Discovering Computers 2010

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Living in a Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2010

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Objectives Overview

Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard

Describe the control unit and arithmetic logic unit components of a processor, and explain the four steps in a machine cycle

Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data

Explain how program instructions transfer in and out of memory

Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4

See Page 209 2

for Detailed Objectives

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Objectives Overview

Differentiate among the various types of memory

Describe the purpose and types of expansion slots and adapter cards, and differentiate among slots for various removable flash memory devices Differentiate between a port and a connector, and explain the differences among a USB port, FireWire port, Bluetooth port, SCSI port,

Describe the types of buses in a computer

Explain the purpose of a power supply and describe how it keeps cool Understand how to clean a system unit on a computer or mobile device

See Page 209 3

for Detailed Objectives

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The System Unit

• The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data

Page 210 4 Figure 4-1

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The System Unit

• The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:

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The System Unit

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit

– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

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Processor

• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer

– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Page 213 7

Multi-core processor

Dual-core processor

Quad-core processor

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Processor

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Processor

• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer

• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs

arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Page 214 9

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left

navigation,

then click Control Unit below Chapter 4

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Processor

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

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Processor

• Most current personal computers support

pipelining

– Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it

completes the machine cycle for the first

instruction

Pages 215 – 216 11 Figure 4-6

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Processor

The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions

Page 216 12

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Processor

• The leading

manufacturers of personal computer

processor chips are Intel and AMD

Pages 216 – 217 13 Figure 4-7

navigation,

then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4

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Processor

• Determine how you plan to use a new computer before selecting a processor

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Processor

• A processor chip

generates heat that

could cause the chip to burn up

• Require additional cooling

– Heat sinks

– Liquid cooling technology

Pages 219 - 220 15 Figures 4-9 – 4-10

navigation, then click Liquid Cooling

below Chapter 4

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Processor

• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or task

– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors

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Data Representation

Page 221 17

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Data Representation

A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the

presence or absence of an electrical charge

Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte

represents a single character in the computer

Page 221 18

Figures 4-12 – 4-13

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Data Representation

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) is the most widely used coding

scheme to represent data

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Data Representation

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Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data

• Stores three basic categories of items:

Page 223 21

The operating system and other system software Application programs

Data being processed and the resulting information

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Memory

• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)

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Memory

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Pages 223 - 224 23

Volatile memory

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Memory

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Memory

• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Magnetoresistive

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Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots

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Memory

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan to use

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Memory

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

navigation,

then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 4

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Memory

Read-only memory

Page 228 29

navigation, then click ROM below Chapter 4

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Memory

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten

– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power

Pages 228 – 229 30 Figure 4-23

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Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory

– Measured in nanoseconds

Page 229 31

Figures 4-24 – 4-25

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• An expansion slot is a

socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card

• An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or

provides connections to peripherals

– Sound card and video card

navigation,

then click Video Cards below Chapter 4

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them

Pages 230 – 231 33 Figure 4-27

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• Removable flash memory includes:

– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules

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Ports and Connectors

Page 232 35

navigation, then click Digital Audio Port

below Chapter 4

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Ports and Connectors

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Ports and Connectors

• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides

Pages 232 - 233 37 Figure 4-30

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Ports and Connectors

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Ports and Connectors

• A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector

– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub

navigation,

then click USB Ports below Chapter 4

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Ports and Connectors

• Other types of ports include:

Pages 234 - 236 40

Firewire

Bluetooth

SCSI port

eSATA

IrDA port

Serial port

MIDI port

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Ports and Connectors

A Bluetooth wireless port

adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port

A smart phone might

communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port

Page 235 41

Figures 4-33 – 4-34

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Ports and Connectors

• A port replicator is an external device that

provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device

• A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device

navigation,

then click Docking Station

below Chapter 4

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Buses

• A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other

– Data bus – Address bus

• Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time

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Buses

• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses

• Common types of expansion buses include:

Page 238 44

PCI bus

PCI Express bus

Accelerated Graphics Port USB and FireWire bus PC Card bus

navigation,

then click FireWire below Chapter 4

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Bays

• A bay is an opening

inside the system unit in which you can install

additional equipment

– A drive bay typically holds disk drives

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Power Supply

Page 239 46

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Putting It All Together

Home

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Putting It All Together

Power

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Keeping Your Computer or Mobile Device Clean

Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year

Page 240 49

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Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine

50

CLICK TO START

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Summary

Components of the system unit

How memory stores data, instructions, and information

Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today How to clean the exterior and interior of a system unit