ROBUST COPYRIGHT PROTECTION SCHEME FOR MEDICAL IMAGES BASED ON DWT, SVD, AND SECRET SHARING TECHNIQUES

 52%867&23<5,*+73527(&7,216&+(0()250(',&$/  ,0$*(6%$6('21':769'$1'6(&5(76+$5,1*7(&+1,48(6

+HU&KDQJ&KDR

^

   7]XR<DX)DQ

^



Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Ming Chuan University

Taipei, Taiwan 111, R.O.C.

Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C.

Key Words: PHGLFDO ZDWHUPDUNLQJ GLVFUHWH ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP VLQJXODU

YDOXHGHFRPSRVLWLRQVHFUHWVKDULQJ

$%675$&7

7KHUH DUH YDULRXV ILQH IHDWXUHV LQ PHGLFDO LPDJHV WKH FULWLFDO

LQIRUPDWLRQ RI ZKLFK PD\ EH GLVWRUWHG ZKHQ WUDGLWLRQDO ZDWHUPDUNLQJ

PHWKRGVDUHHPSOR\HG  (YHQVPDOOFKDQJHVZLOOIDOVLI\ILQHIHDWXUHVDQG

WKHUHIRUH LQIOXHQFH WKH ILQDO GHFLVLRQV RI PHGLFDO SURIHVVLRQDOV  ,Q WKLV

SDSHUDUREXVWFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQVFKHPHWKDWFRPELQHVGLVFUHWHZDYHOHW

WUDQVIRUP':7VLQJXODUYDOXHGHFRPSRVLWLRQ69'DQGVHFUHWVKDULQJ

66 WHFKQLTXHV LV SURSRVHG  7KH SURSRVHG VFKHPH HPSOR\V ':7 DQG

69'WRH[WUDFWLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHVIURPPHGLFDOLPDJHV  )LUVWDUDQGRP

VHOHFWLQJPHWKRGLVHPSOR\HGWRFRQVWUXFWDIHDWXUHDUUD\IURPHDFKIHDWXUH  :LWKWKH66WHFKQLTXHDQRZQHUVKLSVKDUHFDQEHJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHIHDWXUH

DUUD\ D FRYHU LPDJH DQG D ZDWHUPDUN  7KH RZQHUVKLS VKDUH LV D

PHDQLQJIXOLPDJHWKDWDSSHDUVMXVWDVWKHFRYHULPDJH  ,QWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

SKDVHDPDVWHUVKDUHFDQEHSURGXFHGIURPDFRS\ULJKWHGPHGLFDOLPDJHE\

XVLQJ':7DQG69'  1H[WDGHFLVLRQLPDJHLVREWDLQHGE\SHUIRUPLQJD

SL[HOE\SL[HO H[FOXVLYHRU ;25 RSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH RZQHUVKLS DQG

PDVWHUVKDUHV  %\XWLOL]LQJDQDEVROXWHPDMRULW\RIWKHSL[HOYDOXHIRUHDFK

QRQRYHUODSSLQJuEORFNRIWKHGHFLVLRQLPDJHWRGHFLGHDSL[HOYDOXH

DQ H[WUDFWHG ZDWHUPDUN FDQ EH FUHDWHG  $V D UHVXOW WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH

PHGLFDOLPDJHLVXQFKDQJHGZKHQWKHLPDJHLVEHLQJSURWHFWHG  0HDQZKLOH

WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH JHQHUDWHG RZQHUVKLS VKDUH FRQWDLQV PHDQLQJIXO

LQIRUPDWLRQ WKHUHE\ IDFLOLWDWLQJ LWV  PDQDJHPHQW  7KHVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

DOORZWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHWR\LHOGSHUIRUPDQFHWKDWLVVXSHULRUWRH[LVWLQJ

VFKHPHV  )LQDOO\WKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWWKHSURSRVHG

VFKHPH FDQ UHVLVW FRPPRQ LPDJHSURFHVVLQJ DWWDFNV DQG WKDW LW LV

UHDVRQDEO\UREXVWDVDZDWHUPDUNLQJVFKHPH





,,1752'8&7,21

7KH UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH ,QWHUQHW KDV FKDQJHG

GDLO\OLIH  $OWKRXJKWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIGLJLWDOPXOWLPHGLD

YLDWKH,QWHUQHWKDVEHFRPHHDV\GLJLWDOPXOWLPHGLDFDQEH

FRSLHGZLWKRXWDXWKRUL]DWLRQ  7KLVFDQUHVXOWLQLQWHOOHFWXDO

SURSHUW\ULJKWVGDPDJHV  $GGLWLRQDOO\QXPHURXVPHGLFDO

DSSOLFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGRZLQJWRWKHUDSLGGHYHO

RSPHQW RI WKH ,QWHUQHW ZKLFK KDV FKDQJHG PHGLFDO

GLDJQRVWLFPHWKRGVDQGHQDEOHGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIQHZ

PHWKRGV RI GLDJQRVLV VXFK DV WHOHPHGLFLQH WHOHFRQVXOWD

WLRQ DQG KRVSLWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV >@  $OWKRXJK

WKHVH PHGLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVHG

FRQYHQLHQFHWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIGLJLWDOPHGLFDOLPDJHVYLD

技術學刊 第三十四卷 第三期 民國一○八年





Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 159-171 (2019)

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7]XR<DX)DQHPDLO\DXIDQ#JPDLOFRP



 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3

DSXEOLFFKDQQHOLVYXOQHUDEOHWRF\EHUDWWDFNVE\PDOLFLRXV

DWWDFNHUV  7KLVPD\FDXVHXQQHFHVVDU\PHGLFDOGLVSXWHVLI

WKH LPDJHV DUH DWWDFNHG GDPDJHG RU VWROHQ EHFDXVH

PHGLFDO LPDJHV GLUHFWO\ DIIHFW WKH V\PSWRPEDVHG MXGJ

PHQWRISK\VLFLDQV  7KHUHIRUHLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWV

SURWHFWLRQ LV FXUUHQWO\ RQH RI WKH PRVW SLYRWDO WRSLFV RI

UHVHDUFK  :DWHUPDUNLQJ LV D WHFKQLTXH WKDW FDQ SURYLGH

LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ULJKWVSURWHFWLRQIRUPXOWLPHGLDGDWD  7RGDWHPDQ\LPDJHZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQ

GHYHORSHG>@

,PDJHZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFKHVIDOOLQWRWZRSULQFLSDO

FDWHJRULHV VSDWLDO GRPDLQ WHFKQLTXHV >@ DQG WUDQVIRUP

GRPDLQWHFKQLTXHV>@  7KHVSDWLDOGRPDLQZDWHUPDUN

LQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH SURFHGXUHV WKDW GLUHFWO\ HPEHG D

ZDWHUPDUN LQWR D KRVW LPDJH E\ PRGLI\LQJ LPDJH¶V SL[HO

YDOXH  ,PDJH ZDWHUPDUNLQJ DSSURDFKHV LQ WKLV FDWHJRU\

KDYHWKHDGYDQWDJHRIUDSLGDQGVLPSOHSURFHVVLQJEXWWKH\

FDQQRWUHVLVWYDULRXVLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV  %\FRQWUDVW

WKH WUDQVIRUP GRPDLQ ZDWHUPDUNLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH EDVHG

RQPRGLI\LQJWKHFRHIILFLHQWVLQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQRID

KRVWLPDJH  7KHIDPLOLDUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDSSURDFKHVHPSOR\

GLVFUHWH )RXULHU WUDQVIRUP ')7 > @ GLVFUHWH FRVLQH

WUDQVIRUP '&7 > @ RU GLVFUHWH ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP

':7>@WRJHQHUDWHWKHIUHTXHQF\FRHIILFLHQWVRID

KRVW LPDJH  ,Q JHQHUDO WKH UREXVWQHVV RI WKH LPDJH

ZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFKLQWKLVFDWHJRU\LVVXSHULRUWRRWKHU

PHWKRGV>@

5HJDUGLQJPHGLFDOZDWHUPDUNLQJWHFKQRORJ\5DKLPL

DQG 5DEEDQL >@ SUHVHQWHG D UHJLRQEDVHG ZDWHUPDUNLQJ

DOJRULWKP IRU PHGLFDO LPDJHV WKDW ZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR D

UHJLRQ RI LQWHUHVW 52, DQG D UHJLRQ RI QRQLQWHUHVW

521,ZKHUHWKHFRQWHQWRIWKH52,ZDVGLUHFWO\UHODWHG

WRWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHPHGLFDOLPDJHWKXVZDWHUPDUNVZLWK

GLIIHUHQWHPEHGGLQJVWUHQJWKZHUHHPEHGGHGLQWR52,DQG

521,  7KHLU DSSURDFK HQDEOHG KLJK SHUFHSWXDO LQYLVLELOLW\

DQGKLJKUREXVWQHVVDJDLQVWQRLVHDWWDFNV  +HUQDQGH] et al.  >@ SURSRVHG WKH XVH RI D ')7 WHFKQLTXH WR DFKLHYH

HIIHFWLYH PDQDJHPHQW RI WKH ZDWHUPDUNLQJ PHFKDQLVP

ZLWK WKHLU WHFKQLTXH WKH HOHFWURQLF SDWLHQW UHFRUG (35 GDWDZDVFRQYHUWHGLQWRELQDU\GDWDDQGXVHGDVZDWHUPDUNV  ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH YHULILFDWLRQ RI WKH SURWHFWHG PHGLFDO

LPDJHFRS\ULJKWWKHGDWDFRXOGEHPDQDJHGDVEDVHGRQWKH

HPEHGGHG(35GDWD  6LQJKet al.>@SURSRVHGD':7

EDVHG PXOWLSOHZDWHUPDUNLQJ PHWKRG IRU PHGLFDO LPDJHV

WKDWDOORZHGWKHPHGLFDOLPDJHWREHHPEHGGHGZLWKLPDJH

SDWWHUQVDQGWH[WXDOGDWDZLWKLQWKH(35  7RLQFUHDVHWKH

VWUHQJWKRIWKHWH[WXDOZDWHUPDUNV6LQJKet al.GHYHORSHGD

PHWKRGWRSURFHVVWKHWH[WXDOGDWDZDWHUPDUNVWKURXJKWKH

HUURUFRUUHFWLQJFRGH(&&WRHQVXUHWKDWWKHZDWHUPDUNV

FRXOG EH UHSDLUHG LI WKH\ ZHUH GLVWRUWHG XSRQ UHWULHYDO  +RZHYHU LQFUHDVLQJ WKH DPRXQW RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV

HPEHGGHG PD\ GHWHULRUDWH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH FRS\ULJKWHG

PHGLFDOLPDJHV  0RXVDYLet al.>@PHQWLRQHGWKDWHP

EHGGLQJ ZDWHUPDUNV LQWR PHGLFDO LPDJHV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH

EHLQJ VDYHG RU WUDQVPLWWHG FDQ PDNH WKHP PRUH VHFXUH  1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHPHGLFDOLPDJHVVKRXOGQRW

EHFRPSURPLVHGDQGWKHUHWULHYHGZDWHUPDUNVVKRXOGEH

SHUIHFWO\UHFRJQL]DEOHZLWKRXWDQ\ULVNRIHUURU  0RUHRYHU

VRPHPHGLFDOLPDJHZDWHUPDUNLQJWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFKKDV

EHHQ WHUPHG WKH K\EULG ZDWHUPDUNLQJ VFKHPH KDV EHHQ

GHYHORSHGE\FRPELQLQJWZRRUWKUHHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV>

@  ,QWKLVVFKHPHWKHDGYDQWDJHVRISRSXODUWUDQVIRU

PDWLRQVDUHFRPELQHGWRH[WUDFWWKHVXLWDEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

IURP WKH KRVW LPDJH EHIRUH PRGLI\LQJ WKHP WR HPEHG D

ZDWHUPDUN

0DQ\ VFLHQWLVWV KDYH UHFHQWO\ SURSRVHG YDULRXV

VLQJXODU YDOXH GHFRPSRVLWLRQ 69'EDVHG ZDWHUPDUNLQJ

DSSURDFKHV >@  69' LV D PDWKHPDWLFDO WHFKQLTXH

WKDWLVDEOHWRH[WUDFWDOJHEUDLFIHDWXUHVIURPLPDJHVDQGLV

PLQLPDOO\ DIIHFWHG E\ VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ  7KXV LW KDV

UHFHLYHGDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIDWWHQWLRQDPRQJYDULRXV

ZDWHUPDUNLQJWHFKQLTXHV  /LXDQG7DQ>@SURSRVHGDQ

69'EDVHGLPDJHZDWHUPDUNLQJWHFKQLTXHWKDWH[WUDFWVWKH

VLQJXODU YDOXHV 69V RI D KRVW LPDJH DQG WKHQ GLUHFWO\

PRGLILHVWKHPWRHPEHGDZDWHUPDUN  7KLVDSSURDFKKDV

KLJK SHUFHSWXDO LQYLVLELOLW\ EXW UHTXLUHV WKH RULJLQDO KRVW

LPDJH IRU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ  /DL DQG 7VDL >@ SURSRVHG D

K\EULG':7DQG69'ZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFK  %\HP

EHGGLQJ WZR KDOYHV RI WKH ZDWHUPDUN LQWR WKH WZR 69

PDWULFHVRIWZRPLGGOHIUHTXHQF\VXEEDQGVRIWKH':7RI

DKRVWLPDJHDZDWHUPDUNHGLPDJHFDQEHREWDLQHG  7KLV

DSSURDFKLVEHWWHUWKDQWKDWGHVFULEHGLQ>@LQWHUPVRI

UREXVWQHVVDJDLQVWPRVWLPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV  7KDNNDU

et al.  GHVLJQHG DQRWKHU K\EULG ZDWHUPDUNLQJ PHWKRG

SHUIRUPHGLQWKH':769'GRPDLQ>@  ,QWKLVVFKHPH

WKH 52, LV LVRODWHG IURP D PHGLFDO LPDJH DQG ':7 LV

HPSOR\HG WR H[WUDFW WKH ORZIUHTXHQF\ FRHIILFLHQW RI WKH

52,ZKLFKLVWKHQVHJPHQWHGLQWRQRQRYHUODSSLQJEORFNV 

&RQVLGHULQJ WKDW ZDWHUPDUNV DUH WKH 69V HPEHGGHG LQWR

HDFK EORFN ZLWK WKH KHOS RI 69' WKLV PHWKRG FDQ \LHOG

UHVXOWV ZLWK UHDVRQDEOH FDSDFLW\ UREXVWQHVV DQG LPSHU

FHSWLELOLW\WUDGHRIIVKRZHYHUWKH52,LQIRUPDWLRQKDVWR

EH VHSDUDWHO\ VWRUHG  ,Q DGGLWLRQ LQ PRVW ZDWHUPDUNLQJ

VFKHPHVLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQWKHGDPDJHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKH

ZDWHUPDUNV WKH\ DUH HPEHGGHG LQWR WKH ORZIUHTXHQF\

FRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHLPDJHV  ,Q>@=KRXet alHPEHGGHG

 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



ZDWHUPDUNVLQWRWKHPLGGOHIUHTXHQF\FRHIILFLHQWVVRDVWR

SUHVHUYHWKHLPSHUFHSWLELOLW\RIWKHZDWHUPDUNLQJVFKHPH  +RZHYHULQWHUPVRIWKHUREXVWQHVVRIWKLVVFKHPHPXOWLSOH

IUHTXHQF\GRPDLQVDUHXVHGWRH[WUDFWUHODWLYHO\DSSURSULDWH

IHDWXUHVLQWKHLPDJHV  7KHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGZDWHUPDUNLQJ

WHFKQLTXHVXWLOL]HUHODWLYHO\VPDOOLPDJHVZKHQZDWHUPDUNV

DUHVHOHFWHGLQRUGHUWRSURWHFWGLJLWDOLPDJHV  7KH\DOVR

PLQLPL]HWKHDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQDVWKHZDWHUPDUNVDUH

HPEHGGHGLQWRWKHLPDJHV  7KLVSURFHVVZDVSXUSRVHGWR

SUHVHUYHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSURWHFWHGLPDJHV  +RZHYHUWKH\

VWLOO FKDQJH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH SURWHFWHG LPDJH  7KHUHIRUH

WKHUHDUHVHYHUDOZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFKHV>@EDVHGRQ

YLVXDOFU\SWRJUDSK\9&>@RUVHFUHWVKDULQJ66>@

ZKLFKFDQNHHSWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHSURWHFWHGPHGLFDOLPDJH

IRU FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ  0RUHRYHU WKHVH DSSURDFKHV

KDYHWKHIROORZLQJIRXUPDLQIHDWXUHV

 7KH\GRQRWQHHGWRPRGLI\WKHRULJLQDOLPDJHZKLFK

WKXVUHWDLQVLWVLQLWLDOTXDOLW\

 $QRZQHUVKLSVKDUHDQGDPDVWHUVKDUHFDQEHJHQHUDWHG

DFFRUGLQJWRLPDJH¶VIHDWXUHE\9&RU66VNLOOVDQGWKH

KLGGHQ ZDWHUPDUN FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG E\ FRPELQLQJ WKH

RZQHUVKLSVKDUHZLWKWKHPDVWHUVKDUH

 7KH RZQHUVKLS DQG PDVWHU VKDUHV DUH QRLVH LPDJH

ZLWKRXWDQ\VLJQLILFDQFH

 7KH VL]H RI ZDWHUPDUN LV LQGHSHQGHQW RI WKH RULJLQDO

LPDJH

+VX DQG +RX >@ HPSOR\HG 9& DQG VDPSOLQJ

GLVWULEXWLRQRIPHDQVWRJHQHUDWHWKHRZQHUVKLSDQGPDVWHU

VKDUHVIRUFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQ  1HYHUWKHOHVVWKLVDSSURDFK

LV YXOQHUDEOH WR VRPH LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ DWWDFNV VXFK DV

FURSSLQJDQGQRLVHDGGLWLRQ  /RXet al.>@SURSRVHGDQ

LPDJH FRS\ULJKW SURWHFWLRQ DSSURDFK EDVHG RQ ':7 DQG

9&  7KH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH ':7 FRHIILFLHQWV EHWZHHQ D

KRVWLPDJHZLWKRXWWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIKLJKIUHTXHQF\DQG

WKH RULJLQDO KRVW LPDJH LV WUHDWHG DV DQ LPDJH¶V IHDWXUH  7KHIHDWXUHLVWKHQDSSOLHGWRFRQVWUXFWWKHRZQHUVKLSDQG

PDVWHUVKDUHV  7KLVDSSURDFKFDQDFKLHYHVXSHULRUSHUIRU

PDQFHRIUREXVWQHVVRISURWHFWLRQ  7KLVDSSURDFKUHTXLUHV

DFRGHERRNWRSURGXFHRZQHUVKLSDQGPDVWHUVKDUHV  ,Q

RWKHU ZRUGV VXFK DSSURDFK QHHGV DQ DGGLWLRQDO VWRUDJH

VSDFH  :DQJ DQG &KHQ >@DSSOLHG 69' WR H[WUDFW WKH

ELJJHU69VIURPDUDQGRPVHOHFWEORFNRIDKRVWLPDJHE\

D SULYDWH NH\  $ FRGHERRN RI 9& LV GHVLJQHG E\ WKH

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHH[WUDFWHG69VWKHSL[HOLQGH[DQG

WKH SL[HO YDOXH RI D VHFUHW LPDJH  7KH RZQHUVKLS DQG

PDVWHUVKDUHVFDQEHJHQHUDWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSL[HOVRID

ZDWHUPDUN DQG WKH FRGHERRN  5DZDW DQG 5DPDQ >@

FRPELQHG IUDFWLRQDO )RXULHU WUDQVIRUP )U)7 DQG 69'

EDVHG RQ 9& WR DFKLHYH WKH UREXVWQHVV DQG VHFXULW\ RI

SURWHFWLRQDSSURDFKIRULPDJHFRS\ULJKW  :DQJDQG&KHQ

>@SURSRVHGD'&7EDVHGFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQDSSURDFK

WKDW UDQGRPO\ VHOHFWV VRPH DYHUDJH YDOXHV RI WKH QRQ

RYHUODSSLQJEORFNVRIDKRVWLPDJHWRFUHDWHDPDVWHUVKDUH  7KLVPDVWHUVKDUHDQGDZDWHUPDUNDUHDSSOLHGWRFUHDWHWKH

RZQHUVKLSVKDUH  7KHDGYDQWDJHRIWKLVDSSURDFKLVWKDWLW

GRHVQRWUHTXLUHDQ\FRGHERRNV  :XDQG6XQ>@DSSOLHG

'&7 DQG 69' WR H[WUDFW D IHDWXUH RI IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQ

IURPDKRVWLPDJHWRDFKLHYHWKHUREXVWQHVVRISURWHFWLRQ

IRULPDJHFRS\ULJKW  $OWKRXJKWKLVVFKHPHSURYLGHVVDWLV

IDFWRU\ UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW FRPPRQ LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ

RSHUDWLRQV WKH RZQHUVKLS DQG PDVWHU VKDUHV DUH DOVR

PHDQLQJOHVV VR WKDW WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI VKDUHV EHFRPHV

PRUHLQHIILFLHQW>@  ,Q>@DK\EULGGRPDLQVFKHPHIRU

PHGLFDOLPDJHFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQEDVHGRQ45FRGHZDV

SURSRVHGE\6HHQLYDVDJDPDQG9HOXPDQL  $WWKHEHJLQ

QLQJWKH6HHQLYDVDJDPPHWKRGFRGHGWKH(35GDWDLQWRD

45FRGHZKLFKOLNH(&&KDVWKHFDSDELOLW\RIFRUUHFWLQJ

HUURUV  0RUHRYHUWKHVLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHRIPHGLFDOLPDJH

KDV EHHQ H[WUDFWHG XVLQJ &RQWRXUOHW WUDQVIRUP DQG 69'  7KHVFKHPHKDVWKHDGYDQWDJHWKDWLWGRHVQRWPRGLI\WKH

PHGLFDOLPDJHZKLFKFDQDYRLGXQQHFHVVDU\PHGLFDOGLVSXWHV

E\ HQDEOLQJ D VHFXUH WUDQVPLVVLRQ RI PHGLFDO LPDJHV LQ DQ

RSHQDQGUHPRWHPHGLFDOHQYLURQPHQW  &RQVHTXHQWO\WKH

DERYHPHQWLRQHGZDWHUPDUNVFKHPHVKDYHJDUQHUHGPXFK

LQWHUHVWLQUHODWHGUHVHDUFKILHOGVDQGLWVSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQ

KDVEHHQH[SDQGHGWRLQFOXGHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHFRS\ULJKW

LGHQWLILFDWLRQIRUYLGHR>@RUDXGLR>@  6RPHUHVHDUFKHUV

KDYHHYHQDSSOLHGWKLVW\SHRIWHFKQLTXH>@LQWHOH

PHGLFLQH ZKLFK SURWHFWV PHGLFDO LPDJHV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH

EHLQJWUDQVIHUUHG  ,QDGGLWLRQEHFDXVHWKLVW\SHRIPHWKRG

GRHV QRW GLVWRUW WKH FULWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWKLQ PHGLFDO

LPDJHV WKDW FRQWDLQ QXPHURXV ILQH IHDWXUHV LW GRHV QRW

LQIOXHQFHWKHILQDOGHFLVLRQVRIPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOV

0DQ\ KRVSLWDOV DQG PHGLFDO UHVHDUFK FHQWHUV DUH

FXUUHQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ GLJLWL]DWLRQ  7KLV PDNHV WKH XVH

PDQDJHPHQWWUDQVPLVVLRQRURWKHUSURFHVVLQJSURFHGXUHV

RIGLJLWDOPHGLFDOLPDJHVH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQW  7KLVSDSHU

SURSRVHVDPHGLFDOLPDJHZDWHUPDUNLQJVFKHPHEDVHGRQ

':7 69' DQG 66 WHFKQLTXHV  $V ZLWK PRVW H[LVWLQJ

ZDWHUPDUNLQJDSSURDFKHVLQWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHHQKDQFLQJ

WKH UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW LPDJHSURFHVVLQJ DWWDFNV DQG

SURWHFWLQJWKHYLVXDOTXDOLW\DUHWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHV  :H

XVHG ':7 DQG 69' WR H[WUDFW D IHDWXUH IURP D PHGLFDO

LPDJH  %\DSSO\LQJDZDWHUPDUNDFRYHULPDJHDQGWKH

IHDWXUHDQRZQHUVKLSVKDUHFDQEHFRQVWUXFWHGYLDDQ66

WHFKQLTXHDQGWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHLVD

 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3

PHDQLQJIXO LPDJH  7KH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV FRQILUPHG

WKDW RXU VFKHPH KDV VXSHULRU UREXVW SHUIRUPDQFH DQG

SUDFWLFDELOLW\DVFRPSDUHGWRH[LVWLQJDSSURDFKHV  0RUH

LPSRUWDQWO\WKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHZLOOQRWDOWHUDQ\FRQWHQW

RIDPHGLFDOLPDJHLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQ  +HQFHLWSUHVHUYHVWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHRULJLQDOPHGLFDOLPDJH

WKXV SUHYHQWLQJ QHHGOHVV PHGLFDO GLVSXWHV ZKLOH DOVR

SURWHFWLQJWKHLPDJH

7KHUHPDLQGHURIWKLVSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV  6HFWLRQEULHIO\SUHVHQWV':7DQG69'  2XUSURSRVHG

VFKHPHLVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ  6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVDQG

DQDO\]HVVHYHUDOH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV  )LQDOO\WKHFRQFOX

VLRQVDUHPDGHLQ6HFWLRQ

,,5(/$7('7(&+1,48(6

7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKH EDVLF FRQFHSWV RI WKH

WHFKQLTXHV  ':7LVLQWURGXFHGLQ6HFWLRQ  69'LV

LQWURGXFHGLQ6HFWLRQ

 ':7

':7LVDPDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHIRUGLJLWDO

VLJQDOV  %\XVLQJ':7DQLPDJHFDQEHGHFRPSRVHGLQWR

IRXUVXEEDQGVQDPHO\//KLJKORZ+/ORZKLJK/+

DQGKLJKKLJK++ZKLFKDUHKDOIVL]HGYHUVLRQVRIWKH

LPDJH  *HQHUDOO\ WKH // VXEEDQG FRQWDLQV PRVW LQIRU

PDWLRQ RI DQ LPDJH  7KH RWKHU VXEEDQGV FRQWDLQ WKH

YHUWLFDOKRUL]RQWDODQGGLDJRQDOHGJHVRIWKHLPDJH  :H

FDQUHSHDWHGO\XVH':7WRGHFRPSRVHWKH//VXEEDQGIRU

REWDLQLQJ WKH QH[W OHYHO VXEEDQGV RI GHFRPSRVLWLRQ DV

VKRZQ LQ )LJ   %HFDXVH ':7 KDV H[FHOOHQW VSDWLDO

IUHTXHQF\ ORFDOL]DWLRQ SURSHUWLHV LW LV KLJKO\ VXLWDEOH IRU

LPDJHIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQ

 69'

69' LV DQ HIIHFWLYH QXPHULFDO DQDO\VLV PHWKRG IRU

DQDO\]LQJPDWULFHV  6XSSRVHWKDWDQPDWUL[AKDVUDQNU  A FDQEHGHFRPSRVHGDV

 Ȉ 

 

A U

ª º

VT

« »

¬ ¼  

ZKHUH U LV DQ m u m PDWUL[ ZKRVH FROXPQV DUH DQ

RUWKRJRQDOEDVLVRIƒ

^m

VLVDQnunPDWUL[ZKRVHFROXPQV

DUHDQRUWKRJRQDOEDVLVRIƒ

ⁿ

DQGȈġLVDQrurGLDJRQDO

PDWUL[ZKRVHPDLQGLDJRQDOHQWULHVDUH V



t V



t}t V

^r

!

DQG V

ⁱ

i }rDUHWKH69VRIA  8VLQJ69'LQ

GLJLWDOLPDJHSURFHVVLQJKDVWKHIROORZLQJDGYDQWDJHV>

@

)LJ OHYHO':7GHFRPSRVLWLRQRIDQLPDJH 





L 7KHPRVWHQHUJ\RIALVFRQFHQWUDWHGLQWKHELJJHU69V

LL :KHQ LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ DSSO\ WR D GLJLWDO LPDJH WKH

69VRIWKHGLJLWDOLPDJHKDVQRWHYHQDVPDOOSHUWXUEDWLRQ  7KHUHIRUHWKHVLQJXODUYDOXHVQRWRQO\UHWDLQPRVWRI

WKH HQHUJ\ RI WKH GLJLWDO LPDJH EXW DOVR UHVLVW GLJLWDO

LPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV

LLL7KH69VRIASRVVHVVLQWULQVLFDOJHEUDLFLPDJHSURSHUWLHV

,,,352326('6&+(0(

7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKH SURSRVHG FRS\ULJKW

SURWHFWLRQ VFKHPH ZKLFK LV GLYLGHG LQWR WZR SKDVHV

RZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGRZQHUVKLSLGHQWLILFDWLRQ  7KH GHWDLOV RI WKH VFKHPH DUH GHVFULEHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ

VXEVHFWLRQV  $Q RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SURSRVHG VFKHPH LV

VKRZQLQ)LJVDQG

2ZQHUVKLS6KDUH&RQVWUXFWLRQ

&RQVLGHUDQNuNJUD\OHYHO PHGLFDOLPDJH+WKDW

FDQHPEHGDQMuMELQDU\ZDWHUPDUN:IRULGHQWLI\LQJ

WKHLPDJHRZQHUVKLS  )LUVW+LVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUQRQ

RYHUODSSLQJEORFNV+

^i,j

RIVL]HNuNi, j   %\

XVLQJOHYHO':7GHFRPSRVLWLRQWKHVXEEDQG//

^i,j

RIVL]H

NuNFDQEHH[WUDFWHGIURP+

^i,j

i, j   %HVLGHV

//

^i,j

 DUH VXLWDEOH DV D I HDWXUH EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH D ORZ

IUHTXHQF\EDQGWKDWFRQWDLQVHVVHQWLDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH

KRVWLPDJHDQGWKHIHDWXUHLVQRWHDVLO\GLVWRUWHGE\YDULRXV

LPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV  1H[WWKHPD[LPDOYDOXHVRI

HDFK  u  FRHII LFLHQWV RI  //

^i,j

 DUH IRUP D VLJQLILFDQW  EORFN Ö6

i j_

 RIVL]HNuNi, j   ,QDGGLWLRQ

HDFKVLJQLILFDQWEORFN Ö6

i j_

 LVWKHQGLYLGHGLQWRuQRQ

RYHUODSSLQJEORFNV 6

i j x y_{  }

x }Ny }

Ni, j   $OORIWKHPD[LPDO69VRI 6

i j x y_{  }

x 

 …Ny   }NE\DSSO\LQJ69'

FDQIRUPWKHIHDWXUHDUUD\)

^{i, j}

RIVL]HNuN   i, j   7KHQZHKDYHIRXUEDODQFHGELQDU\EORFNV7

^{i, j}



i, j ZKLFKFDQEHDFTXLUHGE\

// +/

+/

++

/+

':7

2ULJLQDOLPDJH /+ ++

 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



)LJ )ORZGLDJUDPRIRZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 





)LJ )ORZGLDJUDPRIRZQHUVKLSLGHQWLILFDWLRQ 





 



 

 LI     

 LI  

i j i j

i j

i j i j

m n t

m n m n t

­° t

® °¯ 

7 )

)

 

IRUm, n }NZKHUHt

^{i, j}

LVWKHDYHUDJHRI)

^{i, j}

 

$QSVHXGRUDQGRPQXPEHUJHQHUDWRU351*VHHGZLWKD

VHFUHWNH\KLVDGDSWHGWRUDQGRPO\VHOHFWM

^

UHSHDWDEOH

YDOXHVIURP7

^{i, j}

WRIRUPIRXUIHDWXUHEORFNV$

^{i, j}

RIVL]HMu

Mi, j $

^{i, j}

mn7

^{i, j}

m, n }M  $VVXPH

WKDW2LVDQRZQHUVKLSVKDUHRIVL]HMuMWKDWGLYLGHG

LQWRuQRQRYHUODSSLQJEORFNV2

^m,n

m, n }M  (DFK2

^m,n

FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGE\

   



 

     

      

m n m n

m n m n

p p w m n w m n

p w m n c m n

ª º ª† º

« » « »

¬ ¼

¬ ¼

2

 

ZKHUHP

^{m, n, i, j}

i, jDUHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGWKUHHYDOXHV

IURPWKHVHWRI^$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n$



m,

n` E\ XVLQJ WKH 351* VHHG ZLWK WKH VHFUHW NH\ K DQG  

P

m, n, i, j

z ^$

^{i, j}

m, nm, n }M†GHQRWHVWKHSL[HO

E\SL[HO;25RSHUDWLRQIRUEORFNVWKDWDUHWKHVDPHVL]H  wmncmnDQG$

^i,j

mnDUHWKHmnWKHQWU\RIWKH

ZDWHUPDUN:DELQDU\FRYHULPDJH&RIVL]HMuMDQG

$

^{i, j}

UHVSHFWLYHO\  )LQDOO\2LVDPHDQLQJIXOVKDUHXVHGIRU

FRS\ULJKW YHULILFDWLRQ DQG LV UHJLVWHUHG ZLWK D FHUWLILHG

DXWKRULW\&$

$OJRULWKP2ZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ

,QSXW 0HGLFDO LPDJH + RI VL]H N u N VHFUHW NH\ K

ZDWHUPDUN:RIVL]HMuMFRYHULPDJH&RI

VL]HMuM

2XWSXW 2ZQHUVKLSVKDUH2RIVL]HMuM

6WHS 'LYLGH+LQWRIRXUQRQRYHUODSSLQJEORFNV+

^{i, j}

RI

VL]HNuNi, j 

2ZQHUVKLS6KDUH

&RQVWUXFWLRQ

:DWHUPDUN,PDJH &RYHU,PDJH

.H\

2ZQHUVKLS6KDUH 0HGLFDO,PDJH

&$

6LJQLILFDQW&RHIILFLHQW

0DWUL[&RQVWUXFWLRQ )HDWXUH $UUD\

*HQHUDWRU

':7 69'

0DVWHU6KDUH

&RQVWUXFWLRQ

5HGXFHG :DWHUPDUN

.H\

2ZQHUVKLS6KDUH 0DVWHU6KDUH

&RS\ULJKWHG 0HGLFDO,PDJH

&$

6LJQLILFDQW&RHIILFLHQW

0DWUL[&RQVWUXFWLRQ )HDWXUH $UUD\

*HQHUDWRU

:DWHUPDUN ([WUDFWLRQ

':7 69'

 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3



6WHS 'HFRPSRVH +

^{i, j}

 E\ XVLQJ WKH OHYHO ':7 WR

H[WUDFW//

^{i, j}

RIVL]HNuNi, j 

6WHS &ROOHFW WKH PD[LPDO YDOXHV RI HDFK  u 

FRHIILFLHQWV RI //

^{i, j}

 WR IRUP D VLJQLILFDQW EORFN



_

6

^{i j}

 RIVL]HNuNi, j 

6WHS 'LYLGH 6 ^

^{i j}

 LQWR  u  QRQRYHUODSSLQJ EORFNV 

6

^{i, j, x, y}

x }Ny }N

6WHS 8WLOL]H69'WRH[WUDFWDOORIWKHPD[LPDO69VRI

6

^{i, j, x, y}

LWFDQIRUP)

^{i, j}

RIVL]H1u1

LM 

6WHS &DOFXODWHWKHDYHUDJHW

^{i, j}

RI)

^{i, j}

i, j DQGXVH

WRJHQHUDWH7

^{i, j}

i, j 

6WHS &UHDWH$

^i,j

m, nIURPWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ7

^i,j

i, j 

m, n }ME\XVLQJWKH351*VHHG

ZLWKWKHVHFUHWNH\K

6WHS 5DQGRPO\VHOHFWWKUHHYDOXHVIURPWKHVHWRI^$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n`XVLQJ

WKH351*VHHGZLWKWKHVHFUHWNH\KWRFRQVWUXFW

P

m, n, i, j

i, jm, n }M.

6WHS &RQVWUXFW2DFFRUGLQJWR:&DQGP

^m,n,i,j

E\

6WHS 5HJLVWHU2ZLWKWKH&$IRUVXEVHTXHQWRZQHUVKLS

LGHQWLILFDWLRQ

2ZQHUVKLS,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

6XSSRVHWKDWDQMuMZDWHUPDUN:FDQEHH[WUDFWHG

IURP D FRS\ULJKWHG PHGLFDO LPDJH + E\ XVLQJ WKH

RZQHUVKLS LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DOJRULWKP  ,W FDQ XWLOL]HG WR

YHULI\WKHRZQHUVKLSRI+  7KHGHWDLORIWKHRZQHUVKLS

LGHQWLILFDWLRQSKDVHLVGHVFULEHGKHUHLQDIWHU

)LUVWWKHIHDWXUHEORFNV$

LM

m, ni, j m, n 

}MDUHFRQVWUXFWHGIURP+LQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVLQ

WKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQSKDVH  $VVXPHWKDW(LV

DMuMPDVWHUVKDUHZKLFKLVGLYLGHGLQWRuQRQ

RYHUODSSLQJEORFNV(

^m,n

m, n }M  (DFK(

^{m, n}

FDQ

EHGHWHUPLQHGE\

   

  



m n m n

m n m n

p p

p

c c

ª º

« ¬ c » ¼

(

 

ZKHUHp'

^{m, n, i, j}

i, jm, n }MDUHUDQGRPO\

VHOHFWHGWKUHHYDOXHVIURPWKHVHWRI^$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n`E\XVLQJWKH351*VHHGZLWK

KDQGp'

^{m, n, i, j}

z$

^{i, j}

m, n  KLVWKHVDPHDVWKHVHFUHWNH\

RIRZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDOJRULWKP  $

^{i, j}

m, nLV

WKH mnWK HQWU\ RI  $

^{i, j}

  )RU H[WUDFWLRQ ZDWHUPDUN D

GHFLVLRQLPDJH'RIVL]HMuMFDQEHREWDLQHGE\ 

' 2 (

†  

1H[W'LVGLYLGHGLQWRuQRQRYHUODSSLQJEORFNV

'

^m,n

m, n  …MDQG:FDQEHH[WUDFWHGE\

  



 LI    

 RWKHUZLVH

m n m n m n

wm n ­   d

c ®

¯

' ' '

 

ZKHUHw'

^m,n

LVWKHPQWKHQWU\RI:DQG'

^{m, n}

i, jLVWKHijWK

HQWU\RI'

^{m, n}

  )LQDOO\:LVDSSOLHGWRYHULI\WKHFRS\ULJKW

IRU+

$OJRULWKP2ZQHUVKLS,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

,QSXW &RS\ULJKWHG PHGLFDO LPDJH + RI  VL]H N u N

VHFUHWNH\K2ZQHUVKLSVKDUH2RIVL]H2Mu2M

2XWSXW ([WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUNRIVL]H

6WHS &RQVWUXFW$

^{i, j}

m, ni, j m, n }M

IURP+E\WKHVWHSWRRI$OJRULWKP

6WHS 5DQGRPO\ 6HOHFW WKUHH YDOXHV IURP WKH VHW RI

^$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n$



m, n`

XVLQJ WKH 351* VHHG ZLWK WKH VHFUHW NH\ K WR

FRQVWUXFWp'

^{m, n, i, j}

m, n }M

6WHS &RQVWUXFW(DFFRUGLQJWRp'

^{m, n, i, j}

E\

6WHS &UHDWH'E\

6WHS 'LYLGH'LQWRQRQRYHUODSSLQJEORFNV'

^m,n

m, n 

}M

6WHS ([WUDFW:DFFRUGLQJWR'

^m,n

E\

6WHS 2XWSXWREWDLQHGLV:

,9(;3(5,0(17$/5(68/76

([WHQVLYHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRHYDOXDWHWKH

SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHSURSRVHGFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQVFKHPH  )LJVKRZVWKHH[DPLQHGJUD\OHYHOPHGLFDODQGQDWXUDO

LPDJHVQDPHG27&705%DERRQ3HSSHUVDQG/HQD

HDFK ZLWK D VL]H RI  u  WKDW ZHUH XVHG DV WKH

H[SHULPHQWDO KRVW LPDJHV  )LJ  VKRZV WKH ELQDU\

ZDWHUPDUNDQGWKHFRYHULPDJHZLWKDVL]HRIu  )LJ

VKRZVWKHELQDU\PDVWHUDQGPHDQLQJIXORZQHUVKLSVKDUHV

HDFKZLWKDVL]HRIu

)RUTXDQWLWDWLYHO\HYDOXDWLQJWKHUREXVWQHVVWKHSHDN

VLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLRPSNRDQGQRUPDOL]HGFRUUHODWLRQNC ZHUHDSSOLHGWRWHVWWKHLQGLFDWRUVRILPDJHGLVWRUWLRQDQG

WKHUREXVWQHVVRIWKHSURSRVHGFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQVFKHPH  7KHPSNRLVGHILQHGDV





 RJ G%

PSNR MSE

§ ·

u ¨ ¸

© ¹  

 



 

 



^{N N}

      

i j

MSE f i j f i j

N N

 c

u ¦¦ ^{ }

ZKHUHg˜DQGgc˜GHQRWHWKHSL[HOYDOXHVRIWKHKRVWDQG

 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



)LJġ ([SHULPHQWDOJUD\OHYHOPHGLFDODQGQDWXUDOLPDJHV 





)LJ ([SHULPHQWDOZDWHUPDUNDQGFRYHULPDJH 





DWWDFNHGLPDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\  N



uN



LVWKHLPDJHVL]H  7KHNCLVGHILQHGDV

 

 

 

     

M M

i j

w i j w i j

NC M M

† c u

¦¦  

ZKHUH w˜ DQG w'˜ DUH WKH SL[HO YDOXHV RI WKH RULJLQDO

ZDWHUPDUN:DQGWKHH[WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUN:UHVSHFWLYHO\  M



uM



LVWKHZDWHUPDUNVL]H  $ORZHUPSNRLQGLFDWHV

WKDW WKH DWWDFNHG DQG RULJLQDO LPDJHV DUH PRUH GLVVLPLODU

EHFDXVH RI WKH LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ DWWDFNV  7KH NC YDOXH

UDQJHVIURPWR  $KLJKHUNCYDOXHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH

H[WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUNKDVOHVVGLVWRUWLRQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKH

RULJLQDO ZDWHUPDUN  7KH UREXVWQHVV RI WKH SURSRVHG

VFKHPHZDVDVVHVVHGE\SHUIRUPLQJVHYHUDOFRPPRQLPDJH 

)LJ 6DPSOHUHVXOWVRIWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPH 





SURFHVVLQJDWWDFNVQDPHO\-3(*FRPSUHVVLRQ-3(*

FRPSUHVVLRQ *DXVVLDQ QRLVH VDOWSHSSHU QRLVH PHGLDQ

ILOWHULQJ URWDWLRQ FURSSLQJ VFDOLQJ DQG KLVWRJUDP

HTXDOL]DWLRQ  7DEOH  OLVWV VHYHUDO FRPPRQ LPDJH

SURFHVVLQJDWWDFNVDQGWKHLUSDUDPHWHUV

7DEOHVSUHVHQWWKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVRIWKHFRPPRQ

LPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNVRQWKHWHVWLPDJHV  ,WFDQEHVHHQ

IURP 7DEOH  DQG  WKDW IRU WKH DWWDFNV RI FRPSUHVVLRQ

FURSSLQJ DQG VFDOLQJ WKH ZDWHUPDUNV DUH IXOO\ UHFRYHUHG

IURPWKHFRS\ULJKWHGLPDJHVDVWKHYDOXHRINCLVDQGWKH

QXPEHURIHUURUVLV]HUR  7KHNCYDOXHVDUHUHOHYDQWWRWKH

RWKHUDWWDFNVDUHPRVWDERYHDFFHSWDEOHQXPEHURIHUURU

ELWVDQGH[WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUNVDUHYLVXDOO\UHFRJQL]HGE\WKH

KXPDQYLVLRQDVVKRZQLQ7DEOHDQG  ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH 

D27 E&7 F05

G%DERRQ H3HSSHUV I/HQD

D :DWHUPDUN EFRYHULPDJH

D0DVWHUVKDUH EPHDQLQJIXORZQHUVKLSVKDUH

 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3



7DEOH $WWDFNVDQGWKHLUSDUDPHWHUV

$WWDFN 3DUDPHWHU

-3(* TXDOLW\IDFWRU 

-3(* TXDOLW\IDFWRU 

-3(* FRPSUHVVLRQUDWLR 

-3(* FRPSUHVVLRQUDWLR 

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH PHDQ YDULDQFH 

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH PHDQ YDULDQFH 

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH QRLVHGHQVLW\ 

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH QRLVHGHQVLW\ 

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ ZLQGRZVL]H u

5RWDWLRQ URWDWHGHJUHHV

5RWDWLRQ URWDWHGHJUHHV

&URSSLQJ WRSOHIWFRPSRQHQWFURSSHG 

&URSSLQJ ERWWRPOHIWFRPSRQHQWFURSSHG

&URSSLQJ WRSULJKWFRPSRQHQWFURSSHG

&URSSLQJ ERWWRPULJKWFRPSRQHQW FURSSHG

6FDOLQJ UHGXFHG

6FDOLQJ UHGXFHG

+LVWRJUDP(TXDOL]DWLRQ 0DWODEIXQFWLRQ





SURSRVHGVFKHPHSURYLGHGUREXVWSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWLPDJH

SURFHVVLQJDWWDFNVDVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHNCVPHDQLQJWKDW

HDFKH[WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUNZDVUHFRJQL]DEOHDQGH[WUHPHO\

FORVH WR WKH RULJLQDO ZDWHUPDUN  7KXV WKH SURSRVHG

VFKHPH DFKLHYHG VDWLVIDFWRU\ UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW WKHVH

LPDJHSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV

7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHFRPSDULVRQUHVXOWVRIWKHSURSRVHG

VFKHPHZLWKRWKHUH[LVWLQJDSSURDFKHV>@FRQVLGHUHG

LQ WKLV VWXG\  7KH PHGLFDO LPDJH DQG WKH ZDWHUPDUN

VKRZQLQ)LJVDDQGDUHVSHFWLYHO\ZHUHXVHGLQWKH

H[SHULPHQW  $VVKRZQLQ7DEOHWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHLV

VXSHULRUWRWKRVHSURSRVHGLQ>@LQWHUPVRIUREXVWQHVV

DJDLQVW -3(* FRPSUHVVLRQ *DXVVLDQ QRLVH VDOWSHSSHU

QRLVH PHGLDQ ILOWHULQJ URWDWLRQ IRXU W\SHV RI FURSSLQJ

VFDOLQJ DQG KLVWRJUDP HTXDOL]DWLRQ  0RUHRYHU WKH

SURSRVHG VFKHPH SURYLGHV VWURQJ UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW

YDULRXV FRPSRQHQWV RI FURSSHG DWWDFNV ZKHUHDV WKH

H[LVWLQJ DSSURDFKHV H[KLELWHG ZHDN UREXVWQHVV DJDLQVW

WKHVH NLQGV RI DWWDFNV  7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH SURSRVHG

VFKHPH H[KLELWV VXSHULRU SHUIRUPDQFH FRPSDUHG WR WKH

DSSURDFKHVRI>@

7KH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV VXPPDUL]HG LQ 7DEOHV 

GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW RYHUDOO WKH SURSRVHG VFKHPH LV

UHDVRQDEO\GDPDJHUHVLVWDQW  ,QWKHH[SHULPHQWVJHQHUDO

LPDJHSURFHVVLQJZDVHPSOR\HGWRVLPXODWHDWWDFNV  7KH

DWWDFNV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG DV FRPSUHVVLRQ DWWDFNV QRLVH

DGGLWLRQRUJHRPHWULFDWWDFNV  )XUWKHUPRUHWKHVLPXODWHG

DWWDFNVWRWKHLPDJHVZHUHGHVLJQHGWREHFRPSUHKHQVLYH  7KH SURSRVHG VFKHPH ZDV GHPRQVWUDWHG WR HIIHFWLYHO\

DFKLHYHWKLVJRDODVLWHPSOR\V':7DQG69'WRH[WUDFW

LPSRUWDQW IHDWXUHV IURP LPDJHV  $OO RI WKHVH IHDWXUHV

FRUUHVSRQGWRWKHORZIUHTXHQF\FRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHLPDJHV

DQGWKH\DUHDEOHWRUHVLVWJHQHUDOFRPSUHVVLRQDWWDFNV  ,Q

WKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHDPRQJWKHVHLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHVWKH

FRHIILFLHQWVWREHXVHGIRURZQHUVKLSVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQDUH

FKRVHQWKURXJKGLVWULEXWHGVHOHFWLRQ  7KLVPHDQVWKDWLID

SURWHFWHGLPDJHLVVXEMHFWHGWRUDQGRPPDOLFLRXVDWWDFNV

WKHLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHVSXUSRVHGWRKLGHZDWHUPDUNVPD\QRW

EH GDPDJHG  7KLV PHWKRG FDQ UHVLVW PRVW LPDJH

SURFHVVLQJ DWWDFNV QDPHO\ QRLVH DGGLWLRQ DQG JHRPHWULF

DWWDFNV  )LQDOO\WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHV

JHQHUDWHG YLD WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG ZHUH FRQILUPHG WR

SURYLGHPHDQLQJIXOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGGRQRWUHVHPEOHQRLVH  (YHQ LI RZQHUVKLS VKDUHV DUH PL[HG XS WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ

FRQYH\HGWKURXJKWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHVKDUHVFDQEHXVHG

WR YHULI\ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PHGLFDO LPDJHV WKHUHE\

IDFLOLWDWLQJPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHV

7DEOHSUHVHQWVWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPH

FRPSDUHG ZLWK RWKHU H[LVWLQJ DSSURDFKHV  7KH H[WUDFWHG

IHDWXUHVIURPWKHKRVWLPDJHLQWKHVKDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQSKDVH

LQFOXGLQJWKHRZQHUVKLSDQGPDVWHUVKDUHVZHUHGHYHORSHG

LQWKHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQH[FHSWIRUWKHDSSURDFKSURSRVHG

E\+VXDQG+RX>@  7KHDSSURDFKHVRI+VXDQG+RX

>@/RXet al. >@DQG5DZDWDQG5DPDQ>@UHTXLUHGD

FRGHERRNWRFUHDWHVKDUHVKRZHYHUWKHDSSURDFKRI:DQJ

et al. >@:XDQG6XQ>@DQGRXUSURSRVHGVFKHPHGLG

QRWUHTXLUHDFRGHERRN  5HJDUGLQJWKHUREXVWQHVVRIWKH

FRS\ULJKW VFKHPH WKH SURSRVHG VFKHPH KDG VXSHULRU

SHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHRWKHUDSSURDFKHVLQ7DEOH

  ,QRXUVFKHPHWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHWKDWZDVJHQHUDWHG

IRULPDJHYHULILFDWLRQZDVQRWDQRLVHOLNHLPDJH

9&21&/86,216

2ZLQJWRUDSLGWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVFRPSXW

HUL]HGRSHUDWLRQVKDYHLQFUHDVLQJO\EHFRPHPRUHFRPPRQ

SODFH LQ KRVSLWDOV DQG PHGLFDO UHVHDUFK FHQWHUV  7KLV

PDNHVWKHWRSLFRIVHFXUHGLJLWL]DWLRQVWRUDJHDQGWUDQVIHU

RI PHGLFDO LPDJHV ZRUWK\ RI DWWHQWLRQ  7KLV SDSHU

SURSRVHGDUREXVWFRS\ULJKWSURWHFWLRQVFKHPHIRUPHGLFDO

LPDJHVWKDWLVEDVHGRQ':769'DQG66WHFKQLTXHV  ,Q

WKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHK\EULGWUDQVIRUPGRPDLQVDUHXVHGWR 

 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



7DEOH PSNRVDQGNCVRIWKHUREXVWQHVVH[SHULPHQWIRUYDULRXVDWWDFNV0HGLFDOLPDJHV

$WWDFNV 27 &7 05

PSNR



NC PSNR



NC PSNR



NC

-3(*      

-3(*      

-3(*      

-3(*      

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH      

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH      

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH      

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH      

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ      

5RWDWLRQ      

5RWDWLRQ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

6FDOLQJ      

6FDOLQJ      

+LVWRJUDP(TXDOL]DWLRQ      





7DEOH 9LVXDOUHVXOWVRIWKHUREXVWQHVVH[SHULPHQWIRUYDULRXVDWWDFNV0HGLFDOLPDJHV

$WWDFNV 27 &7 05 $WWDFNV 27 &7 05

-3(*

   5RWDWLRQ

  

-3(*

   5RWDWLRQ

  

-3(*

   &URSSLQJ

  

-3(*

   &URSSLQJ

  

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH

   &URSSLQJ

  

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH

   &URSSLQJ

  

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH

   6FDOLQJ

  

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH

   6FDOLQJ

  

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ

   +LVWRJUDP(TXDOL]DWLRQ

  



 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3



7DEOH PSNRVDQGNCVRIWKHUREXVWQHVVH[SHULPHQWIRUYDULRXVDWWDFNV1DWXUDOLPDJHV

$WWDFNV %DERRQ 3HSSHUV /HQD

PSNR



NC PSNR



NC PSNR



NC

-3(*      

-3(*      

-3(*      

-3(*      

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH      

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH      

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH      

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH      

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ      

5RWDWLRQ      

5RWDWLRQ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

&URSSLQJ      

6FDOLQJ      

6FDOLQJ      

+LVWRJUDP(TXDOL]DWLRQ      





7DEOH 9LVXDOUHVXOWVRIWKHUREXVWQHVVH[SHULPHQWIRUYDULRXVDWWDFNV1DWXUDOLPDJHV

$WWDFNV %DERRQ 3HSSHUV /HQD $WWDFNV %DERRQ 3HSSHUV /HQD

-3(*

   5RWDWLRQ

  

-3(*

   5RWDWLRQ

  

-3(*

   &URSSLQJ

  

-3(*

   &URSSLQJ

  

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH

   &URSSLQJ

  

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH

   &URSSLQJ

  

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH

   6FDOLQJ

  

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH

   6FDOLQJ

  

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ

  

+LVWRJUDP

(TXDOL]DWLRQ   



 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



7DEOH &RPSDULVRQRIUREXVWQHVVZLWKYDULRXVDSSURDFKHVIRUYDULRXVDWWDFNV

$WWDFNV 2XUVFKHPH :XDQG6XQ>@ :DQJDQG&KHQ>@

NC

-3(*   

-3(*   

-3(*   

-3(*   

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH   

*DXVVLDQ1RLVH   

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH   

6DOWSHSSHU1RLVH   

0HGLDQ)LOWHULQJ   

5RWDWLRQ   

5RWDWLRQ   

&URSSLQJ   

&URSSLQJ   

&URSSLQJ   

&URSSLQJ   

6FDOLQJ   

6FDOLQJ   

+LVWRJUDP(TXDOL]DWLRQ   





7DEOH 6XPPDUL]DWLRQRIFRPSDUHGDSSURDFKHV

$SSURDFK ,PDJHIHDWXUH &RGHERRN  5REXVWQHVV  2ZQHUVKLSVKDUHVW\OH

+VXDQG+RX>@ 6SDWLDOGRPDLQ <HV 1R 1RLVHOLNH

/RXet al.>@ ':7 <HV 1R 1RLVHOLNH

5DZDWDQG5DPDQ>@ )U)769' <HV <HV 1RLVHOLNH

:DQJet al.>@ '&7 1R <HV 1RLVHOLNH

:XDQG6XQ>@ '&769' 1R <HV 1RLVHOLNH

2XUVFKHPH ':769' 1R <HV 0HDQLQJIXO





UHDOL]HDVWURQJSURWHFWLRQVFKHPHIRUPHGLFDOFRS\ULJKWV  )LUVWDIHDWXUHDUUD\LVH[WUDFWHGIURPDPHGLFDOLPDJHE\

XVLQJ':7DQG69'WHFKQLTXHV  1H[WDQ66WHFKQLTXH

LVDSSOLHGWRFRQVWUXFWDQRZQHUVKLSVKDUHDFFRUGLQJWRWKH

IHDWXUHDUUD\DZDWHUPDUNDQGDFRYHULPDJH  7KHRZQ

HUVKLSVKDUHLVDPHDQLQJIXOLPDJHWKDWUHVHPEOHVWKHFRYHU

LPDJH  $VFRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQYHQWLRQDODSSURDFKVXFK

DQRZQHUVKLSVKDUHSURPRWHVPRUHHIIHFWLYHPDQDJHPHQW

RIWKHLPDJHFRS\ULJKW  7KLVDOORZVWKHXVHRIWKHLQIRU

PDWLRQRQWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHVWRYHULI\WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ

PHGLFDOLPDJHVLQWKHHYHQWWKDWWKHRZQHUVKLSVKDUHVDUH

PXGGOHG  ,QWKHRZQHUVKLSLGHQWLILFDWLRQSKDVHDPDVWHU

VKDUH LV JHQHUDWHG IURP D FRS\ULJKWHG PHGLFDO LPDJH E\

DSSO\LQJ ':7 DQG 69' WHFKQLTXHV  $ GHFLVLRQ LPDJH

ZDVH[WUDFWHGE\SHUIRUPLQJDQ;25RSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH

RZQHUVKLS DQG PDVWHU VKDUHV  %\ XWLOL]LQJ DQ DEVROXWH

PDMRULW\DQH[WUDFWHGZDWHUPDUNFDQEHFUHDWHGIURPWKH

GHFLVLRQ LPDJH  7KH H[WUDFWHG ZDWHUPDUN FDQ WKHQ EH

DSSOLHGWRYHULI\WKHRZQHUVKLSRIWKHFRS\ULJKWHGPHGLFDO

LPDJH  $VVKRZQLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVWKHSURSRVHG

VFKHPHSURYLGHVUREXVWSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVW-3(*FRPSUHV

VLRQQRLVHDGGLWLRQDWWDFNVPHGLDQILOWHULQJYDULRXVFRP

SRQHQWVRIFURSSHGDWWDFNVDQGRWKHUVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJDWWDFNV  /DVWO\ZLWKWKHSURSRVHGVFKHPHWKHSURWHFWLRQSURJUDPRI

WKH ZDWHUPDUNLQJ PHFKDQLVP ZLOO QRW DOWHU DQ\ FRQWHQW RI

PHGLFDO LPDJHV WKHUHIRUH VHQVLWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQWDLQHG

ZLWKLQ WKH LPDJHV ZLOO QRW EH GLVWRUWHG  &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH

PHGLFDO LPDJHV FDQ EH SURWHFWHG PHGLFDO GHFLVLRQV DUH QRW

 Journal of Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3



DIIHFWHG DQG XQQHFHVVDU\ PHGLFDO GLVSXWHV FDQ EH DYRLGHG  7KLVVFKHPHFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGLQWHOHPHGLFLQH

5()(5(1&(6

$ER=DKKDG060$KPHGDQG2(OQDKDV³$

:LUHOHVV (PHUJHQF\ 7HOHPHGLFLQH 6\VWHP IRU 3DWLHQWV

0RQLWRULQJ DQG 'LDJQRVLV´ International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications    GRL KWWS

G[GRLRUJ

3UDVDG''65D\$.0DMXPGDU-0XNKHUMHH%

0DMXPGDU 6 3DXO DQG $ 9HUPD  ³5HDO 7LPH

0HGLFDO ,PDJH &RQVXOWDWLRQ 6\VWHP 7KURXJK ,QWHUQHW´

Journal of Healthcare Engineering     GRL

KWWSG[GRLRUJ

:HQJ<&DQG6/+VLHK³'HVLJQDQG,PSOH

PHQWDWLRQRID:HE%DVHG0HGLFDO'UDZLQJ0DQDJH

PHQW6\VWHP´Journal of Intelligent Information Systems

GRLV

9DQ6FK\QGHO5*$=7LUNHODQG&)2VERUQH

³$ 'LJLWDO :DWHUPDUN´ ,Q IEEE proceedings of 1

^st

International Conference on Image Processing,  $XVWLQ

7;1RY:DVKLQJWRQ'&,(((

*DR*DQG*-LDQJ³%HVVHO)RXULHU0RPHQW%DVHG

5REXVW,PDJH=HUR:DWHUPDUNLQJ´Multimed. Tools Appl

GRLV

6RODFKLGLV9DQG/3LWDV³&LUFXODUO\6\PPHWULF

:DWHUPDUN (PEHGGLQJ LQ ' ')7 'RPDLQ´ IEEE Trans. Image Process GRLKWWSV



'RJDQ 6 7 7XQFHU ( $YFL DQG $ *XOWHQ     

³$1HZ:DWHUPDUNLQJ6\VWHP%DVHGRQ'LVFUHWH&RVLQH

7UDQVIRUP '&7 LQ &RORU %LRPHWULF ,PDJHV´ Journal of Medical Systems     GRL 

V

6KLK)<DQG;=KRQJ³+LJK&DSDFLW\0XOWLSOH

5HJLRQV RI ,QWHUHVW:DWHUPDUNLQJ IRU 0HGLFDO ,PDJHV´

Information Sciences    GRL KWWSV

GRLRUJMLQV

-RR6<6XK-6KLQDQG+.LNXFKL³$1HZ

5REXVW :DWHUPDUN (PEHGGLQJ LQWR :DYHOHW '&

&RPSRQHQWV´Etri JournalGRLKWWSV

GRLRUJHWULM

$PLUL7DQG0(0RJKDGGDP³$1HZ9LVXDO

&U\SWRJUDSK\%DVHG:DWHUPDUNLQJ6FKHPH8VLQJ':7

DQG6,)7IRU0XOWLSOH&RYHU,PDJHV´Multimedia Tools and Applications     GRL 

V

&KDQJ&&DQG3</LQ³$GDSWLYH:DWHUPDUN

0HFKDQLVPIRU5LJKWIXO2ZQHUVKLS3URWHFWLRQ´Journal of Systems and Software    GRL 

MMVV

5DKLPL ) DQG + 5DEEDQL  ³$ 'XDO $GDSWLYH

:DWHUPDUNLQJ6FKHPHLQ&RQWRXUOHW'RPDLQIRU',&20

,PDJHV´ BioMedical Engineering OnLine   GRL

;

+HUQDQGH]0&)*8JDOGH010L\DWDNHDQG+3

0HDQD  ³5REXVW ZDWHUPDUNLQJ PHWKRG LQ ')7

GRPDLQ IRU HIIHFWLYH PDQDJHPHQW RI PHGLFDO LPDJLQJ´

Signal, Image and Video Processing GRL

V[

6LQJK$.0'DYHDQG$0RKDQ³5REXVWDQG

6HFXUH 0XOWLSOH :DWHUPDUNLQJ LQ :DYHOHW 'RPDLQ´

Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 

GRLMPLKL

0RXVDYL60$1DJKVKDQG6$5$EX%DNDU

³:DWHUPDUNLQJ 7HFKQLTXHV 8VHG LQ 0HGLFDO ,PDJHV D

6XUYH\´ Journal of Digital Imaging   

V

'RQJ-DQG-/L³$5REXVW=HUR:DWHUPDUNLQJ

$OJRULWKPIRU(QFU\SWHG0HGLFDO,PDJHVLQWKH':7')7

(QFU\SWHG'RPDLQ´ Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare 2016 GRLB

6KDUPD$$.6LQJKDQG63*KUHUD³5REXVW

DQG VHFXUH PXOWLSOH ZDWHUPDUNLQJ IRU PHGLFDO LPDJHV´

Wireless Personal Communications    

GRLV[

6LQJK$ . 0 'DYH DQG$ 0RKDQ  ³+\EULG

7HFKQLTXH IRU 5REXVW DQG ,PSHUFHSWLEOH 0XOWLSOH

:DWHUPDUNLQJ8VLQJ0HGLFDO,PDJHV´Multimedia Tools and Applications    GRL 

V

/LX5DQG77DQ³$Q69'EDVHG:DWHUPDUN

LQJ6FKHPHIRU3URWHFWLQJ5LJKWIXO2ZQHUVKLS´IEEE Transactions on Multimedia   GRL



/DL & & DQG & & 7VDL  ³'LJLWDO ,PDJH

:DWHUPDUNLQJ 8VLQJ 'LVFUHWH :DYHOHW 7UDQVIRUP DQG

6LQJXODU 9DOXH 'HFRPSRVLWLRQ´ IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement GRL

7,0

7KDNNDU ) 1 DQG 9 . 6ULYDVWDYD  ³$ %OLQG

0HGLFDO,PDJH:DWHUPDUNLQJ':769'%DVHG5REXVW

DQG 6HFXUH $SSURDFK IRU 7HOHPHGLFLQH $SSOLFDWLRQV´

Multimedia Tools and Applications GRL

V

 &KDR+& 7<)DQ 5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPHIRU0HGLFDO,PDJHV



=KRX;+=KDQJDQG&:DQJ³$5REXVW,PDJH

:DWHUPDUNLQJ7HFKQLTXH%DVHGRQ':7$3'&%7DQG

69'´SymmetryGRLV\P

+VX&6DQG<&+RX³&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ

6FKHPHIRU'LJLWDO,PDJHV8VLQJ9LVXDO&U\SWRJUDSK\DQG

6DPSOLQJ0HWKRGV´Optical Engineering

GRL

/RX'&-06KLHKDQG+.7VR³&RS\ULJKW

3URWHFWLRQ 6FKHPH %DVHG RQ &KDRV DQG 6HFUHW 6KDULQJ

7HFKQLTXHV´ Optical Engineering    GRL



:DQJ 0 6 DQG : & &KHQ  ³'LJLWDO ,PDJH

&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPH%DVHGRQ9LVXDO&U\SWRJ

UDSK\ DQG 6LQJXODU 9DOXH 'HFRPSRVLWLRQ´ Optical Engineering. GRL

5DZDW6DQG%5DPDQ³$%OLQG:DWHUPDUNLQJ

$OJRULWKP %DVHG RQ )UDFWLRQDO )RXULHU 7UDQVIRUP DQG

9LVXDO&U\SWRJUDSK\´Signal Process.

GRLMVLJSUR

6KDR=<6KDQJ5=HQJ+6KX*&RDWULHX[

DQG - :X  ³5REXVW :DWHUPDUNLQJ 6FKHPH IRU

&RORU ,PDJH %DVHG RQ 4XDWHUQLRQ7\SH 0RPHQW

,QYDULDQWVDQG9LVXDO&U\SWRJUDSK\´Signal Processing:

Image Communication.   GRL 

MLPDJH

:DQJ06DQG:&&KHQ³5REXVW&RS\ULJKW

3URWHFWLRQ6FKHPH%DVHGRQ'LVFUHWH&RVLQH7UDQVIRUP

DQG 6HFUHW 6KDULQJ 7HFKQLTXHV´ Journal of Electronic Imaging GRL

:X;DQG:6XQ³5REXVW&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ

6FKHPHIRU'LJLWDO,PDJHV8VLQJ2YHUODSSLQJ'&7DQG

69'´ Applied Soft Computing    GRL

MDVRF

)DQ7<%&&KLHXDQG+&&KDR³5REXVW

&RS\ULJKW3URWHFWLRQ 6FKHPH %DVHG RQ 9LVXDO 6HFUHW

6KDULQJ DQG %RVH&KDXGKXUL+RFTXHQJKHP &RGH

7HFKQLTXHV´ Journal of Electronic Imaging  

GRL-(,

6HHQLYDVDJDP9DQG59HOXPDQL³$45&RGH

%DVHG=HUR:DWHUPDUNLQJ6FKHPHIRU$XWKHQWLFDWLRQRI

0HGLFDO,PDJHVLQ7HOHUDGLRORJ\&ORXG´Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine  GRL



6K\X6-DQG+:-LDQJ³*HQHUDO&RQVWUXFWLRQV

IRU 7KUHVKROG 0XOWLSOH6HFUHW 9LVXDO &U\SWRJUDSKLF

6FKHPHV´IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security GRL7,)6

&KDR+&DQG7<)DQ³;25%DVHG3URJUHVVLYH

9LVXDO6HFUHW6KDULQJ8VLQJ*HQHUDOL]HG5DQGRP*ULGV´

Displays GRLMGLVSOD

/LX;5=KDR)/L6/LDR<'LQJDQG%=RX

³1RYHO 5REXVW =HUR:DWHUPDUNLQJ 6FKHPH IRU 'LJLWDO

5LJKWV 0DQDJHPHQW RI ' 9LGHRV´ Signal Processing:

Image Communication    GRL 

MLPDJH

&LSWDVDUL5:.+5KHHDQG.6DNXUDL³$Q

HQKDQFHG DXGLR RZQHUVKLS SURWHFWLRQ VFKHPH EDVHG RQ

YLVXDO FU\SWRJUDSK\´ EURASIP Journal on Information Security GRL;

6LQJK $ DQG 0 . 'XWWD  ³$ 5REXVW =HUR

:DWHUPDUNLQJ 6FKHPH IRU 7HOHRSKWKDOPRORJLFDO

$SSOLFDWLRQV´Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences $YDLODEOH RQOLQH  'HFHPEHU

GRLMMNVXFL

)DQ7<+&&KDRDQG%&&KLHX³0HGLFDO

,PDJH:DWHUPDUNLQJ%DVHGRQ9LVXDO6HFUHW6KDULQJDQG

&HOOXODU$XWRPDWD7UDQVIRUP IRU &RS\ULJKW 3URWHFWLRQ´

KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems 

GRLWLLV





Manuscript Received: May. 20, 2018 First Revision Received: Jun. 04, 2018 Second Revision Received: Feb. 18, 2019 and Accepted: Mar. 06, 2019