模糊邏輯應用於疲勞辨識系統 陳拓榮、吳建達
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
本論文主要是描述一個利用模糊邏輯判別駕駛人是否疲勞之安全警告系統(Drowsiness Warning System)。一般駕駛者在長途 駕駛或精神不佳的狀態下，眼皮常會因為疲憊而漸感沈重，注意力也開始漸漸不能集中，產生雙眼難以睜開、反應力下降
、注意力無法集中、連續打呵欠和汽車搖擺前行，儀表的判讀能力下降等情形。在這樣的情形下，便產生了潛在的肇事危 機。本系統的發展架構主要是利用裝置在儀表板上的攝影鏡頭，擷取車室影像。利用影像處理中色彩空間改變、影像像素 累加、影像平滑處理、影像灰階處理、影像二值化處理…等技巧由車室影像中抽取出駕駛人的臉部及眼睛位置，並計算眼 睛開和閉的次數。因為疲勞為非定量且主觀的判斷，因此我們利用眼睛開閉兩參數當作輸入參數，駕駛人生理狀態當輸出 參數，利用模糊邏輯(Fuzzy Logic)來計算駕駛人的疲勞程度，當疲勞時予以警示。
關鍵詞 : 疲勞警告 ; 車輛安全 ; 影像處理 ; 模糊邏輯
目錄
第一章 序論………1 1.1研究動機與目的………1 1.2相關 文獻回顧………2 1.3研究方法………7 1.4硬體描述…
………11 1.5論文架構………14 第二章相關技術探 討………15 2.1相關技術基本介紹………15 2.2影像處理…………
………15 2.2.1顏色分割………16 2.2.2灰階轉換………
………18 2.2.3平滑處理………19 2.2.4二值化處理………
………19 2.3疲勞判斷………21 2.3.1模糊邏輯………
………22 第三章 眼睛狀況判斷………24 3.1臉部偵測………
………25 3.2眼睛區域偵測………28 3.3眼睛位置搜尋………
………29 3.4眼睛開閉識別………30 第四章 使用模糊邏輯計算疲勞程度………
………33 4.1模糊邏輯規劃……...………33 4.2輸出及輸入變數歸屬度建立………
…34 4.3模糊化……...………37 4.4模糊規則之建立………38 4.5解模糊化………40 第五章 結論………42 5.1實 驗結果………42 5.2結論與討論………45 5.2未來研 究方向………46 參考文獻………48
參考文獻
1.H. Wei, W. Yong, M. Xuanqin and W. Yan, 2001, ”A cooperative fuzzy control method for traffic lights,” IEEE International Transportation Systems Conference Proceedings, pp.185-188. 2.A. L. Yuille, D. S. Cohen and P. W. Hallinan, 1989, ”Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates,” IEEE Computer society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.104-109. 3.V. Bakic, G. Stockman, 1998, ”Real-time tracking of face features and gaze direction determination,” IEEE Applications of Computer Vision, pp.256-257. 4.C. Lin and K.C. Fan, 2000, “Human Face Detection Using Geomeric Triangle Relationship,” Proceedings of the IEEE 15th Iternational Conference on Pattern Recognition,vol.2, pp.941-944. 5.K. Sobottka and I. Pitas, 1996, “Extraction of facial regions and features using color and shape information,” Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol.3, pp.421-425 6.J. Fukuda, E. Akutsu and K.
Aoki, 1995, “An estimation of driver’s drowsiness level using keeping,” JSAE, Review16, pp. 185-199. 7.H. Ueno, M. Kaneda and M.
Tasukino, 1994, ”Development of drowsiness detection system,” Vehicle Navigation and Information System Conference, pp.15-20. 8.C. A.
Perez, A. Palma, C. A. Holzmann and C. Pena, 2001, “Face and eye tracking algorithm based on digital image processing,” IEEE International Conference, Vol.2 , pp.1178-1183. 9.B. Cheng, M. Hashimoto and T. Suetomi, 2002,”Analysis of driver response to collision warning during car following,“JSAE, Review23, pp. 231-237. 10.K. Tanida, 2000,”Reducing the effects of driving fatigue with the adoption of a lane following assistance system” JSAE, Review21, pp. 241-263. 11.M. Seki, M. Shimotani and M. Nishida, 1998, ”A study of blink detection using bright pupils,” JSAE, Review19 pp.49-67. 12.T. Nakano, M. Mizuno, S. Yamamoto, K. Kimura and H. Tokunaga, 1994, “System for driver’s eye movement detection,” JSAE, Paper 9439438. 13.A. C. Valle and J. L. Dugelay, 2001, “Eye state tracking for face cloning,” International
Conference on Image Processing, pp.270-273. 14.S. H. Lin, S. Y. Kung and L. J. Lin, 1997, “Face Recognition /Detection by Probabilistic Decision-based Neural Network,” IEEE Transactions on neural networks, Vol. 8,no.1 pp.114-132. 15.H. C. Fu, P. S. Lai, R. S. Lou and H. T.
Pao, 2000, ”Face detection and eye localization by neural network based color segmentation,” IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop , Vol.2 pp.507-516. 16.S. Morishima, 2001, ”Face analysis and synthesis,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Intelligence, vol.18, pp.26-34. 17.K. M.
Lam and Y. L. Li, 1998, “An Efficient Approach for Facial Feature Detection,” Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on signal Processing,vol.2, pp.1100-1103. 18.T. Kawaguchi,D. Hidaka and M. Rizon, 2000, “Detection of eyes from Human Faces By Hough Transform and Separability Filter,” Proceedings of the IEEE Iternational Conference on Image Processing, vol.1, pp.49-52. 19.M. Rizon and T. Kawaguchi, 2000, “Automation Eye Detection Using Intnsity and Edge Information,” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on TENCON, vol.2,
pp.415-420. 20.W. B. Verwey and D. M. Zaidel, 1999, “Preventing drowsiness accidents by an alertness maintenance device,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.31 , pp.199–211. 21.A. Al-Qayedi, and A. F. Clark, 1999, “An algorithm for face and facial-feature location based on gray-scale information and facial geometry,” Proceedings of the IEEE 7th Iternational Conference on Image Processing and Its Applications, vol.2, pp.625-629. 22.K. Sugiyama, T. Nakano, S. Yamamoto, T. Ishihara, H. Fujii and E. Akutsu, 1996, “Method of detecting drowsiness level by utilizing blinking duration,” JSAE, Paper 9630273. 23.D. Chai and K. N. Nagan, 1999, “Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications,” Proceedings of theIEEE on Circuits and System for Video Technology, vol.9, pp.551-564. 24.X. Gang and T.
Sugimoto, 1998, ”Rits Eye: a software-based system for real-time face detection and tracking using pan-tilt-zoom controllable camera,”
Proceedings of the IEEE 14th Iternational Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol.2, pp.1194-1197. 25.M. Yeasin and Y. Kuniyoshi, 2000,
“Detecting and tracking human face and eye using an space-varying sensor and an active vision head,” Proceedings of the IEEE Iternational Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol.2, pp.168-173. 26.T. Ko and P.Bock, 2001,“Face detection and eye location using a modified ALISA texture module,” Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, pp.187-193. 27.林慶銘，”最新汽車控制技術”，全華 科技圖書股份有限公司，1998. 28.林宸生，”數位信號影像與語音處理”，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，1998. 29.潭永恒，”以數位影 像處理技術做人臉自動追蹤系統之研究”，國立成功大學碩士論文，2000. 30.鍾國亮，”影像處理與電腦視覺”，東華書局，2002. 31.
孫宗瀛，”FUZZY控制:理論實作與應用”，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，1999. 32.孫宗瀛、楊英魁、鄭魁香、林建德、蔣旭堂，”模 糊控制理論與技術”，全華科技圖書，2001.
