臺灣西部前陸盆地前凸起遷移與潮汕凹陷的震測相分析與其在南海北部大陸邊緣盆地演化之意涵

୯ҥѠ᡼εᏢ౛Ꮲଣੇࢩࣴز܌!

റγፕЎ!

Institue of Oceanography College of Science

National Taiwan University Doctoral Dissertation

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ᆵ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ᆶዊԥпഐޑ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋

ᆶځӧࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦᄽϯϐཀ఼

Forebulge Migration in the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin and seismic facies analyses in the Chaoshan Depression: implications for basin evolution of the

northern continental margin, South China Sea

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஭Вཥ!

Jih-Hsin Chang

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ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻ߲Ֆᑫറγ!

Advisor: Ho-Shing Yu, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 213 ԃ 2 Д!

January, 2013

ᇞᖴ

གᖴৱৣ߲Ֆᑫ௲௤Ǵᜫཀ޸ਔ໔ӧᏢғޑي΢ǴፕЎቪբΨӳΓ٣Ψጝޑ

΃Ϫ௲ᇧǴᏢғᗺᅀӧЈǴΨৰ഻Դৣёа໒ۈ٦ڙଏҶғࢲΑǶགᖴα၂ਔቅ ৎ◔௲௤ǵ᝵ד݇௲௤ǵླྀઽܴ௲௤ǵֆܴ፣ୋ܌ߏǵ໳ԓᔾಔߏǴӚՏہ঩ޑ ཀـзፕЎ׳ᑪֹ๓ǴӕਔΨӆԛགᖴቅԴৣک᝵ԴৣѳВޑྣ៝ᆶࡰ௲Ƕགᖴ คጔޑα၂ہ঩׵೯᛬௲௤Ǵؒᜢ߯ޑǴВࡕᗋԖࡐӭ٣ाӆӛாፎ௲ǶᗋԖӧ Ӧᡏᄬ೷΢നࣁᆒ៘ޑӦ፦سᎅឦϒ௲௤Ǵӧ߻ഌࣧӦБय़ඁךؼӭޑύѧεᏢ

݅྅໩௲௤ǴаϷѳВғࢲ܍ᆾ܌΢ಔ΢ӚՏԴৣྣ៝Ǵ੝ձࢂൈԴৣǴӧԜ΋

٠གᖴǶ

Ꮲ཰ғఱ΢२ाགᖴ៪ᛄ΋ၡаٰޑ࣬Քן࡭ǴᏢೌΨӳѺ־ΨӳࡷᏯ౦Ш

ࣚΨӳǴ΃ଆεఠΖБࣗࢂԖ፪Ǵᜫךॺૈ΃ଆ۴ܺӦౚǶᅜӕᏢǵଭӕᏢǵਫ਼ ӕᏢǵᒴᛥӕᏢ฻ࣴز࠻ޑუՔкჴΑғࢲޑޜલǶSEL ޑӚՏ੏৥ጳঢଅΤౡ ౡহ୻࡫࡫ǾᆉΑ೭໔ࣴز࠻ϼӭΓΑǴቪֹ೭஭ર൩ᅈΑǴᕴϐགᖴգॺ୚Ƕ ΨགᖴΠϱૡλۄাځॕӿ໡ؾᓐǴᗋԖϿᖚەᓉ܃໥ۆӵ༰ӵۆޑྣ៝Ƕ΃ၡ

΢ᗋԖጯ҅ᑫᏢߏӧӳ൳ԛКၨեዊਔයޑႴᓰǴ೭ჹךࢂߚதߚதख़ाޑǴӧ Ԝ੝ձགᖴǶགᖴύεޑܻ϶๥Ўک㑮ඵаϷৣεޑ຾ၲǴததїᘋգॺӳ൳ԛ

੿ࢂόӳཀࡘᦇǶ

ғࢲ΢ΨाགᖴᛥੌဂޑұՔǴᕴࢂനૈᡣךགڙډѠεᏢғޑࢲΚᆶൿ ࠉǴറγ੤ғఱΞቪΠΑ٤٤ཥޑࡺ٣ǴᗨᕴόऩԴࡺ٣ޑ୏ΓǴՠΓΨᕴࢂሡ

ाǶόޕၰࣁϙሶགྷ੝ձགᖴࠆ࢙Ǵ൩Ψቪӧ೭္փǶനࡕགᖴৎΓǴРᒃ҆ᒃ

׌׌ѪѪаϷ߄ঢৎ฻฻฻ǴᗨฅӳႽόࡐమධाགᖴޑࢂϙሶǴՠᕴࢂёаዴ ۓޑࢂ؂྽௃ᆣޑ౟ᓍ܈ྠចǴ࣮ډգॺ೭ҹ٣ᕴόѨࣁ΃ঁόᒱޑᒧ໨Ƕ

ΓғډΑΠ΋ঁΜӷၡαǴၡΨᕴόࢂѳޑǴᗌ؁࿗؁ीၨӦوǴࢂόࢂ൩

ૈᅈىЈύޑ΃ᗺᏇఈګǻ൩ᡣғڮٰޕၰփǶ

20130208

ᄔा

ҁЎճҔ᎜ෳওय़ၗ਑ǴࣴزѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ᆶዊԥпഐӕ஭

຋ቫׇϐ᎜ෳ࣬Ǵ૸ፕࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦᄽϯޑ֖ကǶᐉၠѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧ

Ӧ߻сଆϐ᎜ෳওय़ޑӦቫ੝ቻࡰрǴѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭ΢ԖೱុӛՋၠ፯ (overstepping)ޑό᏾ӝय़ǴᇥܴΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦӧఁύཥШ׎ԋࡕǴ߻сଆ

࡭ុӛՋᎂ౽ǴԿϿԖٿԛᎂ౽٣ҹǶዊԥпഐޑӕ஭຋ቫׇύёᒣ᛽р᎜ෳ࣬

I(ѳՉɡԛѳՉ)ǵ᎜ෳ࣬ II(ష؏)ǵ᎜ෳ࣬ III(ຬᙟރ)Ϸ᎜ෳ࣬ IV(Ыރ)Ѥᅿ᎜

ෳ࣬ǶѳՉɡԛѳՉϷష؏᎜ෳ࣬ёှញࣁ஭຋߃යޑ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǴຬᙟރ᎜ෳ

࣬ёှញࣁ஭຋౰යޑ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǴԶЫރ᎜ෳ࣬ёှញࣁࡕ஭຋߃යޑ؇ᑈނ

୴ᑈǶ᎜ෳ࣬ I ж߄෫ݡ࣬ޑ؇ᑈǴѳՉɡԛѳՉޑϸ৔ᇥܴΑ؇ᑈਔࣁ΋եૈ

ໆޑ؇ᑈᕉნǹ᎜ෳ࣬ II ж߄ޑݞࢬ࣬Ϸ෫ݡ࣬؇ᑈǴష؏ϸ৔ᇥܴΑ؇ᑈᕉნ

ୁӛޑόೱុǹ᎜ෳ࣬ III ёှញࣁᔭੇ࣬ޑ؇ᑈᕉნǴຬᙟރޑϸ৔ёૈᆶΟ فࢪ؇ᑈᡏޑ຾ᙟᑈ(progradation)Ԗᜢǹ᎜ෳ࣬ IV ࣁΠ೽ഌڵډుੇۭࣧޑ؇ᑈ ᕉნǴЫރϸ৔ёૈࣁੇۭ৻ޑ؇ᑈယᡏǶ

Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦޑਔޜϩթёឍញࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ

ࣧӦᄽϯޑ֖ကǶӧђಃΟइਔࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔวػΑ΋سӈܿчɡՋࠄوӛ ޑ஭຋ࣧӦǴх֖ዊԥпഐᆶѠࠄࣧӦǶԾύཥШଆਔࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ຾ΕΑ ࡕ஭຋ਔයǴዊԥпഐ୴ᑈࡕ஭຋ቫׇ(ύཥШɡ౜ж)ǶԾ΢ཥШଆǴֈֺ৞۱ ᆶύ୯εഌᜐጔ௹ӛ࿘ና׎ԋѠ᡼೷ξ஥Ǵ೷ξ಻ख़ᆶ݈༧ኙԔቹៜΑఁύཥШ ࡕѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶѠࠄࣧӦޑวػǶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦௗڙεໆޑѠ᡼೷ξ

஥؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǴวػࣁԋዕ(mature)ޑ߻ഌࣧӦǹѠࠄࣧӦҭڙډ݈༧ኙԔޑቹ ៜ Ǵ ೷ ԋ ኙ Ԕ Π ഐ Ǵ ໻ ௗ ڙ Ͽ ໆ ޑ Ѡ ᡼ ೷ ξ ஥ ؇ ᑈ ނ ୴ ᑈ Ǵ ว ػ Α ҂ ԋ ዕ (immature)ޑ߻ഌࣧӦ(׳ཥШԿϞ)Ƕዊԥпഐ҂ڙډ݈༧ኙԔޑቹៜǴԿϞϝᆢ

࡭஭຋ࣧӦޑচᇮǴڀԖ஭຋ቫׇᆶࡕ஭຋ቫׇǶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦ аϷዊԥпഐӧύཥШϐࡕࣧӦਣࢎ΢ޑৡ౦ǴᇥܴΑࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦϐ วػࣁ೏୏εഌᜐጔڙډ݈༧ኙԔ؇फ़ϐቹៜǴ٠җࠄԶчև౜Αࠄੇч೽೏୏

Ӧ฻όӕ໘ࢤϐᅌᡂޑၸำǶ

ᜢᗖӷǺѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵ߻сଆǵ஭຋ࣧӦǵዊԥпഐǶ

Abstract

Using reflection seismic profiles, this study investigates the forebulge migration in the Western Taiwan Foreland Basin (WTFB), the seismic facies of the synrift sequences of the Chaoshan Depresion, and discusses their implications for basin evolution of northern continental margin, South China Sea. The seismic characteristics in the sections across the forebulge of the WTFB displays a series of westwards overstepping unconformities, suggesting that the forebulge of the WTFB has migrated westwards since the Late Miocene. There are at least two episodes of migration of the forebulge of the WTFB. Four seismic facies are identified in the synrift sequences of the Chaoshan Depression: the Seismic Facies I (parallel-subparallel), the Seismic Facies II (chaotic), the Seismic Facies III (offlap), and the Seismic Facies IV (mounded). The Seismic Facies I and the Seismic Facies II are interpreted as the deposits formed during rift initiation of the Chaoshan rifting basin. The Seismic Facies III is interpreted as the deposits formed during rift climax of the rift basin. The Seismic Facies IV is interpreted as the deposits formed during immediate post rift of the rift basin. The parallel- subparallel reflectors in the Seismic Facies I may represent the deposits of a lacustrine environment and the chaotic reflectors in the Seismic Facies II may represent the lateral discontinuity of the sediments. Offlap reflections in the Seismic Facies III may represent the progradation of deltaic sedimentary sequences in a marginal marine environment. Mounded reflectors in the Seismic Facies IV may represent the sedimentary lobes of a deep sea fan, deposited in a lower slope-basin floor environment.

The spatial-temporal distributions of the WTFB and the Chaoshan Depression provide implications for basin evolution of northern continental margin of the South China Sea. In the Paleogene, a series of rifting basins with a NE-SW trend occurred on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, including the Chaoshan Depression and the Tainan Basin. The rifting of these basins has ceased at the Early Miocene, and following post-rift sedimentary sequences are deposited onto the rifting sequence of these basins. Since the Pliocene, the oblique collision between the Luzon arc and the Chinese continental margin has formed the Taiwan orogenic belt at the northernmost part of the Northern continental margin of the South China Sea. The load

since the Late Miocene. The central part of the WTFB has become a #mature# foreland basin and has received sediments derived from the Taiwan orogenic belt. On the other hand, the Kaoping Slope(SW Taiwan) and the Tainan Basin are currently considered to be #immature# foreland basins which are suffered from less tectonic(flexural) influence by orogenic load. Southwards, the Chaoshan Depression is not influenced by the load of the Taiwan orogenic belt, and preserves the configuration of a post-rift basin. The variations in tectono-stratigraphic characteristics of the basins (ie., the WTFB, the Tainan Basin, and the Chaoshan Depression) along the northern continental margin of the South China Sea suggest that the development of these basins are influenced by the flexure of the Eurasian Plate in the Taiwan region. The progressive changes of basin configurations from a post-rift basin on the Chinese passive margin (the Chaoshan Depression), in transition to an #immature# underfilled foreland basin (the Tainan Basin), to a #mature# filled foreland basin (the WTFB) are reflected by the accompanying progressive changes from rifting in transition to initial collision and to arc-continent collision in Taiwan.

Key words: Western Taiwan Foreland Basin, forebulge, rifting basin, Chaoshan Depression.

Ҟᒵ α၂ہ঩ቩۓਜ

ᇞᖴǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾǾi

ᄔा………....………...…ii

Abstract…………...………....………...…..iv

Ҟᒵ………....………...vi

კҞᒵ………viii

߄Ҟᒵ………..xi

ಃ΋ക! ׇፕ………...1

1.1 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦϐӦ፦ࢎᄬ………5

1.1.1!!Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ...5!

1.1.2 ѠࠄࣧӦ...6

1.1.3 ዊԥпഐ...7

1.2 ߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆޑӦ፦੝ቻ………..…12

1.3 ೏୏εഌᜐጔ஭຋ࣧӦޑ஭຋ቫׇ………..…17

1.4 ࣴزҞޑᆶཀက….………..…...26

ಃΒക ၗ਑ᆶБݤ……….29

2.1 ϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑...29

2.2 ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋Бݤ………..39

ಃΟക Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐ੝ቻ 3.1 ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐӦቫ੝ቻ……….……….45

3.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆᎂ౽………..48

3.3 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ᆶځཀ఼………..54

3.4 ᆶѠ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐКၨ...59

3.4.1 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐࣧӦ؇फ़ᆶ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ ...59

3.4.2 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆᎂ౽...60

3.4.3 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐวػᐕў...61

ಃѤക! ዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋

4.1 ஭຋ࣧӦޑ᎜ෳ੝ቻ……….……….71

4.2 ዊԥпഐϐ᎜ෳቫׇᆶ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋……….……….77

4.3 ዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦϐ؇ᑈᕉნှញ……….……….89

ಃϖക Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦޑਔޜϩѲᆶځӧࠄੇч೽ εഌᜐጔࣧӦᄽϯޑ֖က 5.1 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶѠࠄࣧӦӧᄽϯ໘ࢤ΢ޑКၨ……..…..……91

5.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦکዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦӧᄽϯ໘ࢤ΢ޑКၨ…..100

5.3 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦᄽϯϐ֖က………..101

ಃϤക ่ፕ………...104

ୖԵЎ᝘………...106

ߕᒵ բޣᙁϟ………...112

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კҞᒵ

კ 1.1.1 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑՏ࿼…………...……...2

კ 1.1.2 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔനчᆄཥғжࣧӦޑՏ࿼……...3

კ 1.1.3 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔӦᡏᄬ೷ᄽϯϷεഌᜐጔࣧӦวػޑΟঁ໘ࢤ…...4

კ 1.1.4 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑጄൎᆶওय़Ңཀკ………...8

კ 1.1.5 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐՏ࿼ጄൎᆶওय़Ңཀკ...9

კ 1.1.6 ΢ɡ׳ཥШѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ؇ᑈس಍ϩѲკ…………...9

კ 1.1.7 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦኙԔ؇फ़ቹៜϐጄൎϷኙԔ؇फ़ໆϩѲ…...10

კ 1.1.8 ੧ԢαࣧӦϐጄൎϷዊԥпഐϐՏ࿼კ………...11

კ 1.2.1 ߻ഌࣧӦᆶ߻сଆޑԋӢҢཀკ………...14

კ 1.2.2 ߓᅟڒථξ߻ഌࣧӦޑԃжӦቫࢊওय़...……...…...15

კ 1.2.3 ߻сଆ౽୏ޑᜪࠠ………...16

კ 1.3.1 ஭຋ࣧӦ஭຋ϐᔈᡂำࡋᆶځ࣬ჹᔈޑࣧӦᜪࠠ……….…...19

კ 1.3.2 ஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯޑѤঁ໘ࢤᆶځёૈวғޑ؇ᑈᕉნᄽϯ………...20

კ 1.3.3 ЃՋࠄ೽ Guaritas Rift ஭຋ࣧӦϐࣧӦᄽϯ໘ࢤᆶ؇ᑈᕉნϐჹК...21

კ 1.3.4 ੧ԢαࣧӦ੧Οпഐϐ஭຋ࣧӦ؇ᑈᄽϯ...22

კ 1.3.5 Ѡ᡼ੇ৙ࠄВ৞ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳቫׇᆶځ؇ᑈ࣬ှញ...23

კ 1.3.6 Ѡ᡼ੇ৙ዋ෫ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳቫׇᆶځՏ࿼...24

კ 1.4.1 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆՏ࿼ϐ߻Γࣴز………...28

კ 1.4.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆᆶѠ᡼೷ξ஥ёૈޑ࣬ჹᔈϐਔޜᜢ߯....28

კ 2.1.1 ҁࣴز܌٬Ҕϐ᎜ෳওय़ၗ਑Տ࿼ϩѲϷ୔ୱНుკ...33

კ 2.1.2 ҁࣴز܌٬ҔޑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ᎜ෳওय़ၗ਑ϩѲ...………...34

კ 2.1.3 ዊԥпഐϐጄൎǵҁࣴز᎜ෳওय़ϐϩѲϷ୔ୱНుკ...35

კ 2.1.4 ҁࣴزዊԥпഐ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़Տ࿼Ϸጓဦკ……...36

კ 2.3.1 ϸ৔ቫ੝ቻϐೱុ܄ǵਁ൯ᆶᓎ౗Ңཀკ………...42

კ 2.3.2 ϸ৔ಔᄊϐѳՉ(ѳރᆶݢੁރ)ǵԛѳՉǵᆶวණރҢཀკ...42

კ 2.3.3 ༾ᘋ୏ϸ৔ಔᄊϐҢཀკ………...43

კ 2.3.4 ༤кϸ৔ಔᄊϐҢཀკ………...43

კ 3.1.1 ೷ξ஥௢຾ਔǴ߻ഌࣧӦᆶ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐ࣬ჹՏ࿼ϐҢཀკ...46

კ 3.1.2 ߻сଆ௢຾ਔᆶ୷ྗय़ᜢ߯ᡂϯϐҢཀკ...46

კ 3.1.3 Β᠄इऍ୯ߓۦ܎ࠨ߻ഌࣧӦځኙԔϐܩϲᆶӦቫ੝ቻ...47

კ 3.1.4 қ୳इऍ୯Ջ೽ϣࣧӦ߻сଆኙԔᆶӦቫᄽϯϐҢཀკ...47

კ 3.2.1 ߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐҢཀკ...50

კ 3.2.2 ᐉၠѠ᡼ੇ৙ޑ᎜ෳওय़ 731-6 ...51

კ 3.2.3 ᐉၠѠ᡼ੇ৙ޑ᎜ෳওय़ 794-3...52

კ 3.2.4 ᎜ෳওय़ BB’ޑֽ೽ܫεკ...53

კ 3.3.1 Ӄ΢ύύཥ಍ϐђӦ፦კ...56

კ 3.3.2 Ӄ΢ύύཥ಍ଷ᏾ӝϐᙝ౳ຎკ...56

კ 3.3.3 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐӦቫલѨϩѲკ...57

კ 3.3.4 ߻сଆՏ࿼ޑКၨკ...58

კ 3.4.1 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦ 11 α௖ϔ܌ࡌҥޑࣧӦ؇फ़ў...63

კ 3.4.2 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ߻ഌࣧӦܿՋӛೱϔԃжӦቫওय़...64

კ 3.4.3 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ߻ഌࣧӦܿՋӛೱϔԃжӦቫওय़...65

კ 3.4.4 ࣁѠ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦٿԃжӦቫࢊೱКϐඁୌМკ...66

კ 3.4.5 ߻сଆኰફޑՏ࿼ᆶ߻сଆᎂ౽ޑᜢ߯...67

კ 3.4.6 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆ۳ൺᎂ౽ϐၡ৩კ...68

კ 3.4.7 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶ؇ᑈӦቫวػϐҢཀკ...69

კ 3.4.8 12.5Ma аٰѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐՏ࿼...70

კ 4.1.1 ౛གྷ஭຋ࣧӦϐ஭຋߃ය؇ᑈӦቫᄽϯҢཀკ...74

კ 4.1.2 ౛གྷ஭຋ࣧӦϐ஭຋౰ය؇ᑈӦቫᄽϯҢཀკ...74

კ 4.1.3 ౛གྷ஭຋ࣧӦϐࡕ஭຋߃ය؇ᑈӦቫᄽϯҢཀკ...75

კ 4.1.4 ౛གྷ஭຋ࣧӦϐࡕ஭຋҃ය؇ᑈӦቫᄽϯҢཀკ...75

კ 4.1.5 ౛གྷ஭຋ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳওय़ᆶځϣ೽ϸ৔ಔᄊҢཀკ...76

კ 4.2.1 ዊԥпഐ୔ϐ᎜ෳӦቫϐӦቫቫׇ...79

კ 4.2.2 (A)҂ှញϐ᎜ෳওय़ 1917...80

კ 4.2.2 (B)᎜ෳওय़ 1917 аϷቫׇᜐࣚϐϩѲ...81

კ 4.2.3 ዊԥпഐӦ୔Ӛ᎜ෳቫׇϐ฻ుϩѲკ...83

კ 4.2.4 ዊԥпഐӦ୔᎜ෳቫׇ T8 ᆶځд᎜ෳቫׇϐ฻ు೸ຎКၨკ...84

კ 4.2.5 ෳጕ 1917 ϐ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋่݀...85

კ 4.2.6 ዊԥпഐӦ୔஭຋ࣧӦϣӚӦ፦ԃжϐ᎜ෳ࣬ϩѲკ...86

კ 5.1.1 ߻ഌࣧӦᄽϯҢཀკ...93

კ 5.1.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐܿчɡՋࠄӛ᎜ෳওय़Ϸځှញ(A)...94

კ 5.1.3 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐܿчɡՋࠄӛ᎜ෳওय़Ϸځှញ(B)...95

კ 5.1.4 ѠࠄࣧӦࣧӦ؇फ़Ԕጕკ...96

კ 5.1.5 ѠࠄࣧӦӦўᄽϯওय़Ңཀკ...97

კ 5.1.6 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦӚਔය؇ᑈӦቫϐࠆࡋϩѲკ...98

კ 5.1.7 ఁ΢ཥШаࡕѠ᡼Ջࠄ೽߻ഌࣧӦϷੇۭ৙كՏ࿼ᡂϯკ...99

კ 5.3.1 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔϐࣧӦᜪࠠᆶᄬ೷ӦቫቫׇϩѲკ...103

߄Ҟᒵ!

!

߄ 1.1.1 ѠࠄࣧӦᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦᄬ೷ᄽϯ໘ࢤϐჹК่݀...11!

߄ 1.3.1 Ջ਱ഊើ Nuussuaq ࣧӦϐ஭຋ࣧӦวػ໘ࢤᆶ؇ᑈᕉნϐჹК...27

߄ 2.1.1 ҁࣴزѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़ߏࡋ΃ំ߄...37

߄ 2.1.2 ҁࣴزዊԥпഐ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़ߏࡋ΃ំ߄...38

߄ 4.2.1 ዊԥпഐӦ୔᎜ෳቫׇϐ੝ቻϷ᎜ෳ࣬ϐՏ࿼ᆶ੝ቻ...87

߄ 4.2.2 ዊԥпഐӧቫׇᜐࣚ T6 ډ T8 ϐ໔ޑ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋...88

ಃ΋ക!!ׇፕ!

!

!!!!ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔчଆѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැǴӛՋࠄۯ՜Կ੧ԢαࣧӦ(კ 1.1.1)Ǵ ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑനчᆄǴԖѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ฻ཥғ ж؇ᑈࣧӦ(კ 1.1.2)ǶԾཥғжаٰǴࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑӦᡏᄬ೷࿶ᐕΑவ஭

຋܎஭ᕉნǴԋࣁ࿘ናᆫӝᕉნޑᙯᡂ(კ 1.1.3)Ǻࠄੇޑ஭຋ࢲ୏ଆܭۈཥШǴ Ԝਔࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔԋࣁ΋஭຋ᜐጔ(rifting margin)Ǵ໒ۈวػΑ΋سӈޑ஭຋

ࣧӦ(rifting basin)Ǵх֖ΑዊԥпഐǵѠࠄࣧӦ(Lee et al., 1993)ǵࠄВ৞ࣧӦ (Chou et al., 1991)Ϸഓξኲ(Teng, 1992)฻ǹӧύཥШࡕ஭຋ࢲ୏ᅌྂǴࠄੇч೽

εഌᜐጔ຾ΕΑࡕ஭຋ਔයǶډఁύཥШਔǴҗܭֈֺ৞۱࿘ና΢Αࠄੇч೽ε ഌᜐጔޑനчᆄǴԋࣁ΋࿘ናᜐጔǴ׎ԋΑѠ᡼೷ξ஥ǴΨӧѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑՋୁ

׎ԋΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǶ

ҁЎаѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑ߻сଆᎂ౽ǴаϷዊԥпഐޑ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋ࣁ୷ ᘵǴ૸ፕࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦϐࢎᄬᆶځᄽϯ΢ޑཀ఼ǺѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻

сଆޑܩϲᆶᎂ౽Ǵϩձж߄ΑѠ᡼೷ξ஥ᆶࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑ߃ۈᆫӝаϷ Ѡ᡼೷ξ஥ޑ࡭ុӛՋ௢౽ǶTensi et al. (2006)ᇡࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆޑ׎

ԋϩࣁٿ໘ࢤǴϩձࢂ 12.5-4 Ma ਔය߻сଆޑܩϲǴаϷ 4Ma ϐࡕ߻сଆޑᎂ

౽ǶҁࣴزଞჹѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆޑ׎ԋϷᎂ౽܌೷ԋϐό᏾ӝय़฻Ӧቫ

੝ቻ຾Չϩ݋ǴΑှѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐӦቫ੝ቻǴቚ຾ჹѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦϐΑှǹዊԥпഐࣁ΋ཥғжϐ஭຋ࣧӦǴᙖҗዊԥпഐϐ᎜ෳ࣬੝ቻᆶϩ

݋ǴаϷ᎜ෳ࣬ϐϩѲǴ٠ගٮΑዊԥпഐ؇ᑈᕉნᆶ؇ᑈᄽϯᐕўǴΑှዊԥ пഐӕ஭຋ࣧӦϐวػ੝ቻǶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϷዊԥпഐӕՏܭࠄੇч೽εഌ ᜐጔǴаࣧӦᜪࠠޑᢀᗺٰ࣮ǴѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦࣁ΋ԋዕϐ߻ഌࣧӦǴዊԥп ഐࣁ΋஭຋ࣧӦǴԶӧٿࣧӦϐ໔ޑѠࠄࣧӦ߾ࣁ΋҂ԋዕϐ߻ഌࣧӦǴҁЎᙖ җѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ฻ࣧӦ࣬ჹՏ࿼ϐޜ໔ϩѲǴаϷ஭

຋ࣧӦɡࡕ஭຋ࣧӦɡ҂ԋዕ߻ഌࣧӦɡԋዕ߻ഌࣧӦޑ࿘ናᆫӝᕉნΠεഌᜐ ጔࣧӦϐᄽϯᜢ߯ǴΑှ೭٤ࣧӦӧࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔӦᡏࢎᄬৡ౦ϐཀ఼Ƕ

კ 1.1.1 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑՏ࿼ǶࠄੇࣁШࣚಃΟεޑഌ䷑ੇǴՏܭύ ୯(х֖ੇࠄ৞)ǵຫࠄǵଭٰՋ٥ǵ๷ࡓᇯϷѠ᡼ϐ໔Ƕࠄੇч೽εഌᜐ ጔчଆѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැ(Taiwan Strait ShelfǴಉԪጕ)ǴӛՋࠄۯ՜Կ੧Ԣα

ࣧӦ(Pearl River Mouth BasinǴಒԪጕ)Ƕ໵ՅਣࣁҁЎࣴزϐጄൎǴ၁ـ კ 1.1.2Ƕ

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!

კ 1.1.2 ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔനчᆄཥғжࣧӦޑՏ࿼Ƕࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ ޑനчᆄҗчډࠄϩձԖѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦаϷዊԥпഐ฻Ο

ঁཥғжࣧӦǴ຀ጕࣁࣧӦϐᜐࣚǶঅׯԾ৊(1985)ᆶ Pang et al., (2009)Ƕ

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!

!!!!!!

კ 1.1.3 қ୳इаٰࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑӦᡏᄬ೷ᄽϯϷεഌᜐጔ

ࣧӦวػޑΟঁ໘ࢤǶࠄੇޑ஭຋ࢲ୏ଆܭۈཥШǴԜਔࠄੇч೽

εഌᜐጔԋࣁ΋஭຋ᜐጔǴεഌᜐጔޑ஭຋؇फ़೷ԋΑ΋سӈޑ஭

຋ࣧӦǴӵࠄВ৞ࣧӦϷഓξኲ฻(ওय़ B)ǹࠄੇޑ஭຋ࢲ୏ډύ ཥШଶྂǴԜਔࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔวғΑҗܭ۟ҡ୮հࠅԏᕭ܌ठ

٬ޑ዗؇फ़Ǵ٠ӧεഌᜐጔ΢୴ᑈΑᆼރޑ؇ᑈቫׇ(ওय़ C)ǹډ

ఁύཥШਔǴҗܭֈֺ৞۱࿘ና΢Αࠄੇч೽ޑεഌᜐጔǴ׎ԋΑ Ѡ᡼೷ξ஥ǴѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑ಻ख़٬߻ഌ݈༧วғΑኙԔ؇फ़ǴӧѠ

᡼೷ξ஥ޑՋୁ׎ԋΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ(ওय़ D)ǶঅׯԾ Teng (1992)Ƕ

1.1!!ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦϐӦ፦ࢎᄬ!

!

1.1.1!!Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ!

Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦՏܭѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑՋୁǴх֖ΑՋ೽᜾ξ஥ǵՋ೽ᔭੇѳ চǵᆶѠ᡼ੇ৙ܿ೽ޑഌැаϷѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱޑഌڵ୔ୱǴനࠄёၲчጎ 21.5 ࡋ (Chiang et al., 2004; კ 1.1.4)ǶځԋӢࢂҗܭѠ᡼೷ξ஥಻ख़ܭύ୯ܿࠄεഌᜐጔ ޑ߻ഌ݈༧(foreland plate)ϐ΢Ǵठ٬߻ഌӦ୔วғኙԔ؇फ़Ǵ׎ԋ΃ུރЪ୷ۭ

ӛܿ໼௹ޑ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈޜ໔(კ 1.1.5, Covey, 1986; Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin and Watts, 2002; Chiang et al., 2004)Ƕ٩Ᏽ΢ɡ׳ཥШѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑ؇ᑈس಍ϩ ѲǴёϩࣁѠчǵԮभǵѠύǵ჏ࠄǵଯࡀϖঁԛࣧӦ(კ 1.1.6; ഋ฻, 2000)ǶѠ

᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦଆۈޑਔ໔ёૈࣁ΢ཥШ(Covey, 1986; Lee et al., 1993)ǵఁύཥ Ш(Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin et al., 2003)܈׳Ԑ(Tensi et al., 2006)Ƕ

Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑ߻ഌࣧӦ؇ᑈቫׇ(foreland basin sequence)ǴᆶځΠϐ೏

୏εഌᜐጔ஭຋ࣧӦϐ؇ᑈቫׇ(passive margin sequence)Ǵࣁ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ (foreland basal unconformity)܌ϩ໒(Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin and Watts, 2002)ǶѠ᡼

೷ξ஥಻ख़܌೷ԋޑኙԔբҔǴӧዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔ޑчୁߕ߈೷ԋΑኙԔࠠޑ҅

ᘐቫǴԖձܭ೏୏εഌᜐጔਔය೷ԋوӛ(strike)аܿՋӛࣁЬޑ஭຋ࠠ҅ᘐቫǴ ኙ Ԕ ࠠ ҅ ᘐ ቫ ޑ و ӛ ߾ а ࠄ ч ӛ ࣁ Ь Ǵ Ъ ᘐ ৡ (offset) Ψ ၨ λ (Chou and Yu, 2002)ǶਥᏵ݈༧ኙԔբҔ܌೷ԋޑࣧӦ؇फ़ໆ(კ 1.1.7)Ǵ٠аԜኙԔໆ຾Չ݈༧ ቸ܄ࠆࡋीᆉǴѠ᡼ੇ৙Ӧ୔݈༧ѳ֡ቸ܄ࠆࡋॶࣁ 13-16 km(Lin and Watts., 2002)Ƕ

ନΑӧѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැ୔ܿୁԖ๱ᡉ๱ޑ߻ഌࣧӦ؇फ़ޑ؇ᑈቫׇǴѠ᡼೷ξ

஥಻ख़܌೷ԋޑ߻ഌ݈༧ኙԔҭӧѠ᡼ੇ৙ύጕߕ߈׎ԋΑ΋ኙԔܩϲޑ߻сଆ (forebulge)(Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin and Watts. 2002; Tensi et al., 2006)ǶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻

ഌࣧӦ߻сଆޑ׎ԋёૈࣁٿ໘ࢤޑ׎ԋǺӧಃ΋໘ࢤ 12.5-4 Ma ϐ໔Ǵ߻сଆ

߯җ๷ࡓᇯੇ݈༧һፂ(obduction)ԿђࠄੇੇࢩӦෘϐ΢܌ठǹಃΒ໘ࢤࣁ 4 Ma ϐࡕǴֈֺ৞۱ᆶࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ܌วғޑ۱ഌ࿘ና೷ԋѠ᡼೷ξ஥Ǵځ಻ख़

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1.1.2 ѠࠄࣧӦ

ѠࠄࣧӦ(ΞᆀѠՋࠄࣧӦ)ՏܭࠄੇܿጔǴчଆዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔ǴՋࠄаܿ

؅ໜଆᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦ࣬႖ǴܿᎃѠ᡼೷ξ஥ϐᡂ׎߻ጔ(deformation front)Ǵևܿ

чܿ—ՋࠄՋوӛ(კ 1.1.2)ǶࣧӦчࣚޑᜐࣚᘐቫࣁܿчܿ—ՋࠄՋوӛޑကԮ ᘐቫǴࣧӦϣӦቫЬा໼ӛࣁӛܿࠄ໼௹Ǵࣁ΋ъӦჟ(half graben)ࣧӦ(׵, 1994;

໳, 1999)Ƕ

!

ѠࠄࣧӦவᅌཥШډఁύཥШԖЬाԖٿයόӕޑࣧӦ؇फ़ᐕўǶಃ΋යޑ

ࣧӦ؇फ़ࣁᅌཥШԐයډԐύཥШǴӧԜ໘ࢤࣧӦ؇फ़ߚதזೲǹಃΒයวғܭ ԐύཥШఁයϐࡕǴӧԜ໘ࢤࣧӦ؇फ़ޑೲࡋᖿ጗ǴԜёૈᆶࣧӦࠄጔԖᘐ༧ (faulted blocks)ၮ୏ޑวғԖᜢǶԜٿ໘ࢤޑࣧӦ؇फ़ࢲ୏ёᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦޑӦᡏ ᄬ೷ࢲ୏္ԐᅌཥШޑ஭຋ࢲ୏(ࠄੇၮ୏)ǴаϷύύཥШ.ఁύཥШਔวғӧ੧ ԢαࣧӦࠄጔޑᘐ༧ၮ୏(ܿ؅ၮ୏)բჹК(߄ 1.1.1)ǶӢԜѠࠄࣧӦٿයޑࣧӦ

؇फ़ǴԐᅌཥШ.ԐύཥШޑ؇फ़ࢲ୏߯ࣁᘐቫᄬ೷ࢲ୏ቹៜࣁЬޑ؇फ़(fault- dominanted subsidence)ǴԶԐύཥШаࡕ߾ᡂࣁ۟ҡ୮հࠅԏᕭ܌೷ԋޑ዗؇फ़ (thermal subsidence)ࣁЬ(Lee et al., 1993)ǶԶӧӦቫޑϩѲ΢ǴԐᅌཥ಍.Ԑύཥ

಍ޑӦቫቫׇᆶࠆࡋޑϩѲǴᆶ҅ᘐቫޑวػԖࡐεޑᜢ߯ǴՠӧԐύཥШϐ ࡕǴࣧӦϣӦቫЬाߡࢂауᑈ(aggradation)܈ӛܿࠄ຾ᑈ(progradation)ࣁЬ(Lee et al., 1993; ම฻, 1996)Ƕ

!!!!΢ཥШѠ᡼೷ξբҔ໒ۈϐࡕǴѠࠄࣧӦޑܿጔҗܭᆙᎃѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑᡂ׎

߻䷑ǴࢂаѠࠄࣧӦޑܿъ೽ӧѠ᡼೷ξ஥಻ख़วғࡕǴҭԋࣁΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦޑ΋೽ҽǴڙډ߻ഌࣧӦኙԔ؇फ़ޑቹៜǴѠࠄࣧӦΞ໒ۈԖזೲޑ؇फ़ࢲ

୏ǶѠ᡼೷ξ஥ϐ಻ख़೷ԋΑࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ΢ኙԔԶԖ஭຋ޑวғǴ٠׎ԋ Αଯفࡋޑ஭຋܄҅ᘐቫ)Lee et al., 1993)ǴЪѠࠄࣧӦޑኙԔ؇फ़ໆቃਗ਼ǴࣗԿ ຬр΃ቸ܄݈༧ኙԔՉࣁޑज़ࡋǴࢂаԖᏢޣᇡࣁѠ᡼೷ξ஥಻ख़೷ԋ٠ߚѠࠄ

ࣧӦӦ୔݈༧ޑኙԔ(flexing)ǴԶࢂ݈༧ޑש៻ᘐ຋(yielding)(Lin and Watts, 2002;

!

1.1.3 ዊԥпഐ

ዊԥпഐՏܭ੧ԢαࣧӦܿࠄᆄǴՋ೽Ϸч೽ௗܿ؅ໜଆǴܿௗѠࠄࣧӦǴ ӛࠄߡ຾ΕΑࠄੇੇࣧ(კ 1.1.8)Ƕӧ੧ԢαࣧӦ္ǴԖܿ؅ໜଆǵพࣼໜଆǵઓ އໜଆ฻ܿч.Ջࠄوӛޑଯ୔ᐉೣܿՋǴԶ੧ԢαࣧӦޑԛࣧӦύǴዊԥпഐ ᆶ੧Βпഐӧଯ୔ࠄୁǴԶ੧΋пഐᆶ੧ΟпഐՏܭଯ୔чୁǴ׎ԋࠄчޑٿಔ пഐ୔(Northern depression zone and Southern depression zone)(Hu et al., 2009)Ƕ੧ ԢαࣧӦޑ୷ዬߚதፄᚇǴх֖Αђғжᡂ፦۟Ϸᐪξය޸஢۟ߟΕᡏ(ԙᆶԯ, 2010)ǴࣧӦ္ЬाаಃΟइޑ؇ᑈނࣁЬ(Yu, 1990; Yu, 1994; ԙᆶԯ, 2010)Ƕዊ ԥпഐޑوӛऊౣևܿч-Ջࠄӛ(ଘ฻, 2001; Pang et al., 2009; ԙᆶԯ, 2010)Ƕӧ ዊԥпഐϐύǴԖ΋εࠠޑཥғж҅ᘐቫǴԜᘐቫۯැ຋ӛܿчۯ՜ǴനᇻёԿ чෝଯ୔ޑကԮᘐቫǴߏऊ 400 Ϧٚ(݅, 2002)Ƕ

!

ዊԥпഐޑӦቫቫׇύԖ΋ݱό᏾ӝय़ǴஒпഐӦ୔؇ᑈނჄϩࣁ΢Πٿ঺

ቫׇ(ଘ฻, 2001)Ǻό᏾ӝय़а΢ޑӦቫڀԖଯᓎǵமਁ൯Ϸೱុ܄٫฻᎜ෳ੝

ቻǴёᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦܿ೽ځдӦ୔ϷѠࠄࣧӦ࣬ჹᔈϐӦቫቫՏբჹКǹό᏾ӝ य़аΠޑӦቫ߾ևύЈࠆᜐጔᖓޑࣧރ༤к(basin fill)Ǵ٠ӛࣧύЈ໼௹(ଘ฻, 2001)Ǵ٠Ъคݤᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦځѬӦ୔ჹК(ଘ฻, 2009)Ƕଘ฻(2001)ਥᏵԾҗޜ ໔ख़Κ౦தǵӦቫೲࡋᄬ೷ǵᆶ੧ԢαԛࣧӦޑᄬ೷КჹϷᆶѠࠄࣧӦ௖ϔၗ਑

Кჹޑ่݀Ǵᇡࣁ၀ό᏾ӝय़аΠࣁύғࣚǶֆ฻(2007) ӧௗ߈ഌᙦ 35-1-1 ௖ϔ

ۭ೽(1725m-1887m)ว౜Αឦܭύғжఁٹឡइޑܫ৔ᙝϯҡޑ᛾ᏵǴΨӧ௖ϔ

ۭ೽(2187m-2388m)ว౜Αύٹឡइޑ᪐ણϯҡǶଘ฻(2009)຾΋؁ޑᇥܴዊԥп ഐϣ༤ᑈԖқ୳سޑഌ࣬؇ᑈǴаϷύఁٹឡسޑੇ࣬؇ᑈǴԾۈዴᇡΑዊԥп ഐԖύғࣚޑ୷ዬ(ᗛ฻, 2011; Ϊᆶ΍, 2012; ࢤᆶԯ,2012)Ƕ

Ԗձܭ੧ԢαࣧӦࣁ΋೏୏εഌᜐጔ΢ϐ؇ᑈࣧӦ(Yu, 1990; Zhou et al., 1995;

Hu et al., 2009)ǴڀԖύғࣚ୷ዬ۟ޑዊԥпഐࣁ΋ූ੮ࠠпഐ(ଘ฻, 2001; Hu et al., 2009)Ǵᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦޑӚঁԛࣧӦ܈Ԗόӕޑᄬ೷ᄽػᐕўǶ

კ 1.1.4 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑጄൎ(A)ᆶওय़Ңཀკ(B)ǶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ ՏܭѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑՋୁǴх֖ΑՋ೽᜾ξ஥ǵՋ೽ᔭੇѳচǵᆶѠ᡼ੇ৙ܿ

೽ޑഌැаϷѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱޑഌڵ୔ୱǴനࠄёၲчጎ 21.5 ࡋǶѠ᡼೷ξ஥

ޑ׎ԋࢂҗܭѠ᡼೷ξ஥಻ख़ܭύ୯ܿࠄεഌᜐጔޑ߻ഌ݈༧ϐ΢Ǵठ٬߻

ഌӦ୔วғኙԔ؇फ़Ǵ׎ԋ΃ུރЪ୷ۭӛܿ໼௹ޑ؇ᑈނ୴ᑈޜ໔

!!!!!!!!

კ 1.1.5 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐՏ࿼ጄൎ(A)ᆶওय़Ңཀკ (B)ǶڗԾ Covey(1986)Ƕ

კ 1.1.6 ΢-׳ཥШѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ؇ᑈس಍ϩѲკǶҗ чԶࠄǴϩձࣁѠчǵԮभǵѠύǵ჏ࠄǵଯࡀϖঁԛࣧ

ӦǶڗԾഋ฻(2000)Ƕ

კ 1.1.7 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦኙԔ؇फ़ቹៜϐጄൎϷኙԔ؇फ़ໆϩѲǶ Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐኙԔ؇फ़ቹៜጄൎӛՋёၲܿ࿶ 118 ࡋǶኙԔ؇

फ़ໆϩѲ΢և౜ܿୁၨଯ(ᙔՅ୔ୱ)Ջե(ጥՅ୔ୱ)ǴӧѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦޑࠄୁǴֽ೽Ӧ୔ޑኙԔ؇फ़ໆёຬၸ 7 ϦٚǶڗԾ Lin and Watts(2002)Ƕ

კ 1.1.8 ੧ԢαࣧӦϐጄൎϷዊԥпഐϐՏ࿼კǶ੧ԢαࣧӦ(आՅჴጕ)х֖

Α੧΃пഐǵ੧Βпഐǵ੧ΟпഐǵϷ೽ϩޑዊԥпഐ(ԪՅ୔ୱ)ǶڗԾԙᆶ ԯ(2010)Ƕ

߄ 1.1.1 ѠࠄࣧӦᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦᄬ೷ᄽϯ໘ࢤϐჹКǴୖԵԾ Lee et al. (1993)Ƕ

1.2 ߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆޑӦ፦੝ቻ

ӧᆫӝ݈༧ᜐጔǴ࿘ናޑբҔ೷ԋΑ೷ξ஥ޑໜϲǴ྽ཥ׎ԋޑ೷ξ஥໒ۈ уᑈԿ߻ഌ(foreland)Ӧ୔ਔǴ೷ξ஥ޑ಻ख़٬೷ξ஥߻䷑ޑ߻ഌӦ୔วғኙԔ٠ ໒ۈ؇फ़ǴౢғΑ؇फ़ࣧӦǶ೭ঁр౜ӧ೷ξ஥ന߻䷑ޑࣧӦǴջࣁ߻ഌࣧӦǶ

߻сଆࣁ߻ഌࣧӦޑख़ाӦ፦੝ቻǴAllen et al.(1991)ගр྽εഌ۟ҡ୮Ӣᔈ೷ξ

஥ޑ಻ख़ǴନΑӧ೷ξ஥߻ጔ཮ԖኙԔ؇फ़(flexural subsidence)ޑࣧӦǴӧ׳۳

߻ഌ݈༧ϣ(inbroad)܈۳ᛙۓεഌӦ༧ޑБӛ(cratonward)БӛǴ߾཮วғޑኙԔ ܩϲޑ߻сଆ(forebulge)(კ 1.2.1)ǶԐයӧࣴز߻сଆᄬ೷ޑᏢޣᇡࣁǴ߻сଆ ޑวғࣁ۟ҡ୮ޑቸ܄ϸᔈ(Beaumont, 1981; Flemings and Jordan, 1989, 1990;

Coakley and Watts, 1991; Sinclair et al., 1991)ǴёаਥᏵ߻сଆޑ׎ᇮǵ߻сଆޑ Տ࿼ϷёૈޑߟᇑໆǴϸ௢ၸ۳Ӧ፦ਔ໔္ޑ߻сଆޑՏ࿼Ϸၮ୏Ǵ຾΋؁Αှ

۟ҡ୮ޑΚᏢ܄፦Ƕ

྽߻сଆ׎ԋਔǴ؇ᑈᕉნ཮భϯ(shoaling)٠วғߟᇑբҔǴ೷ԋ΋ቶεޑ ό᏾ӝय़Ǵᆀࣁ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़(foreland basal unconformity)Ƕ߻сଆޑߟᇑᆶ

؇ᑈᐕў೷ԋΑ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝ੝ਸޑӦቫલѨ(კ 1.2.2)Ƕҗܭຯ೷ξ஥ຫ ᇻǴၨௗ߈߻сଆޑഗ೽(crest)Զ཮ԖၨεޑߟᇑໆǴߟᇑໆຫӛ೷ξ஥Զຫ λǴ΋ޔډၸΑ҂ڙ߻сଆኙԔቹៜԶܩϲǴΨ҂ڙ߻ഌࣧӦኙԔቹៜԶ؇फ़ޑ ύ܄ᗺ(neutral point)܈ኰફ(hinge)(Catuneanu, 2004)Ǵό᏾ӝω཮੃Ѩᡂࣁೱុ؇

ᑈǶԶό᏾ӝय़а΢ஒᙟᇂ೷ξ஥ٰྍޑ؇ᑈނǴ೷ξྍ؇ᑈނ཮Ӄ؇ᑈډၨ᎞

߈೷ξ஥ޑӦ୔Ǵϐࡕӆӛ߻ഌӦ୔࡭ុ຾ᙟ(onlap)Ƕࡺӧ߻сଆഗ೽ஒԖനε ޑӦቫલѨǴԶӛ೷ξ஥೴ᅌᡂλǴԶനࡕܭ߻сଆύᗺ੃ѨǶ

྽೷ξ஥಻ख़ᒿ๱݈༧ᆫӝբҔԶӛᛙۓεഌ߻౽(propagation)ਔǴ߻сଆ Ψஒϸᔈ೷ξ஥ޑ߻຾ԶԖᎂ౽(migration)ޑ౜ຝ(Giles and Dickinson, 1995; Ver Straeten and Brent, 2000; White et al., 2002; Allen and Allen, 2005)Ǵᎂ౽ޑБԄ߾ᆶ

݈༧ޑނ౛੝܄Ϸ؇ᑈނ຾ᙟޑ੝܄Ԗᜢ(Beaumont, 1981; Beaumont et al., 1988;

ӛ߻௢౽ǴԶӧ߻сଆচӃՏ࿼ǵ೏ܩଆޑӦ୔ၱวғ؇फ़(კ 1.2.3 b)ǴӢԜ߻

сଆޑܩϲᆶᎂ౽όՠϸᔈΑ೷ξ࡭ុᔒᓸਔ݈༧ኙԔޑᡂϯǴ׳೷ԋΑ߻ഌࣧ

Ӧ൳Ֆޑਔޜᄽϯ(Sinclair, et al., 1991; Crampton and Allen, 1995)Ƕ߻сଆޑᎂ౽ ёϩࣁ߻຾(forward migration, White et al., 2002)ǵࡕଏ(backward shift, Tankard, 1986)(კ 1.2.3c)ǵᛙۓܩϲ(stationary uplift, Pope et al., 2008)(კ 1.2.3d)Ƕ

კ 1.2.1 ߻ഌࣧӦᆶ߻сଆޑԋӢҢཀკǶӧᆫӝ݈༧ᜐጔǴ྽೷ξ஥ޑ଍ፂ

ུ(thrust wedge)໒ۈуᑈԿ߻ഌ(foreland)Ӧ୔ਔǴ೷ξ஥ޑ಻ख़٬߻ഌ݈༧ (foreland plate)วғኙԔ؇फ़Ǵౢғ؇फ़ࣧӦǶ೭ঁр౜ӧ೷ξ஥ന߻䷑܌ૈ৒

ય୴ᑈނޑޜ໔Ǵջࣁ߻ഌࣧӦ(foreland basin)ǶԶӧ׳۳߻ഌ݈༧ϣ(inbroad)

܈۳ᛙۓεഌӦ༧ޑБӛ(cratonward)Ǵ߾཮Ӣࣁ݈༧ኙԔܩϲԶ׎ԋ߻сଆ (forebulge)Ƕ߻сଆᆶ߻స(foredeep)ࣁ҂ڙ߻сଆኙԔቹៜԶܩϲǴΨ҂ڙ߻ഌ

݈༧ኙԔቹៜԶ؇फ़ޑύ܄ᗺ(neutral point)܈ኰફ(hinge)܌ϩ႖ǶঅׯԾ Allen et al. (1991)Ƕ

!!!!!

კ 1.2.2 ߓᅟڒථξ߻ഌࣧӦޑԃжӦቫࢊওय़(Πკ)ϷځՏ࿼(΢კǴ໵Յ ጕ)ǶӧΠკ္ǴқՅࣁ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ޑӦቫલѨ(hiatus)ǴӦቫલѨຫ ᇻᚆ೷ξ஥(۳ՋчՋ)ޑБӛቚуǴԶௗ߈೷ξ஥(۳ܿࠄܿ)߾ᅌλǴനࡕԋࣁ

᏾ ӝ ௗ ᝻ Ƕ Ԝ ࣁ ߻ ഌ ࣧ Ӧ ୷ ۭ ό ᏾ ӝ य़ ޑ Ӧ ቫ ੝ ቻ Ǵ Ї Ҕ Ծ Allen et al.

(1991)Ƕ

!!!!!!

კ 1.2.3 ߻сଆ౽୏ޑᜪࠠǶ(A)҂౽୏߻ޑ߻сଆǴ྽೷ξ஥ӛ ᛙۓഌ༧౽୏ਔǴ߻сଆёૈ཮ᆶ೷ξ஥ӕБӛ౽୏Ǵӵკ(B)ǹ ϸБӛ౽୏Ǵӵკ(C)ǹߥ࡭ӧচٰޑՏ࿼Ǵӵკ(D)Ƕ໵ՅΟف׎

ࣁ߻сଆഗᆄ(crest)ޑՏ࿼Ƕ

1.3 ೏୏εഌᜐጔ஭຋ࣧӦޑ஭຋ቫׇ

஭຋ࣧӦࣁ΋ߏǵઞЪࢂа҅ᘐቫᜐࣚޑεഌпഐ(a long, narrow continental trough that is bounded by normal fault)Ǵதࣁ΋୔ୱ܄ޑӦჟ(a graben of regional extent)Ǵ೯தж߄୔ୱޑ۟ҡ୮ڙډΑ஭຋Ӧᡏᄬ೷(extensional tectionics)ޑቹ ៜǶനЬाޑεࠠᄬ೷੝ቻନΑԖ҅ᘐቫࣁᜐࣚᘐቫǴӕਔՔᒿ๱ӕӛ(synthetic) ᆶϸӛ(antithetic)ԛભᘐቫᄬ೷Ƕ஭຋ࣧӦ٩Ᏽ஭຋ޑำࡋǴёϩࣁΠӈѤᅿᜪࠠ

(კ 1.3.1)Ǻ(1)ൂપޑӦჟࣧӦ(simple graben)Ǵ۟ҡ୮٠҂ܴᡉӦڙډ܎஭Ǵ஭຋

ᔈ ᡂ ޑ ำ ࡋ ၨ ᇸ ༾ ( ᔈ ᡂ <5%) Ǵ ࣁ ၨ λ ޑ ᄬ ೷ п ഐ ୔ ǹ (2) ε ഌ ຋ ك ࣧ Ӧ (continental rift)Ǵ۟ҡ୮ޑ܎஭ำࡋቚу(ᔈᡂऊࣁ 10%-20%)Ǵςё࣮ډࣧӦԖ όჹᆀޑѦࠠǹ(3)ଯ஭຋Ӧ༧(highly extended terrane)Ǻᔈᡂำࡋ׳ଯ(>50%)Ǵ஭

຋ ࣧ Ӧ ޑ ጄ ൎ ᡂ ቶ Ǵ ࣧ Ӧ ϣ Ԗ ኧ ঁ ԛ ࣧ Ӧ ᆶ ଯ ୔ ǹ(4)೏ ୏ ε ഌ ᜐ ጔ(passive margin)ǴεഌӦෘཱུࡋ஭຋(ᔈᡂ>800%)Ǵߕ߈ΨԖཥޑੇࢩӦෘғԋǴӦ׎΢

೯தࣁεഌැ܈εഌ௹ڵ(Olsen and Morgan, 1985)Ƕ

஭຋ࣧӦޑวػ೯தёϩࣁ߃ۈ஭຋ය(rift initiation)ǵ஭຋౰ය(rift climax) ᆶ ࡕ ஭ ຋ ය (post-rift) Ǵ Ӛ ਔ ය ஒ Ԗ ό ӕ ޑ ؇ ᑈ ว ػ ᐕ ў Ϸ Ӧ ቫ ੝ ቻ ( კ 1.3.2)(Prosser, 1993)Ƕӧ߃ۈ஭຋යǴᜐࣚᘐቫޑբҔۘόܴᡉǴ஭຋ࢲ୏ஒӃว ػ׎ԋኧঁλࠠޑпഐ୔(depression)(კ 1.3.2A)Ƕ߃ۈ஭຋යޑ஭຋ࣧӦ཮ԖΠ ӈ੝ቻǺ(1)೚ӭ۶Ԝᐱҥޑпഐ୔Ƕ(2)҅ᘐቫΠዬԋࣁֽ೽܄ޑଯ୔٠໒ۈ೏ߟ ᇑǶӧ஭຋߃යᘐቫΠዬ܌׎ԋޑଯ୔݅ҥǴпഐ୔ޑՍೱ܄ၨৡǴӦቫ٠ߚ֡

ϬӦϩѲǶӧ஭຋౰යǴ҅ᘐቫޑࢲ୏εࣁࢲ៌Ǵᘐቫޑࢲ୏ஒ೷ԋࣧӦࢬୱޑ ׯ ᡂ Ǵ ٠ ӧ ᘐ ቫ ޑ Π ዬ ว ғ ৻ ރ (fan) ܈ ξ ᜾ ୴ ᑈ ᒷ (talus cone) ޑ ୴ ᑈ ᡏ ( კ 1.3.2B)Ƕᘐቫޑ΢ዬ߾ӢࣧӦݮ๱ᘐቫय़ޑ࡭ុ؇फ़Ǵ཮วғख़ΚቹៜࣁЬޑ؇

ᑈᡏس܈ؑᑈယރ(lobe)ޑ୴ᑈᡏǴٯӵؑᑈ৻܈భ᠁ࠠΟفࢪ(shoal-type delta) (კ 1.3.2B)Ƕ஭຋ࢲ୏่״ࡕޑࡕ஭຋ය(post-rift)Ǵё٩ࣧӦ؇फ़ࢲ୏ޑำࡋϩ ࣁ஭຋খ่״ޑࡕ஭຋ය߃ය(immediate post-rift)(კ 1.3.2C)کࡕ஭຋ය҃ය(late post-rift)(კ 1.3.2D)Ƕ

ӧόӕޑ஭຋ࣧӦวػ໘ࢤයǴ஭຋ࣧӦԖόӕޑ؇ᑈᕉნǶа਱ഊើՋ೽

қ୳इɡђཥШޑ Nuussuaq ࣧӦࣁٯ(߄ 1.3.1)ǴࣧӦ஭຋߻(Pre-rift)ϐ؇ᑈᕉნ ࣁΟفࢪǹӧ߃ۈ஭຋ය(Rift-initiation)Ǵځ؇ᑈᕉნᙯᡂࣁԖݞၰк༤٠΢ᙟԖ Ҍᔲѳচ؈ᑈނޑݞ࣬ᕉნǹ຾Ε஭຋౰ය(Rift-climax)ࡕǴ؇ᑈᕉნᙯᡂࣁԖᐜ ࢬᆶᐜᑈ۟Ǵаख़ΚࢬࣁЬޑ؇ᑈᕉნ(Dam et al., 2000)ǹԶЃՋࠄ೽ൣݓइ Guaritas Rift஭຋ࣧӦᆶࣧӦᄽϯ໘ࢤᆶځ؇ᑈᕉნࣁٯ(კ 1.3.3)ǺࣧӦӧ߃ۈ஭

຋ය(Rift-initiation)ǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނаۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނ(bed load dominated ephemeral river channel)ࣁЬǹ྽ࣧӦ຾Ε஭຋౰යޑԐය(Early rift- climax)ਔ Ǵ ࣧ Ӧ ϣ ؇ ᑈ ނ а ᆼ ރ ǵ ࢫ ݱ ރ ࣁ Ь ޑ ؑ ᑈ ৻ ؇ ᑈ ނ (sheet-flood- dominated alluvial fan)Ǵکۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނࣁЬǹ྽஭຋౰යύ

ఁය(Mid to late rift climax)ਔǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނԖᆼރǵࢫݱރࣁЬޑؑᑈ৻؇ᑈ ނǵکۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނǵషӝԄ಻ख़ޑอኩ܄ݞࢬҌᔲѳচ (mixed-load ephemeral river floodplain)ǵషӝԄ಻ख़ޑอኩ܄ݞၰ(mixed-load ephemeral river channel)Ϸ॥ԋ؅Ы(Aeolian dune)܌ಔԋǹӧࣧӦ຾ΕΑࡕ஭຋ය ޑ Ԑ ය (Early post-rift)ਔ Ǵ ࣧ Ӧ ϣ ؇ ᑈ ނ а ۭ ׉ ಻ ख़ ࣁ Ь ޑ อ ኩ ܄ ݞ ၰ ࣁ Ь (Almeida et al., 2009)Ƕ

Զаࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑђಃΟइ஭຋ࣧӦࣁٯǴ੧ԢαࣧӦޑ੧Οпഐӧ ђཥШɡύᅌཥШǵఁᅌཥШаཥಃΟइޑΟය஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯǴځ؇ᑈᕉნϩձ ࣁ෫ݡ࣬(lacustrine)ǵੇ᡼࣬(bay)ǵаϷ໒ܫੇୱᕉნ(open marine environment) (კ 1.3.4)(Zhu et al., 1999)ǺѠ᡼ੇ৙ޑࠄВ৞஭຋ࣧӦԖђཥШǵԐۈཥШǵఁ

ۈཥШޑΟය஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯǴځђཥШǵԐۈཥШϐ؇ᑈᕉნϩձࣁ৻ˇ෫ݡˇ భ ੇ ࣬ (fan-lacustrine-shallow marine) ǵ ᇻ ৻ ɡ ৻ ߻ ࣬ (distal fan-prodelta)( კ 1.3.5)(Chou et al., 1991)ǹዋ෫ࣧӦޑ஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯԾђཥШ҃යɡԐύཥШӅԖ Οයޑ஭຋ᄽϯǴځύӧԐۈཥШɡύۈཥШϷύۈཥШϐ؇ᑈ࣬ϩձࣁ෫࣬Ο فࢪɡ෫࣬।۟аϷ෫࣬Οفࢪ(კ 1.3.6)(ᑵ฻, 1991; Lin et al., 1992)Ƕவࠄੇч

೽εഌᜐጔҗчډࠄޑ஭຋ࣧӦวػǴךॺёаว౜ӧࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔޑ஭຋

ࣧӦӧᄽϯ߃යਔǴЬाޑ؈ᑈᕉნࣣа෫ݡᕉნࣁЬǶ

კ 1.3.1 ஭຋ࣧӦ஭຋ϐᔈᡂำࡋᆶځ࣬ჹᔈޑࣧӦᜪࠠǶ஭຋ࣧӦ٩ Ᏽ஭຋ޑำࡋǴёϩࣁΠӈѤᅿᜪࠠǺ1)ൂપޑӦჟࣧӦ(simple graben)Ǵ

۟ҡ୮٠҂ܴᡉӦڙډ܎஭Ǵ஭຋ᔈᡂޑำࡋၨᇸ༾(ᔈᡂ<5%)Ǵࣁၨλ ޑᄬ೷пഐ୔ǹ2)εഌ຋كࣧӦ(continental rift)Ǵ۟ҡ୮ޑ܎஭ำࡋቚу (ᔈᡂऊࣁ 10%-20%)Ǵςё࣮ډࣧӦԖόჹᆀޑѦࠠǹ3)ଯ஭຋Ӧ༧ (highly extended terrane)Ǻᔈᡂำࡋ׳ଯ(>50%)Ǵ஭຋ࣧӦޑጄൎᡂቶǴࣧ

ӦϣԖኧঁԛࣧӦᆶଯ୔ǹ4)೏୏εഌᜐጔ(passive margin)ǴεഌӦෘཱུ

ࡋ஭຋(ᔈᡂ>800%)Ǵߕ߈ΨԖཥޑੇࢩӦෘғԋǴӦ׎΢೯தࣁεഌැ

܈εഌ௹ڵǶЇҔԾ Olsen and Morgan (1985)Ƕ

!!!!!!!!!!

კ 1.3.2 ஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯޑѤঁ໘ࢤᆶځёૈวғޑ؇ᑈᕉნᄽϯǶಉጂᓐ߄ Ң؇ᑈނᒡଌޑБӛǴಒጂᓐ߄Ңᘐቫ΢ዬϐࢲ୏БӛǶӧ߃ۈ஭຋ය(A)Ǵ ᜐࣚᘐቫޑբҔۘόܴᡉǴ஭຋ࢲ୏ஒӃวػ׎ԋኧঁλࠠޑпഐǺӧ஭຋

౰ය(B)Ǵ҅ᘐቫޑࢲ୏εࣁࢲ៌Ǵᘐቫޑࢲ୏ஒ೷ԋࣧӦࢬୱޑׯᡂǴ٠ӧ ᘐቫޑΠዬวғ৻ރ܈ξ᜾୴ᑈᒷޑ୴ᑈᡏǴᘐቫޑ΢ዬ߾ӢࣧӦݮ๱ᘐቫ य़ޑ࡭ុ؇फ़Ǵ཮วғख़ΚቹៜࣁЬޑ؇ᑈᡏس܈ؑᑈယރޑ୴ᑈᡏǴٯӵ

ؑᑈ৻܈భ᠁ࠠΟفࢪǺ஭຋ࢲ୏่״ࡕޑࡕ஭຋යǴё٩ࣧӦ؇फ़ࢲ୏ޑ ำࡋϩࣁ஭຋খ่״ޑࡕ஭຋ය߃ය(C)کࡕ஭຋ය҃ය(D)ǶঅׯԾ Prosser (1993)Ƕ

კ 1.3.3 ЃՋࠄ೽ൣݓइ Guaritas Rift ஭຋ࣧӦᆶࣧӦᄽϯ໘ࢤǵᄬ೷٣ ҹᆶ؇ᑈᕉნϐჹКǶFA IaǺࢎރǵࢫݱރࣁЬޑؑᑈ৻(sheet-flood- dominated alluvial fan)ǶFA IbǺݝҡࢬࣁЬޑؑᑈ৻(debris-flow-dominated alluvial fan)Ƕ FA II Ǻ ۭ ׉ ಻ ख़ ࣁ Ь ޑ อ ኩ ܄ ݞ ၰ (bed load dominated ephemeral river channel)ǶFA IIIaǺషӝԄ಻ख़ޑอኩ܄ݞࢬҌᔲѳচ (mixed-load ephemeral river floodplain)ǶFA IIIbǺషӝԄ಻ख़ޑอኩ܄ݞၰ (mixed-load ephemeral river channel)ǶFA IVǺ॥ԋ؅Ы(Aeolian dune)ǶࣧӦ ӧ߃ۈ஭຋යǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނаۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނࣁЬǹ

྽ࣧӦ຾Ε஭຋౰යޑԐයਔǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނаᆼރǵࢫݱރࣁЬޑؑᑈ

৻؇ᑈނǴکۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނࣁЬǹ྽஭຋౰යջஒ่

״ਔǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނԖᆼރǵࢫݱރࣁЬޑؑᑈ৻؇ᑈނǵکۭ׉಻ख़ࣁ Ьޑอኩ܄ݞၰ؇ᑈނǵషӝԄ಻ख़ޑอኩ܄ݞࢬҌᔲѳচǵషӝԄ಻ख़ ޑอኩ܄ݞၰϷ॥ԋ؅Ы܌ಔԋǹӧࣧӦ຾ΕΑࡕ஭຋යǴࣧӦϣ؇ᑈނ аۭ׉಻ख़ࣁЬޑอኩ܄ݞၰࣁЬǶڗԾ Almeida et al. (2009)Ƕ

კ 1.3.4 ੧Οпഐϐ஭຋ࣧӦ؇ᑈᄽϯǶ੧ԢαࣧӦޑ੧Οпഐ ӧђཥШɡύᅌཥШǵఁᅌཥШаཥಃΟइޑΟය஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯǶ ڗԾ Zhu et al. (1999)Ƕ

კ 1.3.5 Ѡ᡼ੇ৙ࠄВ৞ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳቫׇ(΢კ)ᆶځ؇ᑈ࣬(Πკ)Ƕ Ѡ᡼ੇ৙ޑࠄВ৞஭຋ࣧӦԖђཥШǵԐۈཥШǵఁۈཥШޑΟය

஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯǴځђཥШǵԐۈཥШϐ؇ᑈᕉნϩձࣁ৻ˇ෫ݡˇ భੇ࣬ࣁЬ(fan-lacustrine-shallow marine)ǵᇻ৻ɡ৻߻࣬(distal fan- prodelta)ࣁЬǶڗԾ Chou et al. (1991)Ƕ

კ 1.3.6 Ѡ᡼ੇ৙ዋ෫ࣧӦϐ᎜ෳቫׇ(Πკ)ᆶځՏ࿼(΢კ)ǶѠ᡼ੇ৙ዋ ෫ࣧӦޑ஭຋ࣧӦᄽϯԾђཥШ҃යɡԐύཥШӅԖΟයޑ஭຋ᄽϯǴځύ ӧԐۈཥШɡύۈཥШ(ቫׇ II)ϷύۈཥШ(ቫׇ III)ϐ؇ᑈ࣬ϩձࣁ෫࣬Ο فࢪɡ෫࣬।۟ࣁЬǴаϷ෫࣬ΟفࢪࣁЬǶڗԾ݅฻(1992)Ƕ

߄ 1.3.1 Ջ਱ഊើқ୳इɡђཥШ Nuussuaq ࣧӦϐ஭຋ࣧӦวػ໘ࢤᆶځ࣬ჹ ᔈޑ؇ᑈᕉნǵ؇ᑈ࣬ಔӝϷӦቫࠆࡋǶӧ஭຋ࣧӦ໒ۈวػϐ߻Ǵ؇ᑈᕉნࣁ Οفࢪǹ຾Ε஭຋߃යǴځ؇ᑈᕉნᙯᡂࣁԖݞၰк༤٠΢ᙟԖҌᔲѳচ؈ᑈނ ޑݞ࣬ᕉნǹӧ஭຋౰යǴ؇ᑈᕉნᙯᡂࣁԖᐜࢬᆶᐜᑈ۟Ǵаख़ΚࢬࣁЬޑ؇

ᑈᕉნǶ᏾౛Ծ Dam et al. (2000)Ƕ

1.4 ࣴزҞޑᆶཀက

ࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔܭᅌཥШɡύཥШࣁ஭຋ᜐጔǴ஭຋ᜐጔ΢วػΑኧঁ஭

຋ࣧӦӵࠄВ৞ࣧӦǵഓξኲࣧӦǹԶఁύཥШϐࡕ໒ۈӧࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔч ጔวғޑ۱ഌ࿘ናᆶ೷ξբҔ٬ளࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔԋࣁ΋࿘ናᜐጔǴ೷ξ஥ޑ

಻ख़ठ٬Ѡ᡼೷ξ஥ޑՋୁ׎ԋѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǶฅԶՏܭࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔ ࠄᆄޑዊԥпഐǴ٠҂ᎁڙύཥШ೷ξ಻ख़ᆶ݈༧ኙԔቹៜǴԶϝߥ࡭ࣁύཥШ аٰޑࡕ஭຋ࣧӦǶ೷ξ಻ख़ᆶ݈༧ኙԔቹៜΑӧఁύཥШϐࡕࠄੇч೽εഌᜐ ጔǴѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦϷዊԥпഐޑৡ౦ϸᔈΑόӕำࡋኙԔӦᡏᄬ

೷ቹៜޑ่݀Ƕ

Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦޑ߻сଆр౜ӧѠ᡼ੇ৙ύጕߕ߈ޑՏ࿼(Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin and Watts, 2002)Ƕҗܭ߻сଆޑኙԔࣁ۟ҡ୮ޑቸ܄ϸᔈǴ߻сଆޑՏ

࿼ᆶ׎ᇮԖշܭ຾΋؁Αှ۟ҡ୮ޑΚᏢ܄፦ǶฅԶჹܭѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻с ଆޑՏ࿼ǴᏢޣॺޑࣴز่݀ϝವ૱΃ࢂ(კ 1.4.1)(Yu and Chou, 2001; Lin and Watts, 2002)ǹќ΋Бय़Ǵ߻сଆวғᆶᎂ౽ϩձϸᔈΑ೷ξ஥໒ۈ࿘ናϷ௢౽ޑ ٣ҹ(Allen et al., 1991; White et al., 2002)ǶTensi et al. (2006)ᇡࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧ

Ӧ߻сଆޑ׎ԋϩࣁٿ໘ࢤǴϩձࢂ 12.5-4 Ma ਔය߻сଆޑܩϲǴаϷ 4Ma ϐ ࡕ߻сଆޑᎂ౽(კ 1.4.2)ǴՠԜଷ೛ۘЖЮޔௗޑӦቫ᛾ᏵǶҁࣴزճҔѠ᡼ੇ

৙ഌැӦ୔ޑ᎜ෳওय़ǴࣴزѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐ׎ԋϷᎂ౽ޑӦቫ੝

ቻǴჹܭ߻сଆޑᎂ౽ගٮΑ׳ԖΚޑӦቫ᛾ᏵǴ٠ख़ཥᔠ૸Α౜ӧ߻сଆޑ܌

ӧՏ࿼Ƕ

!!!!ዊԥпഐՏܭѠࠄࣧӦᆶ੧ԢαࣧӦௗᎃೀǴ΋ޔаٰࣴز໻ၨ໣ύܭੇۭ

৙كޑ؇ᑈᆶߟᇑբҔ(Liu and Liu, 1998; Hsu et al., 2004; Ding et al., 2010)ǵ؇ᑈ ނᆶОԋ۟ᡏޑϩѲ(ഋ, 2009; ಷ, 2010)ǵᄬ೷׎ᄊ(ഋ฻, 2002; ஭, 2010)ǵϷҡ ݨӦ፦ޑፓࢗ(ଘ฻, 2001; ଘ฻, 2004; ֆ฻, 2007; ଘ฻, 2009; ׵฻, 2011; Ϊᆶ

΍, 2012; ࢤᆶԯ, 2012)Ƕӧ҇୯87ԃǴύݨϦљکύ୯ੇࢩҡݨϦљ(CNOOC)ᛝ

ԃǴѠዊϦљϷύݨϦљ௖௦ࣴز܌຾ՉΑѠዊӝӕ୔ܿࠄӦ୔ޑख़ᅶΚϷࣧӦ ឦ܄ϩ݋ीฝǴҗύ୯Ӧ፦Ꮲ཮चᒸࠤ௲௤Ь࡭ǴځύύѧεᏢ೚ᐋڷ௲௤຾Չ ख़ΚᅶΚၗ਑ှញǴԋфεᏢླྀઽܴ௲௤຾Չᄬ೷Ϸᘐቫϩ݋ǴѠ᡼ৣጄεᏢ׵

೯᛬௲௤຾ՉቫׇӦቫϐ᎜ෳቫׇϩ݋ǴԶҁࣴز߾຾Չ᎜ෳ࣬ϐϩ݋ࣴزǶҁ

ࣴزᙖҗ᎜ෳওय़ύϸ৔ޑೱុ܄ǵਁ൯மࡋǵϸ৔ᓎ౗аϷϸ৔ಔᄊ฻᎜ෳ੝

ቻǴඔᛤዊԥпഐϣӚ᎜ෳቫׇϐϸ৔੝ቻǴ٠ϩ݋ዊԥпഐܭ஭຋ࣧӦਔයޑ

؇ᑈ࣬Ϸ؇ᑈᕉნޑᡂϯǴࣁ຾΋؁௖୎ࣴزϐ᏾ӝ่݀Ƕ

ҁࣴزᇡࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ஭຋ࣧӦޑਔޜϩѲǴёឍញࠄੇ

ч೽εഌᜐጔࣧӦᄽϯޑ֖ကǶӧђಃΟइਔࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔวػΑ΋سӈܿ

чɡՋࠄوӛޑ஭຋ࣧӦǴх֖ዊԥпഐǵѠࠄࣧӦǵࠄВ৞ࣧӦ(Chou et al., 1991)Ϸഓξኲ(Teng, 1992)ǹࠄੇޑ஭຋ࢲ୏ډύཥШଶྂǴԜਔࠄੇч೽εഌ ᜐጔวғΑҗܭ۟ҡ୮հࠅԏᕭ܌ठ٬ޑ዗؇फ़(thermal subsidence)Ǵ٠ӧεഌᜐ ጔ΢୴ᑈΑᆼރޑ؇ᑈቫׇǴᙟᇂܭӃය஭຋ࣧӦ؇ᑈӦቫϐ΢ǹԾ΢ཥШଆǴ ֈֺ৞۱ᆶࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔനчᆄวғΑ௹ӛ࿘ና׎ԋѠ᡼೷ξ஥Ǵ೷ξ಻ख़ ᆶ݈༧ኙԔቹៜΑఁύཥШࡕѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦᆶѠࠄࣧӦޑวػǺѠ᡼Ջ೽߻

ഌࣧӦௗڙεໆޑѠ᡼೷ξ஥؇ᑈނ୴ᑈǴวػࣁԋዕ(mature)ޑ߻ഌࣧӦǹѠ ࠄࣧӦҭڙډ݈༧ኙԔޑቹៜǴ೷ԋኙԔΠഐǴ໻ௗڙϿໆޑѠ᡼೷ξ஥؇ᑈނ

୴ᑈǴวػΑ҂ԋዕ(immature)ޑ߻ഌࣧӦǶᆶѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦӕ ࣁࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔനчᆄޑཥғжࣧӦǴዊԥпഐ҂ڙډ݈༧ኙԔޑቹៜǴԿ Ϟϝᆢ࡭஭຋ࣧӦޑচᇮǴڀԖ஭຋ቫׇᆶࡕ஭຋ቫׇǶҁЎᙖҗѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦǵѠࠄࣧӦᆶዊԥпഐ฻ࣧӦ࣬ჹՏ࿼ϐޜ໔ϩѲǴаϷ஭຋ࣧӦɡࡕ஭຋

ࣧӦɡ҂ԋዕ߻ഌࣧӦɡԋዕ߻ഌࣧӦޑ࿘ናᆫӝᕉნΠεഌᜐጔࣧӦϐᄽϯᜢ

߯ǴΑှ೭٤ࣧӦϐวػӧࠄੇч೽εഌᜐጔӦᡏࢎᄬৡ౦ϐཀ఼Ƕ!

კ 1.4.1 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆՏ࿼ϐ߻ΓࣴزǶ(A)Yu and Chou (2001)

܌ඔᛤޑ߻сଆՏ࿼(ᙔՅጕ)Ƕ(B)Lin and Watts (2002)܌ඔᛤޑ߻сଆϐՏ

࿼(आՅጕ)Ƕ

კ 1.4.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆᆶѠ᡼೷ξ஥ёૈޑ࣬ჹᔈϐਔޜᜢ

߯Ƕҁკϩձ߄ҢΑ౜Ϟ(present)೷ξ஥಻ख़(loads)Տ࿼ᆶ߻сଆ(bulges)Տ

࿼ǴаϷ 12.5Ma ϐ߻ޑ೷ξ஥Տ࿼ᆶ߻сଆՏ࿼ǴᇥܴΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧ

Ӧ߻сଆёૈӢᔈѠ᡼೷ξ஥ޑӛՋ௢຾ԶԖӛՋᎂ౽ǶঅׯԾ Tensi et al.

(2006)Ƕ

ಃΒകʳ ၗ਑ᆶБݤ

ҁЎ٬ҔѠ᡼ੇ৙ᆶዊԥпഐٿ୔ୱޑϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑(კ 2.1.1)ǴѠ᡼ੇ৙Ӧ

୔ޑϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑ࣁ୯ҥѠ᡼εᏢੇࢩࣴزಭ܌ԏ໣ǴԶዊԥпഐӦ୔ޑϸ৔᎜

ෳၗ਑ࢂύݨϦљޑηϦљѠዊϦљܭٿ۞Ӆӕ໒วीฝ܌ԏ໣ೀ౛Ƕҁകܭ 2.1࿯ᙁॊҁࣴز܌٬Ҕϐ᎜ෳၗ਑੝܄Ǵ٠ܭ 2.2 ࿯ᙁॊ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋БݤǶ

2.1 ϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑

ࣁΑှѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆ܌೷ԋӦቫό᏾ӝϐ੝ቻǴҁЎ܌٬Ҕੇࢩ

ࣴزಭੇࣴ΋ဦ܌ԏ໣ϐѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැӦ୔ޑϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑Ǵх֖Α OR1- 685(2003ԃ 6 Д 12 ВԿ 6 Д 19 В)ǵOR1-731(2004 ԃ 9 Д 20 ВԿ 9 Д 26 В)а Ϸ OR1-794(2006 ԃ 5 Д 3 ВԿ 5 Д 8 В)ΟঁૐԛǶځύ OR1-685 ૐԛӅԏ໣᎜

ෳၗ਑ 261 ϦٚǴၗ਑इᒵుࡋࣁᚈำوਔ 3 ࣾǴOR1-731 ૐԛӅԏ໣᎜ෳၗ਑

818 ϦٚǴၗ਑इᒵుࡋࣁᚈำوਔ 3 ࣾǹOR1-794 ૐԛӅԏ໣᎜ෳၗ਑ 870 Ϧ

ٚǴၗ਑इᒵుࡋࣁᚈำوਔ 2 ࣾǴӅी 1949 ϦٚǴ఼ᇂΑ᏾ঁѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැ

୔ୱǴϷε೽ϩޑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ(კ 2.1.2; ߄ 2.1.1)ǶӧҁࣴزѠ᡼ੇ৙ 11 చܿчɡՋࠄӛޑߏওय़ύǴځύԖ 9 చᐉၠΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆǶ

ҁЎ܌٬ҔዊԥпഐӦ୔ޑϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑ࢂύݨϦљޑηϦљѠዊϦљܭٿ

۞ݨ਻Ӆӕ໒วीฝ܌ԏ໣ೀ౛Ƕϸ৔᎜ෳওय़ϩѲϟܭܿ࿶117.5ࡋԿ118.5ࡋ ϐ໔ǴࠄԿчጎ21ࡋǴчԿчጎ22ࡋ(კ2.2.1)Ƕϸ৔᎜ෳওय़ϐՏ࿼Տܭεഌ௹

ڵϐ΢ǴНుጄൎӧ-200ϦЁډ2500ϦЁǶዊԥпഐӦ୔᎜ෳওय़ϐوӛीԖࠟ

ޔැ຋ϷѳՉැ຋ٿᅿǴځύࠟޔැ຋وӛϐϸ৔᎜ෳওय़Ԗ30 చǴᕴߏऊ 2132ϦٚǹѳՉැ຋وӛϐ᎜ෳওय़Ԗ28చǴᕴߏऊ2506ϦٚǴӅीऊࣁ4638 Ϧٚ(კ2.2.2; ߄2.2.1)Ƕዊԥпഐϐ᎜ෳၗ਑ࣁҡݨπ཰௖୎܌௦໣Ǵ࿶ၸᓎ᛼

ϩ݋ǵ஥೯ᘠݢǵख़ӝ฻ೀ౛ࢬำǴૻᏓКଯЪऀ೸ΚుǴനుёၲੇ׉ϐΠᚈ ำوਔ3ࣾǴၗ਑ࠔ፦ࣗ٫ǹЪෳጕϐ໔໕ຯࣁΟϦٚǴϩѲߚதѳ֡ǴԖճܭ ჹӦቫ੝ቻᆶϩѲޑΑှǴךॺаԜ᎜ෳၗ਑຾Չዊԥпഐϐ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋Ǵ٠а SMT ϦљޑKingdom ᎜ෳၗ਑ှញ೬ᡏٰ຾ՉϸෳᄔڗϷӦቫ฻ࠆკ(isopach)

Ѡ᡼ੇ৙Ӧ୔ϸ৔᎜ෳၗ਑ϐၗ਑ೀ౛Ǵ߯ճҔ Landmark Ϧљޑ ProMAX

᎜ෳၗ਑ೀ౛೬ᡏаϷ UCSD(University of California, San Diego)ޑ SIOSEIS ᎜ෳ

ၗ਑ೀ౛೬ᡏ຾ՉǴೀ౛ࢬำԖ൳ՖۓՏ(Geometry)ǵᓎ᛼ϩ݋(Spectral Analysis) Ϸ஥೯ᘠݢ(Bandpass Filter)ǵ੿ჴਁ൯অ҅(True Amplitude Recovery)ǵှ଑௽

(Deconvolution)ǵ ࠟ ޔ ႖ ຯ ਔ ৡ অ ҅ (Normal move out) ǵ ख़ ӝ (Stack) ǵ ౽ Տ (Migration)ǶᙁॊӵΠǶ

(1)൳ՖۓՏ(Geometry)Ǻ

൳ՖۓՏ߯ࡰஒڙݢᏔႝᢑ(streamer)܌ԏ໣ډޑඔጕ(trace)Ǵ٩Ᏽޜ໔ޑϩ Ѳख़ཥጓဦǴளډӕύᗺ(Common middle pont)܈ӕుᗺ(Common depthpont)฻ޑ

໣ӝǶ߯җܭ᎜ෳၗ਑ԏ໣ਔǴচۈၗ਑ޑ௨ׇ߯аࣆෳࡼՉਔޑਔ໔ࣁጓဦǴ ӢԜךॺஒ೭٤аਔ໔ࣁጓ௨ޑඔጕၗ਑ׯаޜ໔ࣁख़ཥጓ௨Ǵ٠ஒӕ΃Տ࿼ޑ ඔጕ໣ӝࣁ΋ঁӕύᗺ໣ӝǴаճࡕុޑၗ਑ೀ౛ᆶ৖ҢǶ൳ՖۓՏੋϷୖኧԖ ᓎၰ(channel)ኧǵ؂ঁᓎၰϐ໔ޑຯᚆ(channel interval)ǵ؂ঁࣆᗺϐ໔ޑຯᚆ (shot interval)ǵӚᅿሺᏔޑ࣬ჹБՏᜢ߯Ǵޜ਻ᄳϷڙݢᏔତӈޑుࡋǵЍຯ (offset)ߏࡋǵӕύᗺϐࣚज़ጄൎ(bin size)Ϸख़ӝኧ(fold)ޑᒧۓ฻ǶҁࣴزѠ᡼ੇ

৙ഌැ᎜ෳၗ਑ϐࣆෳԏ໣ϐᓎၰኧࣁ 12ǴനεЍຯࣁ 212 ϦЁǴख़ӝኧࣁ 6Ƕ

(2)ᓎ᛼ϩ݋ᆶ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ(Spectrum Analysis and Bandpass Filter)

ᓎ᛼ϩ݋ёӧޜ໔ୱǵਔ໔ୱϷᓎ౗ୱ৖Ңૻဦޑ܄፦ǴჹځϩѲуаϩ

݋Ǵаշךॺפрᕕှૻဦޑᓎ౗ϩթރݩǴ٠،ۓᘠݢೀ౛ਔ܌ሡाϐᓎ౗ϩ թаගଯૻᏓК(signal/noise ration)Ǵ٠ቚуࠟޔБӛޑှ݋ࡋǶԶӧೀ౛ਔךॺ

཮ਥᏵᓎ᛼ϩ݋(spectrum analysis)ޑ่݀Ǵٰ،ۓ೛࿼஥೯ᘠݢᏔ(bandpass filter) ޑୖኧǴᙖҗज़ૈ೯ၸޑᓎ౗٠ߥ੮ǴЪѐନόाޑᓎ౗Ƕ

(3)੿ჴਁ൯অ҅(True amplitude recovery)

᎜ ݢ ૈ ໆ ӧ ځ ໺ ሀ ޑ ၸ ำ ύ ཮ ೴ ᅌ ૰ ෧ Ǵ ೭ Ь ा ࢂ Ӣ ࣁ ౚ य़ ᘉ ණ ਏ ᔈ (spherical divergence)Ϸ֎ԏਏᔈ(absorption)܌೷ԋǴӢԜךॺёа٩Ᏽඔጕϐᚈ

(4)ှ଑௽(Deconvolution)

җ ܭ ᎜ ෳ ௖ ୎ ਔ Ǵ ᎜ ݢ ߞ ဦ ᆶ Ӧ ቫ ޑ ่ ӝ ࢂ ௦ Ҕ ଑ ௽ ኳ Ԅ (convolution model)Ǵ܌а྽ךॺाளѐᚇૻቹៜǴ੝ձࢂԖຼය܄੝ቻޑᚇૻӵ਻ݰਏᔈ (bubble effect)ǵፄϸ৔(multiple)ǵႍ᎜ਏᔈ(ringing)ᆶషៜ౜ຝ(reverberation)Ǵ ςளډ҂ڙᚇૻυᘋϐӦቫߞဦਔǴѸ໪٬Ҕ଑௽ኳԄޑϸӛޑीᆉǴԜीᆉջ ࣁှ଑௽Ƕӧჴբ΢Ѹ໪ӃჹૻဦբԾჹК(autocorrelation)Ǵפр೭٤ڀຼය܄

ޑૻဦǴᙖҗှ଑௽ᏹբߏࡋ(operator length)ᆶှ଑௽ᏹբႣෳຯᚆ(predictive distance)฻ୖኧޑዴۓǴ຾Չှ଑௽ޑीᆉǶ

(5)ࠟޔ႖ຯਔৡঅ҅(Normal move out)

ࠟޔ႖ຯਔৡঅ҅ջࢂஒӚڙݢᏔ܌ௗԏډϐӕύᗺϸ৔ߞဦډၲਔ໔অ҅

ԋӵӕࠟޔΕ৔ޑٰӣوਔǶ྽ךॺၮҔӕύᗺޑБԄᛤᇙওय़ਔǴ؂ঁӕύᗺ

໣ӝ္х֖ΑόӕЍຯޑඔጕǴӚڙݢᏔௗԏډӕ΋ᗺޑߞဦډၲਔ໔Ψ൩ό ӕǴӢԜךॺѸ໪ӃΑှ᎜ݢӧӦቫύ໺ሀޑೲࡋǴωёीᆉрӚڙݢᏔޑوਔ ৡ౦Ƕҁࣴزύ௖؃᎜ݢӧӦቫύ໺ሀޑೲࡋࢂճҔೲࡋᓎ᛼ݤ(the velocity spectrum)Ǵӧ΋చෳጕύ٩ྣځ܌࿶ၸޑӦቫ੝ቻǴ؂ 50-200 ঁӕύᗺڗኬ΋ঁ

ӕύᗺ؃ځೲࡋБำԄǴӆϣකр᏾చෳጕޑೲࡋওय़ǴԶࡕӧᆶ᎜ෳওय़բК

ၨǴঅ҅ෳጕύόӝ౛ޑೲࡋॶǴջёளрӝ౛ޑೲࡋϩ݋ॶǶ

(6)ख़ӝ(Stack)

ख़ӝࢂஒ೯ၸӕ΋ӕύᗺޑኧచඔጕ(trace)᠄уԋࣁ΋చඔጕǴځҞޑࢂග ଯૻဦᚇૻКǴ٬ள੿ჴߞဦளауம٠फ़եᒿᐒᚇૻ຾ԶගଯࠟޔБӛ΢ޑှ

݋ࡋǴ೭ࢂӢࣁ੿ჴޑૻဦӧ؂΋ඔጕύѸۓࢂख़ፄр౜ǴԶᒿᐒᚇૻ߾ό΋

ۓǴࡺኧచඔጕख़ӝаࡕǴೕ߾ޑᚇૻߡ཮ϕ࣬೏੃ନ܈෧১Ǵӧࠟޔ႖ຯਔৡ অ҅ؼӳޑ௃ݩΠǴ྽ख़ӝኧຫӭǴϸᔈޑ؂΋ঁӕύᗺځૻဦᚇૻКΨ൩ຫ ଯǶ

(7)౽Տ(Migration)

౽Տೀ౛Ьाࢂঅ҅ߚНѳӦቫϷڀઇ຋य़ޑӦቫ(ӵᘐቫ)೷ԋ᎜ݢౢғ௹

ӛΕ৔܈ᙅ৔(diffraction)ޑ౜ຝǴ࿶ၸ౽Տೀ౛ࡕޑওय़ёаቚ຾НѳБӛޑૻ

ᏓКǴ٬ওय़׳ૈϸࢀрӦቫӧޜ໔ύޑ੿ჴϩթރݩǶ

კ 2.1.1 ҁࣴز܌٬Ҕϐ᎜ෳওय़ၗ਑Տ࿼ϩѲϷ୔ୱНుკǶԪՅጕ ࣁҁࣴز܌٬Ҕ᎜ෳওय़Տ࿼ϩѲǴ໵Յ຀ጕࣁҁࣴزύࠄੇч೽εഌᜐ ጔཥғжࣧӦϐՏ࿼Ƕ

კ 2.1.2 ҁࣴز܌٬ҔޑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ᎜ෳওय़ၗ਑ϩѲǶԪ ՅࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐՏ࿼(Yu and Chou, 2011)ǴᆘՅጕࣁ OR1-685 ૐԛϐ᎜ෳၗ਑Տ࿼ǴᙔՅጕࣁ OR1-731 ૐԛϐ᎜ෳၗ਑Տ

࿼Ǵ๋Յጕࣁ OR1-685 ૐԛϐ᎜ෳၗ਑Տ࿼Ƕಉᙔጕᆶಉ๋ጕϩձࣁ ҁЎკ 3.2.2 ᆶკ 3.2.3 ϐՏ࿼Ƕ

კ2.1.3 ዊԥпഐϐጄൎǵҁࣴز᎜ෳওय़ϐϩѲϷ୔ୱНుკǶ໵Յ຀ጕࣁዊԥпഐϐጄൎ(Pang et al., 2009)ǶҁკНుၗ਑җѠεੇࢩ܌᎜ෳ௖୎ࣴز࠻܌ගٮǶ

კ 2.1.4 ҁࣴزዊԥпഐ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़Տ࿼ϷጓဦკǶ໵Յኧӷࣁࠟ

ޔැ຋ෳጕϐጓဦǴԪՅኧӷࣁѳՉැ຋ෳጕϐጓဦǶ

߄ 2.1.1 ҁࣴزѠ᡼ੇ৙ഌැ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़ߏࡋ΃ំ߄Ƕ

߄ 2.1.2 ҁࣴزዊԥпഐ୔ୱ᎜ෳওय़ߏࡋ΃ំ߄Ƕ

2.2 ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋Бݤ

᎜ෳ࣬ൂϡ(seismic facies units)ࢂ΋ಔڀԖӕኬނ౛੝ቻᆶϸ৔ಔᄊޑϸ

৔ǶճҔ᎜ෳ࣬ޑϩ݋Ǵךॺૈளډჹܭ؇ᑈᕉნᆶ۟࣬ޑှញǶҁࣴزޑБݤ Ьाࢂ٩Ᏽ Mitchum et al. (1977)܌ගٮϐ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ݋ཷۺǴճҔ᎜ෳওय़ύϸ৔

ቫޑ᎜ෳ੝ቻ(ਁ൯ǵೱុ܄ǵᓎ౗)ᆶϸ৔ಔᄊ฻ޑৡ౦Ǵ܌ಔԋόӕޑ᎜ෳ

࣬Ǵ٠ჹόӕϐ᎜ෳ׎ᇮբ؈ᑈᕉნϐှញǶаΠךॺϩձᙁॊϸ৔ޑ᎜ෳ੝ቻ کϸ৔ಔᄊǶ

A. ᎜ෳ੝ቻ

ϸ৔ਁ൯ࣁϸ৔᎜ݢޑݢঢ়ଯࡋǴ΋૓Ҕமǵύǵ১߄Ңځελ(კ 2.3.1)Ƕ

ਁ൯ம১ޑᡂϯکϸ৔߯ኧ࣬ᜢǴਁ൯ޑࠟޔБӛᡂϯǴёаҔٰפόഈӝǴԶ

ਁ൯ޑୁӛᡂϯǴёаҔٰᔅշ୔ձ᎜ෳඔጕǶ

ϸ৔ೱុ܄ࢂᇥܴ΋ঁϸ৔ӧୁӛޑೱុ܄Ǵёаϩԋҗߚதೱុډߚதό ೱុޑ฻ભ(კ 2.3.1)Ƕೱុ܄ࣁᖂߔޑୁӛᡂϯǴΨ൩ࢂӧ۟܄วғΑୁӛᡂ ϯǴӢԜǴೱុ܄ό٫ޑϸ৔ߡதёૈࡰҢୁӛ࡚۟࣬ೲᡂϯޑ؈ᑈᕉნ੝܄Ǵ ӵݞࢬ܈ؑᑈ৻ᕉნǶೱុ٫ޑϸ৔Ǵ߾தࡰҢࢂୁӛ֡Ϭޑ؈ᑈᕉნǴӵుੇ

ᕉნǶ

ϸ৔ᓎ౗ࢂඔॊൂՏਔୢϣޑϸ৔ቫኧҞǴҭբϸ৔໔႖ǶଯᓎࢂࡰൂՏਔ ໔ϣޑϸ৔ኧໆӭǴϸϐǴեᓎߡࢂࡰൂՏਔ໔ϣޑϸ৔ኧໆϿ(კ 2.3.1)Ƕ೯த όӕޑӦቫቫׇǴёૈ཮Ԗόӕޑϸ৔ᓎ౗ޑวғǴࢂаӧࠟޔБӛޑϸ৔ቫᓎ

౗ޑᡂϯǴҭёӵӕௗ᝻ᜢ߯ǴёբࣁۓကӦቫቫׇᜐࣚޑ٩ᏵǶԶϸ৔ᓎ౗ޑ

ୁӛᡂϯǴҭёаբࣁ۟࣬ୁӛᡂϯޑࡰҢǶ୤ᒿ๱ుࡋޑቚуठ٬ᖂྍૈໆޑ

഼ѨǴଯᓎ౗ޑϸ৔ஒ཮੃ѨǶࢂаӧ᎜ෳӦቫওय़ޑు೽Ǵ೯தѝૈـډեᓎ ޑϸ৔Ƕ

B. ϸ৔ಔᄊ

߈ѳՉޑރᄊǶϸ৔ޑୁӛೱុ܄೯த೿ߚதӳǶ٩ϸ৔ޑ׎ރёӆಒϩࣁѳڶ ރᆶݢރǶวණࠠ(divergentǴკ 2.3.2)߯ࡰϸ৔ӛࢌ΋БӛᆫӝǴԖձܭഗᙟǵ

຾ᙟ฻ௗ᝻ᜢ߯೯தж߄๱ό᏾ӝǴวණ೯த߄ҢӦቫޑୁ܄ۯុ΢วғΑӾ

ྐǶ

༾ᘋ୏(modifying termsǴკ 2.3.3)Ǻӧ᎜ෳ࣬ύೕኳၨλޑϸ৔ಔᄊ੝ቻǶ Ԗѳރ(even)ǵݢੁރ(wavy)ǵᘀЫރ(hummoky)ǵ೸᜔ރ(lenticular)ǵᒱ୏ރ (disturbed)ǵסԔރ(contortedȑ฻Ƕ༤кࠠ(fill seismic faciesǴკ 2.3.4)Ǻӧ΋ӛ Πпഐޑϸ৔ǴਥᏵځ΢ᙟϸ৔ޑϸ৔ಔᄊᆶௗ᝻ᜢ߯Ǵךॺૈ຾΋؁ۓကра Π᎜ෳ੝ቻǺ຾ᙟ༤ᑈ(onlap fill)ǵЫރ຾ᙟ༤ᑈ(mounded onlap fill)ǵ຾ᑈ༤ᑈ (prograded fill)ǵ ว ණ ༤ ᑈ (divergent fill) ǵ ෶ ؏ ༤ ᑈ (chaotic fill) ǵ ፄ ᚇ ༤ ᑈ (complex fill)Ƕ

௹ڵ຾ᑈࠠ(prograding clinoformǴკ 2.3.5)Ǻҁᜪࠠϸ৔ಔᄊၨࣁፄᚇǴЬ

ा ࣁ ຾ ᙟ (prograding) ޑ Ӧ ቫ ϐ ੝ ቻ Ǵ த ว ғ ӧ ጗ ڵ ޑ ؇ ᑈ य़ (gently sloping depositional surface)ޑ௹ڵ(clinoform)΢ǶS ރ(Sigmoid) ޑ੝ቻࢂύ໔ࠆЪଥǵ΢

ΠٿࢤᖓЪѳǴᆶ΢ᙟቫׇᜐࣚࣁ᏾ௗᜢ߯(concordant)ǹ௹ᄒރ(Oblique)ᆶ S ރ

׎ރ࣬߈Ǵ୤΢ࢤ೽ҽᆶ΢ᙟቫׇᜐࣚޑௗ᝻ᜢ߯ࣁഗᙟ(toplap)Ƕ௹ᄒރёӆ٩ Πᙟϸ৔ޑ጗܈ଥёӆϩࣁϸ৔࣬Ϫࠠ(tangential)ᆶϸ৔ѳՉࠠ(parallel)Ƕ௹ᄒ໠

Չ (Shingled) ߯ ࡰ ᗨ ฅ ຾ ᙟ ϸ ৔ Ǵ Ԗ ๱ ߈ ѳ Չ ޑ ΢ Π ٿ ᜐ ࣚ Ƕ ᘀ Ы ރ ௹ ڵ (Hummocky Clinoform)߾ࢂࡰ຾ᙟϸ৔٠ߚѳՉǴϸࢂаКၨόೱុޑԛѳՉ (subparallel)ǵ෶؏(chaotic)ࣁЬǶ

ӕਔǴҁࣴزճҔ Ramsayer (1977)ޑ᎜ෳൂϡඔॊБݤǴஒ၀᎜ෳൂϡޑϸ

৔੝ቻᆶځ΢Π᎜ෳൂϡϐௗ᝻ᜢ߯Ǵ᏾ӝԋ΋಄ဦޑ߄ၲБԄǶᖐٯԶقǴԖ

΋᎜ෳൂϡǴځϸ৔੝ቻа௹ᄒ(oblique)ࣁЬǴ ᆶ΢ᙟ᎜ෳൂϡޑௗ᝻ᜢ߯ࣁഗ ᙟ(toplap)ǴԶᆶΠБ᎜ෳൂϡϐௗ᝻ᜢ߯ࣁΠᙟ(downlap)ਔǴ߾ךॺёаஒԜ᎜

ෳൂϡᙁ૶ࣁ ǹԶऩ᎜ෳൂϡϣϐϸ৔੝ቻаѳՉ(parallel)ࣁЬǴᆶ΢ᙟ

ቻޑжဦǶҁࣴزਥᏵԜ΢ϸ৔ቫ੝ቻϷϸ৔ಔᄊϐϩᜪচ߾Ǵ຾Չ᎜ෳ࣬ϩ

݋Ƕ

კ 2.3.1 ϸ৔ቫ੝ቻϐೱុ܄ӳᚯǵਁ൯ம১ᆶᓎ౗ଯ եҢཀკǶঅׯԾዐ฻(1992)Ƕ

კ 2.3.2 ϸ৔ಔᄊϐѳՉ(ѳރᆶݢੁރ)ǵԛѳՉǵ ᆶวණރҢཀკǶঅׯԾ Mitchum et al. (1977)Ƕ

კ 2.3.3 ༾ᘋ୏ϸ৔ಔᄊϐҢཀკǴځύх֖ѳރǵݢੁރǵЫރǵ

೸᜔ރǵᒱ୏ރᆶסԔރҢཀკǶঅׯԾ Mitchum et al. (1977)Ƕ

კ 2.3.4 ༤кϸ৔ಔᄊϐҢཀკǶх֖຾ᙟ༤ᑈǵ຾ᑈ༤ᑈǵЫރ༤ ᑈǵష໶༤ᑈǵวණ༤ᑈǵፄӝ༤ᑈǶঅׯԾ Mitchum et al. (1977)Ƕ

კ 2.3.5 ௹ڵ຾ᑈࠠϸ৔ಔᄊϐҢཀკǴх֖ S ރǵ௹ᄒރ(ϸ৔

࣬Ϫࠠᆶϸ৔ѳՉࠠ)ǵS-௹ᄒፄӝރǵ௹ᄒ໠ՉރᆶЫރ௹ڵࠠǶ অׯԾ Mitchum et al. (1977)Ƕ

კ 2.3.6 தـޑௗ᝻ᜢ߯ǵϸ৔੝ቻᆶځᙁ૶ਔதҔޑжဦǶ த ـ ޑ ௗ ᝻ ᜢ ߯ Ԗ ߟ ᇑ ᄒ Ϫ (erosional truncation) ǵ ഗ ᙟ (toplap)ǵ຾ᙟ(onlap)ǵΠᙟ(downlap)ǵ᏾ӝௗ᝻(concordant)Ƕ Զதـޑϸ৔ಔᄊ߾ԖѳՉ(parallel)ǵวණ(divergent)ǵష؏

(chaotic)ǵ ݢ ރ (wavy) ǵ ว ණ Ы ރ (divergent moundy) ǵ Ы ރ (mounded)ǵ௹ᄒ຾ᑈރ(oblique progradational)ǵS ׎຾ᑈރ (sigmoid progradational)ǵ ค ϸ ৔ (reflection free) ǵ ໠ Չ ރ (shingling)฻ǶЇҔԾ Ramsayer (1977)Ƕ

!

ಃΟക Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐ੝ቻ

3.1 ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐӦቫ੝ቻ

྽೷ξ஥಻ख़ठ٬߻ഌ݈༧วғኙԔǴӧ೷ξ஥߻䷑ޑ߻ഌ݈༧΢วғΑኙ Ԕ؇फ़ޑ߻ഌࣧӦǴ٠ӧ׳۳߻ഌ݈༧ϣୁ(inbroad)׎ԋΑኙԔܩϲޑ߻сଆ (Allen et al., 1991)Ƕ྽೷ξ஥௢౽ਔǴ߻ഌࣧӦᆶ߻сଆޑՏ࿼Ψ཮Ӣᔈ೷ξ஥

Տ࿼ޑᡂϯԶԖ܌ᎂ౽(კ 3.1.1)ǶٯӵǴӵ݀೷ξ஥౽୏ޑБӛک߻сଆ౽୏ޑ Бӛ࣬ӕ(კ 3.1.2)Ǵஒठ٬ӧКচٰ߻сଆวғՏ࿼׳۳߻ഌӦ༧ޑӦБวғཥ ޑໜଆܩϲǴԶচӃ೏ܩϲޑӦ୔߾໒ۈวғ؇फ़Ƕ

߻сଆޑᎂ౽٣ҹத೷ԋ୔ୱ܄ό᏾ӝय़ޑೱុวғǴ٠ӧ߻сଆϐୁᖀೀ

೷ԋ΋঺੝ձޑό᏾ӝय़௨ӈБԄǶTankard (1986)ਥᏵӧΒ᠄इߓۦ܎ࠨ೷ξ஥

߻䷑ϐ߻ഌ݈༧ኙԔсଆޑᢀჸǴว౜ΑӧсଆޑୁᖀೀԖኧঁӛсଆଯ୔ഗ೽

΢໼(updip)ޑό᏾ӝय़Ǵ྽ന୷ۭޑό᏾ӝय़೏ࡕයό᏾ӝय़ᄒϪࡕǴԜࡕයό

᏾ӝय़ᒿջΞ೏׳ࡕයό᏾ӝय़܌ᄒϪǴ೷ԋӚයޑό᏾ӝय़ӧсଆޑഗ೽ᆫӝ (merging)Ǵ׎ԋ΋ಔུރޑό᏾ӝ(wedges of unconformities)(კ 3.1.3)Ǵӕਔό᏾

ӝय़ϐᄒϪᗺ(intersection points)཮ӛсଆഗ೽ೱុၠ፯(overstepping)ǶTankard (1986)ᇡࣁᄒϪᗺၠ፯ޑБӛǴߡࢂсଆᎂ౽ޑБӛǶ

White et al. (2002)ਥᏵқ୳इऍ୯Ջ೽ϣ߻ഌࣧӦ(Cretaceous Western Interior Basin)ޑፓ่ࢗ݀ǴගрΑ߻сଆᎂ౽ਔёૈޑӦቫᄽϯᜢ߯(კ 3.1.4)Ǻ΋໒ۈ

ۘ҂ԖኙԔܩϲǴԖ AǵBǵC ΟቫচۈНѳޑӦቫ(კ 3.1.4a)ǹӧ߻сଆܩϲ (forebulge uplift)ࡕǴӦቫ AǵBǵC ࣣӢ೏ܩϲԶᎁډߟᇑǴӕਔΨวғΑӦቫ Dᆶ E ޑ؇ᑈ(კ 3.1.4b)ǹ྽߻сଆӛѓБᎂ౽(migration)ਔǴନΑӦቫ AǵBǵC ϝ೏ܩϲЪߟᇑϐѦǴচӃӧ߻сଆ҂ᎂ౽ϐ߻൩วғӧ߻сଆѓୁޑ؇ᑈނ(კ ѓБޑӦቫ D ᆶ E)Ψ໒ۈ೏ܩϲ٠೏ߟᇑǴԶচӃӧკ 3.1.4b ύ೏߻сଆܩϲ ޑՏ࿼໒ۈวғ؇फ़Ǵ٠ԖӦቫ F ޑ୴ᑈ(კ 3.1.4c)ǹനࡕǴߟᇑय़ᆶ߻сଆࣣ

ࣁനࡕයޑ؇ᑈӦቫ G ܌ᙟᇂ(კ 3.1.4d)Ƕ

კ 3.1.1 ೷ξ஥௢຾ਔǴ߻ഌࣧӦᆶ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐ࣬ჹՏ࿼ϐҢཀკǶᒿ೷ξུ

(orogenic wedge)җѰӛѓ௢຾Ǵ߻сଆ(forebulge)ޑՏ࿼ҭҗ t1 ӛѓᎂ౽ǶڗԾ Crampton and Allen (1995)Ƕ

კ 3.1.2 ߻сଆ௢຾ਔᆶ୷ྗय़ᜢ߯ᡂϯϐҢཀკǶᒿѦٰӦ༧(allochthon)җѰ ӛѓ௢຾Ǵ߻сଆ(forebulge)ޑՏ࿼ҭҗ A ೀӛѓᎂ౽Կ B ೀǴচӃ೏߻сଆܩϲ ޑ A ೀǴӧ߻сଆӛѓᎂ౽ࡕวғ؇फ़ǹԶচӃۘ҂೏߻сଆܩϲޑ B ೀǴࣁཥ

׎ԋޑ߻сଆ܌ܩϲǶڗԾ Giles and Dickinson (1995)Ƕ

კ 3.1.3 ӧΒ᠄इऍ୯ߓۦ܎ࠨ߻ഌࣧӦځኙԔϐܩϲᆶӦቫ੝ቻǶ1 ࣁ୔

ୱӦᡏᄬ೷კǴ2 ࣁсଆ୔Ӧ፦ওय़ҢཀკǴ3 ࣁсଆଯ୔ޑՋୁϐӦቫࢊೱ КკǶவӦቫࢊೱКკёаว౜сଆଯ୔ࣁ΋ུރޑό᏾ӝय़(wedge of unconformities)܌ߟᇑǴԶೱុޑࡕයό᏾ӝय़ჹ߻යό᏾ӝय़ޑᄒϪ٣ҹ೷

ԋΑӛсଆഗᆄၠ፯ޑᄒϪᗺ(intersection points)ǶঅׯԾ Tankard (1986)Ƕ

კ 3.1.4 қ୳इऍ୯Ջ೽ϣ߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆኙԔᆶӦቫᄽϯϐҢཀკǶA~G ࣁ όӕਔ܌୴ᑈϐӦቫǶځύ(a)ࣁ߻сଆۘ҂วғǴ(b)ࣁ߻сଆ߃ԛวғǴ(c)ࣁ

߻сଆӛკѓᎂ౽Ǵ(d)ᎂ౽ࡕޑ߻сଆࣁࡕٰޑ؇ᑈӦቫ G ܌௝ᇂǶঅׯԾ

3.2 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆᎂ౽

ҁࣴز᏾ӝΑ Tankard (1986)܌ගрޑό᏾ӝय़ᄒϪ੝ቻǴаϷ White et al.

(2002)܌ගрޑӦቫ୴᠄੝ቻǴගрΑ΋׳ֹ᏾ޑӦቫᄽϯኳࠠ(კ 3.2.1)ٰᇥܴ

߻сଆܩϲǵᎂ౽ᆶӦቫޑᄽϯᜢ߯Ǻ΋໒ۈۘ҂ԖኙԔܩϲǴԖ AǵBǵC Ο ቫচۈНѳޑӦቫ(კ 3.2.1a)ǹ྽߻сଆໜϲ٣ҹวғࡕǴӦቫ AǵBǵC ࣣӢ೏

ܩϲԶᎁډߟᇑǴ೷ԋΑߟᇑय़ U0ǴӕਔΨวғΑӦቫ D ᆶ E ޑ؇ᑈ(კ 3.2.1b)ǹ྽ಃ΋ԛ߻сଆᎂ౽٣ҹวғǴ߻сଆӛკѰБᎂ౽ਔǴନΑӦቫ Aǵ BǵC ϐѦǴচӃޑߟᇑय़ U0 Ψᎁډܩϲ٠೏ߟᇑǴཥޑߟᇑय़ U1 ஒᆶ U0 Ԗ

΋ᄒϪᗺ X(კ 3.2.1c)ǹ྽ಃΒԛ߻сଆᎂ౽٣ҹวғǴ߻сଆӆԛӦӛკѰБᎂ

౽Ǵߟᇑय़ U1 ஒᎁډܩϲ٠೏ߟᇑǴԶཥޑߟᇑय़ U2 ஒᆶ U1 Ԗ΋ᄒϪᗺ Y(კ 3.2.1d)ǶҗܭᄒϪᗺ X ډᄒϪᗺ Y ߯ࣁႽკѰБޑ౽୏Ǵ߄Ң߻сଆᎂ౽ วғޑБӛࣁҗკѓӛკѰǶ

᎜ෳওय़ 731-6(კ 3.2.2)ࡰрӧѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦӦቫቫׇӛՋᅌᖓǴӕਔ ӧ߻ഌࣧӦᇻᆄ୔(distal zone of foreland basin)Ǵϸ৔аѳՉɡԛѳՉࣁЬǴӧ߻

ഌࣧӦЬाӦ୔(proximal zone of foreland basin)Ǵёว౜ߚதܴᡉޑϸ৔ԳރӾ

ྐ౜ຝ(feather-edge)ǴԜӾྐวғޑБӛ߯ࣁҗ೷ξ஥۳߻ഌӦ༧ޑБӛǴᇥܴ

ΑӦቫԖӛᛙۓ߻ഌӦ༧БӛӾྐޑ੝ቻǶ

᎜ෳওय़ 794-3(კ 3.2.3)ёаᒣ᛽р U1ǵU2 ฻ٿచό᏾ӝय़(კ 3.2.4)ǴU0 ࣁ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ǴҗܿӛՋ΢໼(updip)Ƕ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ U0 ӧ X ೀࣁӛՋ΢໼ޑό᏾ӝय़ U1 ܌ᄒϪǴԶό᏾ӝय़ U1 ᒿջΞ೏ќ΋చӛՋ΢

໼ޑό᏾ӝय़ U2 ܌ᄒϪǶҗܭό᏾ӝय़ U0ǵU1ǵU2 Ԗ๱ሀԛԶೱុޑᄒϪᜢ

߯ǴΞӕࣁҗՋӛܿ΢໼Ǵ׎ԋΑ΋ಔӛՋᆫӝ(merge)ޑό᏾ӝय़Ƕ

ஒ᎜ෳওय़ 794-3 ᆶ߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐӦቫᄽϯᜢ߯კ(კ 3.2.1)КၨǴ

᎜ෳওय़ 794-3 ύޑό᏾ӝय़ U0ǵU1ǵU2 ϩձёаჹКډ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐӦቫᄽ ϯᜢ߯კ(კ 3.2.1)ޑό᏾ӝय़ U0ǵU1ǵU2ǴԶ᎜ෳওय़ 794-3 ύޑᄒϪᗺ X ک

߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆϐӦቫᄽϯᜢ߯(კ 3.2.1)Ǵό᏾ӝय़ U1 ᆶᄒϪᗺ X ࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽

߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆಃ΋ԛᎂ౽ޑ่݀ǴԶό᏾ӝय़ U2 ᆶᄒϪᗺ Y ࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦ߻сଆಃΒԛᎂ౽ޑ่݀ǶԶ٩ᏵᄒϪᗺ Y ޑՏ࿼ӧᄒϪᗺ X ޑՋୁǴѠ

᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽วғޑБӛᔈࣁҗܿӛՋޑᎂ౽Ƕ᎜ෳওय़ 794-3 ჹ ܭѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆޑᎂ౽ගٮΑߚதܴዴޑӦቫ᛾ᏵǶ

კ 3.2.1 ߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆᎂ౽ϐҢཀკǶA~H ࣁӦቫǴU0ǵU1 ᆶ U2 ࣁό᏾

ӝय़ǴX ᆶ Y ࣁό᏾ӝय़ϐᄒϪᗺǶ(a)΋໒ۈۘ҂ԖኙԔܩϲǴԖ AǵBǵC ΟቫচۈНѳޑӦቫǶ(b)྽߻сଆܩϲࡕǴӦቫ AǵBǵC ࣣӢ೏ܩϲԶᎁډ ߟᇑǴ೷ԋΑߟᇑय़ U0ǴӕਔΨวғΑӦቫ D ᆶ E ޑ؇ᑈǶ(c)྽߻сଆಃ΋

ԛӛკѰБᎂ౽ਔǴନΑӦቫ AǵBǵC ϐѦǴচӃޑߟᇑय़ U0 Ψᎁډܩϲ٠

೏ߟᇑǴཥޑߟᇑय़ U1 ஒᆶ U0 Ԗ΋ᄒϪᗺ XǶ(d)྽߻сଆಃΒԛӛკѰБ

კ3.2.2 ᐉၠѠ᡼ੇ৙ޑ᎜ෳওय़731-6Ƕওय़Տ࿼ፎୖྣკ2.1.2Ƕӧ߻ഌࣧӦᇻᆄ୔(distal zone of foreland basin)Ǵ߻ഌࣧӦቫׇϣޑϸ৔аѳՉɡԛѳՉࣁЬǴԶӧ߻ഌࣧӦЬाӦ୔(proximal zone of foreland basin)߾ёว౜ߚதܴᡉޑϸ৔ԳރӾྐ౜ຝ(feather-edge)Ƕ

კ3.2.3 ᐉၠѠ᡼ੇ৙ޑ᎜ෳওय़794-3Ǵওय़Տ࿼ፎୖྣკ2.1.2Ƕ໳Յጕࣁੇ׉ፄϸ৔ǴලՅ຀ጕёૈࣁОԋ ނ፦Ǵ๋Յ຀ጕࣁёૈޑ߻сଆϐՏ࿼Ƕ༝୮ೀࣁό᏾ӝय़ϐᄒϪᗺǶU0ࣁ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ǶӧXೀࣁ ӛՋ΢໼ޑό᏾ӝय़U1܌ᄒϪǴό᏾ӝय़U1ᒿջΞ೏ќ΋చӛՋ΢໼ޑό᏾ӝय़U2܌ᄒϪǶҗܭό᏾ӝय़ U0ǵU1ǵU2Ԗ๱ሀԛԶೱុޑᄒϪᜢ߯ǴΞӕࣁҗܿӛՋ΢໼Ǵ׎ԋΑ΋ಔӛՋᆫӝ(merge)ޑό᏾ӝय़Ƕ

კ 3.2.4 ᎜ෳওय़ 794-3 ޑֽ೽ܫεკϷځှញǴ໳Յጕࣁੇ׉ϐፄϸ৔Ƕ வӚှញওय़ύёаᢀჸډό᏾ӝय़ U1 ჹΠय़ӦቫϐᄒϪᜢ߯(a(ᆶ b()Ǵ аϷό᏾ӝय़ U2 ჹΠय़ӦቫϐᄒϪᜢ߯(c()Ƕ

3.3 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ᆶځཀ఼

྽೷ξ಻ख़ठ٬ኙԔวғǴ߻сଆໜଆܩϲ٠ڙډߟᇑǴ೷ԋ΋ቶݱޑ߻ഌ

୷ۭό᏾ӝय़(basal foreland unconformity)(Allen et al., 1991)Ǵ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ Ԗ΋ߚத੝ਸޑӦቫ੝ቻǺຯ೷ξ஥ຫᇻǴԖၨεޑӦቫલѨǴϸϐຯᚆ೷ξ஥

ຫ߈ǴԜӦቫલѨຫλǴࣗԿ᏾ӝௗ᝻ǶӧѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦǴԜӦቫ੝ቻςҗ Yu and Chou (2001)ճҔύݨϦљᢕϔၗ਑ǴᛤᇙΑѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦܿՋӛϷࠄ чӛೱϔϐԃжӦቫওय़ǴֹԋΑ߃؁ඔॊǴՠ҂၁ಒ૸ፕԜ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾

ӝय़ϐӦቫ໔ຯӧѳय़΢ޑϩѲޑཀကǶ

ճҔ Sun (1985)܌ᛤᇙޑӃ΢ύύཥ಍ϐђӦ፦კ(pre-Upper Middle Miocene paleogeologic map)(კ 3.3.1)ϷӃ΢ύύཥ಍ଷ᏾ӝϐᙝ౳ຎკ(worm(s eye map on the pre-Upper Middle-Miocene disconformity surface)(კ 3.3.2)Ǵ೭ٿ஭კϩձ߄Ң Α೏Ӄ΢ύύཥ಍ଷ᏾ӝ܌ߟᇑϐӦቫޑԃжϩѲǴаϷӧӃ΢ύύཥ಍ଷ᏾ӝ а΢ӦቫޑԃжϩѲǶ࿶ၸӦቫલѨޑჹКǴԜ΢ύύཥ಍ϐଷ᏾ӝय़ᆶ Yu and Chou (2001)ᒣ᛽ϐ߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़և౜΃ठޑӦቫલѨ໔ຯ(hiatus interval) ϩѲǴ٠ЪගٮΑ׳ֹ᏾ޑό᏾ӝय़ϐѳय़ϩѲǴஒ೭ٿ஭კ᠄ӝǴᛤᇙΑ߻ഌ

ࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐӦቫલѨკ(hiatus map)(კ 3.3.3)Ƕ

ӧѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝޑӦቫલѨϩѲკύǴӅԖΖᅿӦቫલѨ໔ ຯǴӧѠ᡼ੇ৙ՋୁวғΑനεޑӦቫલѨ(კ 3.3.3, आՅ୔ୱ: ఁύཥ಍ɡ׳ཥ

಍)Ǵ۳ՋӦቫલѨ೴ᅌᡂλǴനࡕӧѠ᡼Ջч೽ԋࣁ᏾ӝޑೱុ؇ᑈ(continuous deposition)ǶԜѦவѳय़ϩѲ΢ٰ࣮Ǵӧዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔ачǴό᏾ӝय़໻วғ ӧѠ᡼ੇ৙ǴԶ٠҂ۯ՜ԿѠ᡼ഌ΢ǶฅԶ྽ό᏾ӝय़ӛࠄۯ՜Կዋ෫ɡчෝଯ

୔ਔǴόՠӧዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔΢Ψр౜ΑനεޑӦቫલѨ໔ຯǴ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝ ޑϩѲҭӛܿۯ՜ډ໦݅ǵ჏က΃஥ޑഌ΢Ӧ୔(კ 3.3.3)Ƕ᏾ᡏԶقǴӧѠ᡼ੇ

৙ч೽ࣁܿчɡՋࠄوӛϩѲޑӦቫલѨ໔ຯǴӧዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔วғΑӛܿࠄ ᙯӛǴԶ೽ϩޑӦቫલѨ໔ຯࣗԿև S ރޑϩѲ(კ 3.3.3, ᆘՅ୔ୱ)Ƕ

Yu and Chou (2001)ճҔӧѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦՋчɡܿࠄӛѤచǴܿчɡՋࠄ ӛޑೱϔওय़ǴගрѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝϐӦቫલѨԖӛчෝଯ୔

ሀቚޑᖿ༈Ǵᇡࣁዋ෫ɡчෝଯ୔ࣁ΋εഌᜐጔ΢ޑсрഌ䷑(promontory)ǴԶҁ ЎύǴ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐ฻ӦቫલѨ໔ຯϩѲკόՠ׳ֹ᏾Ӧ৖ҢΑѠ᡼Ջ೽

߻ഌࣧӦ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾ӝޑޜ໔ϩѲǴ฻ӦቫલѨ໔ຯϩѲޑৡ౦߾ᇥܴΑѠ᡼

Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦϐ߻сଆวғ٠ᎂ౽ڙډсрഌ䷑܌ቹៜޑ่݀Ƕ

Yu and Chou (2001)ᇡࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ߻сଆޑՏ࿼ऊౣ֤ပӧѠ᡼ੇ৙

ύጕǴฅԶਥᏵ Lin and Watts (2002)ኧॶኳᔕ่݀Ǵ߻сଆ౜ӧޑՏ࿼ёૈۯ՜

Կ׳ӛύ୯εഌᅽࡌӦ୔(კ 3.3.4)ǶճҔ᎜ෳওय़ B-B’ǴᄒϪᗺ X ᆶᄒϪᗺ Y ډੇ׉Տ࿼ޑ׫ቹ(კ 3.3.4)ǴᄒϪᗺ X ޑ׫ቹՏ࿼࡞ӧ Yu and Chou (2001)܌ඔ ᛤޑ߻сଆՏ࿼ϐ΢ǴԶᄒϪᗺ Y ޑ׫ቹՏ࿼ပӧ׳ࣁՋᜐǶԶਥᏵ߻сଆό᏾

ӝय़ޑӦቫલѨϩѲკ(კ 3.3.3)ǴԖനεӦቫલѨޑՏ࿼ҭӧ Yu and Chou (2001)

܌ඔᛤޑ߻сଆՏ࿼ϐՋୁǶӢԜǴ߻сଆ౜ӧޑՏ࿼ᔈՏܭၨ Yu and Chou (2001)܌ඔᛤޑՏ࿼׳ࣁՋୁ(კ 3.3.4)Ƕ

!

კ 3.3.1 Ӄ΢ύύཥ಍ϐђӦ፦კ (pre-Upper Middle Miocene paleogeologic map)(Sun, 1985)ǴҁࣴزှញࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐӦቫલѨϐ ९ຎკ(subcrop map)ǶவѠ᡼ੇ৙ՋୁډѠ᡼৞ՋୁǴନΑӃಃΟइ୷ዬа ѦǴ၀ό᏾ӝय़аΠр៛ޑӦቫҗՋԶܿϩձࣁΠύཥ಍ǵΠύύཥ಍Ƕ

კ 3.3.2 Ӄ΢ύύཥ಍ଷ᏾ӝϐᙝ౳ຎკ(worm(s eye map on the pre-Upper Middle-Miocene disconformity surface)(Sun, 1985)ǶҁࣴزှញࣁѠ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌ

ࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐӦቫલѨϐһຎკ(worm eye’s map)ǶவѠ᡼ੇ৙Ջୁډ

კ 3.3.3 Ѡ᡼Ջ೽߻ഌࣧӦ୷ۭό᏾ӝय़ϐӦቫલѨϩѲკǶ߻ഌ୷ۭό᏾

ӝय़Ӆ೷ԋΑΖᅿޑӦቫલѨ໔ຯ(hiatus interval)Ǵϩձаआǵᐈǵ໳ǵᆘ฻

όӕޑᚑՅ߄ҢǶ

კ 3.3.4 ߻сଆՏ࿼ޑКၨკǶಉԪጕࣁ Yu and Chou (2001) ܌ᛤᇙޑ߻

сଆՏ࿼Ǵಒ຀ጕࣁ Lin and Watts (2002)ᛤᇙޑ߻сଆϐՏ࿼ǴԶಒჴጕ ࣁ Lin and Watts (2002)ճҔኙԔኳᔕीᆉளډޑ߻сଆՏ࿼ǴಒుԪጕࣁ ҁЎᇡࣁ߻сଆϐՏ࿼Ƕ