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大豆葉綠素酶 ; 基因之選殖與分析

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大豆葉綠素酶 ; 基因之選殖與分析

葉綠素( Chlorophyll )是參與光合作用的主要色素,估計每年約有 10 億噸的葉綠素在 生物中被分解掉。葉綠素酶( chlorophyll-chlorophyllido hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.14; chloroph yllase 以下簡稱 Chlase )是催化 Chl 分解過程的第一個酵素;其作用是將 Chl 的酯鍵水 解,使 Chl 分解成 chlorophyllide 及 phytol 。雖然目前已有多種植物的 Chlase 被純化並 研究,但對於控制 Chlase 基因及基因表現的研究卻完全闕如。成功分離出 Chlase 基因

,是近兩年才分別由兩個不同的實驗室所完成。

Chl 的分解究竟是在葉綠體,或在細胞的其他部位中進行,仍是尚待釐清的問題。 Taka miya et al. (2000) 認為應存在有兩型的 Chlase :一為質體型( Plastid-type ),如 AtCL H2 及 Citrus Chlase1 ( AtCLH2 有一傳送到葉綠體的典型 signal peptide 序列,而 Chlase 1 則可從葉綠體中分離得到);另一型位置未知,如 CaCLH 。這意謂著, Chl 的分解 位置似乎不只一個;也許,在植物發育(或老化)的不同時期, Chl 是在不同的位置被 分解。

大豆(或稱黃豆、毛豆;學名: Glycine max (L.) Merrill )為豆科 (Leguminosae ) 植物

,中藥用於治療濕熱內蘊、汗少、小便不利、水腫、濕痺痙攣等症。種子內富含異黃酮

、蛋白質,且提供營養豐富的油脂,是工業上用於半合成醫療用之類固醇的原料。本實 驗將以大豆為材料: 1) 選殖其 Chlase 基因; 2) 研究基因表現的時間及作用位置;

3) 分析已知 Chlase 基因彼此的親緣演化關係。

希望藉由大豆 Chlase 基因,瞭解 Chl 在細胞中分解時機和位置。此外,藉由重建的親 緣演化樹,推論出何型 Chlase 較早演化,及瞭解他們的功能分化;並將研究基因所針 對的組織目標( tissue target )是否有差異,做更進一步的實驗比較。

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Cloning and Analyzing Chlorophyllase Genes of Glycine max

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), containing highly amount of isoflavonoids protein and lipid, is an imp ortant food source. It can also be used as industrial and medicinal raw material. This project will use soybe an as material 1) to clone the Chlase genes, 2) to study their expression and location of the enzymes, 3) and to analyze the phylogeny of our new genes along with the already published Chlase genes. It is expected th at the obtained results will clarify the tissue specific, transportation and spatial distribution of the Chlase ge nes. From this, one can deduce what type of Chlase evolves first by reconstruct the phylogenic tree.

We isolated and characterized three Chlorophyllase (Chlase) genes, GmCLH1, GmCLH2, and GmCLH3, f rom Glycine max var. Shi-Shi. The cDNAs of GmCLH2 and GmCLH1 and 3 encode 316 and 326 amino a cids, respectively. GmCLH1 has no intron, and its cDNA sequence is 99.3% similar to that of GmCLH1. G mCLH1 and GmCLH3 have only 48% identity to GmCLH2 and 46% to 48% identity to the other three rep orted soybean Chlases. Constitutive expression of GmCLH1+3 and GmCLH2 was detected in young and s enescent cotyledons and leaves, supporting the hypothesis that Chlase is active during chlorophyll turnover . GmCLH1+3 genes are tissue specific in pods and closely associated with pod yellowing (or maturation).

Removing 51 N-terminal residues (a putative plastid transit peptide) in GmCLH1 significantly increased ch

lorophyllide production, whereas a 35-residue N-terminal deletion in GmCLH2 did not affect activity. The

se data, combined with predictions of a transmembrane domain for the Chlases, suggest that GmCLH1 is ta

rgeted to chloroplasts and located at the inner membrane of chloroplasts, whereas GmCLH2 is targeted to o

rganelles other than chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis of the known Chlase sequences revealed two Chlas

e lineages, I and II, co-existing in angiosperms and that their divergence predated the split of monocots and

dicots. The Chlase I lineage is likely a chloroplast protein and specific to fruit ripening, whereas Chlase II l

ineage is probably localized in the cytosol and mainly responsible for Chl turnover. Our findings further co

ntribute to the research on promoting production in soybean specifically and all plants, in general.

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