加拿大因應「北美自由貿易協定」勞動調整政策之初探：兼論對我國之政策意涵

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(2) g;gj,:fj'iE\(!J~. mi\JIl'J Bll!l87 f:F( 1998)5 F.l. A Preliminary study on Canadian Labor Adjustment Policies toward the NAFTA's Impact and Their Implications to the R.O.C. * Chih-Yu Cheng··. Abstract In coping with the impacts of trade liberalization and other economic structure changes, many industrialized countries would design and implement labor adjustment policies as responses, Canada is not exceptional. Therefore, the essay is focusing on the discussion of Canadian labor adjustment policies, in particular their direction and content. After the discussion, the essay would discuss what the R.O.C. would learn from Canadian experience. On the whole, the essay is divided into five sections, explaining the background of the essay, the reasons behind the Canadian participation in the NAFTA, the direction and content of Canadian labor adjustment policies, and Canadian experience that the R.O.C. could learn, respectively. Finally, the author makes suggestions to the decision makers of the R.O.C.. Key Words: Free Trade, Labor Adjustment, Canada, NAFTA. • The author wants to thank the Canadian government tor its financial support in the completion ofthis essay. ** Ph.D., Professor of Graduate Institute for Labor Research. National Chengchi University. \.

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(10) ~*rril3l~~. ~i\~. g~ 87 $( 1998)5 F3. l\ " ~JlI *ltlhDb wll~H.1~u~~m~H~~~~Ed!fliifilll~. :JIJL'. tJ~t~wll~}.rg±,. fLAn. 0. tE--7Ij\1iiftJlW ' ;/JD**S~~II**. ~;/Jo**If'F*~ (Canada Jobs. Strategy) J{Ur&J..:l-l!IlUij[lII~}.rg:JIJL\ -fLAfLif;/Jo***!iJJ1J~JNm~!~Mj£lftJ!flJ! 0. Wiwll~~:JIJL\~~II~l1~. , ~-?t~~~f!+H~W~II**:&fij~~m1iffi;/JotJ~1!J B;f;: ,. ~m1i?t~f*~~fW-®f'Ft!Wm1iffi. 0. 0. 11 " i1TlftliT.fifift~. ('.Ml~r~8Jt.tlfftUi§) *}.rg~IIJ1t~~}iHEljl~~I ' 1i#f;~I 10%ifjjf~fifi~~ ~~1n-fLt 1iif:~JLIf'Ff~.ht~IJ~~1i'i · fl1E:~~~jlI1if~fifi~~ [tt 19] -Jj~m}.rgI~5t~m*J5fif*m~*!iJJ~~i&m~~~~fifiW1iMft · ~i&!1i'i~ ®flfiWJ ' ~*~I1lJtJtE~~MfL91If~~*1:m~*t~ ~*fifiW1~iil±fI3i:~tM~ -lit ' ::f~~~~JJi{~}.rgfnJ ' ~ItE~~Mr[39ti~CJtJ~1~~*~1i'iNflfiW1 ~*fifi W1*1.®*~ , ~ft~f~f*W~ft1J.JJ::f- , @~EB~ji~1Jj:t:~~JtfDWIffl[lIIH ItffilHfi1!J ' H!~~1J.~~*~~fifiW1*tlfts~j:t:~¥-fM [tt 20] !ME?& ' wf1J.I*5t~~*tm~~~fifiW1*tlft ' @~ , mtE~~fltHJJJ*Uft~~W Jt~J~~::f~ fNll~H~~t ' 4!tfiI*5t~m*mtE~!iJJ~~i&* (~~*fifiW1)-ag ~.~~r:J1:~~mt (GDP) ® O. 95%¥tl 3. 07% ; ;ltcp , EB1n4!t~~iIJ~~i&mag i&ri:nioJ®::f~ , mtE~~fifiW1~lt~tlt!!.lZSlfffj~pJT~J1 (~~%~-) ~tl~D ' fLj\-tif ';/JO***iIJ~~i&*J5fi1l!ms~~w ~r:J1:~~~® 2.24% ' ;ltcpffl tE~*fJEllUtlts~~W1:iTJfJfCi 25% ' ;lt~ 75%t~JtltE~~flfiW1m~J:: ;ltflB~m ~ 70%~*iIJ~~~tlt*1WJtl1n~*fifiW1~~*~~t15~~' B*' t*~fD~* flj52~ , CJ%4!t~tm;f§11t:JI~!ft.~*flfiWJ*Uft®JjJ~~W}Ejtso [tt 21] ~;lt~ , ~ *flfiWJ*tlftB~CP11¥-fJiH!~~I*5t~~*~~f*m®:JI~JJi{1ZSl B?& ' ~*fifiW1 *tlgtR~1if~~~Mr[3~~*1:m®f¥1f!1! ' f.§.~ , t!!.CJtJt51?jH~~~~JNfDfij~~agag 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. :JIJ!~~o. \. 0.

(11) J]o*;*;:.!tlJ!!. ~~. r. jt~§ ffiiil!)5tEj'iE J ~11J~!'!i&m;Zf}JI~. : *Mi~1ff.~;Zil\lm~;1l!i. : I~5t~~*~iIJ~!i1E~.Ci~IXJ~~=emtt:t:l!!&lt~m~~rlG : 1987 GDP .tt:l!! (%) ~i1J~m~.~m&'HJC.tt:l!! (%) * ~~fJE~mn~. PJT1~fjcWJm~. ~. ~. 3.07. . 24. 76. Jjffi. Hlt .".". 70. 30. ~. ~. 2.66 2.57. 35. g§. f!!. 2.34. 110 $: * ~ *- flJ 5l!. 2.24 1. 53. 65 58 75 79. ~. ~. B. *. 0.83 0.59. ~~~~:. 42 25 21 29 29. ,. 71. 71. Trebilcock, Michael. et.al. 1990. Trade and Transition. (New York: Routledge). pp.131-132.. :1J[1$:*-M;7m#t~~~I-~'I1I¥J~~MWJ?7~. ~~.MWJoM~'~-A~E. , ~*~~)E~~m#t-$~~ti. -At~~.~~~.gWJMMfi. (Transitional Assistance Benefits Programme). ~~~:1J[1$:*--~~Rlfig~. (Canada-US Auto Pact) tti.l¥JRlfi~~~I¥J~ Im#tM3i511JJliiMf1 ; ~-A -t;-:¥.-AJ\=~.~I¥J~!i1EMl,WJMM1Wil. (Adjustment Assistance Benefi ts. Programme) m#tK1J~ , RX::& ' ~¥iWEtiJ~~~ttE +E~J;)J:I¥J~ImEf!iE!1*. MM ; ~-AJ\=~.~I¥J~iIJ~!i1EMM~t. (Labour Adjustment Benefits Programme) ~U~*~r:pfiib~~Im#tIi?7~~mEf!iE!1*MM ~iIJ~!i1EMMfi.~ 0. ~~W~iIJ~!i1EgHI. 1¥J-:g~f51. (Industrial and Labour Adjustment Programme). '. ~~~~)EttB~~~~~Im#tWII~Ml,WJ' ffi.~~~' iTJifm~~®If'Ft!f1EU~~ -~$~Ml,WJ~tlf. 0. ra22]. M~. , ~~MWJifjti1.I~WJ~~:PIf'Ft!flf§f~RX*®If'Ft!fll¥JfJl~ , fIt~ , ~.MWJ$tl1.If:t~:P}it~ilJt! '~iIJ:tJtltiIJ®If'Fm)Ell1~flit1:tti. fIU'liJf~ , tt:1J[1$:*-*.n~$f(~~~$IJ1.I2~ifi:iW ' :1J[1$:*-I¥J~.~~ifjti1.If:t~~i1J rtJ ~~!i1Et! 0. \. -11.

(12) ~;\;JTl&~~. m/\PJl §!.rgm 87 $( 1998)5 ~. ffjtl&ffiF~r:1f~OOEn~~. • ~@~OO~~§tJ5 : m- , ME~~~IF-jra' ;. -,. ~¥!{flj. ; m-=- ' ~f~~~~Wf,E&IJittf!~3tfF~t1IF-jI/j::&1'.JEa~I fFf!ff ; mmlZY ' ~H~~fii1!{ , PJ¥!{1m*** I§~JJ;!I±Hnf!1'/j:1'flJEit~~~ • ftJl:t ' 1.10**~JMe~itm~~f1Jimf'*ftf: ' ~f,E&~H~~ , ~:p~HlF-jra'fo~r~ ttf!~~H~~~[ti]J!t~fi~lE ' PJa~@~~f*\WiffjtlmJ:J,ttEn~~ [U 23] ~ 7 ~~tmWJffjtlJ!t)7'" - fLA01f1-t~9a ' 1.10**m19a1l~!fl.A.1Jwll_W1iJ~1II _\HIt 8:L%~JJlf!ffijwll** (Insti tutiona1 Training) ft1nm~~l~*WIjf71<. ~~RX:5&1'&1n1£liwll~ (On-the- job Training) , G§J1t ' 1.1o**.A.1JIDII**W . . ~ 1iJIDII~~tlt~PJtmWJ1£.wll*,*~m{,\ :tJt:ii1: §-fLAli4I f'F1fi~ (Canadian Jobs Strategy) .~PJ* ' 1m**.A.1JIDII~W1iJWIl_~HIHf~~PJtE.wll~~lI;(:,\ • IF-jtim{filF-jra,a~ttf1m. 0. 0. 0. [tt 24]. Af '. Wf.t~e9i&~~;iJ. ~tft1.10**±~En*!I1Jf.iJ~iE~1fi1.1oPJ~mtz.f&. ' -:q;g I.A.OOiOOa~~Jl!!~ : 1.10*. *En~~~nJJ@"~mf~~~~~En? ~nffiJ~ 'PX1:='..!i~1.10***~~OJ~~~Z. 11&:. - , * ' Ji ' iE~=1.i~[QJ~Wit~§~~If'FEnmltJ ; - ' ~~tmWJ~Wit~§~~fO.~wll_=~:fEl:a:*6fi ' f!:l~MfiiJ~~~~f*~ ffjIJJ!t~OOEnfij.~7'PJlIff!fl ; -=- ' f!tfijIDII_W1£liIDII~Enfl~f~~JJ! 7'PJ~ -tj7i1iffl :&~~ifB ~?& ' ~OJ:a~1,U~ , 1.1D**En~~1':ii1:ntE-En ' I~?t~~**ItJ~~~m. ~EnRX:~mJJ!~i5 [PJ~~ ?&ffiJ ' ft~~ffiJ~l" ' El31n1.10** § t:fW~~fim § £Eft . ~~PJ*it1?:\@iOO~M;W~§EI31tEnftiR;fOm!iiJ: ' tJo**I29H!En~~!M?&f:gH~mff~· jfJ.PJT~~[l , ~~iQ1EOO~W~§EI31tft*IJJffj~Fff~~EnfijR 1£~~tJOAtit ff- Jl ~m~Z. f& ' IUlmf.iJ~~fff{~~~ft*ltJm~~px!M~a~fljR • flHl~~mmliJf 0. 0. 0. ~ [tt 25] '§~=:&~-=-*fi*Dff;:' 1£~1LMra'm!!!~$r'lUlm~~~ 36%&~i§ $r'f.iJ~ 38%I\IMJ!ta~ml5rf ' 1'~:ii1:1£ItiIJEIHt*mtlJ!t~r~!I1JIHt*ffj!JJ!t~ , tJOAtit. ff- Jl ~m~ft~~*lJJm~PJT~RX:Enfli.~lt**1:fEljqJ • f~~tlifj-~~RX:~~li~.A tr:k:i~~~ · ffiJ1tCPPJ!!!~&.~~~OO§r.t1'~.~1:t'~11flJ~En*J]f&PI~ffi~. -12.

(13) no:*7:~If! rjt~§El3ji~1Kil}EJ ~ilJ~~i&l:Il:;:zm~. : *~nf.~~;:Zi&l:Il:~)P.E. B~~fl~*. " lll*fr~JEIli*mUIt~t¥J1iHW1't1:$t(*itj;U 32,525 A ' ft!i~Ill*~iJJ fJt¥J 3. 24% " fff:ifr7¥iJJlli*mtlIt~ , 1ll*€fBr5~1iHWHi:$t(*:f.f 33, 982 A ' ft!illl* J]t*ADt¥J 3.38% " Jflil*fff:i~ , fr~JEIli*mtlIt~~~WJ:$t(*:f.f 4, 742 A ' ft!i ~~*AD~ 8. 41% ; fff:i7¥iJJlli*~~1iHW1:$t(*:f.f 4, 347 A 'ft!i~~*'ADt¥J 7.71 %0 ~W1Ii.W1iHW1Ii.f[IJllltF~FFITIJ. " -~fff:i j§. '~WJ~flj.~~WJ~Ii.~/J\. ~~I!l~*~rJ\'afr~WJt¥J~;I\rJ?~It~?g~ § ~~~*~~ff!;pJT~Ii.t¥JfjIt. ,. 0. JJl~nrt)Ef3~=t¥J*5*IJi!~j;U. " ~-=:.~*s*~~ , 1ll*€fBr5&iI*$r5t¥J:$t(*i1irJ? :tE~M~lt~M;fD~-® " Ilt:9~ , fr~M~ , ~o*"*nrt)~~px~~~15 ' Ef3~~ ~*ffi~~llit¥J*iJJfJnr~Ef3~~~~~~*~~~~,,~.~=~~*.~,:$t( *AD*$f5t~Ef3~ItlliD~i§*ffi~~ *lliJJllliD.~fff:iEIJi§lli 52,031. 33, 473 f~~*M*. 0. :tE~JEI1i*muIt~11ijjt. MIf'FM*". fff:i:tE7¥mtJlli*~. , ~Itlli. , ~~*1)\~~1J1J. 0. ~= ~. ImfJUjJ~~Jf~~. ~*ADIj. ~fl. UL:A. If: mtJ Ili $ mu Il. ~;EIli*lMIl. 1iH €fB r~ iI*$r~ ~Itlli. DB*~i§. ff!; It. WJ. -32, 525 -4,742. -33,982 -4,347. -26, 766 -3,943. 0 -1, 957. -29, 165 -3,751 52,031 -746. 0 1, 131. 0 0 0 -9,890. 942 3, 135 8, 606 -11, 956. 0 0. 33,473 -1. 552 117 4, 123 3, 902 -9,355. -49,114. 0. ~i§*. ~It~D~. *. ?£~i§*. W~mii~* ~~W ~Hri!~ :$t(*AD~~. ~. M. W1. 0 -12,280 -51, 741. ~. M. 0. .M*.:px~~W'~A+~~'1J1JAlmm.W~.=Jf~~~.1m f*'~.~UJf~. , ff~~~I~jt*~~£liJf~ , 1@! 45 " -13.

(14) ~;:l\:{riI!l~~. ?gi\/lll. gI!l87'CF(1998)5J"l. '$<.:=. ~:ilIDlf}U1~ ~~ f!G ~ iI:. ~~A D ~. ffY IE I! * ffiO J!. m ~~$r~. -3. 24% -8.41% 0 -0. 86% 0 0 0 -2.16%. fI~$r~ ~lltfjD~. ~. ll~D~~~. ~D~*1M~~. {JI; J! W~ 1M ~ ~ W~m~f1j~ ~pW ~g~f1j~. Ji*l*?l : Ii'il'$<.- '. M. ~ 45. ~. M. -2.90% -6.65% 2. 70% -0. 33% -0. 35% 0.77% -0. 23% -2.61%. l¥J B 51*. r1 !Ill] m$ ffiU J! m M M -3. 38% -7.71% 0 -1. 50% 0 0 0 -2. 68%. -2. 66% 6. 99% 1. 73% 0.69% O. 04% 1. 01% O. 10% -2. 04%. 0. '$<.~&'$<.E~itftlilm~~1&7~l¥J~Dl*~fJm{tl¥J~* ' m~~!IlIJ$~ffi~ ~U8"JfJj.tE~J!l:,fI?&1:t'$<.=~'$<.:=.t¥7m{t~,fltf • '$<.[9&'$<.EiflB'gI~Jlm~ , :f ~tEtiMml!$ffiUJ!r ' mMt¥7fJj.~~~ts~f~ , f!G~t¥7~*=~ADjj~U+[9;§tA. !-:Jl: ;!tifl ' 1J:I~~j;).~&fI~~mMW~&iI:~FfT~~Ul¥J~rm~~ft* tE[1iJj£ l!$ffitlJ!r ' .~B'gmM*=~jj~n 96,470 A ' {ti;!t~~~ADt¥7 9.60% ; liI~l¥J mM*=~1f 12, 589 A ,{tilil~~~A0t¥71:t17tl~jj 22.33%' tEr-¥!IlI]I!*t¥7'MDl ' .~tmr~t¥7mM*=~1f 98,892 A ' f~~P.I~gt~ADB'g 9.84% ; if~B'gmM*=~ lif; 11,932 A ' fti;!tgt~ADB'g 21. 16% • 0. 0. Ii'ilflttB ' tE~M8"J11JDlr ' ~J!tfjD~~~$r~~g&1&JtB~~iI:~ffi~~tfj 8"J*tm51~!IlI]1J • tE[1iJj£I!*r ' ~tttfjD~~~~f!Gm1JD/\:t!t5i!W~mIH&~tfj JJ!~llpx~fffiarJtfj 204, 985 @lI{'F~W1 ; fffitEr¥!IlI]I!$r ' !'mau~tfj 91, 647 @lgt ~~W1' IttJ~ , tE~MW1tfjm~r'iiUJ!px~B'g~fJI;J!W~~~~ , W~n~~~tEr¥1IJJ l!*ffiUllr1)\tfjm*lfopx~. •. -14.

(15) JJO*ji;~Jl! rjt~§E13~~1iI1:iEJ ~1tJ~l\l!i&~;Zm~. ~[9. - *l,jUml!i?J;Zi&~~)@. Immjijl.a~ntlilt~~*~*.A.DJt:Z~.. ¥lli: .A. B!iI~liI$ffiUf.i. R*gj)r~. f!I*~Br~ f,iijf.itHD~~*. ~f.i~D~m* ~D~%1-~~*. 1ltNfl~~~* fl~gIU$* ;j~fl~g~~*. ~*.A.D~f& Jifl*1J§,:n::u~=,. ~Ii. ?iff M -96,470 -12,589 0 -3,815 0 0 0 -28,324 -141, 198 47. * W3 -92,801 -9, 968 204,985 1, 203 -8, 145 6,818 -61, 527 -40,565 0. I~mDliI$ffiUf.i. *. ?iff W3 -98,892 -11,9320 -2,274 0 0 0 -32,965 -146,064. W3 -78,067 -10,749 91, 647 -3,414 -592 13,293 13,207 -25,324 0. 0. Immfifi7~Wilt~~*~*.A.D~.B"JB 5t$. .*gj)r~. f!I*~B r~ ~NtHD~~* f.lJN~D~~*. i!D~¥~~* 1ltNW~~~* fl~g~~* ;j~W~g~~*. Jifl*1J§, : n::u~= ' fi 47. * *. fliJ ~ III ffiU N ~ W3 W3 -9.60% -9.23% -22.33% -17.68% 10.62% 0 -1. 68% 0.53% 0 -3.01% 0 1. 67% 0 -1.61% -6.19% -8.86% 0. -15. l~ mD Iii ~. W3 -9.84% -21. 16% 0 -1. 00% 0 0 0 -7.20%. *ffiU N W3 *-7. 77% -19.06% 4. 75% -1. 51% -0.22% 3.26% 0.35% -5. 53%.

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(20) mf\M. g;g;\;Jj'iB1"!i~. ~~. 87 :q:( 1998)5 F.l. , f;f1iNltittif.d~i&*Jj]~gB~~f!fi1E.f5tiJi[m~fi'jf3 ~llt ' ~~f*~ ifi!JJ.I ~&!ftttE;}j~ ffflf!! , WJt~it~D~fjH~fpj~&!ftpJGJL ' j;:)J§~~CP9HJi!:ttaJj$m~-fI]it*D~ 0. 0. m~*~ttl5~rQ'~ ~t. 0. ' ~$~;lt'8~~~4~ ~if~JfiTj;:)j!ftiHt. '. , iMn~;}jif.d~JL1* ' l!~HHlt~tittWffHJ11B~~ j;:)1*I~~~fffPJB~~~fiifpj~~W~~~iIj.. [~. 0. ~]. 1 ' Rudolph, Barbara. 1992. "Megamarket." Time. August 10. p.43. 2, Carbaugh, Robert J. 1992. International Economics. 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.) p.65. 3 ' Lea, Sperry. 1987. "A History Perspective." in Stern, Robert M. et.a!. ed. Perspectives on A U.S.-Canadian Free Trade Agreement. (Ottawa, Ontario: The Institute for Research on Public Policy.) pp.12-14. 4 '. 3 ' pp.28-29. 0. 5 ' ~li!1L '~ff~f!fM~. f!±)'. 45. , 1993 '. ~t~E3EEW~m:@*m=¥mr,. Utffi:. cp~~~tBJt&. 0. 6 'Nymark, Alan & Verdun, Emmy. 1994. "Canadian Investment and NAFTA." in Rugman, Alan M. ed. Goreign Investment and NAFTA. (Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press.) pp.130-131. 7'. 6 ' p.131. 0. 8 ' Haces, Maria Teresa Gutierrez. 1995. "Canada-Mexico: The Neighbour'S Neighbour. in Randall, Stephen & Konrad, Kerman W. ed. NAFTA in Transition. (Calgary, Alberta: Univ. of Calgary Press.) p.57. 9 '. [EJ'tl 8. ' p.58. 0. 10 ' [EJ~± 8 ' p.61. 0. 11 ' [EJ~± 6 ' P.140 12 '. [EJ'tl. 0. 5 ' j[ 46-47. 0. 13 ' Shaiken, Harley. 1994. "The New International Division of Labor and Its Impact on. \. -20.

(21) <. f. f';. c·. t. K. JJO*j;::~1l! rjt~§El3~~tKh:<E~ ~iIJ~MiBl:~;Zm~. : *~!1fi~;Zi&~)lbi!. Unions: A Case Study of High-Tech Mexican Ezport Production." in Belanger, Jacques et.al. ed. Workplace Industrial Relations and the Global Challenge. (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.) pp.225-226. 14, ~~113 ' 1'[236. 0. 15 ' TI}8;t*B"JiiJfjg'lW75Lfi~ll ~~*$t:lG¥tlI1'F~Wl. 0. '. -~tEW-)'cI1'FB"J~*$t:lG¥tlI1'F~Wl. ~&i~fuJlliiJfjg. ' =~tE~. , ~1h~~iE~*~mDfMi~~~iiJ~~. B"Jo 16, Trebilcock, Michael. et.al. 1990. Trade and Transition. (New York:Rolitledge). p.120. 17, Howse, Robert. 1993. "The Case for linking A Right to Adjustment with the NAFT A." in Lemco Jonathan.et.al.ed. Tie Beyond Trade: Labor & Environment Issues Under the NAFTA. (Toronto: Howarth & Smith Typesetting & Printing Ltd.) pp.80-86. 18 ' ~tl16 ' pp.124-153. 0. 19 ' ~tl16 ' pp.124-160. 0. 20 ' ~~116 ' p.131. 0. 21 ' ~tl 16 ' pp.131-132. 0. jtftg~*~DJffil~ , f!~}ij:tE*=*flIHtf]ilitll.i*~.B"Jltf9tl~1j. 7t5JIj~Ef7tZ -+WEf7tZ1i+1\. 22 ' ~tl16 ' pp.133-134. 0. 23 ' ~tl16 ' pp.134-135. 0. 0. 24, Wannacott, Ronald. 1987. Canadian and U.S. Adjustment Policies in a Bilateral Trade Agreement. Published by Canadian-American Committee. pp.35-36. 25 ' pxZ*1~. , ~/\ +I2!ISf ' :lJDAlmm~W~~mf:tft~~JiIm1*~~zuJfJ'C ' ff. iE~~~I~ ~ Wl~~HJf~. 0. 26 ' Grahl, John. & Teague, Paul. 1992. "Integration Theory and European Labour Markets." British Journal of Industrial Relations. 30(4):515. 27 ' ~'I~/J9J. '. ~/\+1\Sf' rmt*mH;1J!J!i5tWW{~J. '. ~i::x:~~tnffif!Z~~I~~. Wl~*IDII~~:±1j}V\+1\SfI.i~.m:*mH;1JI1'F'§~Wl. 28 ' ~~~B=?~~,~tJN~ *WIDII~. , +- fj. 29 ' ~~116 ' p.143. '&. 4. 0. , ~/\ + --=.Sf' r :lJDAImW~thhWgt*~~iE~*~J!ln J ' gt ,. W22-25. 0. 0. 30 ' Dilts,David A.et.aI.1994. "Labor Standards & North American Free Trade:Economic \. -21.

(22) ~:x:fJi&~~. ~j"\JIJl. §\(giJ. 87 ~(1998)5. ,Ej. Dybamics or Dilemmas?"Labor Law Journal. July. pp.445-448. 31 ' Howse, Robert. 1993. "The Case for Linking a Right to Adjustment with the NAFTA." in Lemco, Jonathan & Robson, William B.P. ed. Tie beyond Trade: Labor. & Environment Issues under the NAFT A. (Toronto, Ontario: Howarth & Smith Typesetting & Printing Ltd.) p.86.. -22.

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