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電磁學

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中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-1

電流與電阻

電流 帶電體之流動、移動

定義:電流i=單位時間通過某截面之電荷。單位[C/s]=[ampere]=[A]

υ A

l=υ ∆t Density=n[m-3]

q I

在時間∆t內通過A之載子數=l A n=nυ A∆t 在時間∆t內通過A之電荷=l A nq=nqυ A∆t

A nq i = υ

電流的方向和正電荷流動的方向相同,和負電荷流動的方向相反。

電磁學

定義:電流密度J(current density)=每單位時間通過單位面積之電荷 =通過單位面積之電流

單位:[A/m2]

對均勻之電流分布 對一般之電流分布

υ A ne

J = i =

=

=

= i di JdA

dA J di ,

電流密度可表為向量J(r),方向定義為在位置r電流的方向。

r O

dA

J(r)

==

=

=

=

A J

A J d

di i

d JdA

JdA

di cos θ

(2)

中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-3

歐姆定律(Ohm's Law)

(1) 簡易電流傳導的微觀圖像(microscopic picture) Drude Model, 碰撞模型

假如不考慮碰撞, E

v

V

t ne

J

t m t

at eE m

eE m

a F

=

=

=

=

= υ

υ ,

在材料中電流傳導較實際的圖像:電子無法持續被加速,原因是受到散射 (scattering)(或碰撞,collisions)。

電磁學

E=0 E

vd=0 vd

散射的原因:

晶格振盪 溫度愈高,散射愈嚴重

晶格缺陷或雜質 電子間散射

(3)

中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-5

定義平均碰撞間之時間為τ,平均碰撞間之距離l(mean free path) 故電子能被加速之平均時間即為τ

能到達之平均速度(漂移速度drift velocity) υd ---終端速度

E E m E

e m

eE

d

= τ = τµ

υ

m e τ

µ

移動率(mobility) [m2/Vs]

υ

d

<< υ

rms

m ne ne

E E

E ne ne

J

d

µ τ σ

σ µ

υ

=

2

=

=

=

電磁學

電流密度和當地的電場成正比,比例常數定義為導電率(conductivity) σ。導 電率和材料中導電載子(carriers)密度及碰撞間之平均自由時間(mean free time)成正比,和載子之質量成反比。

單位:由J=σE

[A/m2]=[σ ][V/m], [σ ]=[AV-1m-1]=[Ω-1m-1] 向量形式:

J = σ E

不管導電的載子帶正電或負電,電流密度方向都和電場方向相同。

E

vd

E vd

(4)

中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-7

(2) 電阻(Resistance)

i

V L σ A

i

V R

σ σ

σ σ

A R L

Ri A i

V L

L V A

E i J

=

=

=

= ,

此即一般所謂的歐姆定律,電位差和電流成正比,

比例常數定義為電阻(resistance),單位為V/A=Ω。

符合歐姆定律之元件稱為電阻器(resistor),符號 如上圖所示。電阻器之電阻和其長度成正比,和 面積成反比。並非所有兩隻腳之東西都合乎歐姆 定律。

電磁學

定義:電阻率(resistivity)

ρσ 1

單位:[Ωm]

A Rρ L

例題

同軸電纜(coaxial cable)的電阻 Si之電阻率為ρ,求內外層導

體間之電阻。



 

= 

=

=

=

dR L drr L ab

R

rLdr dR

b a b

a ln

2 2

2

π ρ π

ρ π

ρ

(5)

中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-9

電功率(Electric Power)

電荷q經元件電位能降低qV,也就是說有qV的能量在元件中損耗。

iV dt V

dq dt

dU

dqV dU

=

=

=

即在元件中電位能損耗的速率(電功率)P可寫為

iV P =

單位:

W(watt) s

J C

J s

[iV] = C = =

電磁學

i

V

??

+ - V(x)

x V q

U(x)=qV(x)

qV i 損耗的位能經電池利用化學能再

補充回來,補充的功率也是P=iV。

在元件中消耗的能量到哪兒去了?

答案和元件的特性有關。

假如是電阻R

R i V iR

V = or =

電阻耗散的功率(resistive dissipation) 可寫為

R P V R

i P

2 2

or =

=

(6)

中興大學物理系 孫允武 電容、電阻與電路二-11

假如是電容,則用來建立電場,部分耗散在線路中之電阻,及改變電場 產生之電磁輻射。

假如是燈泡或LED(發光二極體),則除了熱能外,尚有光能(也是電磁輻 射)。

例題

Current in an Electron Beam

In a certain particle accelerator, electrons emerge with an energy of 40.0 MeV (1MeV= 1.6×10-13 J). The electrons emerge not in a steady stream but rather in pulses at the rate of 250 pulses/s. This corresponds to a time between pulses of 4.00 ms. Each pulse has a duration of 200 ns, and the electrons in the pulse constitute a current of 250 mA. The current is zero between pulses.

(a) How many electrons are delivered by the accelerator per pulse? (b) What is the average current per pulse delivered by the accelerator? (c) What is the maximum power delivered by the electron beam?

電磁學

(a) 3.13 10 electrons/pulse

C 10 6 . 1

s) 10 A)(200 10

pulse (250 per

electrons 19 11

9

3 = ×

×

×

= ×

= ∆

e t I (b)

A 5 . s 12

10 00 . 4

s) 10 A)(200 10

(250

3

9 3

period

av = µ

×

×

= ×

= ∆

t t I I

(c) P= IV =(250×103A)(40.0×106V) =10.0MW

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