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Osteosarcoma of the Mandible in a Patient with Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia and Li–Fraumeni Syndrome: A Rare Coincidence

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https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01223-2 CASE REPORTS

Osteosarcoma of the Mandible in a Patient with Florid Cemento- Osseous Dysplasia and Li–Fraumeni Syndrome: A Rare Coincidence

Simon Haefliger1  · Dorothee Harder2 · Michal Kovac1 · Karin Linkeschova3 · Harald Eufinger3 · Daniel Baumhoer1

Received: 7 August 2020 / Revised: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020

© The Author(s) 2020

Abstract

Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is the most common benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws and generally considered non-neoplastic and self-limited. Here, we present a 30-year old female who noticed a bilateral swelling of her posterior mandible with irregular periapical mineralization and incomplete root resorption on panoramic radiographs. A biopsy revealed florid COD and no further treatment was initiated. 9 years later, she presented with a progressive expansion of her left posterior mandible after being treated for bilateral breast cancer 4 and 8 years before. CT scans showed expansile and densely mineralized lesions in all four quadrants with the left posterior mandible showing a focal penetration of the buccal cortical bone. Biopsies revealed an osteoblastic high-grade osteosarcoma in the left and a COD in the right mandible, nota- bly with cellular atypia in the spindle cell component. The patient underwent segmental resection of the left mandible with clear margins and adjuvant chemotherapy. Subsequent genetic testing identified a heterozygous germline TP53 mutation (p.V173G) which confirmed the clinically suspected Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). 3 years after the resection, the patient is free of disease and the other foci of COD remained stable in size on follow-up imaging analyses. Our case illustrates LFS-related osteosarcoma developing within florid COD. Given the rarity of this coincidence, a causative relation between the two lesions seems unlikely but in patients with tumor predisposition syndromes it might be advisable to closely monitor even benign lesions like COD.

Keywords Osteosarcoma of the mandible · Li–Fraumeni syndrome · Cemento-osseous dysplasia

Introduction

Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws comprise cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD), ossifying fibroma (OF) and craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (FD) which can present histologically simi- lar but show distinct clinical and imaging features. The most common member of this group is COD which has a predilec- tion for middle-aged women of African descent. It is gener- ally considered a non-neoplastic and self-limited, tumor-like

lesion. Three subtypes can be distinguished depending on anatomic distribution: periapical COD affects the apical areas of the mandibular incisors and can be multifocal, focal COD is centered around a solitary tooth excluding the mandibular incisors and florid COD shows multiquad- rant involvement. On imaging, lesions initially present lytic but progressively mineralize over time from the center to the periphery leaving a sharply delineated, dense sclerosis after full maturation [1–3]. Typically, COD is not expan- sile and asymptomatic, can be diagnosed radiologically and does not require bioptic confirmation or specific treatment.

Some authors even consider biopsy to be contraindicated since it can result in persistent local infection and a compli- cated clinical course [4]. Histologically, all subtypes show a monomorphic spindle cell stroma containing an immature matrix formation that consists of woven bone and hypocel- lular cementum-like material that progressively coalesces to form larger, ginger root-like masses [5, 6]. OF is an odon- togenic neoplasm that presents as a solitary, well delineated and expansile mass, usually with a lytic rim. Histologically,

* Daniel Baumhoer daniel.baumhoer@usb.ch

1 Bone Tumor Reference Center, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland

2 Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

3 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Recklinghausen, Klinikum Vest, Recklinghausen, Germany

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it is composed of a variable mixture of monomorphic fibro- blastic spindle cells and immature bone trabeculae as well as cementum-like material. Osteoblastic rimming is a promi- nent feature in OF (in contrast to COD and FD) [7]. Fibrous dysplasia usually shows a painless swelling of bone with indistinct borders and ground-glass appearance, sometimes involving also the adjacent bones. The histology consists of a mature fibrous stroma encompassing an immature woven bone formation, often with a peculiar curvilinear architecture

[8]. Whereas FD is known to be caused by a postzygotic activating mutation in the GNAS gene and to rarely undergo malignant transformation, the molecular pathogenesis for COD and OF is largely unknown and both lesions are not considered to represent precursor lesions of osteosarcoma or other malignant tumors of bone. In the case presented here, florid COD has been known for 9 years before an osteosar- coma in the context of Li–Fraumeni syndrome developed directly within the COD.

Case Presentation

A 30-year old Caucasian female presented with bilateral and painful mucosal swellings in her mandible for two months.

A panoramic radiograph and a CT scan revealed slightly expansile and mineralized lesions in the posterior aspect of all four quadrants as well as perifocal root resorptions in the lower jaw (Fig. 1). There was no periosteal reaction or other signs of locally aggressive behavior. A biopsy from the right mandible consisted of a cellular spindle cell stroma encom- passing immature woven bone and cementum-like material (Fig. 2a). While the stroma was mainly composed of mono- morphic, fibroblast-like cells, focal cytologic atypia with enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei was noted. Mutational analysis of the GNAS gene was negative and the diagnosis of florid COD was made despite the unusual root resorption

Fig. 1 Initial axial CT scan of the jaw.Axial section of a CT scan of the mandible showing bilateral, slightly expansile and mineralized lesions without signs of aggressive behaviour

Fig. 2 Time sequence of the different biopsies. Initial biopsy from the right mandible show- ing a cellular spindle cell stroma intermixed with immature woven bone and cementum- like material. Focal cyto- logical atypia with enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei can be observed (a , HE stain, ×100).

Biopsy of the left mandible, 9 years later, with atypical cells producing immature bone, in line with osteoblastic high- grade osteosarcoma (b, HE stain, ×200). Subsequent biopsy of the right mandible showing similar findings compared with the biopsy performed 9 years before (c, HE stain, ×100)

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and cellular atypia. Since the biopsy was small, the possibil- ity of a perifocal inflammation causing the resorption was discussed but could not be further clarified.

The patient did not return until 9 years later when she reported about an increasing swelling and pain of her left posterior mandible. In the meantime, she had been treated for bilateral breast cancer 8 and 4 years before (pT1a pN0 G2 and pT2 pN0 G2). CT scans confirmed the known densely mineralized lesions in all four quadrants with the left pos- terior mandible appearing more aggressively affected and showing new and focal cortical penetration on the buccal aspect as well as enlarged lytic areas with progressive root resorption (Fig. 3). A biopsy was performed and revealed highly atypical cells producing immature and lace-like bone with extensive necrosis diagnostic for osteoblastic high- grade osteosarcoma (Fig. 2b). Due to the unusual histology

of the right side 9 years ago, another biopsy was obtained here and again showed COD with focal atypia (Fig. 3c). A tumor staging did not reveal systemic spread and the patient underwent segmental resection of the left mandible where the diagnosis of osteosarcoma was confirmed. Notably, areas of COD were situated directly next to the osteosarcoma that penetrated through the cortex and protruded the mucosal surface (Fig. 4a–d). The resection margins were negative but due to the high-grade differentiation, adjuvant chemotherapy (nine cycles of cisplatin, doxorubicin and ifosfamide) was administered which the patient tolerated well.

Given the exceptional clinical course and the history of bilateral breast cancer, we recommended genetic counseling which the patient agreed to after finishing chemotherapy.

Indeed, a heterozygous point mutation in the TP53 gene was identified (c.518T > G; p.V173G) and the diagnosis of

Fig. 3 Follow up axial CT scan of the jaw. Follow-up CT scan showing progression of the known lesion of the left mandible with new and cortical penetration (a) as well as promi- nent lytic areas and progressive resorption of the adjacent dental roots (b) 

Fig. 4 Surgical specimen. A coronal section through the mandible shows an osteosarcoma with cortical penetration and infiltration into the mucosa (a, HE stain, ×200). Beneath the tumor, residual areas of COD in close relation to the inferior alveolar nerve can be seen (b,

HE stain, ×200). In the center of the specimen, the close association between COD and osteosarcoma is highlighted, as areas of COD are infiltrated by immature and neoplastic bone formation of the osteosar- coma (c, HE stain, ×200; d, HE stain, ×400)

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Li–Fraumeni syndrome was established. To better under- stand the genetic pathogenesis, we carried out copy num- ber analyses (OncoScan assay, Thermo Fisher Scientific) on both biopsies from the right side and on two foci of the resection specimen from the left mandible, one from the COD and one from the osteosarcoma. Interestingly, all copy number profiles of COD were flat except for a focal loss of 17pter indicating loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Conversely, the copy number profile of the osteosarcoma was complex and showed chromoplexy with subsequent amplifications of 5p, 8pter, 12, and 19p as well as deletions of 5q, 6, 7, 10p, 13, and 22. Additional gene panel sequencing (Oncomine Comprehensive assay, Illumina) of both biopsies of the right side revealed the p.V173G TP53 mutation as the only pathogenic mutation. Notably, the allelic frequency was 86%

already in the initial biopsy supporting an LOH with loss of the wild-type allele also on the right side.

Three years after completing chemotherapy the patient is free of disease and has not developed another malignant tumor either. The COD is monitored closely with particu- lar attention on the right mandible but has not shown any increase in size or clinical symptoms.

Discussion

Conventional osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. It usually affects the metaphy- ses of long bones in children and adolescents but the jaws are the fourth most common site involved. Patients with gnathic osteosarcoma are usually one to two decades older than patients with peripheral osteosarcoma and have a more favorable outcome because metastatic spread occurs less often and later in the course of the disease [9, 10]. Most osteosarcomas arise without a known cause or precondition and although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, chro- moanagenic events resulting in heterogeneous and complex chromosomal aberrations are the hallmarks of the disease.

Probably caused by mitotic segregation errors these cata- clysmic events usually lead to apoptosis of the affected cell but exceptionally promote tumor development. Since TP53 is a major tumor suppressor gene, its inactivation likely increases the probability of cells to circumvent apoptosis and survive chromoanagenesis which is why patients with Li–Fraumeni syndrome are known to be at higher risk to develop malignant tumors including osteosarcoma.

In the case presented here, retrospective sequencing of a biopsy of the right mandible 9 years before osteosar- coma development on the contralateral side, identified the p.V173G TP53 mutation with a high allelic frequency of 86%. Given the monoallelic nature of the germ line mutation found, this indicates a loss of the wild-type allele (LOH) and thus complete inactivation of TP53. Fortunately, the COD

on the right side still remains stable 12 years after the initial biopsy and does not display any signs of dynamics in size or clinical symptoms. Nevertheless, the last biopsy 3 years ago confirmed cellular atypia in the spindle cell component similar to the first biopsy and a lack of maturation, underlin- ing the need for a continuous and thorough monitoring of the COD.

Florid COD and Li–Fraumeni syndrome are both rare conditions and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient suffering from both. The rarity of this co-incidence strongly argues against a causative rela- tion but it may be speculated that both conditions combined generated a particularly dangerous environment for tumor development. LFS is well known for its increased risk of osteosarcoma and there are few case reports describing tumor development in the context of florid COD [11–14].

To conclude, we present a unique and first case of osteo- sarcoma development in a patient with Li–Fraumeni syn- drome and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia. Although COD generally does not require close monitoring, a closer sur- veillance should be considered in patients with concomitant tumor predisposition syndromes.

Funding Open access funding provided by University of Basel. DB was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the founda- tion of the Basel Bone Tumour Reference Centre, the Gertrude von Meissner Stiftung, and the Stiftung für krebskranke Kinder, Regio Basiliensis.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent Written consent was obtained from the patient.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/.

References

1. Alsufyani NA, Lam EW. Cemento-osseous dysplasia of the jaw bones: key radiographic features. Dentomaxillofac Radiol.

2011;40(3):141–6.

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2. Das BK, Das SN, Gupta A, Nayak S. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2013;17(1):150.

3. Nelson BL, Phillips BJ. Benign fibro-osseous lesions of the head and neck. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(3):466–75.

4. El-Mofty SK. Fibro-osseous lesions of the craniofacial skeleton:

an update. Head Neck Pathol. 2014;8(4):432–44.

5. Cleven AHG, Schreuder WH, Groen E, Kroon HM, Baumhoer D.

Molecular findings in maxillofacial bone tumours and its diagnos- tic value. Virchows Arch. 2020;476(1):159–74.

6. El-Mofty SK, Nelson B, Toyosawa S, Wright JM. Cemento-osse- ous dysplasia. In: El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ, editors. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017. p. 254–5.

7. El-Mofty SK, Nelson B, Toyosawa S. Ossifying fibroma. In: El- Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ, edi- tors. WHO classification of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017. p. 251–2.

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9. Baumhoer D, Brunner P, Eppenberger-Castori S, Smida J, Nathrath M, Jundt G. Osteosarcomas of the jaws differ from their peripheral counterparts and require a distinct treatment approach. Experiences from the DOESAK Registry. Oral Oncol.

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