一九一一年蒙古獨立運動原因之探討

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(12) Barimt bichgiin emkhtgel, 165-166; L. Dindub (Dendev), Mongghol-un tobchi teiike, The Mongolia 1934 9 @ % M E Society Special Papers, Issue 6 (Bloomington, 1977), pp. 9-10. Dindub fi%f.P@E?. %&/% %B&S&%& ( Mongolia Society) C. A Brief History of Mongolia in the Autonomous Period b9B%&XBk!2K ME? 1891 9 ? S h @ + @ - l E B E E t % ? h - B . tklb9EAFJb9&F3%tSi E % B t@@ha&fl%B9ii%h&' H & R @ B Jb9EIBTE!iBEEttf&b9XZ&&. 55&3Z/i;A 4fJrlSldK M E ? k E E t & B .@FL!&E&fiO ( - A h - 9 . A R ~ & f + % k % & ) t%FFeW % ) % 43 B% 2 % 1984 % ( 9 ) R 37-71 : 1tt;*fi$E@$ZjSE3! @FLE@$E3!. (J(h-9b9BH&F3ZEB) (m55&EfteE3!%) ( % Z @ ) (!JYKI%R : mz&A%k!2/%. $k 40. 41. 42. 1992). .a24-58. I. 39E? 1875 9%E?6ii;l!j T7iEBfiBZh * ?2fi@%Z*WIIII %@+-t;%+@h24 * fZ@@U M s A E Z E @E?%E * At2 &SfZ*S&@ .REY@M 03fZ@%KIi@R E? 1940 9 2 % ZtL!. ZRME!i?!%. (E&Wk;Z) B 2 3 . R 54a : 39 ( Z 9 @ M W % ) %!E?WkfSKi* ( S. -. .. %55&!2f&?&H%%) ( ;ltR : f BHBE*d(Rli%?B%!+~L\ Z R M @ # % (ERWfiZ) 8 1 6 . R 14b-15b. I. . 1990). R. 259.

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(14) '' 52. ''. .. R$#* (k.SZfZB2) W 179-180 182-183 : @R$j7@%8 * (d&&b2) * B 65 H 10a Nakarni Tatsuo, "A Protest Against the Concept o f the "Middle Kingdom: The Mongols and the 191 1 Revolution," in EtU Shinkichi and Harold Z. Schiffrin, eds., The 1911 Revolution in China (Tokyo: University o f Tokyo Press, 1984), p. 136. L. larnsran, Mongolyn sergen mandaltyn ekhen (1911-1913) (Ulaanbaatar: Soernbo Khevleliin Gazar, 1992), 1 17..

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(26) The Reasons for the Mongolian Independence Movement of 1911. ABSTRACT At the end of 191 1, the Mongols in Urga proclaimed their independence from China and established the Great Mongol State. Thanks to efforts of the Mongols of different regions, this new country had lasted for more than three years until its independent status was downgraded to autonomy by the tripartite agreement of June 1915, signed by China, Russia, and Mongolia in Kyakhta. The Independence movement thus failed. Why did the Mongols decide to seek independence and establish a state of their own after having been Manchu subjects for 220 years? The reasons for this independence movement are very complicated. The author divides them into three categories: remote causes, immediate causes, and ultimate causes. The remote causes comprise the economic collapse and the incapability of Manchu officials in Mongolia. The immediate causes comprise the change of Manchu policy in Mongolia in late Qing period and the maladministration of Sando and Tang Zai-li. The ultimate cause for the independence movement is the fall of the Manchu empire. This paper also discusses the role of Russia in this movement, and provides evidences of previous Mongolian resistances and independence attempts to prove that the Mongolian independence movement of 191 1 was not a separate event, but the explosion of the accumulation of grievance. Of all the causes, the economic collapse, the change of Manchu policy toward Mongolia, and the fall of the Manchu empire are primary causes that concerned major environmental changes, and the role of Russia and personal experiences of. +. Mei-hua Lan is Associate Professor in the Department of Ethnology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan..

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