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運動課程介入對國小學童運動參與行為和健康信念影響之研究

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壹、緒論

一、問題背景與研究動機 近年來,由於媒體及醫學界對瘦身減重的宣導,國小學童對自己體型 之意識不再像以往薄弱,且在同儕認同壓力之下,逐漸重視自身體重控制的 問題。肥胖兒童因體型影響較不靈活,在同儕中常常是被取笑的角色,自幼 心理即會蒙上自卑感,對其日後心理的健康發展不利(Dietz,1998)。 適度而規律的運動或身體活動,對個人身心健康及社會,均有相當大的 助益。實證研究證實,規律運動可增強免疫力(Nash,1994)、降低血壓 (Motoyama 等人,1998)並維持或促進健康體適能(李彩華、方進隆,1998); 在心理方面,則可降低壓力及焦慮(Mondin, Morgan, & Piering,1996)。

呂昌明(1983)所謂健康信念模式指出健康信念模式中價值期待指的 是;個人希望藉著採取某些行動,來降低罹患性及嚴重性。 蕭雅竹(1994)探討衛生教育介入對高血壓個案知識、健康信念、遵從 行為影響,結果發現實驗組前後測的「罹患性認知」得分增加達到統計顯著 差異,而在「有效性認知」後測得分上,實驗組的得分高於控制組且達統計 上顯著差異,在「障礙性認知」部份,就各組前後測得分而言,兩組得分都 有增加,且有統計上的顯著差異,但以實驗組增加的幅度較大。

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康信念及運動社會支持,結過顯示:不同個人景因素的受試者在運動健康信 念的差異比較自覺健康狀況佳的受試者在「知覺運動利益」上高於自覺健康 狀況不佳的受試者;大專以上的受試者在「知覺運動利益」上高於國中(小) 的受試者。女性的受試者在「知覺運動障礙」上高於男性的受試者;自覺健 康狀況不佳的受試者在「知覺運動障礙」上高於自覺健康狀況佳的受試者。 女性的受試者在「行動線索」上高於男性的受試者;自覺健康狀況普通的受 試者在「行動線索」上高於自覺健康狀況佳的受試者;大專以上的受試者在 「行動線索」上高於國中(小)的受試者。大專以上的受試者在「知覺罹患病 的可能性」上高於國中(小)的受試者。 上述皆為有關運動參與行為及健康信念的相關研究,從中可發現: (一)過去的文獻均以國中以上為研究對象,本研究基於研究者本身為 國小教師,且國小學童是國家未來的主人翁且其可塑性相當高, 況且良好規律運動的生活型態有必要從小建立對於其未來的身 心發展及運動觀念的建立運動習慣的養成及運動技能的培養,影 響可謂深遠。 (二)運動參與行為的測量方式有很多種,但是基於國小學童的認知; 如何讓其判斷運動強度有其困難度,與本研究所得到的資料較不 能反應現況,因此計畫用比較簡單明瞭的方式來量化。

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貳、研究方法

一、研究架構 本研究的目的是藉由運動課程的介入,以增進學生的運動參與行為 及健康信念,主要變項有二個,如圖一 自變項 依變項 實驗組運動課程介入, 為期六週,每週二次; 每次四十分鐘,控制組 則不施予任何運動課程 介入 圖一 研究架構 二、研究對象 本研究以九十七學年度第一學期就讀於學童採立意取樣選取高雄 市○○國小四年級四個班學童參與本研究(男生 60 人,女生 68 人,共 計 128 人)。以班級為分為實驗組(共兩班 62 人)及控制組(共兩班 68 人)。 三、研究工具

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(三)以不同的組別(實驗組與控制組)及測驗別(前測與後測)為自變 項,健康信念模式問卷各構面(自覺運動障礙、自覺罹患疾病的 可能性、行動線索、自覺運動利益)為依變項,採混合設計二因 子變異數(Two-way ANOVA)分析加以考驗;若交互作用有顯著則 進行單純主要效果(simple main effect)考驗。

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參考文獻 呂昌明(1983)。所謂健康信念模式。健康教育,51,32-34。 李守義、周碧瑟、晏涵文(1989)。健康信念模式的回顧與前瞻。中華 衛誌,9(3),123-137。 李彩華、方進隆(1998)。十二週體能訓練對婦女健康體能與血脂肪之 影響。體育學報,26,145-152。 邱皓政(2000)社會與行為科學的量化研究與統計分析— SPSS 中文視 窗版資料分析範例解析。台北市:五南圖書出版公司。 林旭龍(2000)。應用跨理論模式於大學女生身體活動之主客觀評價的研 究。未出版博士論文,國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所,台北市。 高毓秀(2002)。職場員工運動行為改變計劃之實驗研究-跨理論模式之 應用。未出版博士論文,國立台灣師範大學,台北市。 張正發(2000)。台北縣新莊市國小學生家長運動參與行為及其影響因 素之研究。未發表碩士論文,國立體育學院體育研究所,桃園縣。 許泰彰(2000)。國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。未發表碩士 論文,國立體育學院體育研究所,桃園縣。 蕭雅竹(1994)。衛生教育介入對高血壓個案知識、健康信念、 遵從行為影響之探討。未發表碩士論文,國立臺灣大學護理學研究 所,台北市。 蘇怡菁(2005)。不同背景因素及運動階段之國小學童家長其運動健康 信念及運動社會支持之研究。未發表碩士論文,國立體育學院體育 研究所,桃園縣。

Becker, M. H., & Maiman,B.A. (1975) Sociobehavioral determinants of complianec with health and medical care recomme- ndations. Medical Care,13(1), 10-24.

Dietz,W.H. (1998). Health consequence of obesity in youth:Childhood predictor of adult disease.Pediatrics,101,518-525.

Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1987). The physical self-perception

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ExercisePsychology , 11, 408-430.

Mondin, G. W., Morgan, W. P., & Piering, P. N.(1996). Psychological consequence of exercise deprivation in habitual exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(9), 1199-1203.

Motoyama, M., Sunami. Y., Kinoshita. F., Kiyonaga. A., Tanaka.H., Shindo.M., Irie.T., Urata. H., Sasaki. J.,& Arakawa, K.(1998). Blood pressurelowering effectof low intensity aerobic training in elderly hypertensive patients. Medicineand Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(6), 818-823.

Nash, M. S. (1994). Exercise and immunology. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 26(2), 125-127

Naylor, P, J.,Simmonds, G.,Riddoch, C., Velleman, G., & Turton, P. (1999).Comparison of stage- matched and unmatched interventions to promote exercise behaviour in the primary care setting. Health Education Research, 14(6),653-666.

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The Research of the Influence of Intervention of Exercise Lecture to Exercise Participating Behavior and Health Belief of Elementary

School Students

Wu Yi-Hung 1 、 Lin Ching-Ho 2

、Lin Yaw-Feng1

National Ping- Tung University of Education 1 、Chinese Culture University 2

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research was to discuss how Intervention of Exercise Lecture can influence the Exercise Participating Behavior and Health Belief from

elementary school students. The participants of this research were selected from grade 4 students who studied in ? ? Elementary School, located at Zuo Ying District, Kaohsiung City. By purposive sampling, a total of 128 students from four different classrooms (60 male students and 68 female students) joined this

research. This research was designed by taking the measurements of control group and experimental group by using self-compiled Health Belief Measurement Chart before and after the experiment. 12 exercise lectures were

performed to the experimental group within 6 weeks. However, no exercise lectures involved in the control group during the same period of time. The independent variables were assigned to different groups (experimental group and

control group) and the action of taking measurements (pre-test and post-test). The dependent variables were assigned to whether or not Exercise Participating

Behavior was observed and different compilation (Barriers to Take Action, Perceived Susceptibility, Cues to Action, and Perceived Benefits of Action) of

The Relationship between Health Belief Model (HBM) of questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by Chisquare test, and Mixed design Two-way ANOVA. Simple Main Effect was performed if the correlation in the experiment

had reached a significant standard. This study significant level were a= .05. The results of this study show that: The experimental group significantly increases the total number of individuals(X2=4.308,p<.05), and between control group

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Action(F=14.28,p<.05), and the action of taking measurements of interaction effects wewe significant. The following conclusions were determined from the

research:

1. The intervention of exercise lecture significantly increases the total number of individuals who has Exercise Participating Behavior. 2. The Perceived Susceptibility, Cues to Action, Perceived Benefits of

Action of experimental group betters the control group after the intervention of exercise lecture. However, Barriers to Take Action of control group betters the experimental group. Thus, the intervention of exercise lecture can efficiently increase the Health Belief of the research participants.

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參考文獻

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