Heng TSAI leg.
Diagnosis. Zelotes nanhuaensis resembles Z. iriomotensis Kamura, 1994 in the shape of epigynal margins, but can be distinguished from the later (characters in parentheses) by having a longitudinal furrow on the posterio-median part and a widened posterior part (the furrow short and narrow); LEMs more approached (not approached);
spermathecae between the posterior sclerotized ridges seen through the tegument (spermathecae exceeded out of the ridges).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for the female holotype (NTNUB-Ar 23185): Body length 5.73. Carapace length 2.61, width 2.05. Abdomen lengh 3.12, width 1.93. Eye sizes: ALE 0.12, AME 0.06, PLE 0.10, PME 0.08. Distances between eyes:
ALE-AME 0.02, AME-AME 0.09, PLE-PME 0.04, PME-PME 0.06. Clypeus height 0.12. Length of legs as shown in Table 11.
Female (holotype). Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Carapace dark brown, with V-shaped black veins before thoracic groove.
Thoracic groove black, distinctive. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly triangular and
obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER slightly procurved as seen from above.
Chelicera brown, with 3 teeth on promargin, the second largest, and 3 teeth on retromargin. Sternum dark brown, cordate and truncated in front, widest between coxae Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, brown, with a pale anterior portion, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, slightly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown with three pairs of distinctive sigilla on dorsum; paler on venter, with two longitudinally light stripes in the middle. ALS and PLS dark brown; PMS bilobed. ALS largest, with 5 piriform gland spigots at distal end. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Tarsi yellowish brown, the rest parts dark brown, femurs darkest; trochanters without notches; all tarsi without claw tufts, metatasi III and IV with preening combs. Epigynum with a longitudinal furrow on postero-median part and widened posteriorly. A pair of AEMs linked together. Epigynal ducts long, widened and folded.
Male. Unknown.
Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality, Nanhua. Nanhua is located at the southeast of Tainan county in southern Taiwan.
Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan and found only from the type locality.
Remarks: Only one female was found on the ground.
Zelotes potanini Schenkel, 1963
(Figure 25, 26)Zelotes potanini Schenkel, 1963: 55, f. 28; Platnick & Song, 1986: 11, f. 37-40;
Kamura, 1987a: 4, f. 5-9; Ovtsharenko & Marusik, 1988: 205; Hu & Wu, 1989: 297, f.
237.1-4; Paik, 1992: 151, f. 26-34; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 464, f. 266P, 267B; Hu, 2001: 276, f. 158.1-4; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 361, f. 236A-D; Namkung, 2002:
489, f. 37.30a-b; Namkung, 2003: 492, f. 37.30a-b; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 274, f.
162A-D.
Specimens examined.
TAITUNG Co.: Chihshang, Tapochin, 3? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 22821 - 22822, 22825, 23031 - 23032), 24-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Zelotes potanini is similar to Z. eskovi (Zhang & Song, 2001) in the shape of female epigynum, but can be distinguished from the latter (characters in
parentheses) by MEDs coiled retrolaterally (coiled prolaterally), and tips of MEDs link to LEDs (tips of MEDs ball-shaped). Zelotes potanini also resembles Zelotes
puritanus (Chamberlin, 1922), but differs from the latter (characters in parentheses) in
having the ledgelike terminal apophysis with a straight distal portion (distal portion rounded) in males; and coiled MEDs and smaller LEDs (MEDs not coiled and LEDs wide).
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 3 females (NTNUB-Ar 22822, 22825, 23031) are followed by those of 2 males (NTNUB-Ar 22821, 23032) (in parentheses): Body length 5.05 - 6.05 (4.78 - 5.02). Carapace length 2.17 - 2.29 (2.10 - 2.34), width 1.71 - 1.76 (1.61 - 1.80). Abdomen lengh 2.88 - 3.76 (2.68), width 1.71 - 2.15 (1.56 - 1.66).
Eye sizes: ALE 0.09 - 0.10 (0.09), AME 0.05 - 0.08 (0.06), PLE 0.08 - 0.09 (0.08 - 0.09), PME 0.06 (0.06 - 0.08). Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01 (0.02 - 0.03), AME-AME 0.06 (0.06 - 0.07), PLE-PME 0.04 - 0.05 (0.05), PME-PME 0.07 - 0.08 (0.07 - 0.08). Clypeus height 0.09 - 0.10 (0.13 - 0.14). Length of legs as shown in Table 12.
Female. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ, anterior margin broader than other congeners found in Taiwan. Carapace dark reddish brown, with V-shaped black veins before thoracic groove. Thoracic groove and radial furrows black and distinctive. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER straight as seen from above. PER longer than AER.
Chelicera reddish brown, with 3 teeth on promargin, and 1 teeth on retromargin.
Sternum reddish brown, cordate and truncated in front, widest between coxae Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, reddish brown, anterior portion pale, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, greatly narrowed at palpal insertion, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and
median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown dorsally; paler ventrally, with two longitudinally light stripes in the middle. ALS and PLS blackish brown. Leg formula 4-1-2-3. Tibiae, patellae, and femurs dark brown, the other segments
yellowish brown; all tarsi without claw tuft, metatasi III and IV with preening combs;
all tarsi, metatarsi I and Ⅱ with scopulae. Epigynum having a single AEM with a straight central part; and several transverse ripples between AEM and LEMs. LEMs elevated and PEM gradually extruded backward; two rounded spermatheacae seen through tegument and below PEM. AEDs coiled toward retrolateral sides, then linked to LEDs.
Male. The somatic characters as in female. The retrolateral tibial apophysis short and thick. Terminal apophysis ledgelike, straight distally. Embolus indistinctive.
Distribution. Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan（Platnick, 2005）, and Taiwan (new record).
Remarks: The species was found under stones around Tapochin in Taitung County.
The egg sacs are pale pink and disk-shaped.
Zelotes sanmen Platnick & Song, 1986
(Figure 27, 28)Zelotes sanmen Platnick & Song, 1986: 8, f. 25-26; Chen & Zhang, 1991: 236, f.
246.1-2; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 464, f. 267D; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 277, f.
164A-B.
Zelotes wuchangensis: Platnick & Song, 1986: 10, f. 33-36 (male only;
misidentification).
Specimens examined.
ILAN Co.: Toucheng, Tachi, alt. 20m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 6921), 31-III-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Tatung, Mingchih, alt. 1200m, 2? 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23083 - 23085), 9-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg. TAIPEI Co.: Shihting, Erhkoshan, alt.
300m, 2? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23065 - 23068), 18-VI-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg., 2?
(NTNUB-Ar 23081 - 23082), 13-VII-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Shihting, Feitsui
Reservoir, alt. 170m, 2? 3? (NTNUB-Ar 6975 - 6979), 8-IV-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Shihting, Nanku, alt. 250 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 10763), 29-IV-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Shihting, Shihting, alt. 200 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 12703), 1-VI-1996, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Hsintien, Yinghotung, alt. 100m, 2?
(NTNUB-Ar 23045, 23060), 12-VI-2004, Ya -Ching YANG leg.; Shenkeng, Shenkeng, alt. 100 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 17892), 18-IV-1982, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Pinglin, Szutumiaopu, alt. 500m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23071), 24-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23086 - 23087), 3-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Wulai, Tatungshan, alt. 400 m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23069), 15-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
TAIPEI CITY: Wenshan, Chingmei, Chanchushan, alt. 100m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23006), 22-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23008 - 23010), 25-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23007, 23011), 26-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23012), 28-IV-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23133), 22-VII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23139), 4-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 2? (NTNUB-Ar 23137 - 23138), 8-VIII-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Wenshan, Hsienchihyien, alt. 100m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 6788), 5-III-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg., 1? (NTNUB-Ar 23020), 28-V-2004, Ya -Hui CHEN leg.; Keelung, Nuannuan, Hsishih Dam, alt. 100 m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 10909), 11-VII-1995, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. HSINCHU Co.:
Kuanhsi, Shenkengtze, alt. 200m, 1? (NTNUB-Ar 10640), 3-III-2002, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. NANTOU Co.: Tsaotun, Shuangtung, Tienweikeng, alt. 300m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 23168), 2-V-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.; Pinglin, alt. 250m, 1?
(NTNUB-Ar 22832), 13-II-2004, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg. TAINAN Co.: Paiho, Kuantzeling, alt. 550m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar 10034 - 10035), 6-IV-2000, Shyh-Hwang CHEN leg.
Diagnosis. Male of Zelotes sanmen resembles Z. taiwanensis but differs from the later (characters in parentheses) by the combination of following characters: terminal apophysis of male palp triangular, without a projection (terminal apophysis rounded, with a smaller projection proventrally); the embolus smooth and long (not smooth, with an irregular process at the tip). Female can be distinguished from others by the bizarre epigynal ducts of which MEDs slender, superimposed over PEDs.
Description.
Measurements (in mm) for 4 females (NTNUB-Ar 6977, 23006, 23082, 23086) are followed by those of 4 males (NTNUB-Ar 10034, 22832, 23008, 23065) (in parentheses): Body length 4.66 - 6.76 (5.80 - 6.59). Carapace length 2.05 - 2.78 (2.59 - 2.88), width 1.56 - 2.20 (2.15 - 2.24). Abdomen lengh 2.61 - 4.15 (3.22 - 3.80), width 1.61 - 2.39 (1.76 - 2.24). Eye sizes: ALE 0.10 - 0.12 (0.10 - 0.12), AME 0.06 - 0.08 (0.06 - 0.09), PLE 0.08 - 0.10 (0.09 - 0.10), PME 0.06 - 0.08 (0.08 - 0.09).
Distances between eyes: ALE-AME 0.01 - 0.03 (0.02 - 0.03), AME-AME 0.04 - 0.06 (0.05 - 0.08), PLE-PME 0.04 - 0.05 (0.06), PME-PME 0.04 - 0.09 (0.05 - 0.08).
Clypeus height 0.10 - 0.13 (0.10 - 0.15). Length of legs as shown in Table 13.
Male. Carapace ovoid in dorsal view, prominently narrowed in front, and widest between coxae Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Carapace dark brown, with V-shaped black veins before thoracic groove. Cervical grooves indistinctive. Thoracic groove and radial furrows black and distinctive. Eyes heterogenous, AMEs black and all the rest eyes pale; AME circular, smallest; ALE and PLE oval; PME irregularly triangular and obliquely placed. AER recurved and PER straight as seen from above. PER slightly longer than AER. Chelicera dark brown, with 3 teeth on promargin, and 3-4 teeth on retromargin.
Sternum dark brown, cordate and truncated in front, widest between coxae Ⅱ, and longer than wide. Sternum not extending between coxae IV. Labium lingulate, longer than wide, brown with a pale anterior part, base of both sides darker. Endites brown, outer middle margin slightly indented, and anterior edge with lateral serrula and median scopulae. Abdomen long ovoid, blackish brown with three pairs of distinctive sigilla on dorsum; paler on venter with two longitudinally light stripes in the middle.
ALS and PLS dark brown, and PMS white. Length of spinnerets, ALS > PLS >PMS.
ALS with 6 piriform gland spigots at distal end. Leg formula 1-4-2-3. Coxae and trochanters brown, metatarsi and tarsi yellowish brown, the others dark brown;
trochantersⅠ and Ⅱ with shallow notches; all tarsi without claw tufts, metatasi III and IV with preening combs. Abdomen of male with a dorsal scutum extending about one-half length of abdomen. Male palp: embolus smooth, long and cross beyond cymbium; terminal apophysis triangular; embolar base with projection expanding proventrally which is situated between intercalary sclerite and subtegulum; retrolateral tibial apophysis bifid, and bent backward.
Female . Leg formula 4-1-2-3. PMSs bilobed. ALS with 5-6 piriform gland spigots at distal end.The other somatic characters as in male. Epigynum: MEDs slender, superimposed over PEDs.
Distribution. China (Platnick, 2005), and Taiwan.
Remarks: Zelotes sanmen is widespread in Taiwan that ranges from the plain to the mountain areas. Many males and females have been caught together at the same places and in the same time (See specimens examined) in Taiwan. Although I did not examine the type specimens, the female genital structures of Z. sanmen from
Taiwanese materials are identical to those from Main land China (Platnick & Song, 1986). Since the holotype of Z. sanmen is a female, but the male remains unknown.
The male of Z. sanmen is reported for the first time. Schenkel (1963) described a new species, Zelotes wuchangensis, from China based on female specimens only. Platnick
& Song (1986) revised the Zelotine spiders of China, and tentatively included a male in their Z. wuchangensis on the basis of similarities in size, coloration, and degree of genitalic speciality. This statement was followed by the later scholars (Song, Zhu &
Chen, 1999, 2001; Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004). But the male palpal structures of Z.
wuchangensis are identical to those Z. sanmen from Taiwan. The sole male of Z.
wuchangensis in China can not be matched with any female Z. wuchangensis from the
same population, and there is no female of Z. wuchangensis ever found in Taiwan. It is strongly suggested that the male of Z. wuchangensis is a male of Z. sanmen due to misidentification, and the male of Z. wuchangensis has not yet been found. Tso (2003) reported female Z. sanmen and male Z. wuchangensis (sensu Platnick & Song, 1986) in Ya ngmingshan, that were obviously due to misidentification of male Z. sanmen as Z.wuchangensis. Z. wuchangensis should be excluded from the Gnaphosidae of Taiwan.
Zelotes sarawakensis (Thorell, 1890)
(Figure 29)Prosthesima sarawakensis Thorell, 1890: 362.
Prosthesima iusta Kulczyn'ski, 1911: 473, pl. 21, f. 22, 25-26.
Zelotes sarawakensis: Platnick & Ovtsharenko, 1995: 131, f. 1-5; Deeleman-Reinhold,
2001: 545, f. 941-947.Specimens examined.
TAIPEI CITY: Wenshan, Chingmei, Chanchushan, alt. 100m, 2? (NTNUB-Ar
