現代漢語時間順序研究

(1)

Graduate Program of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language College of Liberal Arts

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

A study of psycholinguistic reality of temporal sequence in Mandarin Chinese

Chung-che Huang

Advisor: Te-hsin Liu, Ph.D.

103 9

September 2014

(2)

(3)

25

(4)

Tai (1985)

(5)

ABSTRACT

The ‘time as space’ metaphor proposed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980) has provided a great insight into the way people conceptualize the world and also has a profound impact on cognitive linguistics in academia. Based on the ‘time as space’ metaphor, researchers have long debated whether or not native Mandarin Chinese speakers conceptualize time as vertical, whilst native English speakers horizontal (Boroditsky, 2001; Chen, 2007; January & Kako, 2007; Fuhrman et al., 2011). This thesis, however, aims to identify another method of thinking about time employed by native Mandarin Chinese speakers. In chapter 2, data from ancient Chinese were collected to prove that hòu (“later” or “back”) was used to talk about time at first, and was then used to refer to space later. This suggests that hòu should be considered as ‘a product of restructuring’ rather than a ‘time as space’ metaphor. In chapter 3, by providing an overview of the three syntactic principles in Mandarin Chinese proposed by Tai (1985), it is indicated that the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) and the Principle of Temporal Scope (PTSC) actually constitute the main method of thinking about time used by native Mandarin Chinese speakers, and the “time as space” metaphor is only applicable to PTSC. To prove this, two experiments were conducted in chapter 4.

Experiment 1 examined the relationship between word order and the two temporal principles, through which a positive relation was identified. This suggests that PTS and PTSC are cognitive principles indeed existing in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 2 was designed to test whether or not the PTS exists independently of the “time as space”

metaphor. The results suggest that native Mandarin Chinese speakers refer to PTS to think of time, while English speakers space. Thus, this appears to demonstrate that native Mandarin Chinese speakers indeed conceptualize time in terms of the two temporal principles, whereas native English speakers space.

Keywords: ‘time as space’ metaphor, cognition, syntactic principles, temporal sequence, Mandarin Chinese

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.! before after (Radden, 2011:20) ... 7!

Figure 2.! (Radden, 2011: 21) ... 8!

Figure 3.! (Myers & Ko, 2010) ... 47!

Figure 4.! ... 54!

Figure 5.! ... 71!

Figure 6.! ... 71!

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.! ... 39!

Table 2.! Myers & Ko (2010) ... 46!

Table 3.! PTS ... 52!

Table 4.! PTSC ... 52!

Table 5.! PTS & PTSC ... 53!

Table 6.! ... 60!

Table 7.! ... 60!

Table 8.! ... 72!

Table 9.! ... 73!

Table 10.! ... 74!

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Chapter 1

1.1

1.2

Lakoff & Johnson (1980) (metaphor)

(time is money)

(time)

(1) You are wasting my time.

(2) This gadget will save you hours.

(3) I don’t have the time to give you.

(4) How do you spend your time these days?

(12)

(5) That flat tire cost me an hour.

(6) I have invested a lot of time in her.

(7) I don’t have enough time to spare for that.

(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980:7-8)

(object) (money)

(waste)

(save) (have) (give) (spend, cost) (invest)

(spare) (enough)

Clark (1973) (metaphoric relationship)

(when) (where)

(When did the boy jump over the

fence?) (right there)

(13)

(That time is here) (I’m looking ahead

to Christmas) (Moving Time) (b)

(Time passing is motion over landscape)

(He will have his degree in two years) (We’re coming

up on Christmas) Moving Ego

Lakoff Yu (1998:83-159)

( We’re racing against time) ( We are ahead of time )

Lakoff Moore (2004, 2006)

(Moving Ego) (Moving Time)

(Perspective-Specific)

(Perspective-Neutral)

(Sequence is Relative Position on a Path) Núñez, Motz & Teuscher (2006)

(Ego-Reference-Point)

(Wednesday follows Tuesday) (February comes before March)

(Time-Reference-Point)

(Ego) (Now)

(Boston time is three hours ahead of San

Francisco time) (It is 20 minutes ahead of 1 pm)

(14)

(Scott, 1989; Yu, 1998:83-139; Radden, 2004:228-229; ,

2007; , 2007; , 2008; & , 2010; , 2010; ,

2010; , 2010; Radden, 2011:4-8)

(Boroditsky, 2001; Fuhrman et al., 2011)

( , 2006; Chen, 2007; January & Kako, 2007; Tse & Altarriba, 2008)

( , 2011; Lai & Boroditsky, 2013)

( , 2011; Miles et al., 2011)

(1)

(15)

(2) (Time as Bounded Space)

(3) (The Duality: Mixture of Case

One and Case Two)

Yu

(2003) Yu

1 Yu

Yu

(1) (now)

(2)

(3) 1980

(4)

1

(16)

( , 1997) ( , 2008; , 2009; Ji et al.,

2009; , 2011)

(2008) Moore Núñez

(Moving Time)

(Moving Ego) (Sequence as Position on a Path)

(The Path

is in Front) (the

hardships gone through in the past 25 years) (even now) (from now on)

Radden (2004, 2011) Lakoff Yu Moore Núñez

(static vs. dynamic) (non-deictic

vs. deictic)

next after

last before

(17)

Figure 1. before after (Radden, 2011:20) (divided) (Ego as Reference Point)

Radden

(head)

(tail)

(Figure 2) Radden

(18)

Figure 2. (Radden, 2011: 21)

(past) (now) (future)

(19)

1.3

1.3.1

(time as space)

(8) (9)

(8) (8)

(9) (9)

(20)

(8) (9)

(10)

Lai & Boroditsky (2013:2-3) (Time Moving)

(2011:20) Núñez, Motz & Teuscher (2006)

(10)

(21)

2

(206BC 220AD)

3

( Chapter 2 )

(Tai, 1985)

( )

( 3.4 )

2 . 2006. 164-165

3 1956

(22)

1.3.2

(tense)

(tense) (aspect) (temporal sequence and scope)

( , 1988:417-420)

( , 2002)

( , 1988:420)

Tai (1985) (Principle of

Temporal Sequence, PTS) (Principle of Temporal Scope, PTSC)

Tai

2014 9 5 2:30

2014 9 ( Chapter

(23)

(2002)

(11) (12)

( , 2002:32) (11) (12)

(11) (12)

(13) A:

B

(24)

B

( Chapter 4 )

1.3.3

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

(25)

Chapter 2

2.1

2.2

2.1

(1600BC 1046BC)

4

Lakoff & Johnson (1980) (metonymy)

4 . 2006 164-165

(26)

(14) (15) (16) (14) (15)

(16)

(15)

(27)

(19) (17)

(18)

(19)

2.2

Lakoff

(206BC 220AD)

5

(20)

5

(28)

(21)

(22)

(20)

(21) (22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(29)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(28) (29) (30)

(31) (28)

(33)

(30)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(33) (37) (38) (39)

(40)

(31)

Lakoff Lakoff (1987:110-112) (hon)

30 Lakoff

(a product of restructuring)

(32)

X Y X Y

2.3

2.1

2.2

(33)

Chapter 3

( Tai)

3.1

Tai (Tai,

1989; , 2003:34-37; Tai, 2005:539-552; , 2007:1-5; 2008) Tai Tai

Tai Chomsky

Tai

Tai Tai

Tai

(34)

Tai Tai

Tai

Tai Tai

Tai

(Principle of Temporal Sequence) (Principle of Spatial

Scope) (Principle of Temporal Scope) (Tai, 1985, 1989; ,

2003:37-42; 2007:21-25; 2011)

Tai

(35)

c.

d.

e.

(Tai, 1985:50) (43)

(43)d

Tai (44) a.

b. * (45) a.

b. *

(Tai, 1985:51, 55) (44)

(45)

Tai (46) a.

b.

(47) a.

b.

(Tai, 1985:51, 54)

(46) (47) (46)a

(46)b

(36)

(47)

(48) a.

b.

(49) a.

b.

(Tai, 1985:51-52) (48)

(49) (49)

Tai

(Duration) (Frequency)

(Adverbial Placement)

(50) (51)

(Tai, 1985:58)

(37)

(52)

(Tai, 1985:59) (52)

(53) a.

b. * (54) a.

b.

(Tai, 1985:59-60)

(53) (54)

(53)

(54) Tai

Tai

(55) a.

b.

(Tai, 1999:99)

(38)

Tai (1999)

Tai (55) (descriptive)

(55) (55)a

(55)b

Tai (55)a

(55)b

(56) a. * b.

c.

(56) (56)a

b

a (56)c

(39)

b. * c.

(58) a.

b.

(Tai, 1985:53; , 2011:75)

(57) (58)

(57)

(57)a (57)c (58)

(58)a (58)b

(57)b

(59) a.

b.

(60) a.

b.

( , 2011:75-76)

(59) (59)a

(59)b (59)

(60)

(59) (60) Tai

(40)

(60)a (60)b

Tai

No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei Tai

Tai

(61) a.

b.

c.

(62) a.

b.

c.

(Tai, 1989:203) (61)

(62)

(41)

(63) a.

b.

(Tai, 1989:204) (63)

Tai Tai

(Metaphorical Extension)

X Y

YX (Tai, 1989:214; , 2011:79)

2014 5 29

3:23 (64) a.

b. * (65) a.

b. * (66) a.

b. * (67) a.

b.

( , 2011:79) (64) (66)

(65)

(65)b Tai (67) (67)a

(67)b Tai

(67)b

Tai

(42)

( 3.3 )

Tai

Tai Tai

3.2

Tai (2002) Newmeyer (1992, 1998)

Tai

Tai Newmeyer

(68) a. Mary bought some motor oil and went to the supermarket.

b. Mary went to the supermarket and bought some motor oil.

(69) a. Mary bought some motor oil and went to the supermarket—but not in that order.

b. Mary went to the supermarket and bought some motor oil—but not in that order.

(Newmeyer, 1992:759)

(68) Newmeyer

(conversational implicature)

but not in that

(43)

Newmeyer Tai (2002) Newmeyer

(70) a.

b.

(71) a. * b. *

(Tai, 2002:333)

Tai Newmeyer

(70)

(71)

Tai Newmeyer

Newmeyer Tai

(see also Tai, 2002:332-340) Paris & Peyraube (1993)

(72) (73)

(Tai, 2002:340)

Paris & Peyraube (72) Tai (73)

Tai (2002)

(72) (73) (Head-Final Structural Principle)

Tai

(44)

(72) (73) Tai

Tai Tai (72) (73)

*

Paris & Peyraube (1993)

(74) (75)

(Tai, 2002:341) Tai (2002) (74)

* Tai

(74) (75)

(Tai, 1985:66; 2002:341-342; , 2011:75-76) Paris & Peyraube (1993)

(76) (77)

(Tai, 2002:342)

(45)

( 3.3 ) Paris & Peyraube (1993)

(78) (79)

(Tai, 2002:342-343) (78)

(79)

Tai (2002)

Tai Tai

Tai (74) (77)

3.3

(74) (77)

3.3.1 Paris & Peyraube

Tai

Paris & Peyraube Tai

(80) A:

B:

(46)

(81) A:

B:

(74) (75)

(80)

(81) (80) A B

(theme) (rheme)

(81) A B

(theme) (rheme)

Tai (1989)

(74) (75) Paris & Peyraube Tai

(82) a.

(47)

(82)a (82)b (82)

(82)a (82)b

(83) Tai (1993; 1999:138-140)

(82)a (83)a (83)a

(83)a

(83)b

(83)a (83)

Tai (82)

(82)a (82)b

(76) (77)

(48)

(82)

3.3.2

(2011:68-69) Allen (1984) Hwang (2008)

Tai

(49)

Table 1.

1. before (a, b) a b

a b

(a) (b) 2. meets (a, b) a

b

a b

(a) (b)

3. overlaps (a,

b) a b

a b

(a) (b)

4. occurs

simultaneously (a, b) a b

a

b

(a) (b)

&

5. starts

concurrently (a,

b) a b

b

a

b

(a) (b)

6. during (a, b) a b

a b

(a) (b)

7. finishes

concurrently (a, b) a

b

a b

(a) (b)

1 2 3 a b

3 a b

(50)

a b 5 6 7

a b

b

a b

4

(84) a.

b.

(85) a.

b.

(86) a.

b.

(85) (86) (84)

(84) a

(84)b

(84)

(84)a (84)b

(51)

3.4

(Temporal Sequence and Scope)

Tai

Tai (1989)

Tai

Tai Tai

(52)

(

Chapter 4 )

(2002)

(87)

I saw her yesterday afternoon (88)

He rang yesterday while you were out (87)

(53)

yesterday

3.5

Tai Tai

3.1 Tai Tai

Tai

3.2 Newmeyer Paris & Peyraube Tai

Newmeyer

Tai Newmeyer

Newmeyer Paris

& Peyraube Tai Paris &

Peyraube

(54)

3.3

3.4

Tai

(55)

Chapter 4

Lakoff

(Boroditsky, 2001; Casasanto & Boroditsky, 2008;

Fuhrman et al., 2011)

( , 2006; Chen, 2007; January & Kako, 2007; Tse & Altarriba, 2008)

( , 2011; Lai &

Boroditsky, 2013)

( , 2011; Miles et al., 2011)

Myers & Ko (2010)

(56)

Boroditsky (2001)

4.1

Myers & Ko (2010)

Myers & Ko (2010) Tai (1985) Myers &

Ko

Myers & Ko 120 5 coverb

adverbial resultative serial verb temporal connector

Tai (temporal) (atemporal)

Table 2. Myers & Ko (2010)

Temporal Atemporal

1. Coverb *

2. Adverbial *

3. Resultative *

(57)

Myers & Ko 20

1 7

(serial verb)

Figure 3. (Myers & Ko, 2010)

Myers & Ko 120

30 Myers & Ko

(temporal) (atemporal)

Tai

Myers & Ko

(nonfixed) Myers & Ko 50

20

(58)

(fixed v.s. nonfixed) (temporal v.s.

atemporal)

Myers & Ko

26 Myers & Ko

Myers & Ko (2010) Tai (1985)

Myers & Ko resultative

Myers & Ko

(89) a.

b.

(89)a (89)a

resultative

Myers & Ko resultative

Myers & Ko

(association of word order and temporal order)

(59)

Myers & Ko

Myers

& Ko

Myers &

Ko

4

Myers & Ko (2010)

(PTS)

(PTSC) (PTS & PTSC)

Myers & Ko (2010)

(60)

4.1.1

*

4.1.2

60 30

(temporal) 30 (atemporal)

180

100

90 (30 )

2x2x2 8 10 90

10

(61)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(5) (

APPENDIX 2)

4.1.3

68 18 27

49

4.1.4

180 (PTS, PTSC and PTS & PTSC)

(temporal and atemporal)

8 mysurvey.com

4.1.5

4.1.6

(PTS)

(PTSC) (PTS

& PTSC) (Chi-squared test)

10

PTS Table 3

(62)

Table 3. PTS

Response Temporal Atemporal

5 242 3

4 47 8

3 8 5

2 3 30

1 0 224

Average score 4.76 1.281481481 Standard deviation 0.544722322 0.743265695 Chi-square statistics 507.4113

p-value <0.00001

PTS Temporal Atemporal

(Chi=507.411; p<.00001) PTS

PTSC Table 4

Table 4. PTSC

5 270 11

4 20 9

3 7 31

2 3 85

1 0 134

Average score 4.856666667 1.807407407 Standard deviation 0.479815554 1.03827349 Chi-square statistics 468.1798

p-value <0.00001

(63)

PTS & PTSC Table 5

Table 5. PTS & PTSC

5 240 198

4 42 50

3 12 15

2 3 6

1 3 1

Average score 4.71 4.622222222 Standard deviation 0.683709144 0.72518852 Chi-square statistic 5.4927

p-value 0.24037626

PTS & PTSC Temporal Atemporal

(Chi=5.492; p=.240) PTS &

PTSC

PTS PTSC

PTS & PTSC

(64)

Figure 4.

Figure 4

PTS PTSC PTS & PTSC 4.7

PTS PTSC

1.8 PTS & PTSC

4.1.7

PTS PTSC

PTS & PTSC

0 1 2 3 4 5

PTS PTSC PTS & PTSC

Temporal

Atemporal

(65)

*

Newmeyer (1992, 1998) Tai

PTS PTSC PTS & PTSC

PTS PTSC

PTS & PTSC

Boroditsky (2001)

4.2

Boroditsky (2001)

( , 2006; Chen, 2007; January & Kako, 2007; Tse & Altarriba, 2008;

, 2011; Miles et al., 2011) Boroditsky

(Casasanto & Boroditsky, 2008; Fuhrman et al., 2011; Lai & Boroditsky, 2013)

Boroditsky (2001)

(66)

4.2.1

(target question) (response time)

(prime)

4.2.2

(trial)

! ! ! (

APPENDIX 1)

Boroditsky (2001)

(67)

1234!4!14!

14

O X

(horizontal and temporal) (horizontal and atemporal) (vertical and temporal) (vertical and atemporal)

X

Y X Y X, and Y X, and then Y

Boroditsky (2001) (June comes before August) (August comes later than June)

(68)

(trial)

O O

O

O O O (filler)

( APPENDIX 1)

X

(filler question) X

(69)

4.2.3

21

20 21

20

4.2.4

64 32 The Complete Peanuts,

1955 to 1956 32 64

64 64

O O O 6

6 6

1 E-prime

4.2.5

30 40 6

4.2.6

two-way ANOVA p<.01

(70)

Table 6.

Table 6

(p=.002) (p=.533)

(p=.245)

Table 7.

(71)

(p=.002) (p=0.253)

4.2.7

Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

( 1.3.2)

Sapir-Whorf

(72)

Tai (1989)

Tai

4.3

Chapter 3

Lakoff

(73)

Chapter 5

5.1

(past) (now)

(future) (tense)

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Tai (1985)

Newmeyer Paris & Peyraube Tai Tai

Chapter 4

(74)

5.2

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

(75)

Chapter 4

(vertical) (horizontal)

Boroditsky (2001) Boroditsky (2001)

5.3

(76)

(77)

APPENDIX 1 Horizontal and temporal trial in English Horizontal and atemporal trial in English

(78)

Vertical and temporal trial in English Vertical and atemporal trial in English

(79)

Horizontal and temporal trial in Chinese Horizontal and atemporal trial in Chinese

(80)

Vertical and temporal trial in Chinese Vertical and atemporal trial in Chinese

6

(81)

APPENDIX 2

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

(82)

Table 8.

Sentences following the Temporal Sequence Principle

Temporal order Atemporal order

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

(83)

Table 9.

Sentences following the Temporal Scope Priciple

Temporal order Atemporal order

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

(84)

Table 10.

Sentences following both the Temporal Sequence and Temporal Scope Principle

Temporal order Atemporal order

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

(85)

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現代漢語時間順序研究

Graduate Program of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language College of Liberal Arts

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

A study of psycholinguistic reality of temporal sequence in Mandarin Chinese

Chung-che Huang

Advisor: Te-hsin Liu, Ph.D.

103 9

September 2014

25

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

Chapter 2

2.1

2.2

2.3

Chapter 3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.3.1 Paris & Peyraube

3.3.2

3.4

3.5

Chapter 4

4.1

4.1.1

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4

4.1.5

4.1.6

4.1.7

0 1 2 3 4 5

PTS PTSC PTS & PTSC

Temporal

Atemporal

4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2

4.2.3

4.2.4

4.2.5

4.2.6

4.2.7

4.3

Chapter 5

5.1

5.2

5.3

APPENDIX 1

Horizontal and temporal trial in English Horizontal and atemporal trial in English

Vertical and temporal trial in English Vertical and atemporal trial in English

Horizontal and temporal trial in Chinese Horizontal and atemporal trial in Chinese

Vertical and temporal trial in Chinese Vertical and atemporal trial in Chinese

APPENDIX 2

Sentences following the Temporal Sequence Principle

Temporal order Atemporal order

Sentences following the Temporal Scope Priciple

Temporal order Atemporal order

Sentences following both the Temporal Sequence and Temporal Scope Principle

Temporal order Atemporal order

REFERENCES