SLD(Stuttering-Like-Disfluency)
的由來
楊 淑 蘭
國立屏東師範學院特殊教育學系副教授
行 為 定 義 例 子 遲疑(hesitation) 在說話過程任何沒有緊張 的停頓 I_ am going home. 破碎的字 字中不應出現的停頓 說出部分的字 I am g_oing home 重複(repetition) 字的部份重複 (PRW) 字的重複 片語的重複 I am g going. I am am going. I am I am going. 插入(interjection) 使用和要說的話無關的聲 音、音節和字 I er er am ah going. 拉長聲音(prolonged sounds) 難以接受的拉長聲音,經常 出現在的開始 I am s-s-s-so late. 不合節律的說話 (Dysrhythmic phonation) 因不適當的重音,時間或加 速而扭曲字間的節律性 I am going (在標示文 法部分提高音量) home. 緊張(tension) 在字之間或字的部分或插 入部分可聽出的不正常呼 吸或肌肉的緊張 I am (強迫性呼 吸)going home.
修正和改變 文法或內容 I am, I was going.
不完整的片語 未能完整說出已經說出話
的文法單位
I am- but not today.
數接近最低次數的 0,而非最高次數的 11,但仍比中數小。 1955 年之後,這時的錄音設備較為進步,另一波研究開 始,開始時採用 Johnson 和同僚發展的不順暢評定系統, 後來 Williams, Silverman 和 Kolls 加以修正(如前文列 舉)。Yairi 和他的學生也使用 Williams 等人的評定系統於 在 他 們 早 期 的 研 究 中 (Yairi & Clifton, 1972; Yairi & Jennings, 1974; Yairi, 1981)。
此切截點就在 3SLD/100 音節。
四、SLD 是一個有效度的指標
Paden, and Throneburg (1996)追蹤口吃兒童三年,其中 早恢復和晚恢復的兒童各十位,開始時平均有 12.50 SLD/100 音節,但十八個月之後只剩 3.98 和 2.46 SLD/100 音節,第三組是未恢復組,開始時 8.27 SLD/100 音節,最 後追蹤是 7.07 SLD/100 音節,最後測試時是 8.16 SLD/100 音節。Ryan (1990)未出版的研究也發現不順暢頻率驟降的 現象,其他的研究也報告過高的自發性恢復率(參考楊淑 蘭,民 90)。Yairi, Ambrose & Niermann (1993)研究中 SLD 由 11.99 到 6.34 到 4.46/100 音節,而其他的不順暢 指標仍然沒有變(分別是 5.42, 6.45, 5.03)。由長期的研究 也證實 SLD 是一個可以敏銳測量口吃改變的指標。
者對口吃內容不同的見解和使用的稱呼,因此看清何種測 量工具或指標才是最適用於說中文的口吃者所使用有待臨 床工作及研究者明智的抉擇。
參考書目
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Brown, S. F. (1938b). A further study of stuttering in relation to various speech sounds. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 24, 390-397.
Brown, S. F. (1938c). The theoretical importance of certain factors influencing the incidence of stuttering. Journal of Speech Disorders, 3, 223-230.
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Johnson, W. & Brown, S. F. (1935). Stuttering in relation to various speech sounds. The Quarterly Journal of Speech, 481-496.
Johnson, W., Young, M. A., Sachs, J. L., & Bedell, G. N. (1959). Effects of hyperventilation and tatany on speech fluency of stutterers and nonstutterers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 2, 203-215.
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Silverman, F. H. (1974). Disfluency behavior of elementary-school stutterers and nonstutters. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 5, 3.
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Taylor, I. K. (1966b). What words are stuttered? Psychological Bulletin, 65, 233-242.
Williams, D. E., Daley, F. L., & Spriesterbach, D. C. (1978). In F. L. Daley, , & D. C. Spriesterbach, (Ed.), Diagnostic Method in Speech Pathology. New York: Haper & Row.
Yairi, E. (1997). Disfluency characteristics of childhood stuttering. In R. F. Curlee and G. M. Siegel (Eds.) Nature and Treatment of Stuttering: New Directions. Needham Height: Allyn & Bacon.
Nonstuttering Mandarin Speaking Preschool Children and Adults. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at
Champaign-Urbana, IL.
楊淑蘭 (民 90):自發性恢復。屏師特教,第二期,40-45 頁。